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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Limbs (Anatomy)'
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1
D'Souza, Deana. "Anatomy and development of tendons in vertebrate limbs." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312967.
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Miller, Charlotte Elizabeth. "The anatomy and bioemchanics of elephant limbs and feet." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522689.
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Phillips, Mark N., and n/a. "Anatomy of microvenous valves of normal and venous ulcerated lower limbs." University of Otago. Dunedin School of Medicine, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060523.142055.
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Venous disease is a very common disease that affects millions of people worldwide. While some of the factors that cause the development of varicose veins are well understood, the aetiology of venous ulceration is poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that venous valve failure in the large veins is an important factor leading to the development of varicose veins, however whether similar valves exist in the very small superficial veins of the human leg, and what role these valves may have in venous disease, is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to: 1. Identify whether venous valves are present in the very small superficial veins of the human leg, and if they are present, 2. Describe the density, size distribution, morphology, and regional distribution of these microvenous valves in �normal� cadaveric legs 3. Compare the �normal� microvenous valves from cadaveric tissue with microvenous valves from pathologic legs with chronic venous disease, to answer the hypothesis that individuals that develop venous ulceration have fewer microvenous valves than the normal population. In order to examine microvenous valves, two main methods have been utilised, E12 sheet plastination and vascular casting. These methods in combination provide valuable insights into the anatomy of microvenous channels, and allow examination and quantification of the venous valves. Using several techniques, this study has shown that microvenous valves are present within the very small veins of the superficial tissue of the human leg. These microvalves have been shown to be most prevalent in the smallest of the veins, down to 18[mu]m in diameter. Approximately 60% of the valves were found to be associated with tributaries. The gaiter region was demonstrated to contain the lowest number and density of microvenous valves, significantly less that the upper or mid calf regions. In addition, the gaiter region was found to have a much lower proportion of microvalves in the most superficial veins, when compared with the other regions examined. Contrary to our hypothesis, the number and density of microvalves in venous diseased legs was not different to that of normal legs. Similarly, the size and regional distributions were also not different. However, the microvalves from the venous diseased legs were significantly stretched and incompetent, allowing retrograde flow from the large veins through to the dermal capillaries. In conclusion, this study has shown that venous valves are present in the smallest of the superficial veins of the human leg, and that their density and distribution is not different between normal and venous diseased individuals. However, the microvalves from the diseased legs were incompetent and allowed retrograde flow. The role that these valves play in normal and pathological circulation is unclear, and warrants further examination.
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Pollard, Andrea. "Mechanoadaptation of developing limbs : shaking a leg." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701670.
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Li, Yu. "Ontogeny of children's limbs - with particular reference to inertial characteristics." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317141.
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Mossor, Angela. "A Horse of a Different Color?: Material Strength and Elasticity of Bones and Tendons in Sloth Limbs." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1597166028044999.
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Schmieder, Jens. "Killing behavior in smilodon fatalis (mammalia, carnivora, felidae) based on functional anatomy and body proportions of the front- and hind limbs." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10733031.
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Märtson, Aare. "Lower limb lengthening : /." Tartu : Tartu University Press, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/118/1/martson.pdf.
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Curry, Daniel T. "Lower limb muscle function during cycling." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5853.
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The purpose of this study was to describe the functional role of the lower limb musculature during stationary cycling using electromyography, muscle-tendon unit length changes, and segmental kinematics. Five subjects were filmed (100 Hz) in synchrony with the collection of LE EMG activity of the gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, soleus, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles during stationary cycling at 160 W (90 r/min). The results showed that extension during the propulsive phase of the pedal cycle was the result of high concentric activity of both the monoarticular and biarticular muscles. Furthermore, these muscles functioned according to their expected anatomical roles (Rasch and Burke, 1978). This investigation, therefore, finds little evidence for the existence of paradoxical muscle function as hypothesized by Lombard (1903), Molbech (1965), or Rasch & Burke (1978).
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Channon, Anthony J. "The hind limb anatomy and leaping biomechanics of gibbons (Hylobates)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548797.
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Simons, Verne F. H. "Morphological Correlates of Locomotion in Anurans: Limb Length, Pelvic Anatomy and Contact Structures." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212673879.
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Gribble, Paul L. "Empirical and modeling studies of multi-joint limb movement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0021/NQ55337.pdf.
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Rodrigues, Alan. "A Field Guide to The Limb Progenitor." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493584.
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The primary goal of this thesis was to characterize the embryonic limb progenitor, a cell type that populates the early limb bud during the onset of limb morphogenesis. Two features of the limb progenitor were explored 1) the identity of a potential set of minimal transcription factors that are sufficient to instantiate limb progenitor identity and 2) the limb progenitor gene expression response to signaling molecules that are critical for regulating the ultimate morphology of the developing limb.
The limb bud consists of mesenchymal progenitor cells, or limb progenitors, that originate from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). In addition to the limb progenitors of the limb bud, the LPM also gives rise to mesenchyme that will form the mesodermal components of the trunk, flank and neck. However, only the cells of the limb are capable of forming the patterned skeletal structures observed in arms and legs. The other LPM-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells are unable to form such structures, even when placed in the context of the organizing signals found in the limb bud. To determine which genes are responsible for specifying a limb progenitor identity that is distinct from the identity of neighboring mesenchymal tissues, a screen of transcription factors capable of imparting limb progenitor-like properties on non-limb embryonic and post embryonic fibroblasts was conducted. A minimal subset of genes was identified with the capability of producing limb progenitor-like cells that are similar in gene expression and functional capacity as endogenous limb progenitors.
During embryonic development, fields of progenitor cells form complex spatial structures through a dynamic interaction with external signaling molecules (morphogens). It has been posited that morphogens instruct cells to adopt morphogenetic fates through the activation of gene expression in a graded manner, a so called morphogen gradient model. The morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been extensively studied in the developmental context of limb patterning and has been thought to be a dose dependent regulator of skeletal number. In this study, a limb progenitor culture system was used to directly and quantitatively study the limb progenitor gene expression response to Shh and Fgf signals. The limb progenitor response to Shh was found to be a simple ON/OFF switch, a response that is far simpler than those predicted by morphogen gradient models. However, additional complexity in the limb progenitor response was uncovered when the Shh response was assessed in conjunction with Fgf dose. These results highlight the importance of studying morphogen mediated response in context with other signals.Biology, Molecular and Cellular
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Foster, Adam D. "The developmental origins and functional role of postcranial adaptive morphology in human bipedal anatomy." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333343.
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When considering the array of terrestrial locomotor behaviors, bipedalism is a particularly rare way of moving about the landscape. In fact, humans are the only obligate terrestrial mammalian bipeds. Therefore, understanding both how and why it evolved is particularly intriguing. However, there is debate over why the evolution of bipedalism occurred and there is a large gap in knowledge for the mechanisms that underpin the evolution of these adaptive morphologies. One complicating factor for sorting out which models best explain how our hominin ancestors became bipedal is that they all rely on the same set of traits. Moreover, many of the traits that are thought to be diagnostic of bipedalism are only linked by association and have not been experimentally tested. That is, they do not appear in non-human primates and other quadrupeds. Therefore, addressing why the evolution of bipedalism occurred requires understanding the adaptive significance of traits linked with bipedalism. In this dissertation, I use an experimental approach employing both human and animal models to explore links between morphology and behavior and to tease apart the adaptive significance of particular traits. For the human portion of the dissertation, I use an inverse dynamics approach (estimating muscle forces from kinematic, kinetic, and anatomical data) to determine how modern human anatomy functions while walking using ape-like postures to clarify the links between morphology and energy costs in different mechanical regimes to determine the adaptive significance of postcranial anatomy. The results from this portion of the dissertation suggest that adopting different joint postures results in higher energy costs in humans due to an increase in active muscle volumes at the knee. These results lead to two conclusions important for understanding the evolution of human bipedalism. One is that human anatomy maintains low energy costs of walking in humans compared to chimpanzees regardless of lower limb postures. Second, the results suggest that erect trunk posture may be an important factor in reducing energy costs, therefore indicating that lumbar lordosis (the curvature of the lower spine) is important for reducing costs. For the animal portion of the dissertation, I use rats as a model for the quadrupedal-to-bipedal transition and experimentally induce bipedal posture and locomotion under a variety of loading conditions to determine if traits consistent with the evolution of bipedalism occur and under what conditions. This experimental design also has the ability to determine if there is a role for developmental plasticity in generating bipedal morphology to help answer the question how the evolution of bipedalism occurred. I find that inducing bipedal behaviors in a quadrupedal animal generates morphology consistent with human bipedal traits and that loading conditions have specific effects in different skeletal elements and at particular joints. I also find that there is a plausible role for developmental plasticity in generating adaptive bipedal morphology in the earliest hominins. Overall, the results from the experimental procedures in this dissertation were able to clarify links between behavior and bipedal morphology, demonstrate a plausible role for developmental plasticity in early adaptation to bipedal behavior in australopiths, determine the adaptive significance of human postcranial anatomy, and the ways in which postcranial anatomy reduces costs.
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Sanders, Theresa A. "Quantitation of Teratogenic Effects of 5-fluorouracil Administered to Mice in Vivo or in Submerged Limb Culture." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1987. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2786.
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This study demonstrates the use of submerged limb culture in teratologic testing. Pregnant mice were treated on day 11 of gestation (E11, plug date = E0) with 10, 20 or 40 mg of 5-fluorouracil (FU) per kg body weight. On E17, treated and untreated fetuses were examined for gross malformations and were fixed in 95% ethanol. Reduction of limb size and digital defects, including ectrodactyly (ED), syndactyly (SD), microdactyly and polydactyly were dose-dependent. In parallel studies, pregnant mice were treated on the morning of E11 and embryos were removed either 7h (E11) or 24h (E12) later for submerged limb culture. Changes in limb area showed a dose-response relationship while treatment had little effect on the shape of individual bones. This indicates the relatively unspecific nature of FU-induced embryotoxicity. E11 studies revealed a dose dependent response of ED, SD and fusion of the metacarpals/metatarsals (MC/MT) to the proximal phalanges. Unlike E11 cultures, middle phalanges were present but decreased in number as dosage increased. Limbs from embryos of untreated females were cultured (E11) in the presence of 0.002, 0.02, 0.2 or 2.0 mg FU/ml culture medium. The percentage of limbs void of paw cartilage or with decreased numbers of MC/MT was dose-dependent. A dose-dependent decrease in the deleterious effects of 0.02 mg FU/ml was observed when 0.2 or 0.02 mg thymine/ml was added to the cultures. In both culture and non-culture studies, hindlimbs (HL) were more affected than forelimbs (FL) and distal regions were more affected than proximal ones. In addition to the morphometric analyses, biochemical parameters of growth and differentiation were examined at 0, 36 and 72h of culture in untreated and treated limbs. Both DNA and protein of FU treated limbs were decreased compared to untreated controls. FL demonstrated greater capacity for regulation of losses in protein content, HL for DNA content. Submerged limb culture provides a useful model for the examination of xenobiotic effects on limb development and allows some comparative evaluation among in vivo, in vivo/in vitro and in vitro studies. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
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Lee, Antonio Seung Jin, and n/a. "Myogenic mononucleated cell populations in the developing vertebrate limb in vivo." University of Otago. Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070321.143922.
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Skeletal muscles of the limb are derived from somites and their precursors migrate to the limb prior to muscle formation. Upon migration, a limited number of stem cells multiply and differentiate to give rise to fusion-competent muscle cells, which fuse to form the multinucleated myotubes. During the course of myogenesis there is thus a period of few days when cells at different developmental stages such as migrating, proliferating, differentiating and fully differentiated co-reside within the developing limb bud. Current understanding on how these cells interact and behave during early and later myogenesis in vivo is lacking. The aim of this project was to identify and further classify the mononucleated myogenic cells present within the developing limb muscle and examine their behaviours at different stages of myogenesis.
The lack of an appropriate method to extract and visualise cellular constituents of developing muscles has been a major limitation hindering such investigations in vivo. In this project, we first developed a unique cell isolation method to extract mononucleated cells from developing muscles, allowing examination of mononucleated cells in vivo using immunocytochemistry. As Pax3, Pax7 and Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRFs) are the key players for the muscle formation, they were used to mark the different myogenic sub-populations.
The results from chicken and rats clearly demonstrate that three myogenic cell pools, namely Pax3, Pax7 and MRFs positive cells, and 4 sub-populations formed by their overlap, co-exist in specific proportions within the developing limb muscle, and that their proportions undergo dynamic changes during the course of myogenesis. The most striking observation was that the sizes of Pax3 and MRF compartments remain constant while that of Pax7 compartment increases dramatically during myogenesis. Thus each myogenic cell compartment in the developing muscle has different cell kinetics during primary and secondary myogenesis. The dynamic changes in the proportions of these myogenic sub-populations may constitute a dynamically maintained cellular niche, within which the muscle stem cells reside. Our study suggests that the concept of community effect - the interaction between a group of cells and their surrounding cells, originally from invertebrate muscle system, may be conserved in mammalian systems. Furthermore, this study for the first time, reports that the earliest fully differentiate muscle cells in the rat hindlimb are highly elongated mononucleated cells which express Pax3, MyoD, myogenin and myosin but not Myf-5 protein.
In summary, this study provides quantitative data to demonstrate dynamic changes in various mononucleated myogenic cell populations during skeletal muscle formation and reveals that Pax7(+ve) population becomes significantly upregulated during secondary myogenesis.
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Hayes, Chris. "Genetic and functional analysis of mammalian limb development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1443b218-fb63-4ced-9b15-e81947448ced.
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Crook, Tracy. "The functional anatomy of equine hind limb muscles and their activation patterns during different locomotor tasks." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572457.
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Bell, K. M. "Pattern formation and growth during the development of the embryonic chick limb." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355728.
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Keeble, S. "Studies on the effect of Vitamin A on limb regeneration in amphibians." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374891.
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Reese, Nathaniel E. "The Ecomorphology of White-tailed Deer Lower Limb Bones Through the Holocene in Central North America." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1589560.
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Recent studies have used ecomorphological methods to look at morphological variation in artiodactyl postcranial elements as indicators of paleoenvironment conditions. From these studies, a continuum of variations in the lower limb bones of members of Bovidae and Cervidae in association with habitat conditions have been developed. The focus of this study is to look at variation in a single species, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), that occupies a wide range of habitats and determine if regional adaptations exist in populations of different habitat conditions.
This studies uses linear measurements to assess size and shape variations in the metacarpal, metatarsal, astragalus, and calcaneus between white-tailed deer populations associated with open- and closed-habitat conditions thought-out the Holocene and in modern populations. The Holocene was subdividing into three time units (10,000-5,000, 5,000-3,000, and 3,000-1,000 yr BP) based on environmental shifts and availability of samples. Variations in size and shape were assessed for 1) in open- and closed-habitat conditions in both Holocene and modern deer overall, 2) in habitat conditions in open-classified Holocene deer through time, 3) in modern deer populations along a latitudinal transect,4) between Holocene and modern deer overall, and5) in Holocene and modern for open-classified and closed-classified deer.
Results indicated that size differences existed between open- and closed-classified deer in both Holocene and modern populations and that deer associated with open-habitat were larger. Shape differences between open- and closed-classified deer in the Holocene appear to be adapted to the environment, however, modern deer offered only limited insight and lacked consistence in variations. Results for variation thought time in Holocene deer indicated that size increased from Early to late Holocene in both the astragalus and calcaneus. Results for shape offered limited and mixed results. Results for variation in population along a latitudinal transect indicated that deer size increase from lower to higher latitudes. Results for shape differences between populations offered limited insight into variation. However, results for the calcaneal tuber functional region did indicated that deer become more open-adapted in relation to the southern population from lower to higher latitudes,. For the comparison of Holocene and modern deer size overall, only the astragalus indicated a clear variation between the two. The astragalus indicated that Holocene deer were larger than modern deer. Results for variation in shape between the two indicated little difference between the two except for the calcaneus, which indicated that modern deer were more open-adapted. Results for size differences in Holocene and modern for open-classified and closed-classified deer offered limited and mixed results. Results for shape differences were also limited; however, the calcaneus strongly indicated that modern closed-classified deer are more open-adapted than Holocene closed-classified deer.
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Tshabalala, Zithulele Nkosinathi. "Correlation between invasive abdominopelvic and lower limb procedures and the detailed anatomical description of the lumbar plexus in a South African population." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76359.
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In his thesis, Correlation between invasive abdominopelvic and lower limb procedures and the detailed anatomical description of the lumbar plexus in a South African population, the promovendus conducted an in-depth examination of the anatomy of the lumbar plexus. The origin, as well as the course and termination of the five terminal branches were investigated. The first aspect of the study was to observe the root values and describe the origin and abdominopelvic course of its main branches. Thereafter, distances of the nerves to clinically relevant bony landmarks were measured. Lastly, the results were correlated to current guidelines of clinical procedures performed on the pelvis and lower limb. In conclusion, the promovendus was able to support many of the techniques currently performed through detailed, quantitative anatomical descriptions and, where prudent, was able to provide recommendations to assist medical practitioners with pre-operative planning in a clinical setting.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Anatomy
PhD
Unrestricted
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Hitelman, Jennifer S. "Psychological and functional outcomes of treatment for adolescents with limb deficiency disorders : a focus on the family /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2004. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/268.
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Low, Keri Lynn. "FGF4 and Wnt5a/PCP signaling promote limb outgrowth by polarizing limb mesenchyme /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1612.pdf.
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Diamond, Alexandra Jane. "An investigation into the roles of slits and roundabouts during vertebrate limb development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231142.
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Slits and their Roundabout (Robo) receptors were identified based on their role in regulating axon guidance, but are known to play multiple roles in development, including regulating heart development and myoblast migration. There are 3 vertebrate Slits (Slit1 – 3) and 4 Robos (Robo1 – 4), and previous work has demonstrated expression of Slit and Robo family members in and around developing joints where their function is unclear. Mutations in human Robo3 have been linked to degenerative joint disorders, such as scoliosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Misregulation of other members of the Slit/Robo signalling pathway is also reported in cells from arthritic joints. This suggests that Slit/Robo signalling is required for normal joint development and/or maintenance, though our understanding of their roles in these processes is rudimentary. The central question of my thesis is to determine the role/s of Slit/Robo signalling in limb and joint development. In situ hybridisation confirmed strong expression of Slits and Robos throughout mouse limb and joint development, though no expression of Slit1 or Robo3 was detected. Analysis of Slit1/2, Slit3 and Robo1 mutant (loss-of-function) mice revealed normal limb development, however misexpression of dominant-negative Robo2 during chicken limb development caused shortening of cartilage elements. To begin to identify molecular changes that may compensate for the loss of Slit/Robo signalling I demonstrated members of the Sema3/PlexinA/Nrp axon guidance family are expressed in patterns comparable to those of Robo1, Robo2 and Slit3. I discovered that PlexinA1 is downregulated in Slit3 mutant mouse limbs. My results suggest the role for Silt/Robo signalling may be more complex than previously thought and do not define a clear role for signalling during limb development. My results suggest the role for Silt/Robo signalling may be more complex than previously thought and do not define a clear role for signalling during limb development. Previous work has linked Slit/Robo signalling to development of degenerative joint disorders, and I propose some hypotheses as to how Slit/Robo signalling could cause bone and joint defects.
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Tedesco, Triccas Lisa. "The effect of combining transcranial direct current stimulation with robot therapy for the impaired upper limb in stroke." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366455/.
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Neurological rehabilitation technologies such as Robot Therapy (RT) and noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) can promote motor recovery after stroke. The novelty of this research was to explore the feasibility and the effect of the combination method of NIBS called transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) with uni-lateral and three-dimensional RT for the impaired upper limb (UL) in people with sub-acute and chronic stroke. This thesis involved three studies: (a) systematic review with meta-analyses (b) a pilot double-blinded randomised controlled trial with a feasibility component and (c) a reliability study of the measurement of Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) response using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in healthy adults. The first study involved a review of seven papers exploring the combination of tDCS with rehabilitation programmes for the UL in stroke. For the second study, stroke participants underwent 18 x one hour sessions of RT (Armeo®) over eight weeks during which they received 20 minutes real tDCS or sham tDCS. Outcome measures were applied at baseline, post-intervention and at three-month follow-up. The qualitative component explored the views and experiences of the participants of RT and NIBS using semi-structured interviews. The third study involved age-matched healthy adults exploring intrarater and test-retest reliability of the TMS assessment. Results of the three studies were the following: Seven papers were reviewed and a small effect size was found favouring real tDCS and rehabilitation programmes for the UL in stroke. 22 participants (12 sub-acute and 10 chronic) completed the pilot RCT. Participants adhered well to the treatment. One participant dropped out of the trial due to painful sensations and skin problems. The sub-acute and chronic groups showed a clinically significant improvement of 15.5% and 8.8% respectively in UL impairments at post-intervention from baseline. There was no difference in the effects of sham and anodal tDCS on UL impairments. Participants found the treatment beneficial and gave suggestions how to improve future research. In summary, the TMS assessment showed excellent reliability for measurement of resting motor threshold but poor to moderate reliability for MEP amplitude. In conclusion, it was indicated that RT may be of benefit in sub-acute and chronic stroke however, adding tDCS may not result in an additive effect on UL impairments and dexterity. The present study provided a power calculation for a larger RCT to be carried out in the future.
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Stueckle, Todd Alan. "An evaluation of the non-target effects of mosquito control pesticides on Uca pugnax physiology, limb regeneration and molting processes." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5767.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 239 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Damon, Brooke James. "The interplay of physical and molecular determinants in limb and cardiac cushion morphogenesis." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4707.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 19, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Parkes, Rebecca Sarah Victoria. "Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the loading environment of the equine distal limb." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701669.
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Birn-Jeffrey, Aleksandra Victoria. "Scaling of running stability and limb posture with body size in galliform birds." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572447.
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Sanine, Pablo Rodrigues [UNESP]. "Caracteres estruturais e dimensão fractal da folha de espécies de Arachis e sua relação com a cercosporiose." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88125.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivos quantificar caracteres estruturais do limbo foliar, em dois cultivares e quatro acessos de tres especies de Arachis, procurando relaciona-los com graus de resistencia a cercosporiose, bem como discriminar esses individuos por meio da analise da dimensao fractal. Foram amostradas porcoes do terco medio da regiao internervural do terceiro ou quarto foliolo da segunda folha contada a partir do apice, sendo as amostras infiltradas em historresina, seccionadas com 7æm de espessura e coradas com azul de toluidina. Foram tambem realizadas impressoes da epiderme, utilizandose cola de secagem instantanea. Os caracteres quantificados foram: area da seccao da regiao internervural; areas e espessuras de epiderme das faces adaxial e abaxial, parenquima, hipoderme e mesofilo; area do complexo estomatico; espessura da folha; porcentagens de epiderme das faces adaxial e abaxial, parenquima e hipoderme; numeros de tricomas, estomatos, cristais de oxalato de calcio e idioblasto de mucilagem; e comprimento do ostiolo. Para a analise da dimensao fractal, utilizou-se folhas totalmente expandidas digitalizadas em imagens monocromaticas, determinando-se o valor da dimensao fractal do sistema foliar, limbo foliar, bordo foliar e sistema de venacao, atraves do metodo gBox-Countingh. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos aos testes estatisticos multivariados de analise de agrupamento e analise de componentes principais. Verificou-se que os caracteres estruturais quantitativos do limbo foliar podem ser utilizados como indicadores de resistencia a cercosporiose, em cultivares e acessos de diferentes especies de Arachis. A analise da dimensao fractal dos caracteres morfologicos foliares e os caracteres estruturais quantitativos do limbo foliar, possibilitaram diferenciar A. hypogaea, A. magna e A. stenosperma entre si.
The present work's objectives were to quantify leaf blade structural characters in two cultivars and four accessions of three Arachis species, in an attempt to associate them with different degrees of late leafspot resistance, as well as to discriminate those individuals by fractal dimension analysis. Portions from the middle third of the interveinal region of the third or fourth leaflets, in the second leaf counted from the apex were sampled. The samples were infiltrated in Historesin, sectioned at 7-æm thickness, and stained with toluidine blue. Epidermal prints were also prepared using instant bonding glue. The following characters were quantified: cross section area of the interveinal region; area and thickness of the epidermal adaxial and abaxial surfaces, parenchyma, hypodermis, and mesophyll; stomatal complex area; leaf thickness; percentage values of the epidermal adaxial and abaxial surfaces, parenchyma, and hypodermis; number of trichomes, stomata, calcium oxalate crystals, and mucilage idioblasts; and ostiole length. Completely expanded leaves, digitized as monochromatic images, were used in the dimension fractal analysis. Values for the leaf system's fractal dimension, leaf blade, leaf margin, and venation system were determined by the Box-Counting method. The data thus obtained were submitted to Cluster Analysis and Principal Components Analysis multivariate statistical tests. It was observed that leaf blade quantitative structural characters can be used as late leafspot resistance indicators for cultivars and accessions of different Arachis species. The fractal dimension analysis of leaf morphological characters and leaf blade quantitative structural characters allowed A. hypogaea, A. magna, and A. stenosperma to be discriminated from one another.
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Seixas, Diana Pacheco. "Morfologia do eixo vegetativo e anatomia foliar dos táxons pertencentes ao complexo Eriosema campestre Benth. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae) com ênfase nos tricomas glandulares como subsídio para a taxonomia." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153338.
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Orientador: Tatiane Maria RodriguesResumo: Os táxons pertencentes ao complexo Eriosema campestre Benth. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae) apresentam problemas taxonômicos decorrentes da uniformidade das características morfológicas de seus membros, o que dificulta sua identificação. Atualmente, E. campestre é composta por três variedades (E. campestre var. campestre, E. campestre var. delicatula e E. campestre var. macrophyllum), que são diferenciadas principalmente por caracteres relativos ao comprimento dos indumentos foliares e a morfologia do limbo foliolar. Entretanto, a dificuldade de delimitação dos três táxons provocada pelas semelhanças morfológicas, associadas à falta de estudos anatômicos e morfológicos detalhados, tem levado à identificação errônea de seus exemplares em herbários nacionais e estrangeiros. Com o objetivo de buscar subsídios para uma clara delimitação dos táxons deste grupo, a morfologia externa do eixo vegetativo e os aspectos anatômicos de folhas dos três táxons de E. campestre, com ênfase nos tricomas glandulares, foram analisados. As três variedades de E. campestre apresentaram diferenças na morfologia externa, principalmente quanto ao formato dos folíolos e estípulas, conação de estípulas e região de ramificação do sistema subterrâneo intumescido. Anatomicamente, apresentaram diferenças na nervura principal do limbo foliar (formato da região e presença de idioblastos fenólicos no floema) e pecíolo (contorno do órgão e disposição dos tecidos vasculares). Quanto aos tricomas glandula... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The taxa belonging to the complex Eriosema campestre Benth. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae) have some taxonomic problems due to the uniformity of morphological characteristics of their members, making their identification difficulty. Currently E. campestre is composed by three varieties (E. campestre var. campestre, E. campestre var. delicatula and E. campestre var. macrophyllum), which are mainly distinguished by characters related to the length of leaflet indumenta and the leaflet blade morphology. However, the difficulty of delimiting those three taxa is caused by morphological similarities associated with the lack of anatomical and morphological detailed studies, which has led to erroneous identification of their specimens in national and foreign herbaria. In order to obtain subsides for a clear definition of those taxa of the group the external morphology of vegetative axis and the anatomical aspects of leaves for those three taxa of E. campestre, emphasizing on glandular trichomes, were analyzed. The three varieties of E. campestre presented differences on their external morphology, mainly concerning the leaflets and stipules shapes, stipules fusion and branching regions of the swollen subterranean system. Anatomically, varieties showed differences in the leaf midrib (shape and presence of phenolic idioblasts in the phloem) and petiole (organ contour and shape of vascular tissue). Concerning the glandular trichomes, in addition to morphotypes common among the stu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Raffin, Estelle. "Les mouvements de membre fantôme : relations entre perceptions motrices et neuro-anatomie fonctionnelle étudiée en IRM fonctionnelle." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697776.
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Le membre fantôme correspond à la persistance de perceptions sensitives et motrices attribuées au membre amputé. Des douleurs chroniques parfois invalidantes ainsi que des capacités d'évocation de mouvements dans le membre absent sont fréquemment rapportées. Très peu connue, cette motricité résiduelle est souvent considérée comme de l'imagerie motrice. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de réinterroger le statut psychologique des mouvements de membre fantôme. Le second objectif est d'étudier le lien entre le contrôle moteur dans le membre fantôme et les réorganisations corticales dans le cortex moteur du sujet amputé. Au moyen de tests comportementaux et d'examens en Imagerie par Résonnance Magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf), ces travaux de thèse ont permis de dissocier expérimentalement une forme de perceptions kinesthésiques associée à de l'imagerie motrice et une autre forme associée à de l'exécution motrice dans le membre fantôme. Cette distinction repose à la fois sur des différences de performances et sur le recrutement de régions cérébrales partiellement distinctes. Au-delà de cette distinction physiologique, les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les mouvements de membre fantôme s'apparentent à une forme d'exécution motrice plutôt qu'à de l'imagerie motrice. A travers le modèle du membre fantôme, ce travail aborde donc la question de la nature des informations menant à la perception d'un mouvement comme étant " exécuté ". Les altérations du fonctionnement cortical mises en évidence chez l'amputé peuvent représenter un modèle d'étude intéressant des différents mécanismes physiopathologiques relevés dans des situations de déficiences liées à une forme de plasticité " maladaptative ". Les observations cliniques et les examens en neuroimagerie menés au cours de cette thèse dressent en effet, un modèle relativement cohérent de l'organisation fonctionnelle du cortex après amputation. En particulier, l'existence d'un lien entre les réorganisations fonctionnelles au sein du cortex moteur et la qualité du contrôle moteur résiduel dans le membre fantôme permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes sur lesquels reposent certaines thérapies antalgiques, comme les thérapies visuomotrices
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Rejaev, Athena [Verfasser], Beate [Gutachter] Brand-Saberi, and Eckart [Gutachter] Förster. "Untersuchungen zur Histologie des Limbus corneae im Auge von Huhn und Mensch, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stammzellnische : morphologische Studie der Anatomie des Auges / Athena Rejaev ; Gutachter: Beate Brand-Saberi, Eckart Förster ; Medizinische Fakultät." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1205975772/34.
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Girinon, François. "Modélisation géométrique personalisée du membre inférieur à partir de radiographies bi-planes." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0068.
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La compréhension des pathologies et leur diagnostic nécessitent une représentation tridimensionnelle de notre squelette. Comparativement aux modalités d’imagerie telles que le CT scan ou l’IRM, le système EOS, s’inscrit comme un moyen peu irradiant permettant la reconstruction tridimensionnelle des os à partir de radiographies bi-planes en position érigée. Des méthodes de reconstruction 3D du membre inférieur ont été proposées et sont déjà implémentées en clinique. Cependant, elles nécessitent un opérateur expérimenté. Cette thèse a pour objectif la quasi-automatisation de ces méthodes afin de réduire la dépendance et les temps opérateurs tout en conservant la précision des précédentes. Dans ce but, nous avons développé une nouvelle approche se caractérisant par une solution initiale basée sur une saisie intuitive suivie d’une phase d’ajustement entièrement automatisée. Cette dernière s’appuie sur une déformation statistique (régression par processus gaussien) couplée à un algorithme de minimal path adapté permettant la détection automatique de contours images. Ce nouveau processus de reconstruction rapide (2 min. temps opérateur) a été évalué en termes de forme et de paramètres cliniques pour le fémur, le tibia, la patella et le bassin. Comparativement aux travaux précédents, les erreurs que nous obtenons en termes de justesse sur les paramètres cliniques sont inférieurs ou comparables dans une tolérance de 1°. De plus, nous avons montré que notre approche est systématiquement plus reproductible, quand bien même l’opérateur est novice. Ces travaux rendront les méthodes de reconstruction 3D du membre inférieur plus efficaces conduisant à un diagnostic plus précisFor better understanding and efficient diagnosis of musculoskeletal and osteoarticular pathologies and a more efficient diagnosis, 3D modeling of the skeleton is essential. Compared to imaging modalities such as CT-scan or MRI, the EOS system allows to acquire the 3D skeletal geometry from low dose bi-planar x-rays in standing position. To obtain these reconstructions, various methods have already been proposed and implemented in clinical routine. Nevertheless, these processes rely on a qualified operator. This work aims to automate the process, thus lowering the inter operator variability and accelerating the reconstruction with a comparable precision. Therefore, a new methodology is proposed, which relies on an initial solution based on an intuitive digitization followed by an entirely automatic optimization. This last step relies on a statistical deformation (gaussian process regression) combined with an adapted minimal path algorithm allowing automatic detection of the image contours. This fast and robust approach yields a precise 3D reconstruction in less than two minutes and has been validated in terms of shape and clinical parameters for femur, tibia, patella and pelvis. Compared to previous works, we obtained lesser or identical errors on clinical parameters within a tolerance of 1°. In addition, the approach allows better reproducibility even though the operator is a beginner. The proposed tools open the way for a more efficient 3D reconstruction of the lower limbs leading to a more accurate diagnosis
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Toumi, Anis. "Amputés du membre inférieur : modalités posturales et caractérisation de la production de force à la cheville physiologique." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0024.
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L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de caractériser, chez les amputés unilatéraux du membre inférieur, les modalités posturales qui interviennent dans la régulation de l’équilibre orthostatique et d’étudier l’impact de l’amputation sur la production de force à la cheville physiologique. Une première étude a révélé la présence de trois modalités posturales afin de réguler le contrôle postural : les amputés transfémoraux adoptent une modalité posturale basée sur les paramètres de stabilité, les amputés transtibiaux optent pour une modalité posturale mixte et les non amputés se réfèrent aux paramètres de l’attitude posturale. Etant donné que l’articulation de la cheville joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de l’équilibre postural, il était alors pertinent d’investiguer la production de force à la cheville physiologique. Toutefois, les ergomètres permettant d’étudier l’articulation de la cheville présentent des biais de mesure majeurs. Dans ce cadre, une deuxième étude a été menée afin de développer et valider un nouvel ergomètre pour cheville : le B.O.T.T.E. Parallèlement, la mise en place d’une méthode de mesure basée sur le retour visuel permettant une quantification fiable du couple de force a fait l’objet d’une troisième étude. Ensuite, une quatrième étude visait à utiliser le B.O.T.T.E. pour investiguer l’impact de l’amputation sur la production de force à la cheville physiologique. Les résultats de cette étude confirment la présence d’un déficit au niveau du couple de force généré en flexion plantaire (conditions maximale et sous maximale) chez les amputés transfémoraux. Enfin, ce travail de thèse vise à aider les rééducateurs et les cliniciens à optimiser la prise en charge des patients amputésThis Ph.D. thesis aims to evaluate the standing posture modalities and the ankle joint torque in the intact limb in unilateral lower limb amputees. A first study shows the presence of three posture modalities: the non-amputee group relied on standing erect, the transfemoral amputees’ stance depended on balance control and the transtibial amputees exhibited a mixed modality of simultaneously maintaining an upright stance and standing balance. Since the ankle muscles have a functional importance in standing posture modalities, it is imperative to investigate the ankle joint torque in the intact limb. However, the current devices used to assess the ankle joint present substantial limitations for the measurement. Thus, a second study was designed to develop and to validate a new ankle ergometer B.O.T.T.E. Moreover, a third study was achieved in order to estimate the effect of visual feedback on enhancing isometric maximal voluntary contractions. A fourth study was realized to investigate the ankle joint torque in the intact leg of unilateral lower limb amputees. The results show that transfemoral amputees produce less torque and are less steady compared to transtibial amputees and able-bodied individuals. Overall, the present findings of this Ph.D. thesis could have implications for clinical practice and for rehabilitation of patients with a lower limb amputation
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Meugnot, Aurore. "Immobilisation de courte durée d'un membre et Imagerie motrice." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT5010/document.
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Ce travail de thèse visait à étudier les effets de l'immobilisation de courte durée d'un membre sur les processus cognitifs impliqués dans la planification et le contrôle des mouvements. Précisément, nous avons examiné l'impact d'une immobilisation de courte durée du membre supérieur (main droite ou gauche) sur la représentation mentale des actions de ce membre. Pour cela, nous avons eu recours à une tâche d'imagerie motrice implicite (rotation mentale de stimuli corporels), en partant du principe qu'un ensemble de processus cognitifs similaires sont sollicités que l'action soit réellement ou simplement simulée. Nos résultats indiquent que l'inactivité physique modifie le fonctionnement des processus cognitifs permettant la réalisation et l'optimisation des actions. L'immobilisation de courte durée du membre supérieur altère la capacité des sujets à se représenter mentalement des actions. L'effet de ces perturbations (changement de stratégie d'imagerie, transfert inter-membre…) peut varier d'un individu à l'autre, ainsi qu'en fonction des contraintes de la tâche d'imagerie implicite et de la durée de l'immobilisation. Un second objectif visait à examiner le potentiel de l'imagerie motrice explicite pour réactiver le système sensorimoteur suite à la période d'immobilisation de la main. Nous montrons qu'une pratique mentale en imagerie motrice kinesthésique pendant la période d'immobilisation permet de contrecarrer les perturbations fonctionnelles induite par la restriction d'exerciceThe present thesis focused on the effects of short-term limb immobilization on the cognitive level of action control. Especially, we examined the influence of short-term upper-limb immobilization (right or left-hand) on the mental representation of action. To this aim, an implicit motor imagery task (mental rotation of body-stimuli) was used, assuming similar processes between motor simulation and motor execution. Results showed that physical inactivity affects the cognitive processing of action. Short-term upper-limb immobilization impaired the ability to mentally represent action. The immobilization-induced effects (switch from a motor to a visual imagery strategy, inte-limb transfer…) may vary from one individual to another, and may depend on the constraints of the implicit imagery task or with the period of immobilization (24h vs. 48h). A second aim of this thesis was to examine the potential of explicit motor imagery to reactivate the sensorimotor system after the period of sensorimotor restriction. We showed that kinesthetic imagery practice during the period of immobilization can counteract the functional impairment induced by sensorimotor restriction
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Feeney, Susan. "Comparative osteology, myology, and locomotor specializations of the fore and hind limbs of the North American foxes Vulpes vulpes and Urocyon cinereoargenteus." 1999. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9920598.
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Canids have long been considered to be conservative in their postcranial anatomy, so there are few studies examining individual canid taxa for locomotor adaptations. Canids are generally considered to be the most cursorial of the carnivorans. The limbs of large canids are generally adapted for rapid terrestrial locomotion, as these animals frequently rely on speed for prey capture. The prey animal is captured and killed using the jaws and teeth. Smaller canids, such as the red fox Vulpes and gray fox Urocyon, do not use their limbs primarily for fast running. The red fox appears to have many adaptations for running, including long slender legs, but these foxes do not run in their daily activities except when chased. The red fox uses its forelimbs to help in prey capture and its hind legs for leaping. The gray fox is an unusual canid since it regularly climbs trees. The limbs of the gray fox, especially the forelimb, are utilized in climbing. This dissertation contains a detailed description of the postcranial osteology and myology Vulpes and Urocyon cinercoargenteus and includes an analysis of these anatomical features in a functional framework. An examination of both the osteology and myology of the fore and hind limbs of these two foxes reveals that their behavior is reflected in a number of anatomical characters. Adaptations for leaping in the red fox include the presence of unusually long hind legs relative to the front legs, and an increase in the length of the distal bony limb elements relative to more proximal ones. In addition, the limb bones are very slender. Muscle bellies of tarsal and digital flexors and extensors are restricted to a proximal position on the limb, and muscles in general are emphasized that act along the long axis of the limbs. Adaptations of the gray fox for climbing include the presence of relatively short legs, a greater ability to rotate the radius on the ulna relative to other canids, and a relatively greater ability to abduct the hind limb. In addition, both red and gray foxes are able to retract their claws, an ability that is not generally associated with canids.
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RICH, NANCY CAROL. "NEUROMOTOR COORDINATION MECHANISMS, FRACTIONATED REACTION TIME, AND AGING (STRENGTH, LIMB VOLUME)." 1985. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8602681.
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The fact that physical performance deteriorates concomitantly with the process of senescence is well-documented. However, little is actually known regarding the control mechanisms which induce the physiological dysfunction associated with age. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of age on neuromotor coordination mechanisms and fractionated reaction time parameters during the execution of ballistic forearm flexion and extension, maximum voluntary isometric forearm flexion and extension strength and limb volume. A total of 48 male subjects in three age groups were studied (16 in each group): (1) 30-40 years old, (2) 50-60 years old and (3) 61-70 years old. On each of four test days each of the following criterion measures were recorded: (1) two slow and two fast maximum voluntary isometric contractions of the flexors of one arm and the extensors of the other arm, (2) twenty simple reaction time trials of the flexors of one arm and the extensors of the other arm, (3) twenty simple resisted reaction time trials of the flexors of one arm and the extensors of the other and (4) twenty trials of speed of movement at two inertial loads for the flexors of one arm and the extensors of the other arm. A repeated measures analysis of variance was employed to determine which data was the most stable. The analysis that there were few significant differences between the trials recorded on day 1 and day 2, indicating that performance had stabilized. Intraclass correlation analysis showed that the criterion measures were reliable. Age group comparison revealed significant differences between the groups for: (1) maximum voluntary isometric strength, (2) maximum displacement, (3) agonist silent period, (4) accuracy, (5) resisted motor time and (6) resisted total reaction time. A non-significant age-related trend for the following parameters to be adversely affected with age was noted: (1) movement time, (2) agonist first burst motor time, (3) antagonist first burst motor time, (4) antagonist second burst duration, (5) agonist first burst integrated electromyographic slope, (6) antagonist second burst time to peak activity, (7) time to maximum acceleration, (8) agonist first burst peak amplitude, (9) antagonist second burst peak amplitude, and (10) acceleration as a percentage of movement time.
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Morris, Tiffany R. "Novel interfaces for training neuromotor control of the upper and lower limb." 2009. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000051383.
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Bultman, Linda Lucille. "Isotonic fatigue effects on neuromuscular coordination control mechanisms underlying ballistic limb movement in males and females." 1987. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8805899.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selective isotonic muscle fatigue upon the neuromuscular coordination control mechanisms underlying ballistic limb movement in males and females. Eight males and eight females served as subjects and were tested across eight days which involved the monitoring of three inertial load conditions (L0 = no load, L1 = 1.5, L2 = 3.0 $\times$ moment of inertia) of a Class B, ballistic forearm flexion movement. Following the first three practice days, selective isotonic muscle fatigue was imposed at one of two intensities, high (6RM) or low (20RM) resistance, in either the agonist (biceps brachii) or antagonist (triceps brachii) muscle group. Exercise days involved pre and post testing of the movement task interspersed by fatiguing isotonic resistance exercise. Kinematic, temporal and quantitative integrated electromyographic pattern and strength measures were analyzed. All measures were reliable (R = 0.14-0.98). Eight days of practice generated significant decreases (p $<$ 0.05) in movement time (MVT). Males exhibited a larger decrease across days (L0 = 14.9%) as compared to females (L0 = 4.7%). Although, males generated a 25% faster MVT than females, both sexes demonstrated a similar reduction in MVT improvements as inertial loading increased. Practice effects manifested in agonist and antagonist temporal pattern measures were pronounced. Several substantial sex differences persisted following the eight days of practice. Antagonist delay (T2D) was significantly (p $<$ 0.05) shorter (32.9%) in males. Across days, males reduced this delay (13.5%) while females exhibited a large (43.2%) increase. The increase in T2D exhibited by females represents an uncoupled temporal association between the decelerating action of the antagonist and the point of maximum acceleration. This modification contributed to the comparatively small improvements in MVT displayed by females across days; explaining the MVT differential observed between the sexes. Low resistance (20RM) selective isotonic muscle fatigue generated the largest decrease in maximum isometric strength (13.6%-21.1%) with low resistance (20RM) flexion fatigue increasing MVT to the greatest extent (15.6%). Males responded more dramatically to isotonic muscle fatigue. However, comparisons of fatigue modifications in neuromuscular coordination control mechanisms between the sexes warrants caution due to the persistent sex differences observed in stabilized performance.
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Raichlen, David Allan Shapiro Liza J. "The relationship between limb muscle mass distribution and the mechanics and energetics of quadrupedalism in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus)." 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3143454.
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Raichlen, David Allan. "The relationship between limb muscle mass distribution and the mechanics and energetics of quadrupedalism in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus)." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1297.
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Kemp, Arika D. "Peripheral Venous Retroperfusion: Implications for Critical Limb Ischemia and Salvage." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/6452.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Peripheral arterial disease is caused by plaque buildup in the peripheral arteries. Standard treatments are available when the blockage is proximal and focal, however when distal and diffuse the same type of the treatment options are not beneficial due to the diseased locations. Restoration of blood flow and further salvaging of the limb in these patients can occur in a retrograde manner through the venous system, called retroperfusion or arteriovenous reversal. Retroperfusion has been explored over the last century, where early side to side artery to venous connections had issues with valve competency prohibiting distal flows, edema buildup, and heart failure. However, more recent clinical studies create a bypass to a foot vein to ensure distal flows, and though the results have been promising, it requires a lengthy invasive procedure. It is our belief that the concerns of both retroperfusion approaches can be overcome in a minimally invasive/catheter based approach in which the catheter is engineered to a specific resistance that avoids edema and the perfusion location allows for valves to be passable and flow to reach distally. In this approach, the pressure flow relations were characterized in the retroperfused venous system in ex-vivo canine legs to locate the optimal perfusion location followed by in-vivo validation of canines. Six canines were acutely injured for 1-3 hours by surgical ligation of the terminal aorta and both external iliac arteries. Retroperfusion was successfully performed on five of the dogs at the venous popliteal bifurcation for approximately one hour, where flow rates at peak pressures reached near half of forward flow (37±3 vs. 84±27ml/min) and from which the slope of the P/F curves displayed a retro venous vasculature resistance that was used to calculate the optimal catheter resistance. To assess differences in regional perfusion, microspheres were passed during retroperfusion and compared to baseline microspheres passed arterially prior to occlusion in which the ratio of retroperfusion and forward perfusion levels were near the ratio of reversed and forward venous flow (0.44) throughout the limb. Decreases in critical metabolites during injury trended towards normal levels post-retroperfusion. By identifying the popliteal bifurication as a perfusion site to restore blood flow in the entirety of the distal ischemic limb, showing reversal of injury, and knowing what catheter resistances to target for further chronic studies, steps towards controlled retroperfusion and thus more efficient treatment options can be made for severe PAD patients.
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Jhamb, Deepali. "Condition-specific differential subnetwork analysis for biological systems." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/6816.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Biological systems behave differently under different conditions. Advances in sequencing technology over the last decade have led to the generation of enormous amounts of condition-specific data. However, these measurements often fail to identify low abundance genes/proteins that can be biologically crucial. In this work, a novel text-mining system was first developed to extract condition-specific proteins from the biomedical literature. The literature-derived data was then combined with proteomics data to construct condition-specific protein interaction networks. Further, an innovative condition-specific differential analysis approach was designed to identify key differences, in the form of subnetworks, between any two given biological systems. The framework developed here was implemented to understand the differences between limb regeneration-competent Ambystoma mexicanum and –deficient Xenopus laevis. This study provides an exhaustive systems level analysis to compare regeneration competent and deficient subnetworks to show how different molecular entities inter-connect with each other and are rewired during the formation of an accumulation blastema in regenerating axolotl limbs. This study also demonstrates the importance of literature-derived knowledge, specific to limb regeneration, to augment the systems biology analysis. Our findings show that although the proteins might be common between the two given biological conditions, they can have a high dissimilarity based on their biological and topological properties in the subnetwork. The knowledge gained from the distinguishing features of limb regeneration in amphibians can be used in future to chemically induce regeneration in mammalian systems. The approach developed in this dissertation is scalable and adaptable to understand differential subnetworks between any two biological systems. This methodology will not only facilitate the understanding of biological processes and molecular functions which govern a given system but also provide novel intuitions about the pathophysiology of diseases/conditions.
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Jones, Erica Anne. "Characterisation of limb development and locomotion in the brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1641.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis covers broad topics concerning limb growth and development and their effects on locomotion in the brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). I begin by describing the morphological features of a collection of unknown-age wild kiwi embryos from early development to point of hatch. Using these features, I assign developmental stages to each embryo and compare the progress of development to the same-staged ostrich and chicken embryos. Measurements of the hindlimb, bill and crown-rump length are used to develop an aging scheme based on comparisons with the ostrich and the chicken. The ostrich model and chicken model create age predictions for the unknown aged kiwi embryos. One kiwi embryo was of known age and both models gave identical predictions for this marker embryo, but gave differing predictions for all other kiwi embryos. Using captive-reared kiwi chicks, I characterise hindlimb, bill and bodyweight growth from the time of hatch to 3 months of age. Growth patterns are very linear within this time period for all measurements but bodyweight. Female kiwi hatch with longer bills than males, but the growth of both sexes converges by the end of the 3-month period. Growth of bodyweight in the males slows earlier than in females. Bodyweight and bill length were then compared to a wild population of kiwi. Captive-reared chicks were found to hatch with shorter bills than the wild birds and to increase in bodyweight at a faster rate than wild birds. Rapid weight gain has been implicated in developmental limb deformities in other precocial and long-legged birds and has the potential to produce similar results in captive kiwi. I further studied the movement of the hindlimb during locomotion in two adults and one juvenile kiwi by filming them while they were walking on a treadmill. Kinematic parameters were measured from the video recordings and compared to overground parameters from another study. Similarity between the treadmill and overground locomotor parameters validates the use of a treadmill in studying kiwi locomotion. None of the birds achieved the theoretical transition from a walk to a run at a duty factor of 0.5. After normalising for size, the juvenile showed a longer stride length and lower stride frequency with increasing speed than the adults. Lateral head oscillations were observed during the stride cycle, which I propose having a sensory function as well as a biomechanical one.