Journal articles: 'Limbs (Anatomy)'

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Dong, Qian, Jon A. Jacobson, David A. Jamadar, Girish Gandikota, Catherine Brandon, Yoav Morag, David P. Fessell, and Sung-Moon Kim. "Entrapment Neuropathies in the Upper and Lower Limbs: Anatomy and MRI Features." Radiology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/230679.

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Peripheral nerve entrapment occurs at specific anatomic locations. Familiarity with the anatomy and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of nerve entrapment syndromes is important for accurate diagnosis and early treatment of entrapment neuropathies. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the normal anatomy of peripheral nerves in the upper and lower limbs and to review the MRI features of common disorders affecting the peripheral nerves, both compressive/entrapment and noncompressive, involving the suprascapular nerve, the axillary nerve, the radial nerve, the ulnar nerve, and the median verve in the upper limb and the sciatic nerve, the common peroneal nerve, the tibial nerve, and the interdigital nerves in the lower limb.

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Wang, X., S. R. Thomas, and A. S. Wexler. "Outer medullary anatomy and the urine concentrating mechanism." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 274, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): F413—F424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1998.274.2.f413.

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In earlier work, mathematical models of the urine concentration mechanism were developed incorporating the features of renal anatomy. However, several anatomic observations showed inconsistencies in the modeling representation of the outer stripe (OS) anatomy. In this study, based on observations from comparative anatomy and morphometric studies, we propose a new structural model of outer medullary anatomy, different from that previously presented [A. S. Wexler, R. E. Kalaba, and D. J. Marsh. Am. J. Physiol. 260 ( Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 29): F368–F383, 1991]. The modifications include the following features of rat outer medullary anatomy, for example, 1) in the OS, the limbs of long loops of Henle surround the descending and ascending vasa recta that develop into the vascular bundles in the inner stripe (IS), whereas the limbs of short loops are close to the collecting ducts; and 2) the descending limbs of short loops shift from the tubular region in the OS to near the vascular bundle in the IS, whereas the limbs of long loops are situated away from the vascular bundles in the tubular region. The sensitivity of the concentrating process to the relative position of loops and vessels was investigated in the different medullary regions. With these modifications, the model predicts a more physiological, axial osmolarity gradient in both outer and inner medulla with membrane parameters that are all in the range of measured physiological values, including the urea permeabilities of descending vasa recta reported by Pallone and co-workers (T. L. Pallone, J. Work, R. L. Myers, and R. L. Jamison. J. Clin.Invest. 93: 212–222, 1994).

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Shaw, Edward L. "Out on a Limb: Investigating the Anatomy of Tree Limbs." Science Activities: Classroom Projects and Curriculum Ideas 45, no. 2 (July 2008): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/sats.45.2.3-6.

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Hoey, S. E., A. H. Biedrzycki, M. J. Livesey, and R. Drees. "Radiographic anatomy of juvenile bovine limbs." Veterinary Record 179, no. 21 (August 24, 2016): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.103689.

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Lotti, Torello, Dionigi Tsampau, and Paolo Bonan. "The anatomy of the lower limbs." Clinics in Dermatology 8, no. 3-4 (July 1990): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(90)90043-z.

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Krievins, Dainis, Regina Zarina R, Janis Savlovskis, and Polina Dombure. "Variations in Lower Limb Deep Venous Anatomy in Latvia." Acta Chirurgica Latviensis 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/chilat-2013-0010.

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Summary Introduction. During the last several decades there have been many new methods introduced for the treatment of lower limb chronic venous insufficiency (laser, foam, subendothelial and thermal coagulation methods). Venous system of lower limbs often presents anatomic variations including venous duplications. Knowledge of venous system variations in the lower limb area is of particular importance due to correct interpretation of imaging in relation to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). There was only a small number of studies published on anatomic variations of venous system in the lower limbs. To the best of our knowledge there have been no previous studies on anatomic variations of lower limb deep venous system performed in Latvia. Aim of the study. To retrospectively review of 216 patients (432 lower limbs) phlebograms in order to establish deep venous system anatomic variations in Latvian population and compare our results to other publications. Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of 432 lower limb phlebograms performed at Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital (Riga, Latvia) of 216 patients treated in different ortopedic centers of Latvia during 2009 and 2012. Assessment made using DICOM Synedra view personal software. Study protocol was developed for definition of veins and assessment of phlebogram images in accordance with anatomic definitions used in previous studies. Two independent radiologists assessed data. Visualised duplications in the deep venous system of both lower limbs in patients were registered (common iliac vein, external iliac vein, common femoral vein, femoral vein, deep femoral vein, popliteal vein). Blood vessels have been listed as single, double or triple / complex. The presence of DVT was recorded upon assessment of phlebograms. Statistical analysis performed using SPSS 20.0 software (IBM). Parametric data comparison performed using Student t-test and ANOVA. Non-parametric data comparison performed using chi-square and Mann Whitney tests. Data comparison type was assessed using Kolmogorova-Smirnovs test. The results are presented as the average ± standard deviation. Results. Retrospective analysis of 432 lower limb phlebograms was performed in 216 patients. Average age of the patients was 34.4 years (range 19-90). 101 patients were female (47%) and 115 (53%) were male with no statistical venous variation differences found between two genders, which is explained by both age and gender (p > 0.05). Analysis of calf vein, popliteal vein and femoral venous variations provided a strong correlation between larger number of duplications in one limb and possibility of such variations in the other limb of the same patient (all p < 0.001). Conclusion. We conclude that there are frequent anatomic variations in SFV and popliteal veins seen in Latvian population. All patients included in this study had high DVT risk, much higher than in the average Latvian population. In almost every sixth Latvian person there is some form of deep veins hypoplasia found.

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Cavezzi, Labropoulos, Partsch, Ricci, Caggiati, Myers, Nicolaides, and Smith. "Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs-UIP consensus document. Part II. Anatomy." Vasa 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526.36.1.62.

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Background: Duplex ultrasound investigation has become the reference standard in assessing the morphology and haemodynamics of the lower limb veins. The project described in this paper was an initiative of the Union Internationale de Phlébologie (UIP). The aim was to obtain a consensus of international experts on the methodology to be used for assessment of anatomy of superficial and perforating veins in the lower limb by ultrasound imaging. Methods: The authors performed a systematic review of the published literature on duplex anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins of the lower limbs; afterwards they invited a group of experts from a wide range of countries to participate in this project. Electronic submissions from the authors and the experts (text and images) were made available to all participants via the UIP website. The authors prepared a draft document for discussion at the UIP Chapter meeting held in San Diego, USA in August 2003. Following this meeting a revised manuscript was circulated to all participants and further comments were received by the authors and included in subsequent versions of the manuscript. Eventually, all participants agreed the final version of the paper. Results: The experts have made detailed recommendations concerning the methods to be used for duplex ultrasound examination as well as the interpretation of images and measurements obtained. This document provides a detailed methodology for complete ultrasound assessment of the anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins in the lower limbs. Conclusions: The authors and a large group of experts have agreed a methodology for the investigation of the lower limbs venous system by duplex ultrasonography, with specific reference to the anatomy of the main superficial veins and perforators of the lower limbs in healthy and varicose subjects.

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Cavezzi, A., N. Labropoulos, H. Partsch, S. Ricci, A. Caggiati, K. Myers, A. Nicolaides, and P. Coleridge-Smith. "Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs – UIP Consensus Document. Part II: Anatomy." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/026835506779115799.

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Objectives: Duplex ultrasound investigation has become the reference standard in assessing the morphology and haemodynamics of the lower limb veins. The project described in this paper was an initiative of the Union Internationale de Phlébologie (UIP). The aim was to obtain a consensus of international experts on the methodology to be used for assessment of the anatomy of superficial and perforating veins in the lower limb by ultrasound imaging. Design: Consensus conference leading to a consensus document. Methods: The authors performed a systematic review of the published literature on duplex anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins of the lower limbs. Afterwards, they invited a group of experts from a wide range of countries to participate in this project. Electronic submissions from the authors and the experts (text and images) were made available to all participants via the UIP website. The authors prepared a draft document for discussion at the UIP Chapter meeting held in San Diego, USA, in August 2003. Following this meeting, a revised manuscript was circulated to all participants and further comments were received by the authors and included in subsequent versions of the manuscript. Eventually, all participants agreed on the final version of the paper. Results: The experts have made detailed recommendations concerning the methods to be used for duplex ultrasound examination as well as the interpretation of images and measurements obtained. This document provides a detailed methodology for complete ultrasound assessment of the anatomy of the superficial and perforating veins in the lower limbs. Conclusions: The authors and a large group of experts have agreed on a methodology for the investigation of the lower limbs venous system, by duplex ultrasonography, with specific reference to the anatomy of the main superficial veins and perforators of the lower limbs in healthy and varicose subjects.

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Burton, Rosemary, Nigel Holder, and P. Jesani. "The regeneration of double dorsal and double ventral limbs in the axolotl." Development 94, no. 1 (June 1, 1986): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.94.1.29.

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Surgically made double dorsal and double ventral upper arms, comprising double extensor and double flexor muscles respectively, were amputated immediately following operation; both limb types regenerated. In terms of skeletal anatomy, a range of limb types was found. These included four-digit limbs of normal cartilage pattern, and hypomorphic limbs having from one to three digits. All of the double dorsal and the majority of the double ventral limbs were symmetrical in the dorsal—ventral axis. This was detected by analysing their muscle patterns at carpal and mid-forearm level, and muscle and epidermal characteristics in the metacarpal region are discussed in terms of the significance of healing time and stump pattern on the regenerative ability of surgically created limb regions.

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Wang, Nan, Jie Ma, Dan Jin, and Bin Yu. "A Special Golden Curve in Human Upper Limbs’ Length Proportion: A Functional Partition Which Is Different from Anatomy." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4158561.

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Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between upper limbs’ three functional partitions and the golden curve. Materials and Methods. We measured 30 subjects’ right or left upper limb data and investigate the relationship between them and the golden curve by use of SPSS version 20.0 statistical software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois), one-sample t-test. Results. There are four points on human’s upper limbs which have no difference with the four points on the golden curve. And there is one point of which the difference is obvious. But we still could draw the conclusion that human upper limbs are accordant with the golden curve. Conclusion. Human upper limbs are accordant with the golden curve.

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Sharma, Rajesh, Sudip Dutta Baruah, Ashutosh Marwah, and Chandra Prakash Singh Chauhan. "Intra-Atrial Y-Graft Fontan for Univentricular Heart With Discontinuous Pulmonary Arteries." World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 8, no. 4 (July 2017): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135117705638.

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The Y-graft Fontan as described today suffers from the disadvantage of being hostage to restrictions imposed upon the design of the limbs of the Y by existent cardiac anatomy. We describe a patient with discontinuous pulmonary arteries following a prior Glenn shunt, who underwent Fontan completion using an intra-atrial Y-limb placement for recruitment of the discontinuous pulmonary artery. Intracardiac placement of the limb(s) of the Y-graft could potentially increase the applicability of this Fontan modification without being constrained by external cardiac anatomy.

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Grover, Seema, Suprabhat Bolisetti, Shailesh Sangani, Sonali Gadhavi, and Neeraja Kulkarni. "Spectrum of vascular abnormalities in color Doppler examination of upper extremities tested for suitability for AV fistula creation in patients of renal failure." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20170029.

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Background: Almost all patients with end stage renal disease require haemodialysis at some stage of their disease and arteriovenous fistula is the most convenient option. The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence of vascular abnormalities in the upper limbs of patients posted for creation of haemodialysis access. Knowledge of the variant anatomy of upper limb vessels helps in better planning of surgery, avoiding unnecessary surgery and improving the success rate of haemodialysis access creation.Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of colour Doppler study of 150 upper extremities of end stage renal disease patients posted for AV fistula creation. The limbs were evaluated for arterial and venous anatomy rendering them fit or unfit for fistula creation.Results: We found abnormal vasculature in more than 60% of the upper limbs. Congenital arterial abnormality was found in 9 % of upper limbs and venous abnormality was found in 65 % of upper limbs. Unnecessary surgery could be avoided in approximately 74 % of patients. 10 % had correctable abnormality.Conclusions: Pre-operative ultrasound and Doppler assessment resulted in more patients being subjected to proximal fistulas and alternate suitable dialysis processes like permcath or peritoneal dialysis. Primary fistula success rate obtained by this pre-operative evaluation was close to 95 %.

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Gans, Bruce M. "Hollinshead?? Functional Anatomy of the Limbs and Back." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 70, no. 3 (June 1991): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-199106000-00013.

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Caladine, Lynne K. "Hollinshead's Functional Anatomy of the Limbs and Back." Physiotherapy 77, no. 9 (September 1991): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)60412-9.

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Uhl, J. F. "Three-dimensional modelling of the venous system by direct multislice helical computed tomography venography: technique, indications and results." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 27, no. 6 (September 2012): 270–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2012.012j07.

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The aim of multislice helical computed tomography venography (CTV) is to provide a precise, global and three-dimensional (3D) anatomical depiction of the venous network of the lower limbs. A multislice and multidetector spiral CT acquisition of the lower limbs with contrast injection of the dorsal foot produces about 1000 slices in 30 seconds. Dedicated volume-rendering software can compute a realistic and interactive 3D model of the venous system in realtime. This new tool furnishes an accurate 3D representation of the whole venous system of the lower limb with a realistic 3D model of the limbs, providing a road map of the varicose networks complementary to the duplex ultrasound (DUS). CTV allows a complete morphological study of the deep veins, including the detection of anatomical variations and proximal venous obstruction, not easily detectable by DUS. In the case of deep vein thrombosis, it has been shown to be a good diagnostic tool, well correlated with sonography. It also demonstrates, in some cases, haemodynamic patterns which are not available by DUS, particularly for perforator veins and congenital vascular malformations. The use of virtual reality techniques enables a complete anatomical study of both deep and superficial veins including a virtual dissection of the limbs. CTV is also a great educational tool to learn anatomy of the venous system and a powerful research tool to improve our knowledge of venous anatomy.

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Sabalbal, M., M. Johnson, and V. McAlister. "Absence of the genicular arterial anastomosis as generally depicted in textbooks." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 6 (September 2013): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588413x13629960046831.

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Introduction Textbook representations of the genicular arterial anastomosis show a large direct communication between the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (DBLCFA) and a genicular branch of the popliteal artery but this is not compatible with clinical experience. The aim of this study was to determine whether the arterial anastomosis at the knee is sufficient, in the event of traumatic disruption of the superficial femoral artery, to infuse protective agents or to place a stent to restore flow to the lower leg. Methods Dissection of ten cadaveric lower limbs was performed to photograph the arterial anatomy from the inguinal ligament to the tibial tubercle. Anastomosis with branches of the popliteal artery was classified as: ‘direct communication’, ‘approaching communication’ or ‘no evident communication’. Results A constant descending artery in the lateral thigh (LDAT) was found to have five types of origin: Type 1 (2/10 limbs) involved the lateral circumflex femoral branch of the femoral artery, Type 2 (3/10 limbs) the lateral circumflex femoral branch of the profunda femoris artery, Type 3 (1/10 limbs) the femoral artery, Type 4 (3/10 limbs) the superficial femoral artery and Type 5 (2/10 limbs) the profunda femoris artery. In one limb, there were two descending arteries (Types 4 and 5). Collateral circulation at the knee was also variable: direct communicating vessels (3/10 limbs); approaching vessels with possible communication via capillaries (5/10 limbs); no evident communication (2/10 limbs). Communicating vessels, if present, are too small to provide immediate collateral circulation. Conclusions Modern representations of the genicular arterial anastomosis are inaccurate, derived commonly from an idealised image that first appeared Gray’s Anatomy in 1910. The afferent vessel is not the DBLCFA. The majority of subjects have the potential to recruit collateral circulation via the LDAT following gradual obstruction to normal arterial flow, which may be important if the LDAT is removed for bypass or flap surgery. A direct communication is rarely present and is never as robust as generally depicted in textbooks.

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Hart-Elcock, L., H. W. Leipold, and R. Baker. "Hereditary Bovine Syndactyly: Diagnosis in Bovine Fetuses." Veterinary Pathology 24, no. 2 (March 1987): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400207.

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Diagnostic guidelines were established for progeny testing of hereditary bovine syndactyly. Through the use of superovulation and embryo transfer, 139 fetuses were recovered at 50 to 77 days gestation. Normal (+/+, +/sy) and syndactylous (sy/sy) anatomy of Holstein fetuses was denned, and the accuracy of macroscopic versus microscopic limb diagnosis was assessed. Chondrification and ossification differences between normal (+/+, +/sy) and syndactylous (sy/sy) fetuses were only age-related. Normal (+/+, +/sy) fetal limbs differed from normal (+/+, +/sy) adult bovine limbs in two ways. Fetal metacarpal and metatarsal III and IV bones were not fused, and fetal metacarpal and metatarsal II and V bones often extended up to three-fourths the length of metacarpal and metatarsal III and IV bones. In syndactylous (sy/sy) fetuses, synostosis asymmetries occurred within and between fetal limbs, and between fetuses, representing variable gene expressivity. Synostosis pattern within limbs did not correspond with those of the adult bovine; the second phalangeal pair was synostotic most frequently in the fetus, followed by the first, and then the third pair. Synostosis patterns between fetal limbs agreed with those of the adult; there was a right-left and front-rear limb gradient. Partial synostoses occurred sporadically in all three paired phalanges. Those of the first and third pair always involved the tip closest to the second phalangeal pair. A unique example of variable gene expressivity occurred in one syndactylous fetus. Both front limbs were syndactylous, while both rear limbs were normal grossly. Microscopically the right rear limb was normal while the left rear limb consisted of closely apposed phalangeal blastemata without coalescence. This supported the theory that syndactyly resulted from fusion rather than nondivision of blastemata. There was not 100% accuracy in macroscopic limb diagnosis of fetuses derived from progeny testing for bovine hereditary syndactyly; discrepencies occurred in limbs with partial phalangeal synostoses and in the limb with closely apposed phalangeal blastemata. Therefore, it is recommended that all fetuses undergo macroscopic and microscopic limb examination before a final diagnosis is reached and recommendations for breeding programs are made.

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Weiss, Elizabeth. "Understanding muscle markers: Lower limbs." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 125, no. 3 (2004): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10397.

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Esteve-Altava, Borja, Stephanie E. Pierce, Julia L. Molnar, Peter Johnston, Rui Diogo, and John R. Hutchinson. "Evolutionary parallelisms of pectoral and pelvic network-anatomy from fins to limbs." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaau7459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7459.

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Lobe-fins transformed into limbs during the Devonian period, facilitating the water-to-land transition in tetrapods. We traced the evolution of well-articulated skeletons across the fins-to-limbs transition, using a network-based approach to quantify and compare topological features of fins and limbs. We show that the topological arrangement of bones in pectoral and pelvic appendages evolved in parallel during the fins-to-limbs transition, occupying overlapping regions of the morphospace, following a directional trend, and decreasing their disparity over time. We identify the presence of digits as the morphological novelty triggering topological changes that discriminated limbs from fins. The origin of digits caused an evolutionary shift toward appendages that were less densely and heterogeneously connected, but more assortative and modular. Disparity likewise decreased for both appendages, more markedly until a time concomitant with the earliest-known tetrapod tracks. Last, we rejected the presence of a pectoral-pelvic similarity bottleneck at the origin of tetrapods.

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Ferreira, Marcelo, Diego Ferreira, Rodrigo Cunha, Guilherme Bicalho, and Eduardo Rodrigues. "Advanced Technical Considerations for Implanting the t-Branch Off-the-Shelf Multibranched Stent-Graft to Treat Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 25, no. 4 (June 5, 2018): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526602818779826.

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Purpose: To demonstrate different techniques and device modifications that can expand the anatomic suitability of the off-the-shelf multibranched t-Branch for treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. Technique: The t-Branch device is not customized for specific patient anatomy, and the most frequent limitations to its use are an inadequate sealing zone and renal artery anatomy. Experience with this device has prompted the development of several techniques that can be employed to maximize the suitability of this stent-graft. Advice is offered on modification of the device to minimize the risk of paraplegia or better match patient anatomy. Maneuvers are explained to ease delivery through tortuous anatomy or existing stent-grafts, catheterize visceral target vessels, select a bridging stent, reduce ischemia time in the limbs, and alter the configuration of the branches. Conclusion: Employing adjunctive maneuvers can increase the anatomic suitability of the t-Branch; in our experience, these techniques have increased the applicability to more than 80% of all elective and urgent thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm cases.

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Menezes, T., G. Lorente, L. Silva, M. Perini, F. Batigália, A. Fernandes, and J. Padovani Júnior. "Knowledge-based virtualization of human anatomy: development of an interactive atlas of the upper limbs." Journal of Morphological Sciences 31, no. 01 (January 2014): 014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.ao054113.

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Abstract Introduction: Currently, two types of atlas provide anatomical studies: those with two-dimensional images, and those compiled by interactive pictures; mostly drawn virtually. In recent decades, the development of virtual anatomical atlases has been encouraged and prioritized by both the technological advances and the need to facilitate and complement medical education. The aim of this study was to develop an interactive virtual atlas of the upper limbs. Material and Methods: A systematic dissection of three upper limbs (shoulder, arm, forearm and hand) of legally preserved cadavers in Anatomy Laboratory of São José do Rio Preto Medical School, SP (FAMERP) has been carried out. Results: A website has been developed to facilitate the learning of superficial and deep structures of the limbs comprising ten pictures showing the steps and the various structures and display devices (naming demarcated structures and text with relevant information about these). In addition, the website includes a photo gallery with subtitled images of the dissected upper limbs. Conclusion: In conclusion, virtual study of Anatomy by means of interactive-image display of dissected parts can facilitate and enhance the learning of the upper limbs.

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Giffin, Emily B. "Gross spinal anatomy and limb use in living and fossil reptiles." Paleobiology 16, no. 4 (1990): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010186.

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The spinal quotient (S.Q.) is an osteologically defined estimate of the enlargement of the spinal cord at limb levels over that at interlimb levels. It is an efficient predictor of limb use in living reptiles and birds and may be used to predict limb function in fossil vertebrates. Among living reptiles, this ratio of limb to interlimb innervation is greatest in arboreal genera, followed by terrestrial sprawlers, aquatic forms, and undulatory forms. Birds show a wide range of brachial S.Q. values that are roughly commensurate with flight ability. S.Q. values for the manipulative forelimbs of some dinosaurs fall well above those of locomotory limbs. Dinosaur hind-limb values are either well within ranges predicted by living reptiles and birds (most taxa), or highly inflated (stegosaurs, sauropods). This inflation may be the result of presence of a glycogen body similar to that of birds. In no case does the lumbosacral S.Q. support the presence of a “sacral brain.”

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Yamamoto, Satoshi, Katsuyuki Hoshina, Akihiro Hosaka, Kunihiro Shigematsu, and Toshiaki Watanabe. "Long-term outcomes of surgical treatment in patients with popliteal artery entrapment syndrome." Vascular 23, no. 5 (November 17, 2014): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1708538114560460.

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The object of the study is to determine the long-term outcomes of surgical treatment of patients with popliteal artery entrapment syndrome at a single institute. We retrospectively reviewed 19 limbs of 16 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for popliteal artery entrapment syndrome at our hospital over the past 36 years. The popliteal artery was stenotic in 11 limbs, occlusive in 7 limbs, and compressed and deviated by the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle but not damaged in 1 limb. Six limbs were treated with autologous saphenous vein bypass, 10 with bypass or venous patch graft concomitant with musculotendinous section, and 3 limbs underwent musculotendinous section alone. The 10-year cumulative patency of the 13 limbs treated with bypass was 100%, although two of them showed occlusion at 23 and 12 years after surgery. One patient who received a venous patch graft showed occlusion 15 years after surgery. Additionally, one asymptomatic patient with an apparently non-damaged popliteal artery who received preventive musculotendinous section alone showed stenosis of the artery 2 years after musculotendinous section. In conclusion, the bypass patency observed in this study was excellent in the long term. Careful examination of popliteal artery anatomy using imaging studies is essential for selecting the appropriate surgical procedure for popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

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Moore, Shirley. "Anatomy for Surgeons, Vol. 3, The Back and Limbs." AORN Journal 42, no. 6 (December 1985): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)64441-x.

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Dyson, Sue. "Variations in the normal radiographic anatomy of equine limbs." In Practice 10, no. 3 (May 1988): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.10.3.119.

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SHIMOKAWA, Takashi, Satoru YASUTAKA, Rieko KOMINAMI, Shigenori TANAKA, and Harumichi SHINOHARA. "Pitx1 expression in developing and regenerating axolotl limbs." Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 85, no. 1 (2008): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2535/ofaj.85.5.

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AMBROSE, ROBERT O., and CATHERINE G. AMBROSE. "PRIMATE ANATOMY, KINEMATICS, AND PRINCIPLES FOR HUMANOID DESIGN." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 01, no. 01 (March 2004): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843604000101.

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The primate order of animals is investigated for clues in the design of humanoid robots. The pursuit is directed with a theory that kinematics, musculature, perception, and cognition can be optimized for specific tasks by varying the proportions of limbs, and in particular, the points of branching in kinematic trees such as the primate skeleton. Called the Bifurcated Chain Hypothesis, the theory is that the branching proportions found in humans may be superior to other animals and primates for the tasks of dexterous manipulation and other human specialties. The primate taxa are defined, contemporary primate evolution hypotheses are critiqued, and variations within the order are noted. The kinematic branching points of the torso, limbs and fingers are studied for differences in proportions across the order, and associated with family and genus capabilities and behaviors. The human configuration of a long waist, long neck, and short arms is graded using a kinematic workspace analysis and a set of design axioms for mobile manipulation robots. It scores well. The re-emergence of the human waist, seen in early prosimians and monkeys for arboreal balance, but lost in the terrestrial pongidae, is postulated as benefiting human dexterity. The human combination of an articulated waist and neck will be shown to enable the use of smaller arms, achieving greater regions of workspace dexterity than the larger limbs of gorillas and other hominoidea.

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Garg, Rohit, Safak Uygur, Joanna Cwykiel, and Maria Siemionow. "Development of Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Model in Hind Limb Amputated Rats." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 34, no. 07 (April 1, 2018): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1639602.

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Background Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a novel approach to postamputation neuroma pain; however, this has not been explicitly studied. The purpose of this study was to develop a TMR model in hind limb amputated rats. Methods Ten hind limbs from 5 Sprague Dawley cadaver rats were used. Sciatic nerve, main branches of the sciatic nerve (common peroneal, tibial, sural), motor branches from the sciatic nerve to the biceps femoris and cauda femoris, gluteal nerve and its motor branches to the semimembranosus, and biceps femoris and femoral nerve were dissected to look for consistent nerve anatomy that can be used for TMR in the rat hind limb amputation model. Transfemoral amputation was performed and two types of coaptations were made: common peroneal nerve to motor branch to biceps femoris and tibial nerve to motor branch to semimembranosus. Results The total surgical time for the dissection, amputation, and coaptation of nerves was ∼90 minutes. A total of 100 nerves were dissected in 10 rat hind limbs. Anatomical dissections were straightforward to perform. Anatomy of the dissected nerves was consistent. Hind limb amputations were performed without damaging the target muscles and nerves. Nerve lengths were sufficient for coaptation without any tension. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on TMR model in hind limb amputated rats. This model will allow for mechanical, electromyography (EMG), and histological analysis for future assessment of neuroma prevention.

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Frey, Carol, Zehava Rosenberg, Michael J. Shereff, and Hose Kim. "The Retrocalcaneal Bursa: Anatomy and Bursography." Foot & Ankle 13, no. 4 (May 1992): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079201300407.

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The retrocalcaneal bursae, located between the posterior angle of the os calcis and the Achilles tendon, may become inflamed and hypertrophied. There are few objective tests available for the diagnosis of pain syndromes involving the hindfoot and it is often difficult to differentiate Achilles tendinitis and retrocalcaneal bursitis. Retrocalcaneal bursograms can provide further insight into chronic changes in the bursae associated with traumatic and inflammatory conditions. This report describes the anatomy of the retrocalcaneal bursa, the technique of its opacification, and the application of this technique to the diagnosis and treatment of painful hindfoot syndromes. In addition, the anatomy of the retrocalcaneal bursa was investigated further using latex casting techniques. Twelve cadaver limbs were injected with radiopaque latex casting material or renografin into the retrocalcaneal bursae. AP, lateral, and oblique radiographs were then obtained on the specimens. The size, capacity, and configuration of the postmortem bursae were measured and recorded. Subsequently, the cadaver limbs injected with the latex material were cooled and dissection was made of the retrocalcaneal bursae. The latex bursal molds were measured, graphically recorded, and photographed. Fifteen patients with signs and symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis and eight asymptomatic patients were selected for this study and injected with radiopaque material into the bursae. Anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs were then obtained. The size, capacity, and configuration of the retrocalcaneal bursae were measured and recorded. The anatomic characteristics noted from the latex bursal molds correlated well with the findings on bursography. Bursographic findings in patients with retrocalcaneal bursitis can provide insight into the diagnosis and clinical management of this disorder.

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CAETANO, EDIE BENEDITO, JOÃO PAULO NUNES TOLEDO, SÉRGIO APARECIDO DO AMARAL JÚNIOR, LUIZ ANGELO VIEIRA, BEATRIZ D’ANDREA PIGOSSI, and RENATO ALVES DE ANDRADE. "INNERVATION OF THE MEDIAN NERVE MOTOR BRANCHES IN THE FOREARM AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE." Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 28, no. 5 (October 2020): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220202805235028.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyse the anatomical variations of the median nerve motor branches in the elbow region. Methods: Twenty upper limbs of 10 adult male cadavers were prepared by intra-arterial injection of a solution of 10% glycerol and formaldehyde. All cadavers belonged to the institution anatomy laboratory. Results: We found a great variability within the distribution of median nerve branches leading to forearm muscles. Only three limbs (14%) presented the normal standard of innervation described in anatomy treatises. The pronator teres muscle (PTM), flexor carpi radialis (FCR), palmaris longus (PL), and the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) received exclusive innervation from the median nerve in all forearms. The anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) also originated from the median nerve in all dissected limbs. Conclusion: A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the median nerve branches is important for performing surgeries such as: approach to the proximal third of the forearm, alleviation of pronator teres and anterior interosseous nerve compression syndromes, and distal nerve transfers. It also enables a better understanding the recovery of muscle function after a nerve injury. Level of Evidence IV, Case series.

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Munjamkar, Prashant. "Variations of the ulnar nerve and it’s clinical implications." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 7, no. 4 (January 15, 2021): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2020.083.

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The ulnar nerve (UN) is a branch of the roots of the C8 and T1 nerves and arises from the brachial plexus medial cord. The formation, course, and distribution of this nerve is subject to a variety of variations. The present research was therefore conducted to describe the anatomical variation of the ulnar nerve and its possible clinical consequences. The research was performed on 40 dissected upper limb specimens (20 right and 20 left) from the Department of Anatomy, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhilai, of both sexes of the Indian population. Every aberrant formation and/or contact in relation to the ulnar nerve has been carefully examined. Four out of 40 upper limbs had variations linked to the ulnar nerve, with an occurrence of 10%. Among these four limbs, variance in ulnar nerve development was noted in three limbs, while irregular contact with the neighbouring nerve was found in one limb. The ordinary sensory-motor activity could be affected by an unusual UN relationship with its neighboring nerves and its irregular formation. Knowledge of the UN's anatomical variations is therefore important for clinicians to consider the nature of ulnar nerve neuropathy-related complications.

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Reynolds, Thomas R. "Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 67, no. 4 (August 1985): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330670407.

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Koster, Margie D., Keith Ronald, and Peter van Bree. "Thoracic anatomy of the Baikal seal, compared with some other phocid seals." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-024.

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While undertaking the descriptive dissection of a Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica), the anatomy of the neck, thorax, and pectoral limbs were compared with that of a ringed seal, two harp seals, and two grey seals. Comparison of the myology showed the Baikal and the ringed seal to be the most similar, whereas the harp seals had more muscular subdivisions than the previous two species. The nonlobate lungs of the harp seal indicate a more advanced development. The grey seals were generally more robust with more pronounced areas of muscle attachment. Skeletal characteristics of the pectoral limb indicate that this species is the most primitive of the four.

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Dioszegi, Z., P. Csebi, and H. Bilgili. "Detailed preoperative planning for fracture treatment with Ilizarov method in three dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 19, no. 03 (2006): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632993.

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SummaryThe purpose of this study is to present preoperative planning with consideration of the anatomical variations of different dog breeds, gross anatomy, preoperative radiographs and computed tomography (CT) images, ring number, ring type and ring levels, rod positions and rod number for fracture treatment using the Ilizarov method in three dogs. In all cases, preoperative radiographs of affected limb and contralateral limb, intact extremity's CT views and anatomical atlases were used for preoperative frame planning. The frame is assembled preoperatively, rehearsed and then it is applied. Preoperative radiographs and clinical findings of affected limbs are beneficial for preoperative frame planning, whilst CT views are not as they do not provide any different vision of anatomical structures for all cases. Other colleagues' and our anatomical atlases, including cross-sectional views of limbs, are satisfactory for preoperative planning. In addition, functional and cosmetical results in all three cases were determined to be very good.

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Pedrão, Giulia Garcia, Thales Vinicius Candido da Silva, Paulo Eduardo Novelini, Beatriz Ferratone Magalhães, Danilo Anderson Pereira, Carolina Maria Favarim Neujorks, and Rogério Rodrigo Ramos. "High Brachial Artery Bifurcation Clinical finding in Cadaveric Specimen by Medical Students During Internship." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss2.2946.

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The high brachial artery bifurcation is an anatomical variation found in the arm segment. Although it does not present any alteration in the arterial blood functionality, it is considered a common spot for vascular lesions during surgical interventions that consist of the absence of anatomical knowledge. The research objective was to describe the high brachial artery bifurcation found in a cadaveric specimen from the anatomy laboratory as well as its main anatomoclinical aspects. Twenty-six upper limbs were investigated and dissected from the Universidade Brasil's Human Anatomy Laboratory, SP. These were formolized cadaveric specimens from both sexes. During upper limb dissection, arterial anatomical variations were observed in a single-arm segment. The variation was unilateral in the left hemisphere. The clinical findings were high brachial artery bifurcation and a rare case of the radial artery in the medial path, as well as an ulnar artery with a lateral path in the arm median third. It is clear that the understanding of anatomy and anatomical variations patterns is of utmost importance and a requirement for surgery, so surgeons need to be aware of clinical, anatomical, and arterial variations data, avoiding vascular lesions during the surgical interventions. Dissection is an important learning tool for students and resident doctors. It is suggested the use of dissection as a pedagogical resource to acquire skills in surgeries during internship and also to improve the anatomical variation cognition of upper limbs.

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Kalinin, R. E., I. A. Suchkov, I. N. Shanaev, A. A. Nekliudov, A. M. Tyshchenko, V. A. Vovk, M. A. Klosova, and O. V. Volchenko. "CLINICAL ANATOMY OF THE PERFORATING VEINS OFTHE PROXIMAL LOWER LIMBS." Novosti Khirurgii 29, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18484/2305-0047.2021.1.28.

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Objective. To clarify the topographic and anatomical feature of the perforating veins (PVs) in the proximal part of the lower extremity. Methods. 70 amputated lower extremities from the patients with severe ischemia were subjected to sectional anatomical study; 2800 patients with varicose disease underwent lower extremity sonography. Results. PVs were primarily located on the medial surface of the thigh. In the upper third of the thigh PVs drain into superficial femoral vein. It was detected that one or two PVs occur sin the lower third of the hip draining into superficial femoral vein and originating from the great saphenous vein in 73.6% cases. All PVs were accompanied by an arterial branch from the superficial femoral artery. Anatomical sectional study revealed that a nervous branch accompanied PVs in the lower third of the thigh. Two or four PVs were detected on the lateral surface of the thigh. PVs in the popliteal fossa could be referred to as “atypical” due to their rare occurence (0.4% of cases at sonography) in combination with absent typical sapheno-popliteal junction. PVs in this area were not supported by the intermuscular septa. PVs drained laterally into popliteal vein of the lower limb in 100% cases, while small saphenous vein drained into great saphenous vein in the upper third of the leg or into the intersaphenous vein. Conclusion. Perforating veins constitute perforating bundles (PV, arterial branch, nervous branch), which are predominantly located along the intermuscular septa, which create a constant and strong orientation along the direction of the great vessels. This ensures stable hemodynamics of great vessels and perforating complexes and does not allow squeezed tham togeter during physical exertion. What this paper adds For the first time it has been proved that the perforating veins of the gluteal region pass through the fascia and the thickness of the gluteus maximus muscle and enter the superior and inferior gluteal veins, being transmuscular perforating veins. For the first time it has been established that the location of the femoral perforating veins along the intermuscular septa allows preserving the hemodynamics of the perforating complexes without any squeezed in physical exertion.

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Mabvuure, Nigel Tapiwa, Marco Malahias, Sandip Hindocha, Wasim Khan, and Ali Juma. "Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Limbs: Current Concepts and Management." Open Orthopaedics Journal 6, no. 1 (November 30, 2012): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001206010535.

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Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) of the limb refers to a constellation of symptoms, which occur following a rise in the pressure inside a limb muscle compartment. A failure or delay in recognising ACS almost invariably results in adverse outcomes for patients. Unrecognised ACS can leave patients with nonviable limbs requiring amputation and can also be life–threatening. Several clinical features indicate ACS. Where diagnosis is unclear there are several techniques for measuring intracompartmental pressure described in this review. As early diagnosis and fasciotomy are known to be the best determinants of good outcomes, it is important that surgeons are aware of the features that make this diagnosis likely. This clinical review discusses current knowledge on the relevant clinical anatomy, aetiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic procedures and management of an acute presentation of compartment syndrome.

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Gomez, Carlos Singh, Eduardo Calonje, David W. Ferrar, Norman L. Browse, and Christopher D. M. Fletcher. "Lymphangiomatosis of the Limbs." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 19, no. 2 (February 1995): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199502000-00001.

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Piccolo, Claudia, Michele Galluzzo, Margherita Trinci, Stefania Ianniello, Michele Tonerini, Luca Brunese, and Vittorio Miele. "Lower Limbs Trauma in Pediatrics." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 21, no. 03 (June 1, 2017): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602417.

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This article reviews acute and chronic lower extremity injuries in children, focusing mainly on those traumas typical of the pediatric population. The child is not just a small version of an adult, so physicians need a very detailed knowledge of the anatomy and physiologic changes occurring during growth to understand and evaluate the mechanism of trauma, and choose the most adequate management. In adolescents the most common lesion encountered affects the physes, which are still open. They predispose to injury as the weakest point in the kinetic chain, so those mechanisms responsible for ligamentous traumas in adults can cause physeal injuries in a skeletally immature patient. In association with them, apophyseal lesions are also very common, leading to avulsion injuries at the site of tendon origin or insertion, also called locus minoris resistentiae. Understanding these types of injuries is essential, specifically for the radiologist, because a missed diagnosis can lead to later complications such as growth arrest and osteoarthritis.

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DICKSON, Blake V., and Stephanie E. PIERCE. "How (and why) fins turn into limbs: insights from anglerfish." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 109, no. 1-2 (March 2018): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691018000415.

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ABSTRACTThe fin-to-limb transition is heralded as one of the most important events in vertebrate evolution. Over the last few decades our understanding of how limbs evolved has significantly increased; but, hypotheses for why limbs evolved are still rather open. Fishes that engage their fins to ‘walk' along substrate may provide some perspective. The charismatic frogfishes are often considered to have the most limb-like fins, yet we still know little about their underlying structure. Here we reconstruct the pectoral fin musculoskeletal anatomy of the scarlet frogfish to identify adaptations that support fin-assisted walking behaviours. The data are compared to three additional anglerfish species: the oval batfish, which represents an independent acquisition of fin-assisted walking; and two pelagic deep-sea swimmers, the triplewart seadevil and ghostly seadevil. Our results clearly show broad musculoskeletal differences between the pectoral fins of swimming and walking anglerfish species. The frogfish and batfish have longer and more robust fins; larger, differentiated muscles; and better developed joints, including a reverse ball-and-socket glenoid joint and mobile ‘wrist'. Further, the frogfish and batfish show finer-scale musculoskeletal differences that align with their specific locomotor ecologies. Within, we discuss the functional significance of these anatomical features in relation to walking, the recurring evolution of similar adaptations in other substrate locomoting fishes, as well as the selective pressures that may underlie the evolution of limbs.

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Bolintineanu, Sorin Lucian, Elena Pop, George Stancu, Gheorghe Stancu, Monica Adriana Vaida, Alina Maria Sisu, Jenel Marian Patrascu, and Sorin Florescu. "Anatomical Structures Preservation Using Plastination Techniques." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.2.4820.

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A constant situation present in the anatomy laboratories is represented by the cadavers preservation resulted from dissection. The main requirement for this process is the use of formaldehyde which is a toxic substance probably included in the class of carcinogenic substances. Large specimens resulted from dissection process, such as limbs or trunks, can be preserved only in large containers filled with formaldehyde and for limited periods of time. To remove these issues we used the anatomy laboratory in order to be able to preserve the first sustainable plastinated anatomical specimens. In our study have been used 8 adult human bodies (partial and complete), 6 females and 2 males, aged between 62 and 73. We have removed and dissected brains, upper limbs, kidneys and livers. They have undergone preservation process of plastination.

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Igari, Kimihiro, Toshifumi Kudo, Takahiro Toyofuku, Takehisa Iwai, and Yoshinori Inoue. "Long-Term Results of Surgical Treatment of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms." International Surgery 103, no. 5-6 (August 10, 2016): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00301.1.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of the surgical repair of popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs), and to analyze the factors associated with graft patency. Between January 1980 and December 2013, 45 limbs were subjected to open surgical repair at Tokyo Medical and Dental Hospital. We retrospectively examined the patients' clinical characteristics, clinical symptoms, and aneurysm-related anatomy. Surgical procedures were performed through a posterior or medial approach using autologous vein or prosthetic graft. Surgical outcomes were evaluated by postoperative mortality, postoperative morbidity, graft patency, and limb salvage. During the study period, 45 limbs (35 patients; mean age, 60 years) underwent open surgical repair. A total of 25 limbs were treated through a posterior approach using 23 autologous vein grafts (AVGs) and 2 expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts. The other 20 limbs were treated through a medial approach using 13 AVGs and 7 ePTFE grafts. During the mean follow-up period of 65 months, the primary patency rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 88.0%, 75.7%, and 75.7%, respectively, and the limb salvage rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 97.1%, 91.4%, and 91.4%, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the ligation and bypass grafting affected the primary patency rate significantly, and the ePTFE graft was associated with a poor primary patency in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 17.8). The use of resection or endoaneurysmorrhaphy for PAAs and graft interposition with an AVG might be more effective for the open repair of PAAs.

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Dawson, Rebekah, Nick Milne, and Natalie M. Warburton. "Muscular anatomy of the tail of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 2 (2014): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13085.

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The western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus, is a large-bodied kangaroo that engages in pentapedal locomotion at low speeds and bipedal hopping at high speeds. The tail is thought to have functional roles in both of these modes of locomotion. In pentapedal locomotion the tail acts as a ‘fifth limb’ to support the body weight together with the forelimbs while the hind limbs are drawn forward. The tail has also been suggested to have a role as a counterbalance during bipedal hopping. On the basis of these functional roles for the tail in locomotion, the caudal musculature of the western grey kangaroo was dissected and described in this study. The arrangement of the caudal musculature showed particular adaptations for the role of the tail in both pentapedal locomotion and bipedal hopping.

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Rieppel, Olivier, Hussam Zaher, Eitan Tchernov, and Michael J. Polcyn. "The anatomy and relationships of Haasiophis terrasanctus, a fossil snake by well-developed hind limbs from the Mid-Cretaceous of the Middle East." Journal of Paleontology 77, no. 3 (May 2003): 536–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000044231.

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The fossil snake species Haasiophis terrasanctus Tchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn, and Jacobs, 2000, from the early Upper Cretaceous of the Middle East, is described and illustrated, following a review of the current debate on snake relationships and origins. The description and discussion presented here adds important detail to the knowledge of this taxon and its phylogenetic significance beyond the limited account presented in the original description of Haasiophis. The species is remarkable in that it shows the skull of a relatively advanced (i.e., macrostomatan) snake, yet preserves well-developed hind limbs. The hind limb includes a femur, tibia, fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, distal tarsal four, and remains of four metatarsals and two phalanges. Haasiophis cannot be considered a juvenile specimen of Pachyrhachis. The implications of the presence of well-developed hind limbs in Haasiophis, Pachyrhachis, and Podophis for the cladistic analysis of the phylogenetic interrelationships of these fossil snakes is discussed. The presence of well-developed hind limbs in Pachyrhachis and Haasiophis also creates methodological problems for the cladistic analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of these fossil snakes. Scenarios of snake origins are reviewed and found to be deficient in the absence of a well-corroborated hypothesis of snake relationships within Squamata.

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Hallgr�msson, Benedikt, Katherine Willmore, and Brian K. Hall. "Canalization, developmental stability, and morphological integration in primate limbs." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119, S35 (December 2002): 131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10182.

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Lombardero, Matilde, and María del Mar Yllera. "Leonardo da Vinci’s Animal Anatomy: Bear and Horse Drawings Revisited." Animals 9, no. 7 (July 10, 2019): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070435.

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Leonardo da Vinci was one of the most influencing personalities of his time, the perfect representation of the ideal Renaissance man, an expert painter, engineer and anatomist. Regarding Leonardo’s anatomical drawings, apart from human anatomy, he also depicted some animal species. This comparative study focused only on two species: Bears and horses. He produced some anatomical drawings to illustrate the dissection of “a bear’s foot” (Royal Collection Trust), previously described as “the left leg and foot of a bear”, but considering some anatomical details, we concluded that they depict the bear’s right pelvic limb. This misconception was due to the assumption that the bear’s digit I (1st toe) was the largest one, as in humans. We also analyzed a rough sketch (not previously reported), on the same page, and we concluded that it depicts the left antebrachium (forearm) and manus (hand) of a dog/wolf. Regarding Leonardo’s drawing representing the horse anatomy “The viscera of a horse”, the blood vessel arrangement and other anatomical structures are not consistent with the structure of the horse, but are more in accordance with the anatomy of a dog. In addition, other drawings comparing the anatomy of human leg muscles to that of horse pelvic limbs were also discussed in motion.

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Hartwig, J. H., D. Brown, D. A. Ausiello, T. P. Stossel, and L. Orci. "Polarization of gelsolin and actin binding protein in kidney epithelial cells." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 8 (August 1990): 1145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.8.2164058.

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Vasopressin regulates transepithelial osmotic water permeability in the kidney collecting duct and in target cells in other tissues. In the presence of hormone, water channels are inserted into an otherwise impermeable apical plasma membrane and the apical surface of these cells is dramatically remodelled. Because cytochalasin B and D greatly reduce the response of these cells to vasopressin, actin filaments are believed to participate in the events leading to an increase in transepithelial water permeability. Modulation of the actin filamentous network requires the concerted action of specific actin regulatory proteins, and in the present study we used protein A-gold immunocytochemistry to localize two important molecules, gelsolin and actin binding protein (ABP), in epithelial cells of the kidney inner medulla. Gelsolin and, to a lesser extent, ABP were concentrated in clusters in the apical cell web of principal cells of the collecting duct. Aggregates of gold particles were often associated with the cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane regions forming surface extensions or microvilli. The basolateral plasma membrane was labeled to a much lesser extent than the apical plasma membrane. In the thin limbs of Henle, ABP was localized over the apical plasma membrane in ascending limbs, but gelsolin labeling was weak in these cells. In thin descending limbs, the pattern of labeling was completely reversed, with abundant apical gelsolin labeling but only weak ABP immunolabeling. Although the significance of the distribution of actin regulatory proteins in thin limbs is unknown, the abundance and the predominantly apical polarization of both ABP and gelsolin in principal cells of the collecting duct is consistent with a role of the actin cytoskeleton in the mechanism of vasopressin actin.

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Vathulya, Madhubari, and Mohd Salahuddin Ansari. "An important superficial vein of the radial aspect of the forearm: An anatomical study." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 51, no. 02 (May 2018): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijps.ijps_19_18.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The superficial veins of upper limbs are seldom talked about. They are always avoided quoting them to be variable in anatomy. Other than the cephalic and basilic veins, no other superficial vein has caught the eyes of anatomists and other health professionals significantly. This article tries to explain the importance of a superficial vein that closely traces the radial vessels and explains its possible use in microvascular reconstruction. Materials and Methods: The forelimbs of 26 upper limbs of fresh frozen cadavers were dissected out. The anatomy of the superficial vein that follows the radial vessels was traced out from wrist to cubital fossa. Their relation to the deep venous system and cephalic veins was followed and documented. Results: All the 26 upper limbs showed the existence of the superficial vein that follows the radial vessels. The study also revealed the existence of venous perforators which are in turn the communication channels between the deep and superficial venous systems. Conclusion: The existence of the surface vein can logically hold an explanation for flap failure or success when one vein anastomosis is contemplated for radial forearm-free tissue transfers.

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Cherepakha, О. L., N. G. Gadzhula, and Т. О. Rekun. "The use of mnemonics for better academic performance of medical university students in the study of anatomical terms." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 25, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2021-25(2)-21.

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Annotation. Mnemonics are a combination of special methods and techniques that make it easier to memorize the necessary information and increase the amount of memory by forming associations. The aim of the work is to develop techniques that will help medical students effectively learn anatomical terms by facilitating the memorization of large amounts of information. In this article, we used the following mnemonic techniques: first letter mnemonics or acronyms and the "Comparison" method - to identify common features in the studied and well-known material, namely the similarity in form. This article includes mnemonics that will help to easily learn the following terms namely the anatomy of the skeleton bones for memorizing the bones of the medial wall of the orbit, the bones in the nasal septum, the wrist bones, the ankle tarsal bones, recognition of thoracic vertebrae from the lumbar, cranial bones, upper limb bones, bones of the lower limb, the vertebral regions, the hand, the arm bones and the bone projections. Also included are mnemonics on the anatomy of the cranial nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure and branches of the facial nerve, mnemonics on the anatomy of the peripheral nervous system, namely somatic nerve plexuses, which include the brachial plexus branches. Also included are mnemonics on the anatomy of the upper limbs muscles, namely the muscles that form the rotator cuff in the shoulder, muscles involved in elbow flexion and the anterior flexor muscles of the forearm and mnemonics on the anatomy of the trunk muscles, namely the paired erector spinae muscles and abdominal muscles. Finally, this article includes a mnemonic on the anatomy of the male reproductive system, namely the layers of the scrotum. In the future, new mnemonics will be developed that relate to splanchnology, anatomy of the central nervous system, anatomy of the sensory organs and anatomy of the cardiovascular system, which were not listed above.

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Mala, Lucia, Tomas Maly, Lee Cabell, Pavol Cech, Mikulas Hank, Klara Coufalova, and Frantisek Zahalka. "Body Composition and Morphological Limbs Asymmetry in Competitors in Six Martial Arts." International Journal of Morphology 37, no. 2 (June 2019): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022019000200568.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Limbs (Anatomy)'

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