To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Lime growers.
Journal articles on the topic 'Lime growers'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Lime growers.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
ATTAR, JAMEER R., and S. G. ASKI. "Socio-economic characteristics of lime growers." AGRICULTURE UPDATE 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2017): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/au/12.4/685-690.
Full text
2
Anavrat, Vinod, Ropan Bante, and Mamta Mokde. "Acid lime Growers’ Feasibility Perception of Contract Farming." Current Agriculture Research Journal 5, no. 3 (November 4, 2017): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.5.3.11.
Full textAbstract:
Contract farming is generally practiced by food processing firms wherein the risk is allocated between the company and its growers. Its key aspect is risk sharing and risk reduction. Hence we made an attempt to know the perception of acid lime growers and ascertain the prospects of contract farming. The sample comprised of 200 acid lime growers in 3 districts of Maharashtra, using random walk sampling technique. The data collected through a structured interview schedule were analyzed using the t-test of significance of difference between sample and population means. The study revealed significant relationship between occupation (t=1.596) and perceived acceptability of contract farming in citrus at 5 per cent level of significance. Similar relationship prevailed between annual income from acid lime (t=0.391) and perceived acceptability of contract farming in citrus. Guaranteed and fixed pricing structures was perceived to be the main advantage of contract farming which attracted attention of the maximum respondents (RBQ=175). As regarding risk factors, inadequate water for irrigation ranked the topmost factor followed by price uncertainty. In case of issues governing profitability, unfair market price has been ranked as the number one issue (RBQ=181.33) followed by over production and less market price (RBQ=178.33) to the produce. It is expected that this study will help policy makers to develop more appropriate marketing policies in India.
3
Alok Kumar et al.,, Alok Kumar et al ,. "Managerial Ability of Lime Growers About Recommended Cultivation of Lime In Rajasthan." International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research 7, no. 2 (2017): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijasrapr201722.
Full text
4
Chavan, Subhangi, R. T. Katole R. T. Katole, Y. B. Shambharkar Y. B. Shambharkar, and Nitin Ovhar. "Correlates of Adoption Behaviour of Kagzi Lime Growers in Western Vidarbha of Maharashtra State." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 9 (June 1, 2012): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/sep2013/46.
Full text
5
Nagayyanavar, Megha M., P. Bala Hussain Reddy, S. V. Prasad, and C. Nagamani. "Profile Characteristics of Acid Lime Growers of Vijayapura District of Karnataka." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 3169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.377.
Full text
6
Attar, Jameer R., and S. G. Aski. "Analysis of adoption of recommended cultivation practices by lime growers of north Karnataka." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/9.1/120-124.
Full text
7
Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge, Catherine Greene, Renata Penn, and Doris Newton. "Organic vegetable production in the U.S.: Certified growers and their practices." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, no. 2 (June 1998): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007694.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOrganic farming systems differ fundamentally from conventional ones in their primary focus on management practices that promote and enhance ecological harmony. Organic farmers also tend to have a different socioeconomic profile. In this study, we summarize average socioeconomic characteristics and production practices of a national sample of about 300 certified organic vegetable growers from 14 states and compare them to a large sample of about 6,900 conventional vegetable growers. We also examine the specific materials used by organic growers for pest and nutrient management.Organic vegetable growers tend to be younger, more educated, less experienced in farming, and less likely to have grown up on a farm than conventional vegetable growers, and tend to operate smaller farms. Over three-quarters of the organic vegetable growers surveyed have small operations (less than 10 acres of vegetables), and they are much younger and work fewer days in off-farm jobs than conventional small growers. In contrast to conventional marketing practices, nearly half the surveyed organic growers, and the majority of small ones, market their vegetables directly to consumers through farmers' markets and other direct marketing channels.The organic growers rely primarily on traditional organic processes such as green manuring (legumes), animal manuring, composting, and crop rotation to supply crop nutrients, and on cultural and biological tools, including pest-resistant plant varieties, water management techniques, adjustment of planting and harvesting dates, and beneficial organisms, for pest management. Animal meal, fish products, and lime are their most frequently reported supplemental nutrient sources (14, 20 and 28%, respectively, reported using these materials), and Pyrellin EC and petroleum-based soaps were the most frequently reported supplemental pest management materials (used by 6 and 8%, respectively). The pest and nutrient materials used by the organic growers are generally consistent with current guidelines of major certification organizations that provide services to organic growers, and there is high consistency among those guidelines and national recommendations for most of these materials.
8
Borghi, Emerson, Junior C. Avanzi, Leandro Bortolon, Ariovaldo Luchiari Junior, and Elisandra S. O. Bortolon. "Adoption and Use of Precision Agriculture in Brazil: Perception of Growers and Service Dealership." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 11 (October 11, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n11p89.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Precision agriculture (PA) is growing considerably in Brazil. However, there is a lack of information regarding to PA adoption and use in the country. This study sought to: (i) investigate the perception of growers and service dealership about PA technologies; (ii) identify constraints to PA adoption; (iii) obtain information that might be useful to motivate producers and agronomists to use PA technologies in the crop production systems. A web-based survey approach method was used to collect data from farmers and services dealership involved with PA in several crop production regions of Brazil. We found that the growth of PA was linked to the agronomic and economic gains observed in the field; however, in some situations, the producers still can not measure the real PA impact in producer system. Economic aspects coupled with the difficulty to use of software and equipment proportioned by the lack of technical training of field teams, may be the main factors limiting the PA expansion in many producing regions of Brazil. Precision agriculture work carried out by dealership in Brazil is quite recent. The most services offered is gridding soil sampling, field mapping for lime and fertilizer application at variable rate. Many producers already have PA equipment loaded on their machines, but little explored, also restricting to fertilizers and lime application. Looking at the currently existing technologies and services offered by dealership, the PA use in Brazil could be better exploited, and therefore, a more rational use of non-renewable resources.</p>
9
Donkersley, Philip, Farley W. S. Silva, Claudine M. Carvalho, Abdullah M. Al-Sadi, and Simon L. Elliot. "Biological, environmental and socioeconomic threats to citrus lime production." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 125, no. 4 (March 21, 2018): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41348-018-0160-x.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Limes as a fruit crop are of great economic importance, key to Asian and South American cuisines and cultivated in nearly all tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Demand for limes is increasing, driven by World Health Organization recommendations. Pests and pathogens have significantly reduced global productivity, while changes in agronomic techniques aim to alleviate this stress. We present here a holistic examination of the major biotic (pests and pathogens) and abiotic (environment and socioeconomic) factors that presently limit global production of lime. The major producers of limes are India, China and Mexico, while loss of lime production in the United States from 2006 has led many countries in the Western Hemisphere (Mexico, Costa Rica and Brazil) to export primarily to the USA. The most widespread invertebrate pests of lime are Toxoptera citricida and Scirtothrips citri. Another insect, Diaphorina citri, vectors both Huanglongbing (HLB) and Witches Broom of Lime, which are particularly destructive diseases. Developing agronomic techniques focus on production of resistant and pathogen-free planting materials and control of insect vectors. HLB infects citrus in nearly all growing regions, and has been particularly devastating in Asian citrus. Meanwhile, Citrus tristeza virus has infected over 100 million citrus trees, mainly in the Americas and Mediterranean. Currently, Witches Broom Disease of Lime is localised to the Middle East, but recently it has been detected in South America. The range of its vectors (D. citri and Hishimonus phycitis) further raises concerns about the potential spread of this disease. Abiotic threats to lime production are also a significant concern; key areas of lime production such as Mexico, India and the Middle East suffer from increasing water stress and high soil salinity, which combined with invasive pests and pathogens, may eliminate lime production in these areas. To ensure future security in lime production, policy makers, researchers and growers will need to examine the potential of more resistant lime cultivars and establish novel areas of cultivation.
10
Ali, Anwar G., and Carol J. Lovatt. "Application of Hydrated Lime to Hydrogen Cyanamide-treated Grapevines Reduces Lemon Leaf Abscission in Neighboring Lemon Orchards." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 996C—996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.996c.
Full textAbstract:
Previous research in our laboratory provided evidence that hydrogen cyanamide (HC) applied to grapevines (Vitis vinifera) to stimulate budbreak resulted in ethylene production, which, in addition to HC drift at application, caused abscission of leaves in neighboring `Eureka' lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.] orchards. Foliar-applied hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2] at 140 kg per 2337 to 2807 L·ha-1 to commercial `Thompson Seedless', `Perlette', `Red Flame', or `Princess' vineyards 2–48 h after HC treatment reduced leaf abscission from 2-year-old'Eureka' lemon trees placed inside the vineyards, with no negative effects on budbreak or yield of any grape cultivar. Hydrated lime is an effective inexpensive tool that grape growers can use to protect neighboring lemon orchards.
11
Soto Plasencia, Mercedes. "Influencia de los corredores económicos en la producción de limón de exportación en la región Piura." Cuadernos de difusión 11, no. 20 (June 30, 2006): 153–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2006.v11n20.07.
Full textAbstract:
This paper uses the approaches and concepts of competitive and comparative advantage models and the principles of economic corridors, including production chains, clusters and conglomerates, to analyze the potential for improved lime production in Peru’s northern regions for export to Asia Pacific markets. The first section discusses the relevance of adopting a strategy based on economic corridors as an efficient alternative to combine scale of production and efficient logistics costs, in particular for the Sullana-Tambogrande-San Lorenzo-Ayabaca and ChulucanasMorropon-Huancabamba corridors. The second section adopts a systemic view of agro-industrial competitiveness to identify the barriers to and ex ante conditions that have a positive impact on lime production, namely adoption of technologies, growers’ associations, access to financing, adoption of mechanized planting and harvesting techniques, and others.
12
Singh, Hardeep, Bruce Dunn, and Mark Payton. "Hydroponic pH Modifiers affect Plant Growth and Nutrient Content in Leafy Greens." Journal of Horticultural Research 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2019-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Use of hydroponics is increasing because of its ability to be used for year round vegetable production using an environmentally sustainable system. Management of solution pH is an important challenge in hydroponics systems. Our objective was to quantify the effects of various pH modifiers on growth and nutrient uptake of leafy greens and stability of nutrient solution’s pH. Lettuce, basil, and Swiss chard were transplanted into an Ebb and flow system, and nutrient solution pH was maintained using three different pH modifiers (pH Down, lime juice, or vinegar). The nutrient solution’s pH was maintained between 5.5 and 6.5. pH Down resulted in the most stable solution pH and required the least amount of product used when compared to lime juice and vinegar. The cost of using phosphoric acid or lime juice was greater than that of using vinegar. Vinegar reduced the yield of all crops in comparison to pH Down. When compared to pH Down, lime juice reduced the yield of basil and Swiss chard but not that of lettuce. Therefore, growers can use lime juice as an alternative to pH Down in lettuce production but not for basil and Swiss chard, while vinegar would not be recommended for any of the crops studied.
13
Nguyen, Chuong Van, and Chinh Trung Nguyen. "STUDY ON ARSENIC MITIGATION BY LIMING METHOD COMBINING ORGANIC MATERIAL ON SOYBEAN AND CORN IN AN GIANG PROVINCE." Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University 1, no. 37 (March 25, 2020): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.37.2020.382.
Full textAbstract:
The study on arsenic mitigation by liming method, combining organic material on soybean and corn crops on the dyke in An Giang, was conducted to determine the effect of lime combination rice husk ash (03 tons/ha) on the uptake of arsenic in soybean, and the effect of lime combination sawdust (02 tons/ha) on the uptake of arsenic in corn crops. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block field format, where the experiments were arranged with 2 treatments with 4 replicates: Treatment 1 (NT1): control (No liming combined with organic materials); Treatment 2 (NT2): liming combined with organic materials in a ratioof 1: 1 (Dosage: 03 tons / ha of lime mixture with rice husk biochar for soybean crop land, 02 tons / ha of mixed lime combined with sawdust for corn crop land). The results revealed that liming treatments combined withorganic materials increased pH H2O and arsenic in soil - the lime combination rice husk ash arsenic content in roots (0.836 mg/kg), leaf stems (0.83 mg/kg) and seeds (0.06 mg/kg) had results lower than the control treatments, 33.1%; 32.5% and 45.5% respectively. Applying and combining lime with sawdust resulted in lower arsenic content in leaf stems (95.3 mg/kg) and seeds (6.33 mg/kg) compared to the control treatmentsby 31.9% and 49.4%. Therefore, added lime combined with organic matter can decrease arsenic content in plants, and it is recommended that growers apply this technique to reduce the absorption of arsenic into crops.
14
Dillard, HR, TJ Wicks, and B. Philp. "A grower survey of diseases, invertebrate pests, and pesticide use on potatoes grown in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 5 (1993): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930653.
Full textAbstract:
In 1991, a survey was distributed to 251 potato growers in South Australia to determine major diseases, insect and other invertebrate pests, and chemicals used to control them. The overall response rate was 48%, but of these, 24 individuals were no longer growing potatoes. The results were summarised for the State and by district (Adelaide Hills, Adelaide Plains, Murray Lands, South East). The most prevalent diseases encountered by respondents in all districts were target spot caused by Alternaria solani, and rhizoctonia canker caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Other diseases of concern to growers included late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, seed piece decay caused by various pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms, common scab caused by Streptomyces scabies, and leaf roll caused by potato leaf roll virus. The most commonly used fungicides for disease control were chlorothalonil (33-42% of respondents), mancozeb (30%), and cupric hydroxide (11-13%). The most commonly used seed treatments for control of seed piece decay were mancozeb (51 % of respondents), tolclofos methyl (24%), and lime (20%). Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae), potato moth (Phthorimaea operculella), and jassids and leafhoppers (Jassidae, Cicadellidae) were the pests of greatest concern to the growers. Others included Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor), redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor), and thrips (Thripidae). The most commonly used insecticides were ethamidophos (40% of respondents), monocrotophos (22-28%), and dimethoate (7-13%).
15
Schupp, James R., James R. McFerson, and Terence L. Robinson. "Alternatives to Fish Oil for Thinning Apples with Lime Sulfur." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1117B—1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1117b.
Full textAbstract:
A tank mix of fish oil plus liquid lime sulfur has proven to be an effective chemical thinner for apples in the bloom and postbloom periods. This combination was labeled for use as a chemical thinner in Washington State in 2003. There are several concerns with fish oil when used in this thinning mixture. Phytotoxicity is one concern. Apple growers have a reluctance to utilize this oil because of its expense and repulsive odor. Research to date has been conducted using oil from a single small source in Washington State. Shipping fish oil across the country is expensive and the consistency and purity of fish oil from other sources is unknown. Fish oil may function as a surfactant and penetrant, and it may also have a direct thinning effect. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the efficacy of several surfactants and oils in combination with lime sulfur for thinning apples. Lime sulfur has been less effective as a thinner when used alone than when used with oil in our studies. Regulaid, LI-700, and Silwet L-77 were shown to be less effective than oils for achieving thinning. Vegetable oil has been very effective in the thinning combination, while petroleum oils have been effective in some eastern U.S. trials, but less effective in the west. Tank mixing fish oil with lime sulfur has remained among the best treatments in our trials, while vegetable oil also shows promise.
16
Pegues, K. D., R. S. Tubbs, G. H. Harris, and W. S. Monfort. "Effect of Calcium Source and Irrigation on Soil and Plant Cation Concentrations in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)." Peanut Science 46, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps19-10.1.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Calcium improves seed formation and development of peanut kernels. Two primary sources of Ca fertilization in peanut are gypsum (CaSO4) and dolomitic lime (CaMg[CO3]2+CaCO3). Objectives of this research are to determine whether gypsum, lime, or application of both influences pH, extractable [Ca], [Mg], and [K] in the soil along with nutrient absorption, yield, and total sound mature kernels (TSMK) in peanut pods in irrigated compared to non-irrigated conditions. Experiments conducted in Tifton, GA in 2016 and 2017 evaluated Ca treatments with no supplemental Ca fertilizer, gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom, lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting, and lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting followed by gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom. Irrigating increased soil pH, [Ca] and [Mg] in pods, plus yield and TSMK of peanut. Irrigation also decreased [K] in pods, which was correlated with increased pod [Ca]. Soil pH and soil [Ca], [Mg], and [K] were influenced by fertilizer treatment, along with [Ca] and [Mg] in pods. Applications of lime increased pH and soil [Ca]. Lime also increased soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when gypsum was also included. Application of gypsum reduced soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when lime was included. The inclusion of both lime and gypsum reduced soil [K] compared to no application. These results display the competition of cations in soil. In peanut pods, using lime and gypsum increased [Ca] compared to no application, or only lime. However, when only gypsum was used, it reduced [Mg] in pods compared to a lime application or no fertilization. Although Ca fertilization did not affect yield, TSMK was greater when lime followed by gypsum were applied in sequence than where neither were applied in 2016. It is important to realize that applications of Ca can also influence concentrations of other cations important for growth. Peanut growers are encouraged to conduct soil tests to ensure soil [Mg] is not deficient or borderline before choosing to apply gypsum, and may require a supplemental Mg fertilizer if dolomitic lime was not applied.
17
Marques-Francovig, Camila Regina, Adriana Yatie Mikami, Viviane Dutra, Mateus Gimenez Carvalho, Bruno Picareli, and Maurício Ursi Ventura. "Organic fertilization and botanical insecticides to control two-spotted spider mite in strawberry." Ciência Rural 44, no. 11 (November 2014): 1908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20131575.
Full textAbstract:
Strawberry fields receive several pesticides spraying and residues in fruits are recurrent. Development and application of methods that avoid applying pesticides mostly during fructification period are imminent needs. Comparison of population of two-sppoted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus urticae Koch. in organic and mineral fertilized plants (as used by growers) and treated with alternative products were done. Plants were grown in vessels in a greenhouse infested with local population of TSSM. Extracts of Tephrosia voggeli (Hook), neem oil (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), and lime sulfur were applied three times against TSSM in ten days intervals. Assessments were done three times after each spraying. Interaction between fertilization and spraying alternatives was also assessed but was not significant. TSSM population was about 44% lesser in organic fertilized plants than those in inorganic fertilized. T. voggeli extracts reduced in large amounts TSSM; neem oil reduced in some assessments and an intermediate reduction was found for sulfur lime. Organic fertilization and T. voggeli extracts are potential strategies to manage TSSM and additional studies are proposed to enable wide utilization
18
DeLong, Candace N., Keith S. Yoder, Allen E. Cochran, Scott W. Kilmer, William S. Royston, Leon D. Combs, and Gregory M. Peck. "Apple Disease Control and Bloom-Thinning Effects by Lime Sulfur, Regalia, and JMS Stylet-Oil." Plant Health Progress 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-10-17-0065-rs.
Full textAbstract:
Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) growers require management practices that will produce high-quality fruit while minimizing the number of chemicals used for adequate disease control and horticultural practices. Certain chemicals applied for bloom thinning also have fungicidal properties and could provide protection against early season diseases in addition to crop reduction. Over 5 years, treatments of lime sulfur (LS), Regalia (an organically approved biofungicide), and JMS Stylet-Oil (JSO) were evaluated for protection against apple scab (Venturia inaequalis [Cooke.] G. Wint.), powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha [Ellis & Everh.] E. S. Salmon), cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein.), and quince rust (Gymnosporangium clavipes [Cooke & Peck] Cooke & Peck in Peck), as well as crop load reduction and fruit finish. Both LS and Regalia reduced apple scab and cedar apple rust in four out of five test years. Treatments of Regalia applied with JSO provided disease protection and crop load reduction similar to LS applied with JSO. We provide evidence that LS and Regalia, applied as bloom thinners, can reduce chemical applications used during bloom by combining two chemical spray functions: one for disease protection and one for crop load management.
19
Stephenson, RA, RL Aitken, EC Gallagher, and PW Moody. "Amelioration of coarse textured acidic soils used for macadamia production. I. Tree growth, yield and leaf nutrient composition." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 1 (1996): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960097.
Full textAbstract:
Macadamia growers have responded to increasing soil acidity in plantations by applying ameliorants, but optimum pH for production has not been identified. The effects of lime applications on the growth, yield and leaf composition of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betch) trees were investigated at each of two sites (Pomona and Cootharaba) with acidic sandy soils in south-east Queensland. Trees at the Pomona site had been established for 6 years whereas, at Cootharaba, the trees had been recently planted. The effects of annual applications of nitrogen and nitrogen plus lime were also studied at the Cootharaba site. Tree parameters and soil properties were monitored each year for 5 years after treatment application in 1988. Treatments resulted in pH (water) values ranging from 4.6 to 7.5 and 4.3 to 6.5 at the Pomona and Cootharaba sites, respectively. with a concomitant range in soil Ca and A1 levels. Despite the wide range in soil properties, lime had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on nut-in-shell yield in any year, and the results suggest that macadamia is relatively tolerant of soil acidity. However, yields from treatments with pH values greater than 5.5 tended to be lower than those with more acidic pH values, suggesting that overliming may adversely affect long-term productivity. High lime rates also resulted in a marked reduction in the number of proteoid roots. At the Cootharaba site, nitrogen treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased nut-in-shell yield despite the juvenile growth stage of the trees precluding nut yield until the 1993 season. Although lime applications at the Cootharaba site resulted in some increase in leaf Ca concentrations, treatments at the Pomona site, with older trees, had little effect on leaf nutrient composition.
20
Cano-Lamadrid, Marina, Leontina Lipan, Francisca Hernández, Juan José Martínez, Pilar Legua, Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina, and Pablo Melgarejo. "Quality Parameters, Volatile Composition, and Sensory Profiles of Highly Endangered Spanish Citrus Fruits." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3475461.
Full textAbstract:
There is very little information available on the chemical composition and the quality attributes of the citrus species studied which are truly endangered in Spain. None of the fruits studied is available for commercial purposes, which is the main interest and novelty of this study. The aim of this work was to fully describe the morphology, volatile composition, and sensory profile of traditional citrus fruits: sour lime (SoLi), sweet lime (SwLi), and sweet lemon (SwLe), to have the information to convince farmers and growers to cultivate these fruits again. The predominant sugar was fructose while citric acid prevails in SoLi and SwLe. Regarding volatiles compounds, monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, and esters predominated in the juices, and these three families plus sesquiterpenes in the peels. The juice of SoLi presented the highest content of esters (14.8%), SwLi juice presented similar values of both monoterpenes and monoterpenoids (46.1 and 46.0%, resp.), and SwLe juice had the highest content of monoterpenes (72.2%). The results demonstrated the high potential of these citrus materials for the agrofood industry. Therefore, it will be possible to recover these vegetal materials at risk of disappearing for potential uses by the food industry and simultaneously help maintaining the biodiversity.
21
BRANDJES, P. J., and F. B. LAUCKNER. "ON-FARM ASSESSMENT OF TWO LIMING MATERIALS IN CABBAGE AND HOT PEPPER CULTIVATION ON ACID SULPHATE SOIL IN GUYANA." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 2 (April 1997): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797000100.
Full textAbstract:
In researcher-designed, farmer-managed experiments with cabbage and hot pepper, ground seashells (GSS) were compared with low-grade phosphate lime (LGP) at rates of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 or 10 t ha−1. A randomized complete block design, with replicates spread over different farms, was used. Liming with GSS or LGP at 10 t ha−1 increased cabbage yield from 0.5 t ha−1 without liming to 15.0 and 5.3 t ha−1 respectively. Hot pepper yield was increased from 2.1 t ha−1 without liming to 3.2 t ha−1 at the three highest rates of GSS and LGP. Application of GSS increased the pH, reduced exchangeable acidity and increased the extractable Ca content of the soil. Partial budget analyses revealed that cabbage and pepper growers obtained highest returns with GSS at 10 and 5 t ha−1 respectively.
22
Sánchez-Hernández, Rufo, Luisa Vásquez-Montiel, Eduardo Valdés-Velarde, Juan de Dios Mendoza-Palacios, Ulises López-Noverola, and Esteban Escamilla-Prado. "Cambios edáficos provocados por el uso de abonos de origen natural en una región cafetalera de Veracruz, México." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 37, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v37i4.515.
Full textAbstract:
Mexico is an important producer of organic coffee worldwide. A sector of coffee growers in the municipality of Ixhuatlán del Café, Veracruz, Mexico, use organic amendments as edaphic improvers. Hypothetically, the contributions of these organic fertilizers cause edaphic changes that improve coffee production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine changes in soil chemical fertility caused by incorporating fertilizer mixtures made from organic sources, as well as their contribution to improving yield. To verify this hypothesis, four organic fertilizers formulated from dolomite lime, coffee pulp (PC), biol (fermented liquid fertilizer) and a soil improver called PSD® were added to a Cromic Luvisol (cutanic) soil. After three, six and nine months, the contribution of the treatments to the soil variables organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, and interchangeable bases (K, Ca, Mg, Na) were determined. In parallel, yield was evaluated. The results indicate that six months after application of the treatments, the greatest depletion of the organic sources added occurs, coinciding with a greater release of the nutrients. The dose of 300 g of dolomite lime tree-1 supplied (Treatment 1) was insuff icient to neutralize the strong initial soil acidity (pH 4.3). The coffee pulp and biol utilized are organic fertilizers that, because of their C: N ratio of less than 16, are of rapid mineralization and slightly increased levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and interchangeable bases, reaching only low or moderately low levels. The dolomite lime and PCD® of Treatment 4 improved the pH, Ca and Mg, although these changes are not reflected in increased coffee yield.
23
Parker, Richard. "A Chainstore Approach to Food Safety and Emerging Pathogens." HortTechnology 16, no. 4 (January 2006): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.4.0555.
Full textAbstract:
Pathogen control is of prime importance in the retail food industry. The Howard E. Butt Grocery Co. (HEB) instituted a testing program for Escherichia coli in 1997. Although not all strains of E. coli are harmful; it was chosen as a test organism because of the ease of assay and it is indicative of the potential presence of other pathogens. By the second quarter of 2000, HEB had reduced percentage of samples with E. coli from 15% to less than 5%. This was done with testing and producer educational programs to improve the safety of produce sold by HEB. Food suppliers to HEB must meet product safety and quality standards. HEB won the International Association for Food Protection's Black Pearl award in 1994, and was the first retailer to integrate hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) into their seafood markets. HEB's sampling program helped reduce E. coli levels in sprouts [alfalfa (Medicago sativa), bean (Phaseolus aureus), and radish (Raphanus sativus) sprouts], white mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), and limes [persian lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and key lime (C. latifolia)], as well as in the prepared product, pico de gallo [a mixture of chopped tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), pepper (Capsicum annuum), onion (Allium sativa), and cilantro (Coriandrum sativium)]. Incidence of E. coli in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was related to the season of the year. E. coli levels varied with the crop, but generally better growers had lower E. coli regardless of crop. Country of origin has some effect on the incidence of E. coli, while organic vs. conventional production had little, if any, influence.
24
Evans, Edward A., Fredy H. Ballen, and Jonathan H. Crane. "Economic Potential of Producing Tahiti Limes in Southern Florida in the Presence of Citrus Canker and Citrus Greening." HortTechnology 24, no. 1 (February 2014): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.1.99.
Full textAbstract:
This article assesses the profitability of a hypothetical 5-acre tahiti lime (Citrus latifolia) orchard in southern Florida in the presence of citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) and citrus greening [Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (LAS)]. To account for the uncertainty associated with the presence of these diseases, a stochastic budgeting technique was employed in the analysis, incorporating stochastic prices and yields based on discussions with industry experts and researchers. The analysis focused on three possible types of management strategies currently practiced by citrus (Citrus sp.) growers in Florida: 1) production without any specific control activities for citrus canker and citrus greening, 2) canker and greening management without removal or replacement of infected/suspicious trees, and 3) canker and greening management with removal and replacement of infected trees. The analysis was carried out for a 20-year time horizon and average net return per acre and rate of return on investment were considered. The results suggest that despite the presence of disease, it would be profitable to produce tahiti limes in southern Florida. This is because the tahiti lime offers some resistance to both citrus greening and canker and will produce even if minimal attention is paid to controlling the diseases. Of the three management strategies investigated, strategy 2 offers the best prospect in terms of high net returns and highest probability of achieving or surpassing the desired rates of return on investment of 12% per annum. The key finding from the study is that the production of tahiti limes in southern Florida can be profitable if steps are taken to manage the diseases, but contrary to popular view, it might be better to wait until the trees become fully unproductive before disposing of them.
25
Ballard, Ross A., and David M. Peck. "Sensitivity of the messina (Melilotus siculus)–Sinorhizobium medicae symbiosis to low pH." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 9 (2021): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20292.
Full textAbstract:
Messina (Melilotus siculus) is a new annual pasture legume with better combined waterlogging and salt tolerance than other annual legumes. Messina cv. Neptune and a new salt-tolerant rhizobial symbiont (Sinorhizobium medicae SRDI-554) were made available to Australian growers in 2017. Messina is related to the annual medics (Medicago spp.) that are nodulated by the same genus of rhizobia and regarded as sensitive to soil acidity. Because some saltland soils are acidic, it is important to understand the sensitivity of messina to soil acidity in order to avoid failures during early adoption. Acidity tolerance of the messina–Sinorhizobium symbiosis was investigated in a hydroponic experiment (inoculation with SRDI-554, or the salt-intolerant strain WSM-1115 recommended for medics), and in three acidic soils (pHCa 4.3–5.5) (inoculation with SRDI-554 ± lime pelleting of seed), in the greenhouse. In the hydroponic experiment, the percentage of messina plants (with SRDI-554) that formed nodules declined at pH levels between 5.7 (43%) and 5.5 (4%). Strain SRDI-554 was slightly more sensitive to acidity than strain WSM-1115. In the acidic soils, more plants formed nodules than in the hydroponic experiment at similar pH levels; however, without lime pelleting, nodule number was inadequate at soil pHCa <5.5. Addition of lime to seed was beneficial to messina nodulation. Nodule number per plant increased from 4.0 to 9.6 with the addition of lime. The messina–Sinorhizobium symbiosis was confirmed as sensitive to low pH. At pHCa 5.5, which is the level recommended as the lower limit for growing messina, nodule number was constrained in both hydroponics and soil. The risk of suboptimal nodulation would be reduced if the recommended lower soil pH limit for growing messina is increased to pHCa 5.8, in line with most annual medics. Efforts to improve the acidity tolerance of the messina symbiosis would be best focused on the rhizobial symbiont, rather than the plant.
26
Taylor, Linda L., Alexander X. Niemiera, Robert D. Wright, and J. Roger Harris. "Storage Time and Amendments Affect Pine Tree Substrate Properties and Marigold Growth." HortScience 47, no. 12 (December 2012): 1782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.12.1782.
Full textAbstract:
Pine tree substrate (PTS) is a relatively new alternative to the commonly used pine bark and peat-based substrates for container crop production. Physical and chemical properties of freshly manufactured PTS have been studied; however, this new substrate will sometimes be manufactured and stored for later use by growers. The objective of this research was to determine how chemical and physical properties of PTS were affected by storage duration with or without amendments of limestone or peatmoss. We also studied how the growth of marigold was influenced by PTS storage time and by lime and peat amendments. Substrate properties studied were pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N), bulk density (BD), and particle size distribution. Pine tree substrate was manufactured by hammermilling chips of ≈15-year-old loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) through two screen sizes, 4.76 mm (PTS) and 15.9 mm [amended with peat (PTSP)]. Pine tree substrate and PTSP were amended with lime at five rates and a peat–perlite mix (PL) served as a control treatment. Substrates were prepared, placed in plastic storage bags, and stored on shelves in an open shed in Blacksburg, VA. Substrates were subsampled at 1, 42, 84, 168, 270, and 365 days after storage. At each subsampling day, twelve 1-L containers were filled with a subsample of each treatment. Six of the 12 were left fallow and six were planted with 14-day-old marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Inca Gold’) seedlings. Substrate was also collected for analysis of CEC, C:N, BD, and particle size distribution. The pH of non-limed PTS decreased during storage, and at least 1 kg·m−3 lime was needed to maintain PTS pH 5.4 or greater over the 365-day storage period (Day 1 pH = 5.8) and 2 to 4 kg·m−3 was needed to maintain PTSP pH 5.4 or greater for 365 days (Day 1 pH = 5.2). EC measurements were highest at Day 1 (1.02 to 1.21 dS·m−1) in all treatments and decreased by Day 42. Cation exchange capacity decreased over time in non-limed PTS and PTSP. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and BD remained the same over time for all treatments. There were minor changes in particle size distribution for limed PTS. Marigold growth in all limed PTS and PTSP treatments was equal to or greater than in PL, except at Day 1; the lower growth in PTS and PTSP at Day 1 compared with PL suggests that freshly manufactured PTS may contain a phytotoxic substance that was not present in PTS by Day 42. Pine tree substrate and PTSP are relatively stable when stored as described previously, except for a pH decrease that can be prevented with additions of lime before storage.
27
Martinelli, Rodrigo, Patrícia A. Monquero, Anastácia Fontanetti, Patrícia M. Conceição, and Fernando A. Azevedo. "Ecological Mowing: An Option for Sustainable Weed Management in Young Citrus Orchards." Weed Technology 31, no. 2 (March 2017): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.3.
Full textAbstract:
The citrus yield in Brazil is not ranked among the best in the world, potentially due to inadequate management by citrus growers. The low adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) techniques and the improper application of herbicides are also well-known problems. Thus, this study evaluated the use of CA techniques, and twoUrochloaspecies (ruzi grass and signal grass) were used as cover crops. Two different types of mowers (ecological, EM; conventional, CM) launched the mowed biomass into different positions within a young Tahiti acid lime orchard (up to four years old). In addition, the integration of glyphosate into this management system was evaluated, with (GLY) and without (NO GLY) glyphosate application. This experiment was conducted across three growing seasons (2011-2014), in Mogi Mirim, São Paulo State, Brazil. The cover crop biomass yields and the effects of the mowing treatments, weed density, vegetative growth and fruit yields of the Tahiti acid lime trees were evaluated. In terms of major results, signal grass produced higher biomass yield values (up to 64%) than ruzi grass; EM promoted higher mowed biomass values in the intra-row (up to 5.1 ton ha−1, 9.0 times higher than CM), and a higher canopy volume (up to 33% than CM). These results were enhanced when ruzi grass was associated with the EM (56% lower weed density; 126% higher fruit yield than CM) and with GLY (52% higher fruit yield than NO GLY); and EM with GLY (43% lesser weed density and 107% higher fruit yield than NO GLY). Overall, ruzi grass was a good cover crop because it provided less competition for the citrus trees, EM provided a mulch layer in the intra-row of the citrus trees, and associated with GLY, these approaches could provide options for an integrated and more sustainable weed management, primarily for young Tahiti acid lime orchards.
28
Niemiera, Alexander X., Linda L. Taylor, and Jacob H. Shreckhise. "Urea Hydrolysis in Pine Tree Substrate Is Affected by Urea and Lime Rates." HortScience 49, no. 11 (November 2014): 1437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.11.1437.
Full textAbstract:
To reduce the carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, pine tree substrate (PTS) and other wood-based substrates can be precharged with urea so that growers do not have to add extra nitrogen (N) during crop production to compensate for immobilization. However, the impact of urea hydrolysis from this addition on the substrate solution has not been documented for wood-based substrates. The objectives of these experiments were to determine how urea hydrolysis in PTS impacts substrate solution and how hydrolysis is affected by urea and lime rates. In Expt. 1, 16-month-old pine chips (from loblolly pine trees, Pinus taeda L.) were milled to make PTS and PTS was amended with 0 or 1.0 kg·m−3 dolomitic limestone in factorial combination with urea-N rates of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mg·g−1 dry weight. Urea hydrolysis was quantified by the detection of NH4-N in the substrate solution at 0, 48, 96, and 144 hours after urea addition. Substrate pH and electrical conductivity (EC) values were also measured. In Expt. 2, non-limed PTS was treated with the same urea rates as described; NH4-N and pH were measured at 24 and 48 hours after urea addition. Substrate solutions were incubated with jackbean urease to determine the remaining urea-N amount after 144 hours in Expt. 1 and after 24 and 48 hours in Expt. 2. In Expt. 1, NH4-N increased from 0 to 48 hours for the 0 and 1.0-kg·m−3 lime treatments and for all urea-N rates (except for the 0 rate); NH4-N did not increase thereafter. As urea-N rate increased, the amount of NH4-N increased and more N was detected for the limed PTS than in the non-limed PTS. Initial substrate pH values for the 0 and 1.0-kg·m−3 lime treatments were 4.5 and 5.6, respectively, and peaked 48 hours after urea application; pH values were higher in the limed PTS than for the non-limed PTS. At the highest urea-N rate and after 48 hours (Expt. 1), the PTS pH value increased 3.1 units to 7.6 for the non-limed PTS and the value increased 2.3 units to 7.9 for limed PTS. In Expt. 2 the increase in PTS pH values was approximately half of the Expt. 1 pH increases. Samples treated with urease derived from jackbean had less than 2% of the initial urea amount after 144 hours in Expt. 1 and after 48 hours in Expt. 2. However, less than 13% of the total amount of urea-N added to PTS was detected as NH4-N in the non-limed treatment after 144 hours in Expt. 1 (for all urea rates); detected amounts for the 1.0-kg·m−3 lime treatment ranged from 15.5% to 18.3%. Five percent or less of the total amount of urea-N added to PTS was detected as NH4-N in non-limed PTS after 48 hours in Expt. 2 (for all urea rates). The large amount of unrecovered NH4-N is likely explained by microbial N consumption. Using pH increase as an indication of urea hydrolysis, we found that an initial pH of 4.5 or higher (Expt. 1) resulted in twice the urea hydrolysis as an initial pH of 4.2 (Expt. 2). Initial substrate pH had a major impact on the amount of pH increase and substrate pH status and our findings suggest that the urea precharge rate should be based on the initial pH of the substrate.
29
Zekri, Mongi, Bruce Schaffer, Stephen K. O'Hair, Roberto Nunez-Elisea, and Jonathan H. Crane. "Evapotranspiration Measurement and Irrigation Scheduling for Several Tropical Fruit Crops Using the EnviroScan System." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 549f—550. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.549f.
Full textAbstract:
In southern Florida, most tropical fruit crops between Biscayne and Everglades National Parks are irrigated at rates and frequencies based on experience and observations of tree growth and fruit yield rather than on reliable quantitative information of actual water use. This approach suggests that irrigation rates may be excessive and could lead to leaching of agricultural chemicals into the groundwater in this environmentally sensitive area. Therefore, a study is being conducted to increase water use efficiency and optimize irrigation by accurately scheduling irrigation using a very effective management tool (EnviroScan, Sentek Environmental Innovations, Pty., Kent, Australia) that continuously monitors soil water content with highly accurate capacitance multi-sensor probes installed at several depths within the soil profile. The system measures crop water use by monitoring soil water depletion rates and allows the maintenance of soil water content within the optimum range (below field capacity and well above the onset of plant water stress). The study is being conducted in growers' orchards with three tropical fruit crops (avocado, carambola, and `Tahiti' lime) to facilitate rapid adoption and utilization of research results.
30
Dunn, B. W., and H. G. Beecher. "Using electro-magnetic induction technology to identify sampling sites for soil acidity assessment and to determine spatial variability of soil acidity in rice fields." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 2 (2007): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05102.
Full textAbstract:
Irrigated agriculture has contributed to increasing topsoil acidity, which in turn can increase acidification of the subsoil. Lime is typically applied at a uniform rate to raise the pH of the soil, with no accounting for the variation in soil acidity that may exist within a field. Current commercial sampling protocols use surface soil composites taken across the whole field or in parts of fields where visual soil differences are apparent. Current liming recommendations may not account for in-field soil pH spatial variability, especially if the variability is not related to visual differences. Three studies were undertaken over 10 fields, to investigate the potential of using electro-magnetic induction instruments (Geonics EM38 and EM31) to target soil sampling in order to identify differences in soil acidity within flood-irrigated fields in southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Within individual fields, large differences in surface soil acidity were identified and a strong relationship (r2 = 0.49 to 0.91) between the soil’s apparent electrical conductivity and soil pH was found. It is proposed that fields from southern NSW that have grown rice, be divided into zones to soil sample for acidity assessment, based on EM instrument readings. Proposed ECa levels for the delineation of zones are <80, 80–140 and >140 mS/m for EM31v and <80, 80–110 and >110 mS/m for EM38v. Many rice growers in southern NSW currently have EM maps of their fields. Using these maps to target soil sampling for soil acidity would be a more cost-effective method of determining the spatial variability of soil acidity in a field than grid sampling. Knowledge of the variability of soil acidity within the field would potentially allow the application of appropriate lime rates, relative to soil pH and cation exchange capacity to all parts of the field. This knowledge could make the variable application of lime a cost effective approach, compared with whole field management approaches.
31
Peck, Gregory M., Candace N. DeLong, Leon D. Combs, and Keith S. Yoder. "Managing Apple Crop Load and Diseases with Bloom Thinning Applications in an Organically Managed ‘Honeycrisp’/‘MM.111’ Orchard." HortScience 52, no. 3 (March 2017): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11412-16.
Full textAbstract:
Although demand for organic produce continues to increase in the mid-Atlantic, few apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) growers in the region have adopted organic management practices due to the considerable disease, insect, and weed pressure, as well as the lack of effective crop load management tools. In this study, lime sulfur (LS) and Regalia® (R) were applied in different sequences (i.e., LS/LS, LS/R, R/R, and R/LS), each in a mixture with JMS Stylet-Oil, to chemically thin apple flowers in an organically managed ‘Honeycrisp’/‘MM.111’ orchard. There was also a nontreated control, a “grower standard” control (LS at 11 mm fruitlet diameter), and a hand-thinned control. The treatments were evaluated for their ability to reduce crop load, as well as to control powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everh.) E. S. Salmon], cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginiana Schwein.), and quince rust (Gymnosporangium clavipes Cooke & Peck). All treatments reduced crop load compared with the nontreated control, and after the first application of LS or R, the number of fertilized king blooms was reduced and fertilization was prevented in all side blooms. All bloom thinning treatments had more fruit peel russet than the control and russet was more severe when LS was one of the applications. Bloom thinning applications of LS and R did not reduce powdery mildew leaf infection compared with the nontreated control. Cedar apple rust incidence was reduced by all bloom thinning treatments, though some lesions were detected in all treatments. There were minimal quince rust infections in any of the treatments, including the nontreated control. These results suggest that when LS and/or Regalia® are mixed with JMS Stylet-Oil and applied as bloom thinners, they can reduce crop load, and, as a secondary benefit, they can also decrease cedar apple rust incidence from infections that occur during bloom.
32
Condon, Jason, Helen Burns, and Guangdi Li. "The extent, significance and amelioration of subsurface acidity in southern New South Wales, Australia." Soil Research 59, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr20079.
Full textAbstract:
Soil pH is seldom uniform with depth, rather it is stratified in layers. The soil surface (0–0.02 m) commonly exhibits relatively high pH and overlies a layer of acidic soil of 0.05–0.15 m deep, termed an acidic subsurface layer. Commercial and research sampling methods that rely on depth increments of 0.1 m either fail to detect or under report the presence or magnitude of pH stratification. The occurrence of pH stratification and the presence of acidic subsurface layers may cause the extent of acidity in NSW agricultural land to be underestimated. Though the cause of pH stratification in agricultural systems is well understood, the effect on agricultural production is poorly quantified due in part to inadequate sampling depth intervals resulting in poor identification of acidic subsurface layers. Although liming remains the best method to manage acidic soil, current practices of low pH targets (pHCa 5), inadequate application rates and no or ineffective incorporation have resulted in the continued formation of acidic subsurface layers. Regular monitoring in smaller depth increments (0.05 m), higher pH targets (pHCa > 5.5) and calculation of lime rate requirements that account for application method are required to slow or halt soil degradation by subsurface acidification. If higher pH is not maintained in the topsoil, the acidification of subsurface soils will extend further into the profile and require more expensive operations that mechanically place amendments deep in the soil. Although the use of organic amendments has shown promise to enhance soil acidity amelioration with depth, the longevity of their effect is questionable. Consequently, proactive, preventative management of topsoil pH with lime addition remains the most cost-effective solution for growers.
33
Brand, Mark H. "Controlled-release Fertilizer Rate Influences Plant Growth, Flowering, and Tillering of Pennisetum alopecuroides." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 660b—660. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.660b.
Full textAbstract:
Information on fertility optimization for container-grown ornamental grasses is limited. For ornamental grasses, growers are concerned with the degree of flowering, number of tillers, and height and width of the plants as well as other growth or ornamental components. Pennisetum alopecuroides divisions potted into 8.5-L containers were grown outdoors in a container nursery from May through September. The potting medium used was a 3 aged pine bark: 2 peatmoss: 1 sand nursery mix (by volume), amended with dolomitic lime 3 kg/yard3. Sierra 17-6-10 plus minors, 8 to 9 month controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) was top dressed at 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 g/container. Foliage height increased linearly with increasing CRF rate. Flower height increased to a maximum at 40 g of CRF per container and then decreased with higher levels of CRF. Basal plant width exhibited a quadratic response to CRF rate, reaching a maximum at 40 g of CRF per container. The greatest number of flowers and tillers were obtained using 50 g of CRF per container. Maximizing the number of flowers is important for marketing of Pennisetum, since this plant is grown primarily for its flowering.
34
Nakamura, Tetsuya. "Estimating Amount of Watering of Greenhouse-grown Muskmelons." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 669b—669. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.669b.
Full textAbstract:
In greenhouse-grown muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivation at Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, growth, fruit enlargement, and translocation rates must be controlled by water content of plants through environment control. To produce high-quality muskmelons, growers have to control soil moisture appropriately through daily watering, but it has been difficult to estimate the suitable amount of water. Our study was performed to estimate watering using simple watering model. It is well known that evaporation and transpiration rates are in proportion to the differences between water vapor density of atmosphere and that of leaf and soil, respectively, and are inversely related to their resistances. Therefore, an amount of water to be watered was estimated from air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and grower's experience. The evaporation and transpiration resistances were set up to make evapotranspiration close to amount of watering. First, to estimate amount of irrigation, the relationship between the grower's imaginary watering, which ignored neither yesterday's watering nor today's soil moisture, and today's weather index, which indicate today's evapotranspiration rate, was investigated. Secondly, the yesterday's estimated evapotranspiration and yesterday's amount of evapotranspiration rate were compared. From the comparison, soil moisture conditions before watering whether soil is wet or dry were estimated. Third, revised coefficient of watering was decided by grower. Finally, estimated amount of watering was obtained from the following things; today's weather index, comparison of the prediction and actual evapotranspiration, revised coefficient. As the result, anybody who had no special knowledge could manage the soil moisture by only observing today's weather like skilled growers.
35
Spaull, A. M., D. M. McCormack, and E. B. Pike. "Effects of Various Sewage Sludge Treatment Processes on the Survival of Potato Cyst-Nematodes (Globodera spp.) and the Implications for Disposal." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1989): 909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0293.
Full textAbstract:
Samples of sewage sludges, taken over a 12-month period from 9 Scottish sewage works, contained on average 0.24 cysts of Globodera spp. (potato cyst-nematodes) of which 11% were viable. The incidence was not significantly related to season or to the presence of vegetable-processing effluent. Exposure of cysts in sludge to mesophilic anaerobic digestion (35 °C, 30 min) cold anaerobic digestion (9 weeks), pasteurisation (70 °C, 30 min) and aerobic thermophilic digestion (60 °C, ld) reduced viability of eggs within the cysts by almost 100%. Sludges so treated can therefore be considered to be free from infection risk to potato crops, although the non-infective cysts may still be recovered. Treatment with lime at pH 11.5 (20 °C, 24 h), by aerobic stabilisation in an oxidation ditch (7 weeks) and by activated-sludge treatment (5d) did not reduced viability acceptably. Accelerated cold digestion did not reduce viability sufficiently after the usual 15 weeks but rendered eggs completely non-viable after 21 weeks. The results show that even sludge treated to destroy viable cysts should not be applied to land used for growing seed potatoes and subject to testing for freedom from infestation. Treatment destroying viability should increase the acceptability of sludge for ware potato growers, although the numbers of cysts applied in untreated sludge would be unlikely to increase significantly levels of cysts in soils already infested.
36
Lopes, Silvio A. "Scion Substitution: A New Strategy to Control Citrus Variegated Chlorosis Disease." Plant Disease 104, no. 1 (January 2020): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-19-0302-re.
Full textAbstract:
Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) disease, caused by the xylem-limited and insect-transmitted bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, has caused severe losses in orange production in Brazil. Disease control requires insecticide applications, tree removal, and pruning of symptomatic branches. Pruning success has been erratic, especially in areas of high disease incidence. In this work, in planta X. fastidiosa distribution and the effectiveness of severe pruning procedures for curing diseased adult trees were investigated. Most sampled upper parts of the trees contained X. fastidiosa, but at higher frequencies in symptomatic branches. Removal of all main branches (decapitation) was not effective and revealed a 20 to 30% incidence of latent infections. Trunk decapitation resulted in a higher number of healthy scions but killed 10 to 30% of the remaining trunks. Removal of all scion and grafting the newly sprouted shoots of ‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) or ‘Cleopatra’ (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) rootstocks with healthy buds allowed production of fast-growing and productive new scions that remained free from CVC for at least 2 years in four locations. With this method, highly affected trees do not need to be fully removed and the costs involved in this practice and in young tree acquisition and plantings are circumvented; therefore, it is a feasible option for less technically inclined small growers in Brazil.
37
Fonda*, Harold N. "Effects of ZeoPro™ Incorporation in the Growing Medium on the Growth of Pansy." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 767A—767. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.767a.
Full textAbstract:
Many strategies have been utilized by commercial growers to reduce leaching of nutrients from the growing medium during bedding plant production. Incorporation of controlled release fertilizers into the growing medium reduces the reliance on water-soluble fertilizers but nutrient release is usually temperature-dependent. One material that shows potential for this application is ZeoPro which combines a nutient-loaded zeolite with a synthetic apatite to supply the necessary nutrients for plant growth. Pansy (Viola × wittrockiana `Majestic Giant Yellow') seedlings were transplanted into 6-packs using a peat-perlite growing medium containing dolomitic lime but without a starter fertilizer charge. Two types of ZeoPro that differ in their nutrient-loading rates, regular ZeoPro (Hr) and ZeoPro Plus (H+), were added to the growing medium at rates of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20% by volume. One half of the plants in each treatment received clear water only while the other half were irrigated with a 20-10-20 fertilizer solution at the rate of 100 mg.L-1 N. Shoot dry weights were higher at all ZeoPro rates in H+ media compared to their respective Hr media for both fertilized and unfertilized treatments. The highest shoot dry weights were measured for fertilized plants in media with H+ at 5, 10, and 20%. Tissue analysis showed that leaf %N, P, and K increased with the rate of Hr and H+ for unfertilized treatments. However, for fertilized treatments, while leaf %N increased, %K decreased with increasing rate of H+.
38
Roberts, Warren, Jonathan Edelson, Benny Bruton, Jim Shrefler, and Merritt Taylor. "ORGANIC TOMATO PRODUCTION IN OKLAHOMA." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 888d—888. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.888d.
Full textAbstract:
Plots were established at the Lane Agricultural Center in Lane, Okla., in 2003 for the purpose of conducting research in certified organic vegetable production. A field was selected that had been in pine timber since 1985. The field was cleared, plowed, disked, and land-planed. To establish a baseline for future reference, soil samples were collected on a 30 × 30 ft grid. Lime was added to adjust the pH. Poultry litter was added to the field as a fertilizer, and was incorporated by disking. Turnips were grown as a cover crop during the winter of 2003–04. In Spring 2004, the field was divided into four equal sections, which were planted with either tomatoes, sweet corn, watermelons, or southern peas. Tomatoes were planted using both determinate and indeterminate types. Plants were selected based on reported properties of interest to organic growers, such as disease resistance, pest resistance, or heat-set capabilities. The cultivars with greatest yield were Sunny, Solar Set, Classica, Sun Leaper, and Mountain Fresh. Visual disease ratings were taken throughout the season. Copper sulfate was used as a fungicide. The cultivars with the lowest disease ratings were Amelia, Peron, Celebrity, Florida 91, and Mountain Fresh. The major insect pest throughout the season was aphids. Aphid counts reached 6.9 aphids per leaf on 11 June. Two applications of AzaDirect, a neem extract, reduced aphid populations to 1.0 aphid per leaf on 17 June, 0.1 aphid per leaf on 25 June, and 0 aphids on 9 July.
39
Dennis, Jennifer H., Roberto G. Lopez, Bridget K. Behe, Charles R. Hall, Chengyan Yue, and Benjamin L. Campbell. "Sustainable Production Practices Adopted by Greenhouse and Nursery Plant Growers." HortScience 45, no. 8 (August 2010): 1232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.8.1232.
Full textAbstract:
Given recent consumer and market interest in more sustainable products and business practices, researchers conducted a nationwide survey of greenhouse and nursery crop growers to determine the current state of the industry in terms of sustainability. Growers were asked about the importance of sustainability, their views of state environmental regulations, sustainable practices in place and ones they would like to implement in the next 1 to 3 years, and interest in sustainable certification. None of the grower respondents in this survey were certified sustainable, but at least one fourth (25.8%) were interested in certification. More than half of the respondents currently recycle plastic pots, use controlled-release fertilizers, and composted plant waste. However, only 12% of growers want to use biodegradable plant containers or implement water conservation measures into their production system within the next 1 to 3 years. Grower respondents felt the biggest obstacle toward implementation was the sustainable production practice would not be compatible with their existing system of production.
40
Worden, Eva C. "Grower Perspectives in Community Supported Agriculture." HortTechnology 14, no. 3 (January 2004): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.3.0322.
Full textAbstract:
Community supported agriculture (CSA) is an alternative model of farming in which consumers become “members” of a farm, by contract, to receive a share of the harvest. Case study interviews were used to ascertain CSA grower perspectives, as indicated by sources of information and motivations. Like most organic growers, but unlike most conventional growers, few CSA growers have family background in agriculture. Common sources of information and strong informal communication were observed among CSA growers. Primary information sources include other growers, printed material, and conferences. Conventional sources of information used in agriculture, i.e., the cooperative extension system and formal agricultural education, appear to be underutilized and are ranked lowest in importance by CSA growers. CSA growers are motivated in their agricultural endeavors by multiple goals: marketing, education, community, and environment. Marketing was the most frequently cited primary goal, followed by education of consumers. For many CSA growers, the marketing motive is not solely monetary, but also philosophical, as a vehicle for achieving right livelihood and building an associative economy that redefines society's relationships to food and land.
41
Mainville, Denise Y., and Thomas Reardon. "Supermarket market-channel participation and technology decisions of horticultural producers in Brazil." Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 45, no. 3 (September 2007): 705–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-20032007000300007.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examined the relationships between growers’ choice of market channel (emphasizing the supermarket market-channel versus others), technology use, and grower characteristics such as human capital and farm size. Three key findings emerged. First, both tomato and lettuce growers selling to the supermarket market-channel had more human capital than those not participating. Second, while farm size was important in whether lettuce growers sell to supermarkets, it was not important for tomato growers. Third, technology use was significantly more capital-intensive among lettuce growers selling to the supermarket channels, however, that was generally not the case for tomato growers. These results are important to agribusiness researchers and policymakers interested in technology design and research and extension to enable producers to adapt to the needs of changing agrifood markets, with new requirements of attributes of products and transactions, which in turn have implications for technology adoption and human capital investment among growers. This is particularly pressing in places like Brazil where the market for horticultural products is changing quickly, conditioned by the rapid rise of supermarkets.
42
Fulton, James C., and Mark E. Uchanski. "A Review of Chile Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Stip: A Physiological Disorder of Peppers." HortScience 52, no. 1 (January 2017): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11123-16.
Full textAbstract:
Stip, a physiological disorder, which affects certain pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars and pod types, has received limited formal academic attention. The disorder, frequently noted for its appearance in bell peppers, but also present in pimento and New Mexican pod types, has been attributed in the literature to nutrient imbalances and/or temperature extremes. Symptoms of this disorder present on fully developed fruits as brown, black, and yellow ovoid subcutaneous chlorotic lesions ≈1.3 cm in length and 0.6 cm in width extending from the endocarp to the mesocarp, without apparent expression in the cuticle. Chile pepper has been significantly affected by stip for the past several decades leading to varying degrees of commercial losses. Due to the sporadic and seemingly spontaneous nature of the disorder, prolonged research interest has not been sustained. This review provides the reader a comprehensive synthesis of all available literature regarding this physiological disorder. Especially because research into this disorder is scarce, it is essential that any and all previous research be made available together in one document to interested scientists, breeders, and growers. To achieve this goal, all available stip-related publications were obtained and analyzed; additionally, searches were performed using all names associated with the disorder. The literature suggests that stip manifestation is a consequence of an interaction between a genetic component (open-pollinated cultivars being more susceptible to symptom expression than hybrids) and an environmental component (increased nitrogen application, shading, and soil applications of lime appear to increase both severity and incidence).
43
Lopez, Roberto G., and Erik S. Runkle. "The Effect of Temperature on Leaf and Flower Development and Flower Longevity of Zygopetalum Redvale `Fire Kiss' Orchid." HortScience 39, no. 7 (December 2004): 1630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.7.1630.
Full textAbstract:
The vegetatively propagated `Fire Kiss' clone of the hybrid Zygopetalum Redvale orchid has appealing potted-plant characteristics, including fragrant flowers that are waxy lime-green and dark maroon with a broad, three-lobed, magenta and white labellum. We performed experiments to quantify how temperature influenced leaf unfolding and expansion, time from visible inflorescence to flower, and longevity of individual flowers and inflorescences. Plants were grown in controlled-environment chambers with constant temperature set points of 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, and 29 °C and an irradiance of 150 μmol·m-2·s-1 for 9 h·d-1. As actual temperature increased from 14 to 25 °C, the time to produce one leaf decreased from 46 to 19 days. Individual plants were also transferred from a greenhouse to the chambers on the date that an inflorescence was first visible or the first flower of an inflorescence opened. Time from visible inflorescence to open flower decreased from 73 days at 14 °C to 30 days at 26 °C. As temperature increased from 14 to 29 °C, flower and inflorescence longevity decreased from 37 and 38 days to 13 and 15 days, respectively. Data were converted to rates, and thermal time models were developed to predict time to flower and senescence at different temperatures. The base temperature was estimated at 6.2 °C for leaf unfolding, 3.5 °C for time to flower, and 3.7 °C for flower longevity. These models could be used by greenhouse growers to more accurately schedule Zygopetalum flowering crops for particular market dates.
44
Ribeiro, Rafael Vasconcelos, Glauco de Souza Rolim, Fernando Alves de Azevedo, and Eduardo Caruso Machado. "'Valencia' sweet orange tree flowering evaluation under field conditions." Scientia Agricola 65, no. 4 (2008): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162008000400010.
Full textAbstract:
Since citrus flowering is a key process in citriculture and its evaluation is often difficult due to the canopy structure and field sampling, the aim of this research was to give some directions regarding the evaluation of flowering in field-grown sweet orange plants. This study was conducted in a citrus orchard of sweet orange plants cv. 'Valencia' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] grafted on 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) or 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) rootstocks, with North-South orientation. Generative structures [buds, flowers and fruitlets (diameter < 3 cm)] were quantified weekly between August and November 2005, by using a 1 m² frame positioned at the middle third of plant canopy, sampling a volume of about 1 m³. Frames were divided in two parts so that two people could take measurements, and were positioned at Southeast, Southwest, Northeast and Northwest orientations, using seven plants. The following flowering parameters were: (i) number of plants necessary for a representative evaluation of flowering; (ii) plant canopy position to be sampled, and (iii) volume to be evaluated. When considering practical aspects of crop production, a rapid, simple and representative method for flowering evaluation is necessary, especially for growers that frequently have to make strategic decisions about the management of citrus groves. The flowering of field-grown 'Valencia' sweet orange plants can be rapidly assessed by considering at least five plants and sampling canopy volumes of 0.5 m³ in at least one canopy position on each side of the plant row.
45
Crestey, T., L. Pichon, and B. Tisseyre. "Potential of freely available remote sensing visible images to support growers in delineating within field zones." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000437.
Full textAbstract:
Remote sensing images offer a unique monitoring capacity for agriculture fields. Despite significant drawbacks, free historical remote sensing images are likely to provide valuable information to delineate temporally stable zones, especially for a perennial crop like vines. In order to test the potential of these free images for delineating within field soil zones, an experiment was performed on three vine fields located in southern France. On each vine field, the grower was asked to delineate within field zones that present differences in soil characteristics. The first expert zoning (ZP zoning) was only based on the grower’s knowledge. Two weeks after, 12 visible free remote sensing were provided to the grower to refine the first zoning (ZAI zoning). In order to assess the relevancy of both zonings, a soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) survey was performed on each field. The Rv zoning index was then computed on ECa data to assess the potential improvement between ZP and ZAI zonings. Results show that for two fields, remote sensing images improved the zoning while for one field both ZP and ZAI expert zonings were similar. This result highlights a potential interest in historical remote sensing images to improve the knowledge that growers have of their fields. It should be noted, however, that this improvement is still limited in the case of viticulture where the small size of the fields with a large number of manual operations is likely to lead to a good knowledge of within field variability.
46
Brown, G. R., J. Hartman, R. Bessin, T. Jones, and J. Strang. "IMPLEMENTING IPM IN KENTUCKY COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARDS." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 275G—275. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.275g.
Full textAbstract:
Apple growers would like to use pesticides efficiently and diminish concerns about food safety and pesticide usage. The 1992 Apple IPM Program objectives were: 1) to demonstrate the application of Integrated Pest Management practices in commercial orchards and, 2) to provide the training and support needed to help these growers become self sufficient in IPM practices. Grower training meetings and regular scouting of the orchards were the primary educational methods. End-of-the-season evaluations of past and disease incidence were made. Except for Frogeye Leaf Spot, there were no significant differences in insect pest, disease levels or in fruit quality attributes in IPM versus standard blocks. The IPM blocks had significantly more mite incidence. Growers did produce commercially acceptable crops using IPM based decisions while reducing the average past control cost by $56 par acre. Educational programs did help growers to be more proficient in making IPM based decisions.
47
Bika, Ravi, and Fulya Baysal-Gurel. "Identification of Fusarium commune, the Causal Agent of Postharvest Zinnia Meltdown Disease in Tennessee." HortTechnology 31, no. 4 (August 2021): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04795-21.
Full textAbstract:
The cut flower growers of the eastern and southern United States are threatened with postharvest meltdown of zinnia (Zinnia elegans), which reduces yield and income as well as limiting opportunities for production expansion. Disease symptoms such as bending of the stem just below the flower were visually apparent on zinnia cut flowers. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent related to zinnia meltdown. A total of 20 symptomatic zinnia cut flower stems were collected from Tennessee. Several Fusarium-like colonies with micro and macroconidia were isolated from the base and bend area of stems on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Fusarium-selective media. Morphological characterization, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing of three representative isolates, FBG2020_198, FBG2020_199, and FBG2020_201, were conducted to confirm pathogen identification. The sequence identity of the isolates was >99% identical to Fusarium commune, and a combined phylogenetic tree grouped the isolates with the clade of F. commune from different host and geographical locations. To accomplish Koch’s postulates, a pathogenicity test was performed on ‘Benary’s Giant Golden Yellow’, ‘Benary’s Giant Lime’, and ‘Benary’s Giant Pink’ zinnia plants at vegetative (2 weeks after transplantation) or flower bud stage (1 month after transplantation) by drench, stem injection, and foliar spray of conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/mL). Similar symptoms of meltdown (floral axis bending just below the flower) were observed on inoculated zinnia cultivars 2 days after harvesting. Fusarium commune was re-isolated from the infected flower stems of all three cultivars but not from the noninoculated zinnia flower stems. Zinnia stem colonization by F. commune was statistically similar in all three tested cultivars regardless of plant growth stage and method of inoculation. This study confirms F. commune as being the causal agent of postharvest zinnia flower meltdown issue in Tennessee. In the future, possible sources of pathogen will be screened, and disease management recommendations will be developed.
48
Flinn, Cindy L., Ray Campbell, and Ted E. Bilderback. "Assessment of Biologically Converted Swine Waste as a Fertilizer Source in Container Production." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 449c—449. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.449c.
Full textAbstract:
Swine waste (SW), the by-product of North Carolina's booming hog industry, is one of the state's most underutilized resources. Currently, SW is used to grow coastal bermuda hay, a “disposal” crop with little to no economic value. Use of SW by commercial growers as fertilizer would reduce the need to dispose of SW and could reduce the overall input of nutrients into the environment. Our objectives were to determine: plant growth characteristics of SW, the effects of SW on leachable forms of nitrogen, and the physical effects of SW in a pine bark media. To avoid pathogens, we used SW (BionSoil™) that had been biologically digested as part of a proprietary SW treatment process (Bion Technologies, Inc.). Liners of `Rose Madness' petunia, `Skogholm' cotoneaster, `Girard's Red' azalea, and `Wilson's Yellow' daylily were planted in 3.8-L plastic pots that contained one of the following (by volume): 10% SW:90% pine bark, 20% SW:80% pine bark, 30% SW:70% pine bark, or pine bark (control) amended with 3.6 kg of 23-4-8 controlled release fertilizer (CLF), 3.6 kg dolomitic limestone, and 330 g micronutrient fertilizer per m3. Shoot dry weights were determined for all species at harvest. Root dry weights were obtained for cotoneaster and daylily. Leachate nitrogen and pH was determined periodically throughout the 22-week study. By the 14th week, nitrogen and potassium deficiencies were identified on plants growing in SW-amended media. Those treatments were subsequently topdressed with a corrective application of 9 g of 23N–4P–8K CRF. Generally, SW can produce plants similar to short-term CRF without the need for supplemental micronutrients or lime Root biomass was greater in SW media than in the control. A mid-season application of a N–P–K fertilizer may be necessary.
49
Hossain, Md Rayhan, Fawzia Adib Flowra, Saiful Islam, Shishir Kumar Dey, and Sayeeda Sultana. "Status of fish culture in Rajshahi City Corporation of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i1.32043.
Full textAbstract:
The present study carried on 16 sampling ponds in Rajshahi City Corporation, Rajshahi, Bangladesh during the period from August, 2005 to April, 2006. The main theme of this work was to find out the impact on present status of improved traditional culture and mixed culture in various pond. This study involved the observations made on physical characteristics, ownerships system, ponds preparation, stocking combinations of fish seeds, post stocking management and maintenance, harvesting and cost analysis of 16 improved traditional managed ponds in Rajshahi City Corporation. The primary data for the study was taken from the growers of these ponds. After collecting primary data, it was analyzed by suitable statistical method. Physical characteristics of the sampling pond were found. Water depth more or less sufficient, water colour greenish, presence of sunlight was sufficient, water source was mainly drain and rain and various shaped of pond was found. Pond was prepared by traditional method using pesticides (Phostoxin, Rotanone, Sumithion, Quick fume), lime and fertilizers (Urea, TSP., Cow dung). The fish seed were stocked in different ponds. In Sac fry was stocked in 4 nursery ponds. Post stocking management and maintenance were included inorganic fertilizer (Urea, TSP), organic fertilizer cow dung, applied weekly and supplementary feeds were used daily. It was observed that 15 ponds were made profit and one pond had loss. Two types of ownership were found (three years and five years) in the study period. During the study time two types of harvesting method were found. They were partial and final harvest. Mainly two types of production cost such as variable cost (lease, pond preparation, pesticide use, fertilizer etc.) and fixed cost (cost of net, net preservation, tax of pond etc.) were observed in the study period.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 94-102
50
Lyson, T. A., G. W. Gillespie, and D. Hilchey. "Farmers' markets and the local community: Bridging the formal and informal economy." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 10, no. 3 (September 1995): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300006251.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFarmers' markets are important but inadequately studied contributors to local economies. They allow individual entrepreneurs and their families to contribute to the economic life of local communities by providing goods and services that are not readily available through formal, mass markets, and they bring producers and consumers together to solidify bonds of local identity and solidarity. Using data collected from 115 farmers' market vendors in three regions of New York in 1993, we examined the characteristics and operations of three categories of vendors: full-time growers, part-time growers, and non-grower artisans and craftspeople. Drawing on theories of mass production and mass markets, we show how farmers' markets represent intermediate social structures that bridge the formal and informal sectors of the economy.