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Parreira, Priciane Martins. "Projeto e operação de hidratadores industriais de cal virgem." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2010. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/15207.
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The product of the hydration process of lime, milk of lime, is a byproduct of lime commonly used industrially because it is present in the industrial processes of steel mill, chemical and sugar and alcohol. But the hydration process has been little studied and this dissertation aims to study the influence of the hydration process in the quality of product and the influence of quality of milk of lime in the efficiency of the industrial process which milk of lime is used. Through industry data found that the hydration process current and more useful for industrial is inappropriate and produces high amounts of residues that provide the company losses. In the industrial process the quality of milk of lime improves the performance of the industrial process by reducing the amount of material used and the amount of residue formed, consequently its accumulation in the equipment. And to produce a lime milk of good quality, high surface area and low amount of residue, you should use a mixing process suitable for the suspensions of lime milk with low particle sizes of lime and heating of initial water of hydration. And especially an efficient and appropriate agitation Therefore, the pilot of a unit of hydration was proposed and through this became the rheological behavior of suspensions of milk of lime and with these data, made up the study of power consumed by the agitator. It was also proposed changes on impeller to improve the efficiency of agitation and a system of residue removal at the end of hydration through rotary screens.<br>O produto proveniente do processo de hidratação da cal, o leite de cal, é um dos subprodutos da cal mais utilizados industrialmente, pois está presente nos processos das indústrias siderúrgicas, químicas e usinas de açúcar e álcool. Porém o processo de hidratação ainda é pouco estudado e esta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar a influência do processo de hidratação da cal na qualidade do produto e a influência da qualidade do leite de cal na eficiência do processo industrial no qual a leite de cal é utilizado. Através de dados industriais verificou-se que o processo de hidratação atual e mais usaado pelas industriais é inadequado e produz quantidades altas de resíduos, proporcionando a empresa perdas. No processo industrial a qualidade do leite de cal melhora o desempenho do processo industrial diminuindo a quantidade de material utilizado e a quantidade de resíduos formados, conseqüentemente o seu acúmulo nos equipamentos. E para se produzir um leite de cal de boa qualidade, com alta área superficial e baixa quantidade de resíduos, deve-se utilizar um processo de mistura adequado as suspensões de leite de cal: Granulometrias baixas de cal e aquecimento da água inicial de hidratação. E principalmente uma agitação eficiente e adequada. Por isso, o projeto piloto de uma unidade de hidratação foi proposto e através deste fez-se o estudo reológico das suspensões de leite de cal e com esses dados, fez-se o estudo da potência consumida pelo agitador. Também foi proposto mudanças no agitador para melhorar a eficiência da agitação e um sistema de remoção de resíduos ao final da hidratação através de peneiras rotativas.<br>Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Walker, Steven James. "Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia enterocolitica-like bacteria in milk." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254247.
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Mugadza, Desmond Tichaona. "Bacillus and Paenibacillus spp. associated with extended shelf life milk." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65919.
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Extended shelf life (ESL) milk combines longer shelf life and better organoleptic characteristics; a combination that is absent in both pasteurised and ultra-heat treated (UHT) milk. Bacterial spoilage remains the main cause of food loss worldwide, which also includes milk and dairy products, despite advances in food preservation technology. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterise the spore-forming population associated with ESL milk during processing and chilled storage as well as characterising Bacillus cereus isolates obtained from ESL milk processing and during storage. Characterisation of spore-formers associated with ESL milk was done by analysing bacteriological quality of milk samples collected at various processing stages and during storage. Isolates were identified with MALDI-TOF-MS. B. cereus strains obtained from ESL milk and filler nozzles were characterised using (GTG)5 Rep PCR fingerprinting; the presence of virulence genes; cytotoxin K (cytK), nonhemolytic enterotoxin A (nheA), emetic toxin cereulide (cer) and enterotoxin hemolysin BL (hblA). The isolates were further discriminated as psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains using 16S rDNA. Furthermore, B. cereus isolates were selected for 16S partial sequencing. Some of the B. cereus strains obtained from ESL milk and filler nozzles were further characterised using rpoB partial sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Milk had spore counts < 2 log10 cfu/ml and 4 log10 cfu/ml during processing and storage, respectively. Bacillus pumilus dominated the bacterial population. In addition B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. sonorensis, B. licheniformis and Paenibacillus spp. were among the main spore-formers identified in the study. Bacterial species were inoculated in sterile milk for a shelf life study and population change observed over 42 days at 7 oC. Despite high prevalence of cer, hblA and nheA; cytK was not widely distributed. There was 100% and 8% prevalence of mesophilic and psychrotrophic signatures, respectively in B. cereus isolates. Although ESL milk process was effective in the reduction of bacterial counts and species diversity, the presence of B. cereus shows a potential safety problem in ESL milk. Despite the large diversity of the B. cereus strains in this study, there is evidence that biofilms associated with filler nozzles and raw milk are a source of contamination of B. cereus in ESL milk. Furthermore, the study has also shown that rpoB partial sequencing and MLST can be used as a tool for source tracking in ESL milk processing.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>Food Science<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted
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Khayat, Fahad Ali Abdulghany. "Detection of Abnormal Milk with Impedance Microbiology Instrumentation." DigitalCommons@USU, 1986. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5332.
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Mastitic milk was detected by obtaining conductance measurements using an impedance microbiology Bactometer® 120 SC instruments. Conductance readings taken after 30 min at 25'C separated normal and abnormal milks when readings differed by more than 3% from the variance among instrument module wells. Samples blended from four quarters of a cow indicated milk from one quarter was abnormal if the salt level in the abnormal quarter raised the blend conductivity above that of normal samples and variance among the wells. Either solid or liquid substrates that contained bacterial stimulants could be used to accelerate bacterial acid production or to reduce impedance detection times, each without adversely affecting the ability to detect abnormal milk. However, measurements with liquid substrates varied with the volume of sample in the well. Results suggested that a fixed volume of one ml be used. Such a volume would allow simultaneous detection of abnormal milk and bacterial load on the same sample.
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Orleans, Kimberly Ann. "Microbiological and Chemical Changes During Shelf-life in Regular and Chocolate Milk." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1308253657.
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Sweetman, Chlöe A. "TGF-β2 in human milk research: Exploration of a new field methodology and new findings of biosimilar TGF-β2 in non-human milk". Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7233.
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Objectives: There are three aims for this thesis: the first is to develop a field and laboratory protocol for the storage and analysis of transforming growth factor–beta 2 (TGF-β2) in human breastmilk; second, to validate this protocol and the immunoassay used to assess this new method; and lastly, to explore the ramifications of biosimilar TGF-β2 across multiple milks on human health, growth, and immunity through the review of laboratory findings and previous literature.
Rational: Little anthropological research has been done on TGF-β2 in human milk. Anthropology as a discipline is well positioned to provide insight into TGF-β2, combining biocultural, evolutionary, and ecological approaches to holistically illustrate the effects this cytokine has on human immunity. This thesis provides an applied anthropological perspective and methodology on TGF-β2 in human milk.
Methods: A protocol was developed for a new method of drying breastmilk on polystyrene microplates. Samples were then reconstituted using reagent diluent with 1% BSA and assayed using a Human TGF-beta 2 DuoSet enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA) assay kit from R&D Systems. Other mammalian milks and infant formula samples were also dried and tested for TGF-β2 concentrations. Validity of the assay and TGF-β2 concentrations were then statistically measured using linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots.
Results: The results of the first objective in the development of a laboratory and field protocol for drying breastmilk on polystyrene plates for the extraction of TGF-β2 showed this method to hold promise for future application, but lacked statistical power in this study to confirm if this method is viable. The second objective of assay validation was unsuccessful, with the percent coefficient of variation for the intra-assay variation and inter-assay validation 38.28% and 17.70%, respectively indicating that this assay struggled to produce consistent and reliable results from the reconstituted samples. Results from the third objective suggest that biosimilar TGF-β2 in non-human milk can influence human growth and development, the extent of which, however, needs further study.
Conclusions: Given these findings, more work with TGF-β2 in milk is required. TGF-β2 is a cytokine which could reveal a great deal about the developmental origins of human immunity and how it is maintained and altered across our life course and therefore an area of biology worth further research.
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Giroux, Laura L. "A life cycle assessment case study of milk packaging in Nova Scotia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0017/MQ49357.pdf.
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Hodgkinson, Amanda. "Spilt milk : memory, real life, and knowing the past in historical fiction." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34587/.
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This PhD by Publication comprises two of my novels, 22 Britannia Road and Spilt Milk, accompanied by a reflective and critical exegesis which investigates the process and context of writing my internationally published historical fiction novel Spilt Milk. Drawing on Paul Ricoeur’s theoretical approaches to memory and narrative as a means to consider the borderlines between lived life and fiction, I consider the ways in which historical fiction can represent versions of real life which contain human truths and emotions. With this in mind, I argue that my novel writing (and reading) practice stem from the shared potential in what I term ‘creative memory.’ This site of potentiality is where worldliness and collaborative knowledge between writer and reader in response to the text exists, illustrating my own belief in the imagination as a place of creative communality. In examining this, I establish my own contribution to the ways in which memory and the imagination impact on the practice of creative writing, and reading fiction. Reflecting on my creative practices offers original and wider ways of understanding how literature represents, or even is, ‘real life,’ and thus has an important role in our lives today.
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Nemec, Matej. "Implementace systému Milk Run pro výrobní linky zvolené oblasti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377442.
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Diploma thesis is focused on implementation of logistics system Milk Run for automotive lines in selected manufacturing company, which allows to deliver raw material for production effectively and on time. The theoretical part deals with the logistics principles, which are supporting lean manufacturing. The practical part is focused mainly on description of new supplying process and steps needed for implementation of Milk Run system in the company. The thesis is concluded with evaluation of project’s expected benefits.
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Beaumont, Tim John. "Mill, Method, and the Art of Life." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493435.
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For Mill, the Art of Life requires one to find the appropriate quasi-Platonic balance between Morality, Nobility, and Prudence. In consequence, his Art of Life could fail in any of three ways, corresponding to the assignment of undue scope to any one department at the expense of the remainder. This thesis uses analytical methods, including de dicto and de re interpretation, to unlock the fundamental axiological and existential premises which give Mill’s Art of Life its unity, its creative tensions, and can guide the reconstruction of his system today.<br>Government
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Milligan, Lauren Anne. "Nonhuman Primate Milk Composition: Relationship to Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Ecology." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194078.
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This dissertation provides a comprehensive and systematic examination of anthropoid primate milk composition and its relationship to a species' evolutionary history, ecological context, and life history strategy. Milk samples from 14 species of anthropoid primate (Alouatta paliatta, Callithrix jacchus, Cebus apella, Gorilla beringei beringei, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Hylobates lar, Leontopithecus rosalia, Macaca mulatta, Macaca sinica, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, and Symphalangus syndactylus) were analyzed for proximate composition (fat, protein, lactose, dry matter, and minerals) and milk fatty acid composition. The objectives of this study were identification of primitive features in anthropoid milks, shared-derived features of anthropoid families or superfamilies, and unique-derived features of species, including Homo sapiens.Results did not support the null hypothesis of a generalized anthropoid milk composition. Variation among anthropoids in milk fatty acid profiles and proximate milk composition was influenced by phylogeny and the life history strategy of the species, as well as the diet and environment (captive or wild living) of the mother.Maternal diet had a direct influence on fatty acid profiles and created distinct groupings of wild and captive living individuals. Phylogenetic patterns were identified within captive and wild groups, particularly a distinction between milk fatty acid profiles of hominoids (including humans) and monkeys.Significant variation in proximate milk composition was identified at the level of the superfamily. Cercopithecoid milk was highest in mean fat, dry matter, the proportion of energy from fat, and total gross energy. Ceboid milk was highest in mean protein and the proportion of energy from protein. Hominoid milks were lowest in mean fat, protein, dry matter, the proportion of energy from fat, and total gross energy.Hominoid milk also was lowest in the degree of plasticity in milk composition. Milk of captive living monkeys was higher than milk of wild living monkeys in mean fat, percent energy from fat, and total gross energy. Milk fat and energy also were highly variable within captive living monkeys. In contrast, fat and total gross energy were not significantly different between captive and wild living hominoids and were less variabile among captive living hominoids as compared to monkeys. The lack of variability and the relatively low energy values in hominoid milk suggest that it may be buffered against environmental fluctations. Larger body size and a longer duration of lactation may permit hominoids, including humans, to decouple maternal condition from milk energy and instead relying on energy storage.
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Solano-López, Claudia E. "Quality, stability and shelf life of ultrapasteurized milk bottled in amber polyethylene terephtalate /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148646332162722.
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Taylor, Victoria Jane. "The growth hormone (GH) and insuling-like growth factor (IGF) axis in relation to fertility in the high yielding dairy cow." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246921.
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Carlson, Shalee Killpack. "Staphylococcus aureus Metal Acquisition in Milk and Mammary Gland Tissue." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8898.
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Mastitis resulting from mammary gland infection is a common and painful disease associated with lactation. In addition to the impact on human and animal health, mastitis causes substantial economic losses in the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of mastitis worldwide. Despite significant progress in understanding S. aureus pathogenesis in general, much remains to be learned regarding virulence factors relevant in the context of mastitis. In mammary gland infections, it is not fully understood which metal acquisition systems are required for S. aureus survival. To help understand molecular mechanisms by which S. aureus might acquire essential metals, such as iron, within lactating mammary glands, S. aureus mutants were tested for growth defects in vitro. A low-iron media (TMM) was created and supplemented with differing iron sources relevant to mastitis infection such as host iron-binding proteins lactoferrin and transferrin. Mutants were grown in the various iron sources to determine which genes were involved with iron acquisition for each specific media tested. Results show that a double knock-out (∆htsA/sirA::ba) involved with two iron siderophore receptors and the ATPase, fhuC::ba, which powers those receptors are essential for growth in media supplemented with human lactoferrin, while mutants involved with the iron siderophore Staphyloferrin B (sbnE::ba) and its specific receptor (sirA::ba) proved important for growth in bovine lactoferrin. Additionally, S. aureus mutants were grown in bovine and human milk. Significant growth defects in human milk were found for mutants involved with zinc (znuBC::ba) and manganese (psaA::ba) acquisition. Iron limitations leading to growth defects were also found in ∆htsA/sirA::ba and fhuC::ba grown in human milk. Growth defects in bovine milk were seen for psaA::ba but not zinc genes. Growth of the fhuC mutant was shown to be significant, but not the double knock-out, indicating that iron acquisition in bovine milk does not involve the SirABC or HtsABC siderophore receptors. A mutant involved in purine synthesis, purH::ba, was also shown to have a significant growth defect in bovine milk. The importance of S. aureus metal acquisition has been well established, but there is a significant need to research these multifaceted processes further. Increased understanding of how metal acquisition facilitates bacterial survival in the lactating mammary gland can provide therapeutic targets for more effective mastitis prevention and treatment.
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Moore, Brittany Lynita. "The Effects of Intracerebroventricular Leptin on Milk Availability in Lactating Rats." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1481.
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Reports have linked energy balance along with adipocyte derived leptin action to improved fertility. Recent evidence indicates that leptin hormone is present in breast milk and leptin receptors are well expressed in mammary epithelial cells. The hypothesis that insufficiency of leptin restraint in the hypothalamus may underlie infertility in rodents and the failure of lactating breast to express adequate amount of milk was tested. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected leptin through intracerebroventricular cannulation (ICVC) of the third ventricle. Female rats were mated with stud males and observed throughout gestation. Compared to the control groups, leptin treatment increased prolactin levels in the dams and increased milk transfer to pup. Hypothalamic mRNA leptin levels and brain size in the offspring from leptin treated dams were significantly higher than the control. These findings support the involvement of leptin in reproduction and could lead to better understanding of leptin transfer from dam to offspring.
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Rime, Jeffrey Alan. "Dairy Milk and Plant-Based Alternative Beverage Purchasing Factors: Consumer Insights." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9237.
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From 2000 to 2019, total volume of fluid milk consumption in the USA has steadily fallen. Many factors have played a role in this trend, including competition with plant-based alternative beverages (PBABs). Comparably, sales of PBABs such as almond “milk” have increased over the same duration. Consumer research has identified key beverage characteristics as purchase drivers for both beverage types. This study sought to evaluate the relative importance of these characteristics, investigate the effect of label statements on ratings of their acceptability, and analyze the settings in which and occasions during which consumption of dairy milk and PBABs occurs. This study consisted of two parts. First, a national survey was distributed to “dual consumers,” those who regularly consume both dairy milk and PBABs. The objectives were to quantify consumer perception of various beverage qualities, evaluate the impact of select label claims and statements on perception of the beverage qualities, and identify when and where dairy milk and PBABs are being consumed. Sensory analysis was also used to determine consumer perception of the various beverage qualities in a consumption experience. We investigated changes of perception during the consumption experience and compared sensory output to corresponding responses from the national survey. Of the on-label messaging explored in this study, “Manufactured without the use of steroids” was the most impactful for increasing positive perceptions of dairy milk, while “Traditionally processed” and “Contains no bioengineered ingredients” negatively affected perceptions. There are many settings outside of the the home and times of the day other than breakfast in which occasional dairy milk and PBAB consumption takes place, indicating available opportunities to market dairy milk and PBABs.
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Valdivia, Ciro Pablo Kopp. "Tests on the Elaboration of Soybean milk, Derivatives, and Industrial Feasibility Project." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1997. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5446.
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This work was done with the purpose of evaluating different forms of soybean milk processing, the product acceptance by the public, and to do a study on the feasibility for the production of milk at a small scale to be used as a nutritional supplement in school breakfasts. The soybean milk was prepared with 2 varieties "(Cristalina and Doko)" and two periods of enzymatic inactivation (Before and After) of the grain mush. The "organoleptic" quality was evaluated through surveys and its posterior statistical analysis. Parameter quality was also considered just as did the microbiologic analysis and the conservation tests. The surveys showed that the products obtained were of regular acceptance. The statistical results indicate that the best treatment was that of the variety "doko" with its enzymatic inactivation previous to the trituration. The degree of microbiologic contamination is moderate, it is within the ranges permitted by human consumption. The conservation tests showed that soybean milk without conservatives can have, if refrigerated, a duration similar to that of cow's milk. The financial economic analysis showed that it is possible for the installation of small rural soybean milk processing plants (VAN=2058.68, TIR=34.8). Finally, it is concluded that soybean milk can be constituted as part of a fundamental basic food to lighten the high malnutrition present in the rural and urban areas of our country.
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Gleave, Terrence Lee. "KIM-2 : a model mammary epithelial cell line for the study of exocytosis." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343755.
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Hongu, Nobuko, Chiayi Tsui, and Jamie M. Wise. "Dairy Foods: Providing Essential Nutrients & Promoting Good Health Throughout Life." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/336564.
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Revised and changed the title; Originally Published: 2009<br>4 pp.<br>Dairy foods including milk, yogurt, cheese, and fortified soymilk provide nine essential nutrients that both children and adults can enjoy. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend consuming 3 cups per day of fat-free (skim), reduced fat (2%), low fat (1%), or equivalent milk products for healthy adults and children 9 years of age and older. We describe healthy ways to incorporate daily foods into the diet. Delicious and easy recipes using skim milk are also included.
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Stefanutti, Erin. "ANGIOSTATIN LIKE PEPTIDES IN MILK: POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR DAIRY PRODUCTS CAPABLE OF CANCER PREVENTION." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/479.
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For the past 40 years, antiangiogenic approaches have been of major interest in the development of methods to cure and prevent cancer. Angiogenesis, the development of blood vessels from pre-existing vascularization, is essential for cancer growth and spread of metastasis through the delivery of nutrients and oxygen essential to sustain the metabolic activity of these malignant cells. Blocking access to blood will cause cancerous cells to assume a dormant state creating inactive micro-tumors innocuous to the host. Angiostatin, the internal fragment of the fibrinolytic zymogen plasminogen, has shown great potential in reducing cancer size and number of metastatic colonies in animal models. Owing to the success of these preliminary results angiostatin is currently on clinical trials. Plasminogen is known to be transferred from blood to milk during lactation. The objectives of this research were to: 1) investigate the ability of various proteases in cleaving plasminogen, both from human and bovine sources, and consequently release the angiostatin like fragment; 2) determine the anticancer activity of bovine angiostatin; 3) examine ability of the antiangiogenic fragment to survive digestion; 4) purify the fragment of interest through column chromatography. Production of angiostatin was tested through hydrolysis of plasminogen via Bacillus Polymyxa protease (or dispase I), elastase, lactic acid bacteria and Bacilli originated enzymes. Once proteases capable of angiostatin like peptide production were identified, and sequence analysis of the fragments obtained conducted to confirm that bovine angiostatin was indeed produced, ability of angiostatin, both human and bovine, in inhibiting malignant melanoma as well as colon cancer cells was evaluated in vitro. From the results obtained we can confirm that bovine angiostatin inhibitory activity on cancerous cells is similar to that observed for human angiostatin. Analysis of bovine angiostatin survival through in vitro human digestion model was also examined. Results show good possibility of angiostatin surviving digestion, even if confirmation of these results is required through further in vivo studies. Additionally, digestive enzymes such as trypsin and α-chymotrypsin showed ability in cleaving plasminogen directly to release a 25kDa fragment. Knowing that each kringle has some degree of anticancer activity it would be of interest to further study the possibility of angiostatin related fragments to be produced during milk digestion. Finally, affinity chromatography through L-lysine used to purify human angiostatin resulted to be an adequate method for bovine angiostatin purification. Preliminary results obtained from this study open a new area worth investigating to uncover the potential of using bovine angiostatin in the development of novel food products capable of cancer prevention.
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Sammons, Laura Dawn. "Migration of Penicillium spinulosum from Paperboard Packaging to Extended Shelf Life Milk." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35441.
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The growth and survival of the psychrotroph Penicillium spinulosum in paperboard was studied along with the wicking characteristics of ultra-pasteurized milk to understand sporadic fungal contamination of ultra-pasteurized, extended shelf life milk products. Previous research has indicated paperboard packaging as a potential source for the fungal contamination. Migration from paperboard to ultra-pasteurized skim milk during a 60-day shelf life, was investigated by inoculating condia (spores) into sterilized paperboard squares (57.2 by 57.2 mm) made from ultra-pasteurized milk cartons. Test-squares were sealed on three sides and inoculated at 3.2, 6.4, 9.5 and 12.7 mm from the uncoated (unskived) edge. The surrounding milk was tested for the presence of the fungus. Penicillium spinulosum was detected in 84% of samples at 3.2, 72% at 6.4, 50% at 9.5, and 28% at 12.7 mm from the uncoated edge. Survival in paperboard was investigated in sealed paperboard test-squares incubated in ultra-pasteurized skim milk at 7°C every 10 days up to 60 days. Penicillium spinulosum survived in the interior of paperboard for the entire incubation period. Survival was also measured on all test-squares for which P. spinulosum was not detected in the surrounding milk in the migration study. Penicillium spinulosum was detected in 94.4% of all negative samples. The wicking characteristics of ultra-pasteurized skim and whole milk were measured in four boards from gable-top cartons for ultra-pasteurized milk products. Test-squares were sealed on 3 sides and incubated in ultra-pasteurized skim or whole milk at 7°C. Wicking distances were measured every 10 days up to 60 days. A significant interaction was seen between the types of paperboard and milk. It is most likely that P. spinulosum at all inoculation distances had access to milk as a source of nutrition by day 40 in the migration study.<br>Master of Science
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Busani, Silvia Fátima Borges 1954. "Estudo da viabilidade de tratamentos termicos alternativos para leite pasteurizado e de vida de prateleira estendida." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/322502.
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Orientador: Salvador Massaguer Roig<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:20:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
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Reeves, Richard. "Thought imitates life : the case of John Stuart Mill." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59551/.
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In this essay, I relate material in the original published work – John Stuart Mill – Victorian Firebrand (Atlantic Books, 2007) to the claim that the central features of Mill’s thought can be seen more clearly through a biographical lens. The original contribution of the main work lies in the excavation and application of biographical material to the development of Mill’s philosophy. The poor development of Mill’s utilitarianism results in part from a lack of personal investment and aspiration. Mill’s motivation was to atone for earlier, premature assaults on Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy - rather than to develop it further. As a consequence, his mature utilitarianism is hard to integrate with his liberalism, which was where his primary interest lay. Elements of Mill’s liberalism also bear a biographical imprint. The central emphasis on self-creation in Mill’s liberal ethic results, in part, from his own ‘crisis’ and subsequent departure from the rationalist utilitarianism of his father and Bentham. Similarly, Mill’s focus on individuality stemmed in part from a concern to demonstrate he was not, himself, a ‘made man’. Openmindedness became a central liberal virtue, for Mill, following his criticism of Bentham’s (and his father’s) narrowness of thought. Character was also essential to liberty, since only those of strong character could create themselves and express their individuality, rather than succumbing to custom. Mill’s partner and later wife, Harriet Taylor Mill, had an influence on Mill’s thought. The experience of gossip and ostracism, in the years before their marriage, strengthened Mill’s opposition to the ‘despotism of custom’. More substantively, Harriet’s views on socialism, the ballot and feminism clearly influenced Mill’s own treatment. Without Harriet, he would have been a less committed socialist and feminist – and would have remained a supporter of the right to vote in secret.
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Chaney, Eve Christine. ""The aesthetic of lived life" from Wollstonecraft to Mill /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9466.
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Lundqvist, Per. "Mass and energy balances over the lime kiln in a kraft pulp mill." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162595.
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This report describes the construction of a model that calculates mass- and energy balances over the lime kiln in a kraft pulp mill. The model was implemented in FORTRAN to serve as the lime kiln block in the WinGEMS simulation software. The mass balance is based on a number of user specified parameters as well as chemical relations found in the literature. A general method to approach the different concentrations and mass flows when constructing a WinGEMS block is also included in the report. In the energy balance the fuel consumption of the lime kiln is calculated. The model is equipped to handle up to three different fuels at a time which compositions and heating values may either be specified by the user or calculated by the model. Methods to approximate heating values and adiabatic flame temperatures are presented. The fuel consumption is calculated analytically by establishing an energy balance over the kiln where the energy for calcination, drying as well as the heat energy of the in- and outgoing streams is accounted for. To calculate the heat energy of the different streams, polynomials were used to describe the temperature dependent heat capacities of the different components. The polynomials were fitted to thermodynamic data from the literature. Examples on how the heat rate of the kiln is affected when changing different parameters are shown. Two kinds of simulations were also performed with the lime kiln model. In the first simulation the possible effects of increased intake of non-process elements with the use of bio fuels are studied. In the second simulation the amounts of energy that may be retrieved from the flue gases when combining a more efficient lime mud filter with an external dryer is studied.
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Sutton, Tracy D. Jr. "Formulating and Processing of a Nutritionally Enhanced Extended Shelf-Life Fluid Milk and Egg Mixture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45381.
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A milk and egg mixture was processed at 96C and 92C with 10 sec hold times and evaluated for nutritional composition, functional characteristics, and shelf-life. The process was more than sufficient to destroy Coxiella burnetti and Salmonella senftenberg which were the most heat resistant organisms of concern in processing this milk and egg mix. The spoilage organisms received 2,200 D and 425 D processes, respectively, which were more than adequate for providing a safe product and extending the shelf life of the product for seven weeks under refrigerated storage conditions. Both sweetened and unsweetened formulations were evaluated.
The nutritional profile of the milk and egg mix was improved when dried eggs (solids and liquid proportion equivalent to whole egg) were replaced with dried egg white, cholesterol reduced egg yolk, and skim milk. The fat and cholesterol were reduced between 22 to 33% and 37 to 44%, respectively, in the cholesterol reduced formulation (CRF) as compared to the control formulation (CF). The protein content of the milk and egg mix was not altered by utilization of cholesterol - reduced egg yolk in the CRF as compared to the CF. Addition of beta-galactosidase decreased the lactose up to 96%. The CF were more yellow than the CRF in the mixes and baked gels (p< 0.05). There were also no difference in gel strength between the baked gels made from the two formulations. There were no significant chemical and physical changes over the seven week storage period of the product at refrigerated conditions (p< 0.05).<br>Master of Science
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Chen, Ming-Ju. "Factors affecting consumer acceptance and shelf life of a fermented milk flavored tomato juice product /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148784331469457.
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Badiger, Aishwarya Satish. "Consumer Food Waste Reduction using Dynamic Labelling and Predictive Shelf-life Modelling for Pasteurized Milk." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1532015322705163.
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White, Bruce M. ""Give us a little milk" : economics and ceremony in the Ojibway fur trade." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64477.
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Johnson, Daryan Stefon. "Protective effects of titanium dioxide packaging modification on sensory and oxidative changes in milk over 35 day shelf-life." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49695.
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Milk is often packaged in translucent containers providing little protection against flavor degradation from light. The effectiveness of TiO2 modifications of high density polyethylene (HDPE) packaging in affecting light-induced oxidation of extended shelf-life milk (2% total fat) and omega-3 fatty acid enriched milk (2% total fat) was studied. Packaging effectiveness was determined by assessing product quality, including changes in flavor, measuring changes in volatile compounds, thiobarbituric reactive substances and riboflavin concentrations. Products were evaluated over a 35-day shelf-life when stored under fluorescent light (2200 lux) at 4"C. HDPE packaging included clear (no TiO2) serving as control (light exposed: no light barrier, light protected (foil overwrap) and three different TiO2 levels (low, medium, high) for the experimental treatments (total of five packaging treatments). TBARS was a good predictor of the perception of changes in sensory characteristics in 2% milk.. Under the experimental conditions used, a TBARS value of 1.3 mg/L could be considered the limiting sensory threshold for oxidized milk. Riboflavin concentration decreased by 10.5% in the light-protected control over 36 days and 28.5% in the high TiO2 packaged 2% milk, but losses were greater than 40% for all other packages. In omega-3 enriched milk, the high TiO2-HDPE package provided greater protection of sensory quality and riboflavin than clear, low and medium TiO2 packaging. However riboflavin decreased by 28% even in the light protected control which is a higher loss than observed in 2% fluid milk without omega-3 lipids. TBARS was greater than 4 mg/L in all products, including the light-protected control within three days, suggesting that oxidative stability was low. Omega-3 milk packaged in clear HDPE package exceeded MDA of 3 mg/L by day 7, suggesting the milk would have changes in sensory quality related to oxidation. The high TiO2 package protected riboflavin concentration from degradation and controlled MDA concentration the best of the TiO2 treatments through the test period in both fish oil enriched and non-enriched products.<br>Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Sjögren, Ylva Margareta. "Early-life gut microbiota and breast milk oligosaccharides in relation to childhood immune maturation and allergy." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Wenner-Grens institut för experimentell biologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-26781.
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Atopic allergy is the most common chronic disease among children in the developed world. This high prevalence could be associated with low microbial exposure. The early gut microbiota appears to be important for immune maturation. Immunomodulatory components in human milk might differ between mothers and could therefore explain the contradictory results seen regarding breastfeeding and allergy development. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether early colonization with certain gut microbiota species influences childhood immune responses and allergy development up to age five. Also, as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) might stimulate the growth of certain gut microbiota species, the consumption of neutral colostrum HMOs was investigated for their role in allergy development up to 18 months. The concentrations of neutral colostrum HMOs varied considerably between women; however this variation could not be explained by their allergic status. Neither was the consumption of neutral colostrum HMOs related to allergy development in their children up to 18 months. Infants who harboured lactobacilli group I and Bifidobacterium adolescentis one week after birth developed allergic disease less frequently during their first five years than infants who did not harbour these bacteria at the same time. Also, colonization with several Bifidobacterium species was associated with higher levels of house dust endotoxin and larger family size. The early Bifidobacterium flora influenced levels of salivary secretory IgA at six and 12 months but not during later childhood. Moreover, the intensity of early Bacteroides fragilis colonization was inversely associated with spontaneous Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA expression in peripheral blood cells collected 12 months after birth. In conclusion, these results indicate that the early infant gut microbiota influences systemic and mucosal immune maturation during infancy, and that it might be altered in infants developing allergic disease.
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van, Aardt Marleen. "Effect of shelf-life and light exposure on acetaldehyde concentration in milk packaged in HDPE and PETE bottles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31347.
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Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETE) packaging is becoming an increasingly popular choice of packaging material for milk, but has the disadvantage of releasing odorous acetaldehyde into food matrices.
<p>
Sensory detection group thresholds for acetaldehyde in whole, low fat and nonfat unflavored milks were 3939, 4020, and 4040 ppb respectively with no significant difference due to fat level. Chocolate flavored milk and spring water showed detection thresholds levels for acetaldehyde of 10048 and 167 ppb respectively. This information assisted in determining if acetaldehyde migration from the package to the product would influence the flavor of the product.
<p>
Whole milk was packaged in glass, high density polyethylene (HDPE), amber PETE, clear PETE, and clear PETE with UV light block and was exposed to fluorescent light of 1100-1300 lux (100-120 FC) at 4oC for 18 days. Sensory and chemical analysis and was done on milk from all containers over a period of 18 days. Emphasis was on oxidation, acetaldehyde and lacks freshness off-flavors and byproducts.
<p>
All volatile flavor compounds studied (acetaldehyde, pentanal, dimethyl disulfide, and hexanal) were increased in light-exposed milk samples. Amber PETE showed the least amount of oxidation off-flavor, while clear PETE with UV block showed significantly less oxidation off-flavor than glass, clear PETE or HDPE on day 7 and 18. Acetaldehyde was not detected by sensory analysis in either light-exposed or light-protected samples. Chemical analysis showed relative acetaldehyde levels in glass (2220 ppb), HDPE (1265 ppb), amber PETE (3397 ppb), clear PETE (2930 ppb), and clear PETE with UV light block (1754 ppb) were all below concentrations found for human flavor threshold.<br>Master of Science
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Edlund, Alan. "Synthetic Spider Silk Sustainability Verification by Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Analysis." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5150.
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Major ampullate spider silk represents a promising biomaterial with diverse commercial potential ranging from textiles to medical devices due to the excellent physical and thermal properties from the protein structure. Recent advancements in synthetic biology have facilitated the development of recombinant spider silk proteins from Escherichia coli (E. coli), alfalfa, and goats. This study specifically investigates the economic feasibility and environmental impact of synthetic spider silk manufacturing. Pilot scale data was used to validate an engineering process model that includes all of the required sub-processing steps for synthetic fiber manufacture: production, harvesting, purification, drying, and spinning. Modeling was constructed modularly to support assessment of alternative protein production methods (alfalfa and goats) as well as alternative down-stream processing technologies. The techno-economic analysis indicates a minimum sale price from pioneer and optimized E. coli plants at $761 kg-1 and $23 kg-1 with greenhouse gas emissions of 572 kg CO2-eq. kg-1 and 55 kg CO2-eq. kg-1, respectively. Spider silk sale price estimates from goat pioneer and optimized results are $730 kg-1 and $54 kg-1, respectively, with pioneer and optimized alfalfa plants are $207 kg-1 and $9.22 kg-1 respectively. Elevated costs and emissions from the pioneer plant can be directly tied to the high material consumption and low protein yield. Decreased production costs associated with the optimized plants include improved protein yield, process optimization, and an Nth plant assumption. Discussion focuses on the commercial potential of spider silk, the production performance requirements for commercialization, and impact of alternative technologies on the sustainability of the system.
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Bailey, Gillian Helen. ""This is my life and I'm going to live it" : a grounded theory approach to conceptualising resilience in people with mild to moderate dementia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23617.
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Background: Interest in resilience has rapidly increased over recent years because of its potential impact on health, well-being and quality of life. However, despite the increasing prevalence of dementia, there is a lack of resilience research involving people diagnosed with this condition. Therefore, little is known about what it is that enables people to live well with dementia and continue to lead successful and meaningful lives. Even small delays in the onset and progression of dementia have the potential to significantly reduce its global burden. More specifically, studies have shown an association between social engagement and reduced risk of cognitive decline and incident dementia and consequently there is growing interest in the effect of increasing social interaction on cognition. Objectives: This thesis comprises two parts. Initially, a systematic literature review summarises and evaluates the current empirical evidence to establish whether interventions which aim to increase social interaction can improve cognition in older adults. Secondly, a qualitative study aims to develop a grounded theory of the concept of resilience in people diagnosed with mild to moderate dementia. Methods: For the systematic review, a comprehensive list of electronic databases was systematically searched, relevant authors in the field were contacted and a hand search of relevant journals was conducted. For the qualitative study, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with people diagnosed with dementia, with a social constructivist version of grounded theory informing the collection and analysis of data. Results: 17 studies met eligibility criteria for the systematic review, mostly of moderate quality. Study heterogeneity and methodological variability made it difficult to determine the specific contribution of social interaction to cognitive improvements. There was, however, tentative support for improvement in semantic fluency. The results of the qualitative study propose a model which hypothesises resilience is a process of ‘overcoming dementia’. For participants this meant maintaining a sense of pre- and post-diagnostic continuity which was achieved through a complex interaction of their approach to life and acceptance of dementia in conjunction with spousal and other social support. Conclusions: Although the systematic review found some evidence increased social interaction can improve cognition in older adults, this finding is tentative and should be interpreted with caution, with further research warranted. The qualitative study proposes a model of resilience which explains the process of ‘overcoming dementia’. Resilience is conceptualised as comprising individual, social, community, societal and cultural aspects and opens up the possibility of promoting resilience in people with dementia through the development of psychosocial interventions. This study emphasises the strengths and abilities of people with dementia, as well as the importance of social support, but most importantly it is from the perspective of the person with dementia.
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Hamdy, Ronald C., Amber Kinser, Kara Dickerson, et al. "Insomnia and Mild Cognitive Impairment." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2737.
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Insomnia is a common problem in older people, especially in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) whose circadian rhythm is often compromised. Insomnia exerts such a toll on caregivers that it is frequently the primary reason for seeking to institutionalize their loved ones. Three different types of insomnia are recognized: sleep-onset or initial insomnia, sleep maintenance or middle insomnia, and early morning awakening or late insomnia. Nocturnal hypoglycemia, as a cause of middle insomnia, is the main focus of this case study. Other types of insomnia are also briefly reviewed. The management of insomnia is then discussed including sleep hygiene, the usefulness and potential drawbacks of dietary supplements, nonprescription over-the-counter preparations and prescription hypnotics. Sleep architecture is then briefly reviewed, emphasizing the importance of its integrity and the role of each sleep stage.
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Khoza, S. Eric. "Effect of extended shelf life milk processing on the bacterial composition associated with the nozzles of filling machines." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53505.
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One of the possible reasons for post-contamination of extended shelf life (ESL) milk could be attachment and formation of biofilms on stainless steel pipe surfaces. In South Africa, ESL milk processors are still facing challenges extending the shelf life beyond 14 days. It is hypothesized that post-contamination along the milk processing line is responsible of reducing the shelf life of ESL milk. This assumption was investigated by assessing the microorganisms associated with the nozzles of aseptic filling machines post CIP process and this study was designed and divided into two phases. Phase one involved isolation and characterisation of the bacteria associated with the nozzles of aseptic filling machines after CIP process with the aim of determining the diversity of microorganisms attached to the nozzles of aseptic filling machines. Swab samples were collected from a plant processing ESL milk. Twenty swabs were taken from ten different nozzles of aseptic filling machines during 4 visits (n=80). The swab samples were plated on the day of sampling. A total bacterial count ranging from 1.75 - 1.95 log CFU/cm3 with an average of 1.81 log CFU/cm3 (n=80). MALDI-TOF revealed a high percentage of Gram-positive rods (69%), followed by Gram-positive cocci (20%) and then Gram-negative rods (7%). The Gram-positive rods belonging to genus Bacillus were identified as Bacillus cereus, followed by B. pumilus, B. subtilis and Paenibacillus spp. The Gram-positive cocci included S. hominis, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus and Anaerococcus spp. The Gram-negative rods were identified as Acinetobacter junii. The prevalence of Bacillus spp. noted in the nozzles of ESL aseptic filling machines is attributed to their ability to resist heat treatment during CIP process and their ability to attach to stainless steel surfaces. There was a degree of similarity in terms of MALDI-TOF MS profiles for the strains of B. cereus, Staphylococcus spp. and Paenibacillus spp. originating from the nozzles of aseptic filling machines and the packaged ESL milk product. Furthermore, these isolates show close relatedness. These bacteria are likely to originate from the nozzles, dispensed into the final ESL milk during filling process. Phase two aimed at determining cell surface hydrophobicity of the isolates originating from the nozzles of aseptic filling machines. Co-currently the study further determined the ability of B. cereus, S. epidermidis, M. luteus and Paenibacillus spp. to attach and form biofilms on stainless surfaces. The bacterial strains were isolated from the nozzles of aseptic filling machines. The degree of hydrophobicity of the spore formers ranged from 8-91% while non-spore formers ranged from 6-67%. Hydrophobicity of S. hominis, S. epidermidis, Acinetobacter junii and Arthrobacter castelli differed significantly (p?0.05). Hydrophobicity of B. pumilus, Paenibacillus spp. and B. cereus (p?0.05) differed significantly. Spore formers showed the highest hydrophobicity to solvents, this can be contributed to their hydrophobic nature and their ability to attach to stainless surfaces. A continuous flow reactor system was used to grow biofilm of the isolates in skim milk. The skim milk was inoculated with spore suspension of B. cereus, Paenibacillus spp. and bacterial suspension of M. luteus and S. epidermidis. The bacterial suspensions were run separately over a period of 20h at 37°C. Stainless steel strips were submitted to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) after 22h. The results suggested that spores of B. cereus and Paenibacillus spp. can only attach whilst M. luteus and S. epidermidis can attach and form biofilms on stainless steel. The ability of these isolates to form biofilms on stainless steel strips could be the main cause of contamination of ESL milk. Strains of Bacillus spp. can form biofilm on stainless steel and limit the shelf life of milk and milk products. However, toxins produced by some of these strains of B. cereus might be contagious to humans. The results confirmed that one of the reasons of contamination of ESL milk could be the ability of B. cereus to attach to stainless surfaces and M. luteus to form biofilms. Over and above the fact that the spores of B. cereus can lead to spoilage of milk and milk products, a concern is that the toxins produced by some of the strains of B. cereus are detrimental to human health.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>Food Science<br>MSc<br>Unrestricted
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Kizzie-Hayford, Nazir. "Development of strategies for the successful production of yogurt-like products from Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L) milk." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-221091.
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Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus L) are recognized as a high potential, alternative source of food nutrients. However, there is limited scientific literature on the technological possibilities for developing value-added foods, such as fermented products from tiger nut milk. Therefore, strategies for producing and improving the properties of fermented tiger nut milk were investigated for generating lactose-free, nutritious yogurt-like products with acceptable sensory properties and a prolonged shelf life quality. A wet-milling procedure was standardized for extracting tiger nut milk from tiger nuts, and the effects of the extraction process on nutrient distribution, colour properties and colloidal stability of the milk were analyzed. Next, tiger nut milk was enriched with proteins and/or hydrocolloids and the impact of the additives on the physical properties of the milk were determined. Enriched tiger nut milk was fermented by using classical yogurt cultures and the obtained products were analyzed for the microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. Additionally, effects of enriching tiger nut milk with microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins on the microbiological and physico-chemical properties were evaluated. Higher wet-milling intensity improved the nutrient composition, colloidal stability and colour of the milk. Enrichment of tiger nut milk with milk proteins and xanthan gum enhanced the viscosity and stability, and after fermentation, led to homogenous gel-like products with superior microbiological, physico-chemical and different sensory properties compared to the fermented plain tiger nut milk. Microbial transglutaminase cross-linked proteins improved the physical characteristics of the fermented product, especially during storage. This product would be relevant in many developing countries with high prevalence of lactose intolerance, limited access to nutritious food but show a high distribution of tiger nut vegetation<br>Erdmandeln (Cyperus esculentus L) haben ein hohes Potential als alternative Quelle Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffen. Allerdings gibt es nur in begrenztem Ausmaß Literatur über technologische Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung von Mehrwert-Lebensmitteln wie fermentierter Erdmandelmilch. Daher wurden Strategien zur Herstellung und Verbesserung der Eigenschaften von fermentierter Erdmandelmilch zur Erzeugung laktosefreier joghurtähnlicher Produkte mit akzeptablen sensorischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Für die Extraktion der Erdmandelmilch wurde ein Nassmahlverfahren standardisiert und der Einfluss des Verfahrens auf die Nährstoffverteilung, die Farbeigenschaften und die kolloidale Stabilität der Milch analysiert. Als nächstes wurde Erdmandelmilch mit Proteinen und/oder Hydrokolloiden angereichert, und der Einfluss der Additive auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Extrakts bestimmt. Angereicherte Erdmandelmilch wurde mit klassischen Joghurtkulturen fermentiert, und die mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften der Produkte wurden untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Effekte der Anreicherung von Erdmandelmilch mit enzymatisch vernetzten Proteinen auf die mikrobiologischen und physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften bewertet. Eine höhere Nassmahlintensität verbesserte die Nährstoffzusammensetzung, die kolloidale Stabilität und die Farbe der Milch. Die Anreicherung erhöhte die Viskosität und Stabilität und führte nach der Fermentation zu homogenen gelartigen Produkten mit verbesserten mikrobiologischen, physikalisch-chemischen und sensorischen Eigenschaften im Vergleich zur fermentierten Erdmandelmilch. Mikrobielle Transglutaminase-vernetzte Proteine verbesserten die physikalischen Eigenschaften des fermentierten Produkts, insbesondere während der Lagerung. Dieses Produkt wäre in vielen Entwicklungsländern mit hoher Prävalenz von Laktoseintoleranz und begrenztem Zugang zu nahrhaften Lebensmitteln als Alternative von Interesse
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Wagner, Stefanie. "L'histoire du mélèze d'Europe (Larix decidua Mill.)." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00880539.
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Dans cette thèse, je m'intéresse aux conséquences sur les populations de mélèze d'Europe (Larix decidua Mill) des changements climatiques passés et des changements d'exploitation par l'homme, en intégrant des données paléoécologiques et des données génétiques. Une telle étude rétrospective offre un exemple utile pour évaluer les conséquences possibles des changements actuels. Les études récentes disponibles sur les arbres forestiers sont généralement limitées à l'analyse des recolonisations postglaciaires. Les effets de changements plus rapides observés sur les forêts ont été largement négligés, par exemple les conséquences de plantations récentes ou d'événements climatiques brusques de la dernière période glaciaire. Dans cette étude, j'utilise des données génétiques discriminantes ainsi que des inventaires précis de végétation liés à des relevés climatiques de haute résolution du derniers cycle interglaciaire/glaciaire (130 000 ans), afin d'analyser de façon détaillée les événements récents et plus anciens qui ont affecté l'histoire du mélèze d'Europe. Pour l'analyse génétique, j'ai mis au point des microsatellites, marqueurs génétiques informatifs, avec lesquels j'ai analysé un échantillon de 45 populations provenant de l'ensemble de l'aire de répartition actuelle du mélèze. J'ai analysé ces données de polymorphisme génétique nucléaire en même temps que des données de la diversité mitochondriale afin d'établir des cartes de référence de la diversité génétique naturelle me permettant de détecter des translocations récentes. Les résultats montrent que le mélèze a été planté de façon importante, ce qui a créé des mélanges entre des populations locales et d'autres introduites à partir de sources variées de l'ensemble de l'aire de répartition. Les événements de translocation et les taux de mélange sont répartis de façon hétérogène dans l'aire de répartition, avec une fréquence particulièrement élevée en Pologne, en Slovaquie et au Tchéquie, où le mélèze possède une répartition plus dispersée que dans les Alpes. Quelques-unes des populations de mélèzes présentant un intérêt écologique et économique majeur apparaissent sérieusement menacées par les translocations. Les résultats paléontologiques montrent que le mélèze est resté à proximité de son aire de répartition actuelle pendant le dernier cycle interglaciaires/glaciaires, mais que sa répartition s'est maintenue dans un équilibre dynamique avec les événements climatiques anciens mais aussi avec ceux plus récents, ce qui s'explique par les caractéristiques pionnières de l'espèce. L'amplitude de répartition de l'espèce a été maximale pendant le premier interstade Weichsélien (87 000 - 109 000 ans) quand le mélèze a contribué à établir les forêts boréales des plaines européennes du nord et du centre. Les réponses aux événements climatiques brefs (événements Dansgaard-Oeschger et Heinrich) ont été extrêmement rapides. Sept refuges correspondant aux derniers maximums glaciaires ont été identifiés en utilisant les données fossiles et génétiques. Notre approche nous a permis d'identifier des chemins de recolonisation et les introgressions et homogénéisations concomitantes, illustrant la puissance de l'approche consistant à associer la génétique des populations et la paléoécologie.
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Barbani, Filippo. "Hydrodynamical N-body simulations of galactic coronae in Milky Way-like galaxies." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24422/.
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Star-forming galaxies like the Milky Way are surrounded by a hot gaseous atmosphere, the so-called hot corona, that plays a fundamental role in their evolution. The corona is a potential reservoir of fresh, low-metallicity gas that can replenish the disc with new material to sustain the star-formation activity over a Hubble time. Furthermore, galactic fountain flows, ejected from the disc by supernova feedback, interact with the hot coronal gas with major implications for galaxy evolution. This Thesis project is focused on the study of the gas circulation between the disc and the corona of star-forming galaxies like the Milky Way. To analyze this circulation, we used high-resolution hydrodynamical N-body simulations of a Milky Way-type galaxy with the inclusion of an observationally-motivated hot corona around the galaxy. First, we created suitable galaxy models representative of the Milky Way with a hot gaseous halo in hydrostatic equilibrium. After checking the dynamical equilibrium of such configurations with adiabatic simulations, we evolved the initial conditions thus generated with the SMUGGLE model, an explicit ISM and stellar feedback model which is part of the moving-mesh code Arepo. We focused on the interaction between the material ejected from the disc and the galactic corona, analyzing the differences that emerge changing the mass of the latter and studying gas inflows and outflows and their temperature and metallicity distributions. We found that gas accreted from the corona is the primary fuel for the star formation, helping in maintaining a constant level of cold gas mass in the disc of the galaxy. The accretion of coronal gas is promoted by its mixing with the galactic fountains. At the disc-corona interface, the corona and the gaseous outflows from the disc mix efficiently, forming regions of gas at intermediate temperatures and metallicities that enhance the cooling of the corona. This gas is then accreted onto the disc diluting its metallicity.
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Ngeny, Beverly C. "Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Milk Isolate on the Production of Inflammatory Cytokines in Enterocytes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3027.
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In the gastrointestinal tract, probiotics have been shown to promote host immunity and to regulate immune signaling pathways. This study used Caco-2 cell line to examine the effects of a Lactobacillus rhamnosus isolate from “amabere amaruranu” a Kenyan traditional cultured milk, on the production inflammatory cytokines in enterocytes. Live Lactobacillus rhamnosus (MRS6AN), its cytoplasmic fraction (CF), filtered spent broth (FSB) or heat inactivated FSB (HIB) were used as treatments on differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayer in transwells. Cytokine content in the cell lysates, apical and basolateral supernatants were determined using ELISA. Caco-2 cell lysate treatments showed significantly increased anti-inflammatory TGF-β (ng/ml) levels on average about 100x more compared to the increase in pro-inflammatory IL-8 (pg/ml) levels. These levels were significantly reduced after inhibition of NF-κB. In conclusion, live Lactobacillus rhamnosus, its CF, FSB or HIB seemed to modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines in enterocytes partly via the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Gandy, April Lynne. "THE EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION TEMPERATURE ON CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY, SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS, VOLATILE COMPOUND COMPOSITION, AND SHELF-LIFE OF FLUID MILK." MSSTATE, 2007. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07022007-162142/.
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The relationship among consumer acceptability, descriptive sensory attributes, and shelf-life was determined for 2 % milk pasteurized at 77, 79, 82, or 85?aC. Pasteurization temperature had no effect (p>0.05) on shelf-life. Consumers preferred (p<0.05) 79?aC over other treatments on day 0; however, six days post-pasteurization 79?aC milk was only preferred (p<0.05) over 77?aC. Consumers were grouped into eight clusters based on product liking for both day 0 and 6 evaluations. The largest cluster liked all pasteurization treatments, and 79?aC was highly acceptable to all consumers that liked milk. Similar sensory descriptors indicated the end of shelf-life for all pasteurization treatments even though treatments could be differentiated by descriptors on day 0. This research reveals that altering pasteurization temperature from 79?aC may cause a decrease in consumer acceptability to some consumers. Altering pasteurization temperature does not affect shelf-life or sensory descriptors and volatile compound profiles at the end of shelf-life.
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Colla, Saverio Francesco. "Identification and analysis of super-bubbles candidates in Milky Way-like galaxy simulations." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20876/.
Full textAbstract:
Questo lavoro di tesi presenta uno studio sull'identificazione e l’analisi delle principali proprietà
di strutture di gas sottodenso che potrebbero essere prodotte da esplosioni multiple di supernove,
le cosiddette “super-bubbles”. Tali strutture sono generate dalla simulazione numerica di una
galassia simile alla Via Lattea eseguita tramite il modello SMUGGLE che implementa i principali meccanismi fisici alla base dei processi di formazione galattica. Viene proposto un metodo
di identificazione basato su considerazioni statistiche che permette di stimare le proprietà (come raggio, tasso di espansione, età, e massa spazzata) delle strutture candidate ad essere possibili super-bubbles e tale approccio viene applicato sia all'intero campione di strutture identificate
sia ad un sotto-campione di cinque candidati. Inoltre il presente lavoro di tesi indaga la capacita del modello SMUGGLE di stabilire una relazione tra il numero di supernovae esplose all'interno di una super-bubble e le sue dimensioni, sia in maniera statistica sia considerando singolarmente alcuni particolari strutture. Infine i risultati ottenuti sono stati confrontati sia
con i dati osservativi della Via Lattea ed altre galassie a spirale sia con la teoria sviluppata per l'evoluzione delle super-bubbles.
43
Willis, Lawrence Doyle. "Life history, survival, growth, and production of hydropsyche slossonae in Mill Creek, Virginia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37232.
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Alcéo, Rita Gonçalves André. "Temperatures and shelf-life duration in the stawberry supply chain." Master's thesis, ISA-UL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13359.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL<br>Strawberry is a very perishable fruit that requires proper temperature management to reduce losses. Temperature abuses in the strawberry supply chain leads to high losses and dissatisfaction on the part of consumers and retailers. The temperature was monitored in two commercial circuits from harvesting to the final consumer, in June and July of 2016. Temperatures outside and inside of 500 g clamshells and inside the fruits were recorded in the three locations of the pallet. The air temperature inside 5 vehicles trunks and 5 domestic refrigerators were recorded at 60 seconds intervals. Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) packaged in clamshells were stored at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C. Fruit were evaluated for colour, firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), and titratable acidity (TA). A 10-member panel assessed the fruit for odour, texture, juiciness, flavour, and overall liking at the same sampling dates. In the studied circuits fruits were exposed to an accumulated time-temperature (ATT) of 502.3 and 588.8 °C h. In both the display in store represented the largest contribution to the ATT (273.1 and 281.2 °C h). The maximum temperatures recorded in trunks each day were 47.3, 40.3, 41.4 and 48.2 °C with an outdoor temperature of 24.0, 26.1, 28.2 and 36.6 °C. In refrigerators were recorded average temperatures of 7.2, 4.3, 9.2, 7.4 and 7.7 ° C with reaching temperature fluctuations higher than 5 °C. The temperature had little effect on the physicochemical characteristics and sensory evaluation of the strawberry, but strongly influenced the evolution of the losses. The clamshells have become unmarketable after 3 days at 20 °C and 5 days at 15 °C. Damages development can arise in the retail or just in consumers houses with the ‘last mile’ temperatures being possibly the responsible for the biggest quality depreciation on strawberries<br>N/A
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Bisagno, Eugene J. "The aquatic insects of Mill Creek, California." Scholarly Commons, 1987. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2138.
Full textAbstract:
The study of insects has been a hobby for me for more than twenty years. Their diversity and adaptation to many habitats has been of particular interest. Ever since the removal of my first aquatic nymph from the crashing waters of the American River, I have been especially fascinated, with these insects. Since I had access to a relatively undisturbed year round stream, I chose to study the aquatic insects of this stream. The purpose of this study was to survey the aquatic insect fauna of Mill Creek during the course of a year and relate these findings to the River Continuum Concept.
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Deering, Susan. "The effect of overexpressing prolactin receptors on cell proliferation and milk protein synthesis in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line /." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21538.
Full textAbstract:
The Mac-T cell system was used to investigate the role of the prolactin (PRL) receptor in cell proliferation and the regulation of milk protein synthesis. This study was designed to investigate whether overexpressing the PRLR in the Mac-T cell line resulted in a change in its growth rate and an enhancement of its ability to produce milk proteins. To accomplish these goals, Mac-T cells were stably transfected with the rabbit prolactin receptor gene. Fifteen clones and a pool of transfectants were obtained. Of these, one clone and the pool were positive for the PRL receptor expression. The clone (S15) and pool (SP) cells were sorted into high (H), medium (M), and low (L) expressors, of the PRLR. The high expressors were used for all subsequent experiments. The presence of high levels of the PRLR on the surface of S15 and SP cells was further confirmed by receptor binding assay and Western Blot. Following the establishment of these cell lines, the cells were used to investigate the effect of increased levels of PRLR on cell proliferation and milk protein synthesis.<br>It was found that the growth rate of parental cells was depressed in the presence of 5 mug/ml of PRL. In contrast, the growth rate of the transfectants was enhanced by the addition of 5 mug/ml PRL to the culture medium. In addition, both "SP" and "S15" cells produced higher levels of STAT5 upon long-term (48 h) PRL stimulation. No effect on the synthesis of alpha S1- and beta-caseins was noted. It is likely that no differences in protein synthesis were observed because the cells have lost the ability to differentiate, even when cultured on collagen gels in the presence of lactogenic hormones.
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Deering, Susan. "The effect of overexpressing prolactin receptors on cell proliferation and milk protein synthesis in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ50752.pdf.
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Cawthorn, Donna-Maree. "Detection, identification and live/dead differentiation of the emerging pathogen Enterobacter sakazakii from infant formula milk and the processing environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21603.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that at least 75% of infants receive
infant formula milk (IFM) either entirely or in conjunction with breast milk during the first
four months after birth. The presence of the emerging pathogen Enterobacter sakazakii
in IFM has been associated with rare but fatal cases of neonatal infections and deaths.
There is thus a need for accurate methods for the rapid detection of E. sakazakii in
foods. At present, the methods used to detect and identify this micro-organism are
inadequate, controversial and contradictory. The aim of this study was to determine the
most suitable method for E. sakazakii detection after evaluation of the currently
available methods. A further aim was to optimise a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
method for the detection of only viable E. sakazakii cells utilising the DNA-intercalating
dyes ethidium monoazide (EMA) and propidium monoazide (PMA).
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method for E. sakazakii detection was
utilised to select 50 isolates from IFM and 14 from the environment, regardless of
colony appearance. These isolates were identified by sequencing a 1.5 kilobase (kb)
fragment of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and by using the National Centre for
Biotechnological Information (NCBI) database to confirm the closet known relatives.
Seven of the 50 (14%) IFM isolates and six of the 14 (43%) environmental isolates were
identified as E. sakazakii. The methods that were evaluated for accuracy in detecting
and identifying these E. sakazakii isolates included yellow pigment production on
tryptone soy agar (TSA), chromogenic Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) and
Enterobacter sakazakii (ES) agars and PCR using six different species-specific primer
pairs described in the literature.
The suitability of the FDA method was lowered by the low sensitivity, specificity
and accuracy (87%, 71% and 74%, respectively) of using yellow pigment production for
E. sakazakii identification. DFI and ES agars were shown to be sensitive, specific and
accurate (100%, 98% and 98%, respectively) for the detection of E. sakazakii. The
specificity of the PCR amplifications was found to vary between 8% and 92%, with
Esakf and Esakr being the most accurate of the primer pairs evaluated.
The current FDA method for E. sakazakii detection requires revision in the light of
the availability of more sensitive, specific and accurate detection methods. Based on
the results obtained in this study, a new method is proposed for the detection of
E. sakazakii in food and environmental samples. This proposed method replaces the
culturing steps on violet red bile glucose agar (VRBGA) and TSA with culturing on chromogenic DFI or ES agar. For identification and confirmation of presumptive
E. sakazakii isolates, the oxidase test, yellow pigment production and API biochemical
profiling is replaced by DNA sequencing and/or species-specific PCR with the most
accurate primer pair (Esakf and Esakr). The amendments to the current FDA method
will reduce the time to detect E. sakazakii from approximately 7 days to 4 days and
should prove to be more sensitive, specific and accurate for E. sakazakii detection.
In this study, a novel PCR-based method was developed which was shown to be
capable of discriminating between viable and dead E. sakazakii cells. This was
achieved utilising the irreversible binding of bacterial DNA to photo-activated PMA or
EMA in order to prevent PCR amplification from the dead cells. At concentrations of 50
and 100 μg.ml-1, PMA completely inhibited PCR amplification from dead cells, while
causing no significant inhibition of the PCR amplification from viable cells. EMA was
equally effective in preventing PCR amplification from dead cells, however, it also
inhibited PCR amplification from viable cells. PMA-PCR in particular, will be useful for
assessing the efficacy of processing techniques, as well as for monitoring the
resistance, survival strategies and stress responses of E. sakazakii. This will be an
important step in the efforts to eliminate E. sakazakii from food and food production
environments.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wêreld Gesondheidsorganisasie (WGO) beraam dat ten minste 75% van alle babas
net baba formule melk (BFM) of BFM in kombinasie met moedersmelk in die eerste vier
maande na geboorte kry. Die teenwoordigheid van die voortkomende patogeen
Enterobacter sakazakii in BFM is al geassosieer met skaars maar noodlottige gevalle
van neonatale infeksies en sterftes. Akkurate metodes word dus benodig vir die vinnige
deteksie van E. sakazakii in voedsel. Die metodes wat huidiglik gebruik word vir die
deteksie en identifikasie van hierdie mikroörganisme is onvoldoende, kontroversieël en
teenstrydig. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die beste metode vir die deteksie van
E. sakazakii te bepaal, na 'n evaluasie van die metodes wat huidiglik beskikbaar is. 'n
Verdere doel was om 'n polimerase ketting reaksie (PKR) metode vir die deteksie van
slegs lewensvatbare E. sakazakii selle te optimiseer deur gebruik te maak van die DNSbindende
kleurstowwe, etidium mono-asied (EMA) en propidium mono-asied (PMA).
Die Voedsel en Medisyne Administrasie (VMA) se metode vir E. sakazakii deteksie
is gebruik om, ongeag van die kolonie kleur, 50 isolate vanuit BFM en 14 isolate vanuit
die omgewing te kies. Hierdie isolate is geïdentifiseer deur die DNS volgorde van 'n 1.5
kilo-basis (kb) fragment van die 16S ribosomale DNS (rDNS) te bepaal en die Nationale
Sentrum vir Biotegnologiese Informasie (NSBI) databasis te gebruik om die mees
verwante spesie te bevestig. Sewe van die 50 (14%) BFM isolate en ses van die 14
(43%) omgewings isolate is geïdentifiseer as E. sakazakii. Die metodes wat geëvalueer
is in terme van akkuraatheid vir deteksie en identifikasie van hierdie E. sakazakii isolate
het PKR met ses verskillende spesie-spesifieke peiler pare soos beskryf in die
literatuur, geel-pigment produksie op triptoon soja agar (TSA) en chromogeniese
Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) en Enterobacter sakazakii (ES) agars ingesluit. Die
geskiktheid van die VMA metode is verlaag deur die lae sensitiwiteit, spesifisiteit en
akkuraatheid (87%, 71% en 74% onderskeidelik) van geel pigment produksie vir
E. sakazakii identifikasie. Chromogeniese DFI en ES agars was sensitief, spesifiek en
akkuraat (100%, 98% en 98% onderskeidelik) vir die identifikasie van E. sakazakii. Die
spesifisiteit van die PKR produkte het gewissel tussen 8% en 92%, en Esakf en Esakr is
as die akkuraatste geëvalueerde peiler paar geidentifiseer.
Die huidige VMA metode vir E. sakazakii deteksie vereis hersiening aangesien
meer sensitiewe, spesifieke en akkurate deteksiemetodes voortdurend beskikbaar
word. 'n Nuwe metode, gebaseer op die resultate van hierdie studie, word voorgestel
vir die deteksie van E. sakazakii in voedsel- en omgewingsmonsters. Die voorgestelde metode vervang die kwekingsstap op violet rooi gal glukose agar (VRGGA) en TSA
deur kweking op chromogeniese DFI of ES agars. Verder word die oksidase toets, geel
pigment produksie en API biochemiese profiele van vermoeidelike E. sakazakii isolate
vervang deur DNS volgorde bepaling en/of spesie-spesifieke PKR met die mees
spesifieke peiler paar (Esakf and Esakf) vir die identifikasie en bevestiging van
E. sakazakii. Die voorgestelde wysigings van die VMA metode sal die tydsduur van
E. sakazakii identifikasie van 7 dae na 4 dae verminder, en behoort ook meer sensitief,
spesifiek en akkuraat te wees vir die deteksie van E. sakazakii.
'n Nuwe PKR-gebaseerde metode wat tussen lewensvatbare en dooie
E. sakazakii selle kan onderskei is in hierdie studie ontwikkel. Dit is bereik deur die
onomkeerbare binding van bakteriële DNS aan lig-geaktiveerde EMA of PMA om die
PKR amplifisering van dooie selle te voorkom. Konsentrasies van 50 en 100 μg.ml-1
PMA het PKR amplifikasie heeltemal geïnhibeer, terwyl geen inhibisie van
lewensvatbare selle bespeur kon word nie. EMA was ook suksesvol in die voorkoming
van die PKR amplifikasie van dooie selle, alhoewel daar ook 'n mate van DNS inhibisie
was tydens die amplifikasie van lewensvatbare selle. PMA-PKR kan ook van nut wees
vir die assessering van die doeltreffendheid van prosesseringstegnieke, en ook vir die
waarneming van die weerstandigheid, oorlewingsstrategieë en stresresponse van
E. sakazakii. Dit sal 'n belangrike stap wees in pogings om E. sakazakii van voedsel en
voedsel produksieomgewings te elimineer.
49
Lisita, Milena Olivieri. "Influência da variação da temperatura de armazenamento de leite cru na vida de prateleira de leite UHT em embalagem flexível e estocagem sob luz." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255784.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Walkiria Hanada Viotto<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T13:43:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Lisita_MilenaOlivieri_D.pdf: 2002607 bytes, checksum: 1ec6e24923de12f23613383df46f56a3 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: Leite cru foi armazenado por tres dias sob tres temperaturas (3, 7 e 10oC) para a utilizacao em processamento de leite longa vida (ou UHT ¿ ultra high temperature) em embalagem flexivel, de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD). Tambem foi produzido leite UHT com leite cru da ordenha do dia (amostra controle), totalizando, portanto, 4 tratamentos. Os lotes de leite UHT foram estocados no escuro a temperatura ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influencia da temperatura de armazenamento do leite cru sobre sua qualidade, e a qualidade e vida de prateleira do leite UHT com ele produzido. Foi verificado maior desenvolvimento bacteriano, de mesofilos e psicrotroficos aerobios e Pseudomonas spp., no leite cru armazenado a 10°C/ 3 dias quando comparados aos armazenados a 3 e 7°C pelo mesmo periodo de tempo. Da mesma forma, o leite UHT produzido a partir de leite cru que foi armazenado por 3 dias a 10oC, apresentou maiores extensoes de lipolise, possivelmente pela maior atividade enzimatica das enzimas termorresistentes de psicrotroficos. Não houve aumento de viscosidade. Na oitava semana de estocagem, todos os lotes de leite UHT, inclusive o controle feito com leite fresco, foram rejeitados pelos provadores atraves dos atributos de sabor e impressao global. Concluiu-se que o leite UHT em embalagem flexivel produzido a partir de leite cru refrigerado de boa qualidade e armazenado por tres dias antes do processamento, apresentou vida de prateleira maxima de 7 semanas quando estocado no escuro a temperatura ambiente. Em outro experimento, o leite UHT em embalagem flexivel (PEBD + 1,5% TiO2) foi exposto a luz (1920 ±?100 lux) pelo periodo de 72h com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade do produto nessas condicoes de estocagem. Os resultados mostraram um aumento da oxidacao lipidica com o tempo e rejeicao dos provadores a partir de 24h de exposicao, mostrando que o leite UHT nesta embalagem necessita de uma barreira complementar a luz<br>Abstract: Raw milk was stored for three days under three different temperatures (3, 7 and 10oC) for use in UHT milk processing, and then stored in flexible low density polyethylene (LDPE) package. UHT milk was also made from raw milk taken from same day milking (control sample), therefore completing a total of 4 different treatments. The milk was later stored in dark, room temperature conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of temperature on the quality of the milk, and on the shelf life and quality of UHT milk made from it. A larger bacterial development, of aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic and Pseudomonas spp was verified. In the same way, the UHT Milk made from raw milk stored for three days showed more lipolysis, possibly due to psychrotrophic thermoresistant enzyme action. No increase in viscosity was detected. On the eighth week of storage, all the UHT milk samples, including the control sample, were rejected by the panellists on the attributes of taste and general impression. This lead to the conclusion that when stored in flexible package under dark room temperature conditions, the UHT milk made from good quality raw milk, even when submitted to a three day refrigeration abuse, presents a maximum shelf life of 7 weeks. In another experiment, the flexible package (LDPE + 1,5% TiO2) UHT milk was exposed to light (1,920 ±?100 lux) for a 72 hour period with the objective of evaluating the quality of the product under these conditions. The results showed an increase of lipid oxidation through time, and rejection by panelists after 24 hours, indicating that this package needs another complementary layer working as a light barrier<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
50
Byiringiro, Alfred. "Effect of paper mill ash on properties of expansive soils." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86287.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Expansive soils, one of the problematic soils, are encountered on all continents with exception of polar continents. Problems caused by their heaving and shrinking behaviour, particularly to light structures, have been reported from different countries to place large financial burden on developers. For this reason, many techniques have been developed and applied to prevent and/or remediate the damage caused by these soils. Soil stabilization with traditional chemical additives has been applied successfully since ancient times. In addition to traditional additives such as lime, cement, fly ash, etc., some non-traditional additives, such as polymer based products, salts, etc. have been used effectively for soil treatment.
On the other hand, industries are increasingly challenged by waste management in an acceptable and environmentally friendly manner. In this regard, a number of researches have been done on using industrial waste for soil improvement purposes. The study and understanding of basic reactions involved in lime-soil stabilization persuaded many researchers to study the applicability of lime-rich products for soil treatment. Studies conducted by Khalid et al. (2012); Muchizuki et al. (2004) and Thacker (2012) showed that lime-rich products such as pulp fly and bottom ashes and CaO by-products, can be applied for soil stabilization. This research was thus performed to investigate the effect of lime-rich paper mill waste ash on expansive soil properties. Two commonly listed soil engineering properties namely volume change and strength were investigated. Soil strength was examined in terms of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), due to its correlations with a number of other soil properties, and the volume change in terms of free swell and swelling pressure. In addition to these two engineering properties, dry density and moisture content were also studied due to their involvement in structural design, as well as gradation, Atterberg limits and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The choice of these properties was also influenced by the availability of a standard (ASTM D4609-08) specifically developed to assess the effectiveness of admixtures for soil stabilization.
Two main types of materials were used namely three clay materials and paper mill ash. According to the index properties, commonly used for expansive soil classification, three clays were classified into low, medium and high degrees of potential expansiveness. The ash results from the combustion of paper mill sludge, sawdust, bark, coal ash and bituminous coal in a multi-fuel boiler for the purpose of electricity and steam production. The tests mentioned above were conducted on both untreated and treated clays and the results were compared. Since the study was carried out on this material based on the fact that it contains lime, the procedure applied for lime-soil stabilization was considered.
In general, it was observed that ash-soil treatment has a number of effects similar to lime-treatment and almost all studied properties were enhanced for all clays. It can thus be concluded that the paper mill ash from a multi-fuel boiler can be efficiently used for expansive soil treatment. For optimum use of this material for expansive soil treatment, more tests and further researches have been recommended.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Uitsettende gronde, een van die probleemtipe-gronde, kom op alle kontinente voor, behalwe die twee poolkontinente. Probleme veroorsaak deur uitswellende en inkrimpende gedrag van hierdie gronde, veral finansiële onkostes van ligte strukture is al in baie lande aangemeld. Vir hierdie rede is baie tegnieke ontwikkel en toegepas om skade wat deur hierdie tipe gronde veroorsaak is, te voorkom en/of herstel. Hierdie tegnieke sluit grondstabilisasie met chemiese bymengsels in, veral tradisionele bymengsels, wat met groot sukses in die verre verlede toegepas en na moderne tye oorgedra is. Bykomend tot tradisionele bymengsels soos kalk, sement, vlieg-as ensovoorts is ʼn aantal nie-tradisionele bymiddels soos polimeergebaseerde produkte, soute en ander produkte ontwikkel vir grondstabilisasie.
Aan die ander kant raak industrieë toenemend daarmee gemoeid om afvalstowwe op ʼn aanvaarbare en omgewingsvriendelike wyse te bestuur. Op hierdie gebied is ʼn aantal navorsingsprojekte al uitgevoer om industriële afval vir grondverbetering te gebruik en sodoende die las op nywerhede te verlig. Navorsing is onderneem om die basiese reaksies wat onstaan tydens stabilisasie van grond met tradisionele en moderne middels te bepaal en om die geskiktheid van kalkryke produkte vir grondstabilisasie te ondersoek. Baie navorsing is uitgevoer wat aangetoon het dat kalkhoudende produkte soos pulp vlieg- en oondresidu-as, asook CaO neweprodukte gebruik kan word vir stabilisasie. Gebaseer hierop is hierdie projek onderneem om die effek van papiermeulas, verkry deur die verbranding in ʼn veelvuldige brandstof-stoomketel, op die gedrag van uitsettende grond te ondersoek. Tydens hierdie studie is twee algemene ingenieurseienskappe van grond, naamlik sterkte en volumeverandering ondersoek. Grondsterkte is geëvalueer in terme van eenassige druksterkte (EDS) as gevolg van ? deur middel van die korrelasie met ʼn aantal ander grondeienskappe, en die volumeverandering in terme van vry-swel en sweldruk. Addisioneel tot hierdie twee grondeienskappe is droë digtheid en waterinhoud ook bestudeer aangesien beide in struktuurontwerp betrokke is. Verdere eienskappe wat ondersoek is, is gradering, Atterberggrense en Kaliforniese drakragverhouding (KDV). Die keuse van hierdie eienskappe is beïnvloed deur die beskikbaarheid van ʼn toetsstandaard (ASTM D4609-08) wat spesifiek ontwikkel is om die effektiwiteit van bymengsels vir grondstabilisasie te evalueer. Hierdie standaard is deurgaans as verwysing tydens die projek gebruik. Daar is waargeneem dat as-behandeling van grond ʼn aantal effekte het soortgelyk aan kalkbehandeling, met die uitsondering van die droë digtheid en optimum waterinhoud van een van die gronde wat getoets is. Byna al die eienskappe wat ondersoek is, soos EDS, KDV, ensovoorts, is verbeter behalwe in die geval van die eerste klei waarvan die plastisiteitsindeks verhoog het en die grond meer plasties geraak het. Daar kan dus afgelei word dat papiermeule-as vanaf ʼn stoomketel wat veelvuldige tipes brandstof gebruik geskik is vir die behandeling van uitsettende grond. Om die optimumgebruik van hierdie materiaal vir die stabilisasie van swellende klei te bepaal, is meer toetse en projekte nodig.