Academic literature on the topic 'Limestone Co'
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Journal articles on the topic "Limestone Co"
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Sun, Rong Yue, Qing Liang Li, and Ying Jie Li. "Microstructure Improvement of Modified Calcium-Based Sorbents during Cyclic CO2 Capture." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1532.
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Limestone is modified with acetic acid solution as a CO2sorbent in order to solve the problem that the carbonation conversion of limestone decays sharply with the number of cycles. The results show that the carbonation conversion of modified limestone is much higher than original one, and it still achieves as high as 0.5 after 20 cycles. The mechanism of the carbonation conversion improvement for modified limestone was investigated by means of XRD, SEM and nitrogen adsorption instrument. It indicates that the grain size of CaO from modified limestone is smaller than original one. The acetification restrains the increase of grain size for CaO as the number of cycles increase. Sequentially, the extent of sintering for modified limestone is reduced. The fractal dimension of calcined modified limestone is higher than calcined original one. The inner surface of calcined modified limestone is much rougher and more complicated. The acetification makes limestone produce abundant pores. The surface area and pore volume of calcined modified limestone are far greater than those of calcined original one after the same cycles.
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Kennedy, W. J., A. S. Gale, J. M. Hancock, J. S. Crampton, and W. A. Cobban. "Ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from close to the middle-upper Albian Boundary around Fort Worth, Texas." Journal of Paleontology 73, no. 6 (November 1999): 1101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000031012.
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The Goodland/Comanche Peak Limestone, Kiamichi Formation and basal Duck Creek Limestones around Fort Worth Texas yield a limited number of cosmopolitan ammonite and inoceramid bivalve taxa that allow precise correlation with the sequence that has been used as a standard in northwest Europe. The upper part of the Goodland/Comanche Peak Limestones yields species of Dipoloceras that show the base of the Upper Albian substage, provisionally defined as the first appearance of D. cristatum (Brongniart, 1822), to lie within this unit. Brancoceras aff. cricki Spath, 1934, Mortoniceras (Deiradoceras) beloventer new species, and Actinoceramus cf. concentricus (Parkinson, 1819) parabolicus Crampton, 1996a, co-occurs with D. cristatum in the Comanche Peak Limestone. The Kiamichi Formation yields rare Mortoniceras (Mortoniceras) pricei (Spath, 1922), M. (Deiradoceras) prerostratum Spath, 1921, M. (D.) bipunctatum Spath, 1933, and Actinoceramus sulcatus (Parkinson, 1819) morphotypes that allow correlation with the European Hysteroceras orbignyi and Hysteroceras varicosum subzones of the Mortoniceras inflatum zone. The basal Duck Creek Limestone yields Mortoniceras (Deiradoceras) sp. and Hysteroceras cf. varicosum (J. de C. Sowerby, 1824), and can also be correlated with the varicosum subzone.
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Cózar, Pedro, Ian D. Somerville, and Iain Burgess. "Foraminiferal, calcareous algal and problematica assemblages from the Mississippian Lower Limestone Formation in the Midland Valley, Scotland." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 100, no. 3 (September 2009): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691010008029.
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ABSTRACTForaminiferal, algal and problematica assemblages from the Mississippian (late Viséan and early Serpukhovian) Lower Limestone Formation have been studied in order to validate lithostratigraphical correlations of limestones within the central and western parts of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Analysis of more than 100 outcrops allows recognition of four calcareous microfossil assemblages, which span the late Brigantian and early Pendleian, and enables a detailed correlation to be made within the Central Coalfield (north Lanarkshire) and with the thinner sequences to the west (north Ayrshire), to the south (Douglas area, south Lanarkshire), and to the east (Bathgate area, West Lothian). The age of the Lower Limestone Formation is modified because the upper part of this formation is now assigned to the Pendleian (due to the first occurrences of new foraminiferans and the co-occurrence with the Namurian goniatites), and some individual limestone horizons within the formation are repositioned, or their precise correlation with other limestones is established. A refined stratigraphical framework is proposed for the above noted areas, and a correlation between them and the Pennine region in northern England is proposed, passing through the Archerbeck Borehole sequence in the Scottish Borders.
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Johnson, G. A. L., and J. R. Nudds. "Carboniferous biostratigraphy of the Rookhope Borehole, Co. Durham." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 86, no. 3 (1995): 181–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300002224.
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AbstractA deep borehole drilled at Rookhope in Weardale, Co. Durham in 1960–61 proved the Weardale Granite below Carboniferous sediments at a depth of 390 m; an account of the Carboniferous rocks is presented. The boring commenced in the basal Namurian Great Limestone and entered the Dinantian at the bottom of the limestone at 25 m. Most of the ten Brigantian cyclothems sectioned in the borehole are compound and average 30 m thick. They consist of an initial cycle often more than 20 m thick and overlying minor cycles that are usuallyless than 6 m thick. Each of the cycles, both initial and minor, are coarsening upwards sequences from marine limestone or mudstohe to deltaic and fluvial mudstone, sandstone, seatearth and occasionally a thin coal seam. The underlying Asbian consists of seven cyclothems averaging 8 m thick. By contrast they are simple coarsening upwards sequences similar to the Brigantian initial cycles, but no minor cycles are developed.Marine fossils are abundant in the majority of cyclothems and are listed against their stratigraphical horizon in the borehole. Special studies of miospores, conodonts and foraminiferans from the borehole are presented. A consensus of biostratigraphical evidence shows that the base of the Carboniferous succession in the borehole is of early Asbian age.
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de la Calle Martos, Antonio, Jose Manuel Valverde, Pedro E. Sanchez-Jimenez, Antonio Perejón, Cristina García-Garrido, and Luis A. Perez-Maqueda. "Effect of dolomite decomposition under CO2 on its multicycle CO2 capture behaviour under calcium looping conditions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 24 (2016): 16325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp01149g.
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Valverde, Jose Manuel, and Santiago Medina. "Crystallographic transformation of limestone during calcination under CO2." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 34 (2015): 21912–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp02715b.
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Chen, Hong Wei, Zheng Hui Zhao, Kumar Patchigolla, and John Oakey. "The Agglomeration of CaO-Based Sorbent Used to Capture CO2 in Fluidized Bed." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2517.
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High temperature CO2 capture via a CaO-based sorbent was investigated in a fluidized bed. The sorbents tested included natural limestone, pellets made from powdered lime with a calcium aluminate cement binder, mixtures of natural limestone and alumina with a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1. Air-combustion flue gas with a composition of 15% CO2 + 6% H2O + 3% O2 + 76% N2 at 680°C and oxy-combustion flue gas with a composition of 80% CO2 + 16% H2O + 3% O2 + 1% N2 at 950°C were used as a carbonation and calcination atmosphere separately to simulate real CFB running conditions. Results showed that pellets have a lower carrying capacity (g CO2/g calcined limestone or pellets) than nature limestone for the first few cycles mainly due to the existence of calcium aluminate cement (CaAl2O4) binder, while pellets have better cyclic activity than natural limestone. Solids agglomeration was found to be a big problem in the application of using Ca-based sorbent to capture CO2. The solids was not powdery as original ones and tended to clump together after few cycles, making it difficult to fluidize and some dead areas form in the fluidized bed. Agglomeration became severer as cycle number increase and pellets had a much slighter agglomeration than nature limetone due to large particle size. The two mixtures were run in different conditions and H2O was speculated to accelerate agglomeration.
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Naeem, Muhammad Awais, Andac Armutlulu, Marcin Broda, Dmitry Lebedev, and Christoph R. Müller. "The development of effective CaO-based CO2 sorbents via a sacrificial templating technique." Faraday Discussions 192 (2016): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fd00042h.
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A carbon-based sacrificial templating approach was employed to realize single-pot synthesis of cyclically stable CaO-based CO2 sorbents. The sacrificial carbonaceous template was formed through resorcinol–formaldehyde polymerization reaction. The resultant sorbents following the thermal decomposition of the carbonaceous template featured an inverse opal-like macrostructure composed of a highly porous nanostructured backbone. In addition to pure CaO, sorbents supported with Al2O3, MgO, Y2O3, and ZrO2 were synthesized. SEM and XRD were utilized to characterize the morphology and the chemical composition of the synthetic CO2 sorbents, respectively. The cyclic CO2 uptake performance of the synthetic sorbents was assessed by TGA and compared to limestone. All of the synthetic sorbents exhibited an improved CO2 uptake performance when compared to limestone. The performance enhancement became more pronounced in the case of supported sorbents. The sorbent with the best CO2 uptake performance was supported by a mixture of Al2O3 and Y2O3, and exhibited a CO2 uptake of 0.61 g CO2/g CaO after 10 cycles of calcination and carbonation under practically relevant operating temperatures, which exceeded the CO2 uptake of limestone by more than 350%.
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Trudgill, S. T., P. L. Smart, H. Friederich, and R. W. Crabtree. "Bioerosion of intertidal limestone, Co. Clare, Eire — 1: Paracentrotus lividus." Marine Geology 74, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(87)90007-7.
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Trudgill, S. T., and R. W. Crabtree. "Bioerosion of intertidal limestone, Co. Clare, Eire — 2: Hiatella arctica." Marine Geology 74, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(87)90008-9.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Limestone Co"
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Daws, Laura Beth Brinson Susan L. "Overlooked dominant ideology, Limestone County, Alabama newspapers, and TVA family relocation, 1934-1936 /." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/DAWS_LAURA_20.pdf.
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Hutchinson, Erik Jon. "Characterization of Combustion Profiles of Co-Fired Coal/Biomass/Limestone Samples by TG and TG/FTIR." TopSCHOLAR®, 1993. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1696.
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Recent concerns over declining landfill space and a renewed interest in waste-to-energy technologies have increased the possibilities of co-firing different types of fuels in fluidized bed combustion systems. Fluidized bed combustion systems are idea for co-firing because of their ease in heat conversion and ability to burn a wide range of fuels. Additionally, thermal analytical techniques can be used to screen fuel blends for the fluidized bed combustion systems at a lower cost than directly firing the fuel blends in pilot systems. Three coals, three different municipal solid wastes (MSW), one limestone were combined into nine series of binary fuel mixtures to determine the possible Observed/Theoretical ratios caused by the MSW and /or the limestone to the coal’s combustion profile. After doing so, optimum percentage combinations were determined that should combust efficiently in fluidized bed systems. Consequently, after the combinations were optimized, evolved gas analysis showed a possible 50% reduction in SO2 emission through absorption by limestone.
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Akpulat, Onur. "Co-combustion Of Coal And Olive Cake In A Fluidized Bed With Limestone Addition And Freeboard Extension." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611160/index.pdf.
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In this study, flue gas emissions and combustion efficiencies during combustion and co-combustion of olive cake and coal are investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed with an inside diameter of 102 mm and a height of 900 mm and 1900 mm.
Tunçbilek lignite coal and Edremit olive cake were used in the experiments as fuels. Temperature distributions along the combustion column were continuously measured. Flue gas concentrations of O2, CO, SO2 and NOx were measured during combustion experiments. Four sets of experiments were performed in order to examine the effect of fuel composition, excess air ratio, freeboard extension and limestone addition on flue gas emissions and combustion efficiency. The olive cake addition to coal were 25, 50, 75 % by wt. The bed temperature on the average was 850 oC. The results of the experiments showed that coal combustion occurs at lower parts of the combustion column whereas olive cake combustion takes place more in the freeboard region. As olive cake percentage in the fuel mixture increased, CO emissions increased, SO2 and NOx emissions decreased. The reason for the decrease of NOx emissions with increasing percentage of olive cake in the fuel mixture was due to a reducing atmosphere created in the combustion column. Mostly combustion losses resulted mainly from the unburnt carbon in the fly ash. With the freeboard extension, noticeable decrease in CO emissions and slight increase in combustion efficiencies were observed. Among the limestones tested, Ç
an limestone gave the best result with Ca/S = 3 at an optimum bed temperature of 850 oC. The SO2 reduction was 87% at this Ca/S ratio. For co-combustion experiments, it was observed that SO2 adsorption efficiency of limestone increased with the addition of olive cake to the fuel mixture.
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Campbell, Beverly. "A Study of Combustion Profiles of Co-Fired Coal/Biomass/Limestone Samples in a Fluidized Bed Combustor." TopSCHOLAR®, 1997. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/898.
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Concerns over declining landfill space and a renewed interest in waste-toenergy technologies have increased the possibilities of co-firing different types of fuels in atmospheric fluidized bed combustion systems. The laboratory sized atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC) at Western Kentucky University was designed to serve as a highly flexible research and development facility to gain operating experience, evaluate combustion performance, and estimate the effect of flue gas emissions on the atmosphere. The operating conditions for the AFBC system are similar to those used at the TVA 160-MW AFBC Pilot Plant located near Paducah, Kentucky. AFBC systems are ideal for co-firing because of their ease in heat conversion and ability to burn a wide range of fuels. GC/FTIR/IC techniques can be used to characterize the combustion of fuel blends by evolved gas analysis. This analysis can be used to determine the best combination of fuels.
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Liu, Jiang Tao. "Development of soil conditioner from co-granulation of waste material with limestone powder in a high shear mixer." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707814.
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The main aim of this research was to investigate the feasibility of producing an organic fertiliser using waste materials and limestone powder as the raw materials using the process of high shear granulation. The waste materials are anaerobic digest tea waste and sodium-based lignosulfonate. Successful production of improved soil conditioner would reduce the amount of synthetic fertiliser for farm application. It would also provide a sustainable way of managing waste. Two factorial experimental design was used to determine the effect of process and formulation variables on the strength, size distribution, resistance to attrition yield of the granules and nutrient homogeneity of the granules. Additional understanding of the granulation process in the high shear mixer involving binary powder mixes with different physical characteristics was provided.
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Krehel, Austin. "Investigation of time-lapse 4D seismic tuning and spectral responses to CO₂-EOR for enhanced characterization and monitoring of a thin carbonate reservoir." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34628.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Geology
Abdelmoneam Raef
Advancements, applications, and success of time-lapse (4D) seismic monitoring of carbonate reservoirs is limited by these systems’ inherent heterogeneity and low compressibility relative to siliciclastic systems. To contribute to the advancement of 4D seismic monitoring in carbonates, an investigation of amplitude envelope across frequency sub-bands was conducted on a high-resolution 4D seismic data set acquired in fine temporal intervals between a baseline and eight monitor surveys to track CO₂-EOR from 2003-2005 in the Hall-Gurney Field, Kansas. The shallow (approximately 900 m) Plattsburg ‘C Zone’ target reservoir is an oomoldic limestone within the Lansing-Kansas City (LKC) supergroup – deposited as a sequence of high-frequency, stacked cyclothems. The LKC reservoir fluctuates around thin-bed thickness within the well pattern region and is susceptible to amplitude tuning effects, in which CO₂ replacement of initial reservoir fluid generates a complex tuning phenomena with reduction and brightening of amplitude at reservoir thickness above and below thin-bed thickness, respectively. A thorough analysis of horizon snapping criteria and parameters was conducted to understand the sensitivity of these autonomous operations and produce a robust horizon tracking workflow to extend the Baseline Survey horizon data to subsequent Monitor Surveys. This 4D seismic horizon tracking workflow expedited the horizon tracking process across monitor surveys, while following a quantitative, repeatable approach in tracking the LKC and maintaining geologic integrity despite low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data and misties between surveys. Analysis of amplitude envelope data across frequency sub-bands (30-80 Hz) following spectral decomposition identified geometric features of multiple LKC shoal bodies at the reservoir interval. In corroboration with prior geologic interpretation, shoal boundaries, zones of overlap between stacked shoals, thickness variation, and lateral changes in lithofacies were delineated in the Baseline Survey, which enhanced detail of these features’ extent beyond capacity offered from well log data. Lineaments dominated by low-frequency anomalies within regions of adjacent shoals’ boundaries suggest thicker zones of potential shoal overlap. Analysis of frequency band-to-band analysis reveals relative thickness variation. Spectral decomposition of the amplitude envelope was analyzed between the Baseline and Monitor Surveys to identify spectral and tuning changes to monitor CO₂ migration. Ambiguity of CO₂ effects on tuning phenomena was observed in zones of known CO₂ fluid replacement. A series of lineaments highlighted by amplitude brightening from the Baseline to Monitor Surveys is observed, which compete with a more spatially extensive effect of subtle amplitude dimming. These lineaments are suggestive of features below tuning thickness, such as stratigraphic structures of shoals, fractures, and/or thin shoal edges, which are highlighted by an increased apparent thickness and onset of tuning from CO₂. Detailed analysis of these 4D seismic data across frequency sub-bands provide enhanced interpretation of shoal geometry, position, and overlap; identification of lateral changes in lithofacies suggestive of barriers and conduits; insight into relative thickness variation; and the ability of CO₂ tuning ambiguity to highlight zones below tuning thickness and improve reservoir characterization. These results suggest improved efficiency of CO₂ -EOR reservoir surveillance in carbonates, with implications to ensure optimal field planning and flood performance for analogous targets.
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Auffray, Baptiste. "Impact du stockage de CO₂ dans les systèmes réservoirs carbonatés : interactions et transport d'éléments traces, effets sur les propriétés réservoirs." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30034.
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Depuis une dizaine d'années, une volonté internationale de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre s'est développée, afin de limiter leur concentration dans l'atmosphère. Ainsi, il est envisagé de récupérer le CO₂ issu d'activités humaines fortement émettrices afin de le réinjecter dans le sous-sol à l'état supercritique. Hors du panache de CO₂ supercritique, ce gaz se dissout dans la saumure et l'acidifie. Deux phénomènes ont alors lieu. Ils constituent la base des études menées au cours de cette thèse : (i) le devenir des espèces chimiques mobilisées par la dissolution des minéraux, et (ii) les variations des propriétés d'écoulements induites par la réactivité de la roche encaissante. Pour étudier ces phénomènes, des expériences ont été menées sur les carbonates de Lavoux et de St-Emilion. Ces deux échantillons naturels ont été sélectionnés pour leur composition minérale modèle qui assure une forte réactivité dans le contexte de l'étude, et l'absence d'argile et de matière organique qui limite la complexité du système géochimique. Les expériences menées sont de deux types. En autoclave, la compétition entre dissolution et sorption des éléments traces est mise en avant et permet d'investiguer des conditions variant de celles de la surface (20°C – 1 atm) à celles d'un site de stockage (40°C – 90 bar de CO₂) en passant par des intermédiaires de pression (30 et 60 bar). Les effets de la salinité de la saumure, de la concentration initiale en cations divalents ainsi que de l'état de l'échantillon solide (poudre, plug) sont étudiés. D'autre part, un dispositif expérimental a été développé au cours de cette thèse. Il permet d'étudier les propriétés de diffusion d'éléments traces à travers une carotte dans des conditions représentatives de celles d'un réservoir de stockage de CO₂. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus mettent en évidence à la fois l'impact de la dissolution sur la mobilisation des espèces chimiques, la compétition entre différents cations pour la sorption et les conséquences de cette sélectivité sur le transport et la disponibilité des espèces chimiques. L'étude pétrophysique des échantillons réagis met en évidence une augmentation de la porosité, et une tendance à l'uniformisation du réseau de pore. Les données obtenues dans les expériences en batch permettent d'obtenir par simulation les paramètres de sorption du système pour les différents éléments traces, en fonction des conditions de pression. Grâce à ces différents résultats, la surveillance de sites de stockage géologique de CO₂ est possible dans différentes formations, et permet un suivi à la fois des flux des espèces chimiques et des propriétés d'écoulementOver the last decade, an international will to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere developed, in order to limit their atmospheric concentration. Thus, to deal with the large amounts of CO₂ produced by human activities, this gas is to be injected under supercritical state in the underground. Outside the CO₂ plume, this gas dissolves within brine and acidifies it. Two phenomena occurs then. They are the main subject of this work: (i) the fate of chemical species mobilized by mineral dissolution, and (ii) the evolution of flooding properties induced by mineral reactivity. To study those phenomena, experiments were carried out on the Lavoux and the Saint-Emilion carbonates. Those two natural samples were selected because their mineralogical composition ensures a high reactivity and limits the complexity of the geochemical system, as they contain neither clays nor organic matter. Two types of experiments were carried out. Competition between dissolution and sorption was studied in batch reactors, from conditions similar to those of the surface (20°C – 1 atm) to those of a storage site (40°C – 90 bar of CO₂), passing by intermediate pressures (30 and 60 bar). The parameters investigated are salinity, initial concentration of divalent cations, and the state of solid samples (powder, core). On the other hand, an experimental setting was developed during the thesis project. It allows the study of trace elements diffusion through a core in CO₂ geological storage conditions. The experimental results evidence the impact of dissolution on chemical species mobilization, competition between those species regarding sorption and consequences of this selectivity on transport and availability of those chemical species. The petrophysical study of reacted samples evidence a porosity increase and the homogenization of the porous network. The data resulting from the batch experiments are used as input data for simulations, in order to estimate sorption parameters of trace elements in the systems investigated. Thanks to those results, the monitoring of CO₂ geological storage sites is possible within several different geological formations, and allows to track both flux of chemical species and flooding properties evolution
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Hagman, Henrik. "Co-firing animal waste, sludge, residue wood, peat and forest fuels in a 50MWth CFB boiler : ash transformation, availability and process improvements." Licentiate thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-114736.
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The direct variable costs for heat and electricity production based on solid biomass fuel combustion is approximately 3-5 times lower than the costs in a fossil fuel-oil based boiler in Sweden. In addition waste derived biomass fuels are typically much cheaper than biomass not classified as waste. The introduction of the waste derived fuels; wastewater treatment sludge, demolition wood, and animal waste in a 50MWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB) biomass boiler located in Perstorp, Sweden, led to rapid deposit buildup in superheaters, heavy ash accumulation in economizers and failing boiler tubes and vortex finders that forced frequent boiler shutdowns. This in turn increased the use of expensive oil (fossil fuel) in backup boilers and the CO2 footprint of the on-site energy conversion system. This work aims to increase the general mechanistic understanding of combustion systems using complex fuels, and includes: A mapping of the boiler failure and preventive maintenance statistics; elemental composition analysis of ash, deposits and fuel fractions; flue-gas composition measurements; chemical speciation analysis; an attempt to describe the overall ash transformation reactions and mass balance throughout the combustion process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the elemental composition of ash and deposits. The SEM-EDS results were used together with data from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermodynamic phase data, and equilibrium calculations in an attempt to quantify the crystalline phases and the overall ash transformation of the process. Based on the findings concerning ash transformation and the failure statistics, it has been possible to identify generic key parameters regarding boiler design and process parameters, enabling major improvements of the CFB boiler availability, a lower overall energy conversion cost and a reduced CO2 footprint.Den direkta rörliga kostnaden för värme-och elproduktion baserad på fast biobränsle är ungefär 3-5 gånger lägre än kostnaden för fossiloljebaserad produktion. Avfallsklassade fasta biobränslen är vidare oftast betydligt billigare än fasta biobränslen som inte är klassade som avfall. Införandet av de avfallsklassade bränslena; reningsslam, rivningsvirke, och animaliskt avfall i en 50MWth cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd (CFB) -panna, ledde till kraftig beläggningstillväxt i överhettare och ackumulering av aska i ekonomisers, samt haveri av panntuber och centrumrör i cyklonerna, som tvingade fram frekventa pannstopp. Detta ökade i sin tur användningen aveldningsolja (fossilt bränsle) i reservkrafts-pannor vilket resulterade i ett större CO2 utsläpp och en högre kostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten. Detta arbete syftar till att öka den allmänna mekanistiska förståelsen av förbränningssystem som använder komplexa bränslen, och omfattar; haveri- och underhållsstatistik, elementarsammansättningsanalys av aska, beläggningar och bränslefraktioner, rökgasens sammansättning, kemisk specificering av askor och beläggningar, ett försök att beskriva de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna, samt en massbalans för förbränningsprocessen. Svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) utrustat med energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi (EDS) användes för att analysera den elementära sammansättningen av aska och beläggningar. SEM-EDS-resultaten användes tillsammans med pulverröntgendiffraktionsanalys (XRD), termodynamiska fasdata, och jämviktsberäkningar i ett försök att kvantifiera de kristallina faserna och de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna i processen. Baserat på resultaten rörande askomvandling och haveristatistik, har det varit möjligt att identifiera generiska nyckelparametrar gällande panndesign och processparametrar, som möjliggjort stora förbättringar av CFB pannans tillgänglighet, en lägre totalkostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten samt ett minskat CO2-utsläpp.
Books on the topic "Limestone Co"
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Williams, Alwyn. Lower Ordovician Brachiopoda from the Tourmakeady limestone, Co. Mayo, Ireland. London: British Museum (Natural History), 1985.
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Mitchell, W. I. The permian magnesian limestone at Grange, Co. Tyrone - a potential source of dolomite. Belfast: Institute of Geological Sciences, Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, 1987.
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Limestone Co AL Marriages 1821-1862: Computer Indexed Alabama Marriage Records by Nicholas Russell Murray. 3878 W 3200 S, Salt Lake City, UT 84120-2154 USA ph.801-966-1611 genealogy@juno.com (First published 1986 in Hammond, LA USA): Hunting For Bears Genealogical Society and Library, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Limestone Co"
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Stockar, Rudolf, and Silvio Renesto. "Co-occurrence of Neusticosaurus edwardsii and N. peyeri (Reptilia) in the Lower Meride Limestone (Middle Triassic, Monte San Giorgio)." In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Lithographic Limestone and Plattenkalk, 167–78. Basel: Springer Basel, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0300-7_14.
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Sheppard, Charles. "8. Global scale pressures on reefs—climate change." In Coral Reefs: A Very Short Introduction, 102–11. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198869825.003.0008.
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Ocean temperatures are rising. This is critical for corals and other reef organisms because most live very close to their thermal limits already. The rise is caused by the greenhouse effect from increasing CO2 emissions. Superimposed on a general background rise caused by the general increase in heat content of the world are pulses—ocean heatwaves—caused by vagaries in ocean circulation. Globally, this is now the greatest threat to reefs. Warming pulses cause mass coral bleaching and mortality when the overstressed symbiotic algae are expelled from the corals, showing the white limestone beneath the now transparent coral tissue. All coral reef areas of the world now exhibit mass bleaching events. Recovery of a reef is possible, but only if given some decades of stable temperatures, and predictions are that warming events are occurring increasingly frequently and are of increasing severity. Coral cover on reefs in all reef areas is declining sharply. Seawater also becomes increasingly acidic, which impedes coral calcification. Added to this, there is a lag of 20–40 years for carbon dioxide in the air to equilibrate with the ocean, so even were there to be a cessation in the rise in the atmosphere today, these effects would continue to develop for a few decades more. 350 parts per million CO2 is considered to be a threshold concentration for calcification to be possible but already the atmosphere is at about 415 ppm. Sea levels are rising too as a result, and reefs are degrading and losing their ability to act as breakwaters.
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Migon, Piotr. "Slope Development in Granite Terrains." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0013.
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Rock slopes developed in granite may take different forms, as reflected in their longitudinal profiles. Field observations and a literature survey (e.g. Dumanowski, 1964; Young, 1972) allow us to distinguish at least five major categories of slopes: straight, convex-upward, concave, stepped, and vertical rock walls. In addition, overhang slopes may occur, but their height is seldom more than 10 m high and their occurrence is very localized. These basic categories may combine to form compound slopes, for example convex-upward in the upper part and vertical towards the footslope. Somewhat different is Young’s (1972) attempt to identify most common morphologies of granite slopes. He lists six major categories: (1) bare rock domes, smoothly rounded or faceted; (2) steep and irregular bare rock slopes of castellated residual hills, tending towards rectangular forms; (3) concave slopes crowned by a free face; (4) downslope succession of free face, boulder-covered section and pediment; (5) roughly straight or concave slopes, but having irregular, stepped microrelief; (6) smooth convex-concave profile with a continuous regolith cover. The latter, lacking any outcrops of sound bedrock, are not considered as rock slopes for the purposes of this section. Young (1972) appears to seek explanation of this variety in climatic differences between regions, claiming that ‘Variations of slope form associated with climatic differences are as great as or greater, on both granite and limestone, than the similarity of form arising from lithology’ (Young, 1972: 219). This is a debatable statement and apparently contradicted by numerous field examples of co-existence of different forms in relatively small areas. Slope forms do not appear specifically subordinate to larger landforms but occur in different local and regional geomorphic settings. For example, the slopes of the Tenaya Creek valley in the Yosemite National Park include, in different sections of the valley, straight, vertical, convex-upward, and concave variants (Plate 5.1). Apparently, multiple glaciation was unable to give the valley a uniform cross-sectional shape.
Conference papers on the topic "Limestone Co"
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Huang, Yaji, Baosheng Jin, Zhaoping Zhong, Rui Xiao, and Hongcang Zhou. "Effects of Solid Additives on the Control of Trace Elements During Coal Gasification." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78030.
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Based on the Modified Geo-chemical Enrichment Factor (MGEF), the contents of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Pb, V, Se, Sr, Zn in coal and coal char were analyzed by using Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (HG-AFS) and Inductively Couple Plasma-atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Limestone, dolomite and sodium carbonate were studied to control trace elements during coal gasification. Different additives show different performances in the control of trace elements. The adsorbing capacity of coal char to all of trace elements enhances when coal is mixed with limestone and dolomite. Chemical adsorption and physical adsorption of lime, which is decomposition product of limestone under high gasification temperature, are both important for As, Co, Cr, Se and Zn. The effects of limestone on Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, V and Sr are merely caused by physical adsorption of CaO and the adsorbing capacity to Cd, Cu, V is much stronger than those to Hg, Pb, Sr. Dolomite has stronger adsorbing capacity to most of elements (except Cu, Se, Sr) than limestone. Addition of Na2CO3 decreases the MGEFs of As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Se while increases the MGEFs of Zn in coal char. Na2CO3 has little effect on the MGEFs of Co, Cu, Hg, V and Sr in coal char.
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Zhang, Yihuai, Mohammad Sarmadivaleh, Maxim Lebedev, Ahmed Barifcani, Reza Rezaee, Nadia Testamantia, and Stefan Iglauer. "Geo-Mechanical Weakening of Limestone Due to Supercritical CO2 Injection." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. Offshore Technology Conference, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/26470-ms.
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Zhang, Yihuai, Maxim Lebedev, Mohammad Sarmadivaleh, Ahmed Barifcani, and Stefan Iglauer. "Change in Geomechanical Properties of Limestone Due to Supercritical CO2 Injection." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/182285-ms.
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Selc¸uk, Nevin, Yusuf Gogebakan, and Zuhal Gogebakan. "Partitioning of Trace Elements During Fluidized Bed Combustion of High Ash Content Lignite." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78068.
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The behavior of 20 trace elements (As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, Zn) and 8 major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Si, Ti) during the combustion of high ash content lignite with and without limestone addition have been investigated in the 0.3 MWt Middle East Technical University (METU) Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (ABFBC) Test Rig. Experiments were performed without fines recycle. Inert bed material utilized in the experiments was bed ash obtained previously from the combustion of the same lignite without limestone addition in the same test rig. Concentrations of trace elements in coal, limestone, bottom ash, cyclone ash and filter ash were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Measurements show that the distribution of major and minor elements follows the ash split between the bottom ash and fly ash and that the major proportion of most of the trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, Sn, V, Zn) are recovered in fly ash. Comparisons between the trace element partitioning of the runs with and without limestone addition reveal that addition of limestone shifts the partitioning of Ba, Cr, Hg, Mo, Ni, Sn, V, Zn from bottom ash to fly ash.
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Zhang, Jun, Kunlei Liu, Wei-Ping Pan, John T. Riley, and Yiqian Xu. "Characterization of Ash Deposition During Co-Combustion of Coal With Refuse-Derived Fuels in a Pilot FBC Facility." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-099.
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This paper presents data from a recent investigation of the character of ash deposition in the convective zone (547°C to 338°C) in a 0.1 MWth bench-scale FBC system at Western Kentucky University. The ash deposit samples were collected during co-firing experiments using two coals with various blends of a refuse-derived fuel (RDF). A low sulfur coal, a high sulfur coal, and commercially available RDF sample were selected to investigate the influence of sulfur and chlorine in the fuels on the formation of ash deposits. Limestone was added to the combustor as the bed material and desulfurization sorbent. The results showed that the formation of ash deposits had a close relationship to the active fine lime particles produced from the limestone. An increase in the concentration of SOx in the flue gas restricts the formation of the ash deposits because of the reaction between SOx and the fine lime particles, which drops the adhesive force of the fine lime particles by reducing the contact area among the particles. With an increase in the content of the RDF in the fuels, the rate of deposit of ash decreased because of the higher content of chlorine and aluminum, which also decreased the contact area among the particles, leading to a low deposition rate of the fly ash.
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Munawar, Muhammad Dawood, Dandina Rao, and Mohammad Khan. "Evaluation of Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) Using CO2 in a Limestone Formation through Compositional Simulation." In SPE/PAPG Pakistan Section Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/191285-ms.
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Garci´a-Pen˜a, Francisco, Alejandro Mun˜oz-Mozos, and Pedro Casero-Cabezo´n. "MBM (Meat and Bonemeal) Co-Gasification in IGCC Technology." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30010.
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The potential use of MBM (Meat and Bone Meal) as fuel in a power plant has been recently originated by the mad cow disease, affecting not only Europe (the origin of the disease) but also other continents. MBM manufacturing companies have been forced to change their traditional ways of distribution due to the current ban of using MBM as cattle feed, therefore using a dumping site or an incinerator. To be considered as a fuel, several studies should be carried out. Preliminary characterisation of MBM showed a heating value higher than existing in coal, and a grain size acceptable to be mixed with regular fuel, hence appropriate to be brought into a boiler or a gasifier. Additionally, an expected advantage of using MBM in a gasification process was the possibility of using it as adequate slag/ash fusion agent (instead of traditional limestone), due to the high presence of Ca compounds. Related to environmental issues, the conventional thermal oxidation process (like incineration) shows several inconveniences, associated to the presence of hazardous compounds (like furans and dioxins) expected in organic matter combustion. There are few references of the existence of this kind of compounds in gasification process, but it is known that the existing reducing environment in a gasifier does not benefit its formation at all. Some of these issues were analysed in short duration full-scale tests developed in Puertollano IGCC Power Plant, owned by ELCOGAS, in which several MBM/regular fuel mixtures were tested. This paper describes the methodology used in these tests, fuel characteristics, main systems performance, and general conclusions about the viability of IGCC co-gasification using alternative fuels.
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Selc¸uk, Nevin, Yusuf Gogebakan, and Hakan Altindag. "Co-Firing of Steam Coal With High Sulfur Content Lignite in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78067.
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Combustion and emission behavior of 100 % steam coal (SET 1) and a mixture of 80 % by weight steam coal and 20 % by weight local lignite, characterized by high sulfur and ash contents, (SET 2) were investigated in the 0.3 MWt Middle East Technical University (METU) Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (ABFBC) Test Rig. Experiments were performed with limestone addition at various Ca/S molar ratios with fines recycle. In both sets of experiments, parameters other than Ca/S molar ratio were held as nearly constant as possible. On-line measurements of O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NOx emissions were carried out. Comparisons between the emissions show that lower NOx and SO2 emissions are obtained from combustion of steam coal/lignite mixture compared to those from steam coal only despite higher sulfur and almost equal nitrogen contents of the mixture. Calculated combustion efficiencies were found to be around 98 and 96 % for SET 1 and SET 2, respectively. As for the sulfur retention efficiencies, up to three times higher efficiencies were achieved when steam coal is co-fired with high sulfur lignite.
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Zhang, Chun-Lin, De-Chang Liu, and Han-Ping Chen. "The Effects of Heterogeneous Reactions on the Reduction of NO in Petroleum-Coke-Fired Fluidized Beds." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78085.
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Because of high heating value, low volatile, high nitrogen content and high sulfur content, some kinds of petroleum coke are only suitable for use as fuel, especially combusted in fluidized beds. Based on experiments in a 1t/h fluidized bed, we found that lots of NO and N2O were emitted, and they reached to 780ppm and 150ppm respectively. By analyzing the contributions of char-N and volatile-N to the formation of NO and N2O, we also found it was more important to control the combustion of char to reduce the emission of NO and N2O. This paper tried to find a denitrification agent that could work as desulfuration agent in fluidized beds. We chose Fe as the denitrification agent. The influence of iron on the reduction of NO was studied on. The effects of petroleum-coke char, CO and limestone on the reaction of iron and NO were investigated in a bench scale fluidized bed. Quantitative Fe and petroleum coke char were added into a quartz sand bed respectively, the conversions of NO between these conditions were compared with. The results showed that the ability of Fe to reduce NO was much stronger than the char, and the conversion of NO almost reached to 100%. After minutes that depended on the amount of Fe, Fe was oxidized to oxide of Fe, and the conversion of NO decreased. Petroleum coke char could deoxidize the oxide of Fe. Fe that mixed with petroleum coke char could apparently increase the reaction time of Fe and NO. CO was also a reductive agent of the oxide of Fe, but the effect was not strong as char. Limestone little increased the conversion of NO. From the experiments, we suggested that iron or its oxides would be a possible denitrification agent to reduce NO in fluidized beds in situ.
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Pallier, Franz, and Kurt Kaufmann. "Petcoke Co-Firing in a PowerFluid CFBC-Boiler Originally Designed for Coal: Effects on Operation, Efficiency and Desulfurization." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-047.
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The paper presents the results of an industrial scale combustion test investigating the effects of firing petroleum coke in a CFB-boiler originally designed for bituminous coal. In stage 1 of the testing the petcoke portion was gradually increased up to 100%. As the testing focused on the effects to a CFB-boiler originally designed for a different fuel all relevant information as furnace temperature, material circulation, heat transfer and flue gas emissions were recorded, evaluated and compared to mere coal operation. The paper presents the test results featuring the aspects of boiler operation, boiler efficiency and desulfurization. In stage 2 of the testing the applicability of molded petcoke was investigated. This molded petcoke was prepared by granulating original petcoke and compressing a mixture of petcoke, flyash and limestone. Laboratory tests had indicated an advantegeous behaviour, but due to insufficient mixture in the make-up process the testing of this fuel had to be stopped in an untimely fashion. As the testing of the original petcoke showed quite promising results in operational aspects and efficiency as well, continous co-firing of petcoke at that plant where the testing was executed has been started in February 2002 with a petcoke heat input portion up to 70%.