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1
Carter, Nick. "Bioprotection explored : lichens on limestone." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396154.
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Tucker, Richard Frank. "The regeneration of sulphated limestone." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236055.
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Fluidised bed combustion offers potential advantages over conventional power generation systems, particularly with respect to sulphur capture using injected limestone. The stone calcines on entry to the hot bed, forming CaO, and then reacts with SO2 to produce CaSO4. Regenerative schemes aim to reduce the sorbent loading by stripping off the sulphur from the spent limestone which is then reused. This subject of this dissertation is an investigation into the fundamentals of the regeneration of sulphated limestone by reductive decomposition. Following a detailed discussion of the thermodynamic limitations on the reaction system, attention is focussed on the kinetics of the reductive decomposition scheme. The results of a study on the reaction of CaSO4 powder with CO are reported. This made use of two experimental techniques, X-ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. These experiments highlighted the major features of the reaction scheme and allowed the study of two special cases, the sulphidation of CaSO4 to produce CaS only and the solid-solid reaction between CaS and CaSO4. The major experimental technique used for this work was the batch addition of limestone to a fluidised bed. After a brief discussion of the results of sulphation experiments, typical regeneration experiments are described. By varying the test conditions as well as performing several special experiments, a mechanism for the overall reaction is deduced. The effect of the operating variables on the product split is then explicable. The evidence suggests that the closed pores resulting from the sulphation reaction lead to strong diffusion resistance on regeneration which controls the rate during the early and middle stages. By utilising high CO2 concentrations the formation of CaS was inhibited; the reaction was then amenable to quantitative analysis which revealed an approximate first order dependence on CO concentration and an activation energy of 110kJ/mol. One method for reducing the quantities of CaS produced is to operate the fluidised bed in a two-zone fashion i.e. with oxidising and reducing regions. An investigation into this reactor configuration is included with particular attention paid to the oxidation of CaS. The results obtained are explicable in terms of the results from the single zone bed and allow the effects of operating variables on the reactor performance to be predicted. Finally, the mathematical modelling of the gas-solid reactions is considered. The changing grain size model is introduced by considering the sulphation of limestone. The final conditions from this model then form the initial conditions for the regeneration model, which considers mildly reducing conditions only. The final model then uses as a basis the mechanism proposed in chapter 5 and is applied to the thermogravimetric analysis results.
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Mühlherr, Ingo H. "Nitrous oxide in British limestone aquifers." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389365.
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Hartshorn, Sarah Ann. "Sulphate attack of Portland limestone cements." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301594.
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Cheng, Ken. "Optical gradation for crushed limestone aggregates." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1753.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 179 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-153).
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Fretwell, Philip Nicholas. "Some aspects of intra-ooid microporosity in limestones." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321075.
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Kornmüller, Ulrich Christopher Robin. "Limestone dissolution kinetics in upflow reactor systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17440.
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Includes bibliographical references.Waters derived from the Table Mountain sandstones are soft and acidic. Consequently they tend to be highly aggressive to cement materials and corrosive to metals. Full stabilization is normally effected using lime and carbon dioxide, this however is expensive and inappropriate in many rural areas. Partial stabilization effected by passing the water through limestone (calcium carbonate) granules appears to be a practical means of reducing aggression and corrosion problems associated with these waters. In this process calcium carbonate into the water increases the pH and the Alkalinity and calcium content. Feasibility of the process in part depends on the rate at which limestone dissolves into the water. This investigation addresses the problem of modelling the kinetics of the dissolution process and calibrating the model by experimentation.
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Mattar, Patrick. "Permeability of intact and fractured Indiana limestone." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86988.
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This thesis presents the laboratory techniques that were used to determine the permeability of intact and fractured Indiana Limestone. The cylindrical samples used in the experiments measured 100mm in diameter and 200mm in height with concentric axial cylindrical cavities of 23mm diameter along the entire length of the specimen. The permeability of the intact samples was determined by subjecting the sample to radial water flow until the inner pressure of the water-filled cavity reached a steady state. 6 to 18 tests were performed on each sample using different flow rates to obtain an average value of the permeability for each intact specimen of Indiana Limestone. The permeability of the intact specimens ranged from 0.9×10-15 m2 to 1.9×10-15 m2. A flat fracture perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical samples was introduced; the change of the permeability of the fractured samples with quasi-cycled axial loading was determined. The same steady state constant flow test was used and the change in fracture aperture size was recorded. An initial increase in permeability of around 5 orders of magnitude was observed at the beginning of the first loading cycle and significant irreversible reductions of the fracture permeability were observed after each cycle. The fractures were finally sealed with anchoring gel epoxy and the permeability of the sealed samples was compared with those values for the intact samples.Cette thèse présente les techniques expérimentales utilisées pour déterminer la perméabilité du Calcaire d'Indiana en état intact ainsi que fracturé. Des échantillons cylindriques de 200mm de longueur et de 100mm de diamètre avec des cavités concentrique axiales cylindriques de 23mm de diamètre étaient utilisés. La perméabilité des échantillons intacts a été déterminée en appliquant un écoulement d'eau radial à travers les spécimens jusqu'à l'obtention d'une pression de cavité interne constante. 6 à 18 tests ont été effectués sur chaque échantillon en utilisant plusieurs débits pour obtenir une valeur moyenne pour la perméabilité de chaque échantillon de Calcaire d'Indiana. La perméabilité des spécimens intacts obtenue s'étend entre 0.9×10-15 m2 et 1.9×10-15 m2. Une fracture perpendiculaire à l'axe des spécimens cylindriques a été introduite et le changement de la perméabilité à cause d'efforts quasi-cycliques a été déterminé. Le même genre d'expériences (débit constant) utilisé avec les échantillons intacts a été utilisé avec les échantillons fracturés et le changement de la taille des fractures a été enregistré aussi. La perméabilité des spécimens fracturés augmenta d'environ 5 ordres de magnitude au début du premier cycle d'effort appliqué et une chute irréversible de la perméabilité des fractures a été remarquée à la suite de chaque cycle. Finalement, les fractures ont été scellées avec de l'époxy pour ancrage et la perméabilité des échantillons "intacts" a été comparée avec la perméabilité initialement obtenue des échantillons de Calcaire d'Indiana.
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Antill, Sarah. "A computer simulation of limestone weathering mechanisms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391015.
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Summers, S. A. "Calcination of limestone for basic oxygen steelmaking." Thesis, Swansea University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639134.
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Efficient basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) depends on the rapid formation of a highly basic slag and, hence, on the properties of the lime (CaO) added as a flux during BOS converter operation. To evaluate the factors influencing the quality of lime supplied to the steelplants at Port Talbot and Llanwern, laboratory studies and plant trials were undertaken on limestone samples from two different quarries at Shapfell and Batts Combe. Despite significant differences in the microstructures of the two limestones, the rates of weight loss with time were similar at the same calcination temperatures, as was the average crystal size for the lime-crystal aggregates produced under the identical calcination conditions. Moreover, the predicted rates of slag formation appeared comparable, as judged by the results derived from water reactivity tests completed for lime obtained under a wide range of calcination conditions for both limestone samples. In contrast, for equivalent calcination treatments, the porosity values and the amounts of fines generated during abraidability tests were lower for lime samples derived from Shapfell than from Batts Combe limestone. Although the commercial limes supplied from both sources meet the composition specifications set by British Steel, it is proposed that the higher impurity levels in the Shapfell limestone create larger quantities of intergranular viscous silicates during calcination, improving the sintering characteristics of the calcined lime. This view is supported by the observation that, during calcination of Batts Combe limestone, surface 'doping' of the lime with sodium carbonate resulted in a discernible reduction in the percentage of fines generated during subsequent abraidability experiments. In line with the laboratory-based results, plant trials indicated that the slag/metal distributions of sulphur and phosphorous, as well as slag basicities were comparable for commercial lime from the two suppliers. However, in agreement with the abraidability data, dust losses from the converters were substantially greater using the Batts Combe lime.
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Swarna, Anitha. "Removal of Arsenic Using Iron Coated Limestone." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1342.
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Arsenic contamination in drinking water is a severe problem worldwide. The best way to prevent hazardous diseases from chronic arsenic exposure is to remove the exposure. Efforts to remediate arsenic in drinking water have taken two tracks. One is to provide surface or shallow well water sources as an alternative to the arsenic contaminated deep wells. Another approach is to remove arsenic from the contaminated water. Different removal technologies like oxidation, chemical coagulation, precipitation, adsorption and others are available. There are problems and benefits associated with each of these approaches that can be related to cultural, socio-economic and engineering influences. The method proposed in this research is adsorption of arsenic to iron coated limestone. Different iron coated limestone samples were prepared. Standard solutions of 100ppb arsenic were prepared and batch and kinetic experiments were conducted. The final solution concentrations were analyzed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (GFAAs) and the results showed that iron coated limestone removed arsenic below 10ppb with 5 grams of material. Variations in iron coverage impacted efficiency of arsenic removal.
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Van, Laun John. "Early limestone railways of south-east Wales." Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5875.
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Although in one sense this is a study in regional or local history, its findings have much wider implications which are of national significance. Britain gave to the world the Industrial Revolution and, as a corollary, the railway. Evidence which throws new light on the evolution of railways is therefore of high importance to historians and archaeologists of industry. Such evidence, it is suggested, is presented in this thesis. It relates mainly to the evolution of that most essential component of any railway, its track, and to the industrial archaeology of what was the leading iron-producing region of its day. From the 1790s into the 1840s South Wales and, in particular, the Heads of the Valleys was much the largest producer of iron in Britain. To feed the works with raw materials there was a major system of railroads and tramroads which, except perhaps for the North-eastern coalfield, was by far the most extensive in Britain and therefore in the world. Even the tramroads of Shropshire, though tight-packed, were much smaller in extent. As it turned out, the North-east had the greatest influence on the Railway Age, with South Wales not remaining in the vanguard of progress for long. However, it was in South Wales that the first all-iron edge rail was used, and South Wales developed the tramroad to its highest form. Here too, among the precursors of the Railway Age, elements of the public railway were forged. There are three components to the South Wales network. First, the feeders which ran from the limestone quarries of the northem outcrop to the furnaces can be followed for about 100km in total. Although a fair proportion of this distance is now buried by tarmacced roads, within the quarries themselves lie around 20km of traceable routes. Second, a quite different set of lines led to the furnaces from the coal and iron ore mines, which lay closer than the quarries to the ironworks; but if underground track were included their mileage would be huge. Third, the exit lines from the ironworks to the ports, canals and nearby markets (as far away as Kington and Hereford) add a further 190km. Another guide to the enormous mileage built comes from the 10,500 tons of rails cast at Ebbw Vale between 1808 and 1816. If these were 3ft plates of a fairly standard 45lb apiece, they would total nearly half a million, or enough to complete about 220km of tramroad. This from only one ironworks over a mere nine years. So rich an area can only be studied in detail bit by bit. This thesis is therefore restricted to the limestone feeders of the northern outcrop, which archaeologically are the most fruitful. Most of the exit lines have been obscured by later railways; the coal and iron ore feeders are either underground and inaccessible or, where on the surface, have often been tipped over by later workings or destroyed by land reclamation. The limestone quarry feeders therefore provide the best opportunity to record early railways in South Wales. Many of the quarries which supplied the works remain as they were abandoned nearly a century ago. These vast monuments cover an area in excess of 4.5 square kilometres. The importance of the archaeology of the quarrying industry has been established by English Heritage with the publication of a Step I report as part of the Monuments Protection Programme. But the future of the South Wales quarries is not assured. Many could be re-developed through the Interim Development Orders granted in 1947, at a time when they were regarded as eyesores with no particular relevance to our past. Owners of largely unproductive areas of moorland are constantly looking for ways of increasing income. Quarrying for roadstone offers a lucrative return, and provides some jobs in largely rural communities which, theoretically, stimulate local economies. In the relevant counties output, mostly for roadstone, grew from 1,343,000 tons in 1895 to 15,515,000 in 1974.3 It is this threat which in part prompted this study. Although a great deal of attention has been devoted to the history of railways in South Wales (as in the rest of Britain) after 1830, relatively little has been given to their evolution. While previous studies have established the outline - notably Macdermot, Marshall, Lee, Barrie, Clinker, Baxter, Rattenbury and Hughes - these were mainly related to identifying the subject or concentrated on existing lines and documentary sources. Limestone railways have been largely ignored (with the partial exception of Rattenbury and Hughes), and little industrial archaeological survey has hitherto been done. My work, then, breaks new ground. It is intended as a contribution not to business or economic history, but rather to industrial archaeology and the history of technology. As such it combines extensive fieldwork with a detailed study of the history of limestone feeders from documentary sources, some printed but mostly in the National Library of Wales, Gwent Record Office and similar repositories. The result throws a completely new light on the artefacts of early railways, and especially on their permanent way. This has allowed for the first time a provisional typology to be made, and improved our understanding of the influences at work.
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Elgalhud, Abdurrahman Ahmed T. A. "Durability potential of Portland limestone cement concrete." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7903/.
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There is an increasing global concern that has led to efforts to lessen the carbon footprint of the cement industry and make concrete manufacturing more sustainable by using other types of materials as supplements or alternatives, primarily for Portland cement (PC). This research work is concerned with the analytical systemisation, including the analysis, evaluation and structuring of global published experimental results, of ground limestone (GLS) used in concrete as a partial replacement of PC. The work is focussed on the physical and chemical characterisation of GLS and its effects on pore structure (in terms of porosity, water absorption and sorptivity), compressive strength and the durability of the concrete in terms of the carbonation and chloride ingress and the corrosion of steel reinforcement, including a statistical modelling of the carbonation of concrete with Portland limestone cement (PLC). Overall, it is suggested that, though the use of GLS up to 25% with PC should not impair the pore structure, the limit on GLS content for its effect on strength is likely to be about 15%. This should be considered where a higher proportion of GLS content is allowed in the standards. It is also shown that the carbonation rate and chloride ingress into concrete increase with increasing GLS content.
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DeLucia, David Earl. "Cyclic use of limestone for CO2 capture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15136.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING
Bibliography: leaf 150.
by David Earl DeLucia.
M.S.
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Rothfuss, Cara Marie. "Use of granulated limestone as fine aggregate." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013432.
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Lawless, Patrick Joseph. "XERIC LIMESTONE PRAIRIES OF EASTERN UNITED STATES." View online, 2005. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukybiol2005d00321/Lawless.pdf.
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Norman, Kristoffer. "Stylolitization of Limestone : - A Study about the Morphology of Stylolites and Its Impacts of Porosity and Permeability in Limestone." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256884.
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Bogina, Mark A. "Hierarchal genetic stratigraphy of the Neva Limestone Member of the Grenola Limestone and Eskridge Shale (Lower Permian) in northeastern Kansas." Kansas State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19284.
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Williamson, Toni. "Transgressions in the Gambier Limestone, Gambier Basin, S.A. /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbw7324.pdf.
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Jenner, Luc. "Radial hydraulic flow testing of an argillaceous limestone." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106423.
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This thesis describes the use of both steady state and transient radial flow tests for determining the permeability of the argillaceous Lindsay Limestone. The results obtained from this research investigation are compared with data available in the literature for similar argillaceous limestones found in the Lindsay (Cobourg) formation. The efficiency and consistency of the transient and steady state results show computational modeling using finite element programs such as COMSOL Multiphysics™ can be used, under the appropriate meshing scheme, to analyse test results on low permeability geomaterials. The results give a permeability range between 1 x 10^-22 m^2 to 1.68 x 10^-19 m^2 with flow along the bedding plane under unconfined conditions. The permeability of the Lindsay Limestone is of importance in understanding and predicting radionuclide spread within a proposed Deep Ground Repository for storing radioactive waste.Cette thèse décrit l'utilisation de deux tests; un test de pression statique et un test transitoire pour déterminer la perméabilité de la Roche Calcaire Lindsay. Les résultats obtenu par cette recherche sont comparés avec les résultats accessibles dans la littérature pour du calcaire argileux semblable trouvé dans la Formation Lindsay (Cobourg). La efficacité et consistance de les tests transitoires et statiques montre que le modelage computationnel utilisant les programs d'éléments fini comme COMSOL Multiphysics™ peut être utilisait, sous le bonne schème de mailles, pour analyser les résultats sur les géomatériaux a bas perméabilité. Les résultats donne une gamme de perméabilité entre 1 x 10^-22 m^2 et 1.68 x 10^-19 m^2 avec le flux occurrent dans la direction de la stratification sous les sans confinement. La perméabilité de la Roche Calcaire Lindsay est d'importance pour comprendre et prédiquer la diffusion de déchets radioactif dans un dépôt profond dans le sol qui est proposé.
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Moh'd, Basem Khalil Abdul-Hafiz. "Evaluation of some Jordanian limestone as building stone." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267841.
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Campbell, Alanna Stacey. "Consolidant particle transport in limestone, concrete and bone." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8070.
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The use of chemically compatible nano and fine particle colloidal consolidants is a new development within the field of cultural heritage conservation and applied most widely so far to the historic built environment. The ability to introduce a significantly higher quantity of chemically compatible consolidant to a substrate in fewer treatments with the possibility for greater penetration and fewer possible side-effects compared to more established consolidants is a significant advantage. This fundamental scientific study examines the effects of a colloidal calcium hydroxide (nanolime) consolidant on medieval and quarried limestone and autoclaved aerated concrete and the efficacy of a colloidal hydroxyapatite treatment on archaeological human bone. Both calcium hydroxide and hydroxyapatite were synthesised. Characterisation of both compounds was performed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and particle morphology was confirmed by electron microscopy. Particle size was determined by laser diffraction and particle tracking analysis techniques, used together to study these particle systems for the first time, and electron microscopy. The location of particles within treated substrates was established by electron and optical microscopy whilst effects on water transport were determined by imbibition experiments and numerical modelling. For the first time a modified sharp front model was applied to [particle-material]-material composites to aid the understanding of water transport in such materials. Mechanical testing was used to identify differences in material strength depending on treatment layer thickness and mercury intrusion porosimetry suggested extent of pore blocking. It was found that non-classical effects occur in the calcium hydroxide system synthesised in this study and that particle stability can be influenced by reagent concentration. For the first time material sorptivity properties, modality and pore size distribution of Lincoln stone and archaeological bone are reported. The application of a nanolime consolidant to autoclaved aerated concrete allowed the nature of the particle transport through a highly complex material to be determined, showing that the particle concentration decreases with increasing penetration depth. Shallow nanolime particle penetration into limestone appeared ineffective on compressive strength. In a novel study the prospects of a hydroxyapatite consolidant treatment for bone were also evaluated, finding the results to be inconclusive in this small study. For all consolidants a small reduction in material water sorptivity after treatment demonstrated the permeable nature of the treatment layer and suggests the avoidance of damage mechanisms due to highly restricted water transport. Knowledge of the efficacy and location of treatment particles and their affect on water movement, particularly in weathered material, within limestones and archaeological bone is important and was determined for all materials used in this study. This work adds to the understanding of such treatments and their capabilities and the nature of the porous materials used herein.
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Mckinley, Max, and 麥兒. "Effects of limestone fines on performance of concrete." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50900110.
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The production of high-performance concrete having all-rounded high performance has been promoted for the last few decades. Meanwhile, environmental concerns have quested for minimizing cement consumption to reduce carbon footprint. However, contradictory requirements are often imposed on the mix parameters in order to satisfy all the required performance attributes and environmental limitations. The addition of inert fillers such as limestone fines (LF) is a promising way to overcome these difficulties. In this thesis, the packing density and overall performance of mortar and concrete containing different amounts of LF are investigated.
The test results revealed that blending of fine aggregate with LF or with both LF and cement could significantly increase the packing density because the LF and cement particles are much smaller than the aggregate particles and are thus able to fill into the voids between the aggregate particles. However, LF with similar fineness as cement has no filling effect for increasing the packing density when added to cement to a mortar mix in which the powder content is already enough to fill the voids between aggregate particles. Its filling effect is contributed mainly by filling into the paste to increase the paste volume.
In fact, the addition of LF to mortar would slightly decrease the packing density, significantly decrease the water film thickness (WFT) and significantly increase the paste film thickness (PFT). The actual effects of LF volume on the packing density, WFT and PFT are dependent on the cement paste volume. In-depth analysis of the test results showed that the apparently complicated effects of the LF volume are caused by the corresponding changes in the WFT and PFT of the mortar. The overall effects of LF are dependent on the net outcome of the decrease in WFT and the increase in PFT due to the addition of LF. The addition of LF would increase the flow spread when the WFT is relatively large as the decrease in WFT has smaller effect than the increase in PFT, increase the cohesiveness when the LF volume is relatively small as the decrease in WFT has greater effect and increase the early strength provided the WFT would not become too small. However, the addition of LF would always decrease the flow rate because the decrease in WFT always has greater effect than the increase in PFT.
Finally, the possible use of LF as cement paste replacement to reduce cement paste volume is studied. From the correlation of the ultimate shrinkage strain to the cement paste volume and W/C ratio, and to the concrete strength and cement paste volume, it may be concluded that cement paste replacement by the addition of LF would reduce the shrinkage of concrete by both decreasing the cement paste volume and increasing the concrete strength. Moreover, since the reduction in cement paste volume would allow less cement to be used, this would also lead to the production of concrete more ecological. More research on this possible usage of various inert fillers with different fineness is recommended.published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Kutty, Ahmad Abas. "The biodiversity of larval chironomidae within limestone springs." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445640.
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Roberts, Shawn Conrad. "Surface/groundwater interactions in the Lincolnshire limestone aquifer." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313820.
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Khraisha, Yahya Hamad Abdalla. "Limestone decarbonation and fuel burn-out in precalciners." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47509.
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Rasila, O. (Oskari). "Economic analysis of limestone processing side streams utilisation." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201901091015.
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Abstract. Industrial side stream utilisation is generating more interest nowadays and it’s is being researched more and more. By-products and wastes might be suitable material for other processes, disposing them causes additional costs and part of the production costs have sunk into them as well. Research for new applications and utilisation possibilities is important, but at least as important is to examine the economic feasibility of industrial side stream utilisation.
This thesis focuses on side streams created by SMA Mineral’s burnt lime and dolomite processes. Core of this work is to explore the utilisation of limestone processing side streams in the context of circular economy and examine the possible economic benefits of utilising them. Thesis aims to develop 2 or 3 value chain scenarios in which fine calcite, fine dolomite, filter ash and partly burnt lime generated in the processes is utilised. Business cases of selected scenarios are also presented, and rough financial analysis is done to estimate possible economic benefit of each case.
The research methods used are qualitative and descriptive for the most part. The most important part of the empiric research was the innovation workshop, where the value chain scenarios were selected and fleshed out. Interviews were conducted to supplement the workshop before and afterwards. Business cases of each scenario were presented to estimate possible economic benefit. Theoretic foundation was built by doing a literature review on circular economy and relevant concepts such as business ecosystems and value chains.
Three value chain scenarios were created and presented in this work: reactive surface structure, lake liming and granulation. Briquettes and granules showed most potential economic benefit (possible profit + disposal savings). Surface structure and lake liming were technically feasible and offered more economic benefits when compared to disposal.
Results of this thesis can be used to decide the next step to improve SMA Mineral’s resource efficiency. They can be used to select possible topics for further research to continue to develop a scenario or to get additional information.
The results of this thesis are quite context specific. Chosen scenarios are susceptible for company location and goals. The results are also at this moment of time and they could be irrelevant in ten years because of major changes in legislation for example. However, methods used to select and depict value chain scenarios are suitable to research utilisation of other industrial side streams and analyse their economic feasibility.Kalkkikiven jalostuksen sivuvirtojen hyödyntämisen kannattavuusanalyysi. Tiivistelmä. Teollisuuden sivutuotteiden ja jätteiden hyödyntäminen on yhä tärkeämpää ja suuremman mielenkiinnon ja tutkimuksen kohteena. Sivutuotteisiin ja jätteisiin on sitoutunut arvoa tuotantoprosesseissa tuotantokulujen myötä, niiden hävittäminen aiheuttaa myös kustannuksia ja ne voivat olla vielä sinänsä kelvollista materiaalia uusien tuotteiden valmistamiseksi. Tekninen tutkimus ja tuotekehitys ovat tärkeää sivutuotteiden hyödyntämiseksi, mutta yhtä lailla on tärkeää tarkastella teollisuuden sivutuotteiden hyödyntämistä myös taloudellisesta näkökulmasta.
Tämän työn aiheena ovat SMA Mineralin kalkinpoltossa ja dolomiitin murskauksessa syntyvien sivutuotteiden hyödyntäminen. Työ keskittyy tarkastelemaan sivutuotteiden käyttöä kiertotalouden periaatteiden asettamassa kontekstissa ja arvioimaan hyödyntämisen kaupallista hyötyä. Työn tavoitteena on kehittää kahdesta kolmeen lupaavaa arvoketjuskenaariota tuotantoprosesseissa syntyvien alitekalsiitin, suodatinpölyn, epäkurantin poltetun kalkin ja hienojakoisen dolomiitin hyödyntämiseksi. Lisäksi valittujen skenaarioiden business caset esitetään ja analysoidaan alustavan taloudellisen hyödyn arvioimiseksi.
Työssä käytetään pääasiassa kvalitatiivisia ja deskriptiivisiä tutkimusmenetelmiä. Suurin osa työstä perustuu järjestettyyn innovaatiotyöpajaan, jossa valittiin arvoketjuskenaariot analysoitavaksi. Lisäksi haastatteluita käytettiin työpajan täydentämiseksi. Lisäksi käytettiin business case analyysia skenaarioiden taloudellisen hyödyn arvioimiseksi. Teoreettinen pohja rakennettiin perusteellisella kirjallisuuskatsauksella, jossa käsiteltiin keskeisiä teemoja teollisuuden sivuvirtojen taloudelliseen analysointiin.
Työn tärkeimpänä tuloksena oli kolme arvoketjuskenaariota; reaktiivinen pintarakenne, vesistöjen kalkitus ja sivutuotteiden agglomerointi (rakeistaminen ja briketöinti). Kaupallisen hyödyn puolesta kiinnostavimpia olivat rakeistus ja briketöinti, joiden taloudellinen hyöty (tuotto + säästyneet jätekulut) olivat suurimmat. Tekniseltä kannalta tarkasteltuna pintarakenne ja vesistöjen kalkitus olivat myös toimivia ratkaisuja ja kannattavia läjitykseen verrattuna.
Työn tulokset toimivat pohjana seuraaville askeleille SMA Mineralin materiaalitehokkuuden parantamisessa. Niiden avulla voidaan valita mahdollisia jatkotutkimuksen kohteita skenaarioiden jatkokehittämiseksi tai tarkempien lisätietojen saamiseksi.
Työn tulokset ovat varsin spesifisiä työn kontekstille. Valitut skenaariot vaihtelevat esimerkiksi yrityksen sijainnin ja tavoitteiden mukaan. Lisäksi työ on aikasidonnainen ja tulokset voivat olla hyvin irrelevantteja esimerkiksi kymmenen vuoden päästä. Skenaarioiden valitsemiseen ja analysointiin käytetyt menetelmät soveltuvat kuitenkin muidenkin alojen sivuvirtojen hyödyntämisen analysointiin.
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Devine, Steven M. "Petrographic Controls on Weathering of the Haney Limestone." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1594.
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Although karst processes in south central Kentucky have been studied extensively, the Haney Limestone Member of the Golconda Formation has not been studied in detail in contrast to limestones stratigraphically below it that are thicker. In addition, the relationship between petrographic features of the Haney Limestone and the formation of caves and karst features has not been studied extensively compared to lithographic, petrographic, or structural variables
Petrographic data were collected using core and surface exposures across the study area of south central Kentucky from northern Logan and Warren counties up toward the Rough Creek Graben region, and stratigraphic columns were constructed. Twenty-three petrographic thin-sections were made from samples collected at these sites, described, and photo documented. These studies have revealed that grain size and silica content play a role in how the Haney weathers both in surface exposure and in a cave setting. Petrographic thin-section analysis suggests that the Haney possesses a complex diagenetic history that involves several generations of calcite cementation, dolomitization, silicification, and pressure-dissolution features in the form of microstylolites and stylolites. A basal shale in the Big Clifty occurs commonly at the Big Clifty/Haney contact and acts as a confining hydrogeologic unit, which is favorable for the development of springs and caves.
Studying the Haney Limestone petrographically provides an opportunity not only to study a lesser known unit, but also in the context of relating petrographic influences or controls on the morphology of Haney cave-passage development under both vadose and phreatic hydrologic regimens. Heretofore, the vast majority of cave morphological studies have only linked the hydrologic regimen to formation of cave passages, but such studies have not considered petrographic variance. This study not only relates karst features to petrographic variance, but also provides a petrographical description of the Haney across south central Kentucky, whereas many previous studies focused on Illinois and Indiana. Understanding Haney petrographic characteristics also provides context for potential carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs and groundwater resources in the Illinois Basin region.
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Tsotsi, Ciciyela Mlungisi. "Water stabilisation through a limestone mediated sidestream process." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/891.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemical engineering))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2001Approximately 40% of the surface waters of South Africa, and the surface waters of Lesotho, are soft and acidic with low calcium, alkalinity and carborrate species concentration. Distribution of such waters results in aggressive attack of cement concrete pipes and linings, and corrosive attack of metal pipes. valves, etc. within the distribution network. The impact of such attack is usually significant, and usually includes the loss of water, the need for expensive repairs and deterioration in drinking-water quality. Water conditioning to prevent aggression and/or corrosion (termed stabilization) is conventionally achieved by the addition of lime (Ca(OH)2) and carbon dioxide (C02). Although this process is well documented and understood, it has a number of drawbacks which include the use of troublesome lime, high chemical operating costs, and the need for high quality white lime which is currently in short supply in South Africa. An alternative stabilization process is stabilisation via contact with limestone (solid calcium carbonate), which has been shown to have many advantages over Iime-mediated stabilization. However, the use of limestone mediated stabilization has hitherto been limited to smaller water treatment works as a result of the large contact tanks required. Use of limestone for larger water treatment works was made viable by the development by CSIR of the limestone mediated Sidestream Stabilisation Process (SSP). The SSP consists of taking a sidestream of approximately 2 - 5% of the unstabilised water, dosing high levels of C02, and then contacting the COr acidified stream with limestone. The acidified sidestream takes up considerable amounts of calcium carbonate (CaC03), increasing the alkalinity and the calcium concentration.
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Dylewski, Mary. "Subsurface analysis of the 'Trenton' Limestone, north-central Ohio, and its relationship to hydrocarbon migration and accumulation." Connect to resource, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1265287066.
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Untung, Rafiah. "Environmental problems in the limestone industry, Citatah, West-Java, Indonesia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envu61.pdf.
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Głowacki, Adrian. "The permeability hysterisis of Indiana limestone during isotropic compression /." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99761.
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This thesis presents the evolution of intrinsic permeability of Indiana Limestone obtained from testing cylindrical samples subjected to isotropic confining pressure. The cylindrical samples measured 200 mm in height and 100 mm in diameter and were subjected to confining pressure ranging from 5 MPa to 60 MPa. The permeability was determined by subjecting the sample to a constant hydraulic gradient perpendicular to the bedding direction. Three different types of tests were performed: partial-loading and unloading in cycles to a the peak load of 60 MPa, monotonic loading to peak value of 60 MPa, followed by complete unloading to 5 MPa and reloading, monotonic loading to a confining pressure less than 60 MPa and unloading to the reference confining pressure of 5 MPa. It was observed that significant irreversible reductions in permeability took place. Three model curves are proposed to describe this permeability change for the loading, unloading and reloading paths. The results of the research indicate that only one data set from the third test was necessary to develop the model that accurately matched the second and third test.
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Karami, Gholam Hossein. "Assessment of heterogeneity and flow systems in karstic aquifers using pumping test data." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247880.
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Cole, Simon L. "Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Upper Mississippian Reynolds Limestone in the central Appalachian Basin of West Virginia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3971.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 136 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-79).
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Askengren, Albert. "Evaluation of tomographic methods for limestone characterization : Using synchrotron-based X-ray tomography todetermine porosity, internal structure andinternal distributions in limestone." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184937.
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Limestone is a raw material in the cement and quicklime industry and knowledge about limestone characteristics can help improve and optimize production processes. In the end this can lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions from the industry. In this project X-ray tomography (XRT) was used to examine limestone samples. The aim was to determine if XRT, including synchrotron-based XRT, is a reliablemethod to determine porosity, pore structure and internal distributions of pores and pyrite (FeS2) grains in limestone. The aim also included to determine if XRT could be used to resolve material variations, fine-grained and larger crystals in limestone. In total, there were ten limestone samples and the performed XRT was done by Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley, California and by Luleå University of Technology. A brief comparison between ALS and Luleå was also done by inspectingsamples that have been through XRT at both facilities. The main software used foranalysis was Avizo v.9.2.0. The results showed that XRT is a suitable method for determining porosity and pore distribution. Interactive thresholding was used in Avizo for measuring porosity. The porosity was determined as a single value and as a narrow range, where a narrow range was more reliable. XRT was also found to be a suitable method for visually determining a variety of textures within the samples. Areas with different materials(such as dolomite) and/or newly-formed crystals were visually distinguishable but individual newly-formed crystals were not as clear when compared to scanning electron microscopy. Individual older fine-grained and larger crystals were hard to resolve. Internal distributions in 3D of both pores and pyrite grains were possible to obtain with XRT. The analysis of internal distributions was found to be a clear advantage with the method of XRT. The equivalent diameter of pores and pyrite grains was also measured and plotted in histograms. The XRT performed at ALS had higher resolution than the XRT performed in Luleå (0.65 vs 2 μm). Lower resolution over-estimated the average equivalent diameter of pores, and boundaries of pores and cavities were harder to see. Therefore, the higher resolution from ALS was preferable. These results contribute to understanding limestone characteristics.
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Driscoll, Kendra. "FATE OF LIMESTONE DISSOLUTION PRODUCTS IN ACIDIC METALCONTAMINATED SOIL MESOCOSMS." Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2014. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2145.
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The impact of liming (10 t ha-1 of calcitic and dolomitic limestone, separately) on the soil
solution and soil matrix was investigated in an acidic metal-contaminated soil from Sudbury,
ON. A soil mesocosm experiment was performed; columns were leached with simulated
rainwater and the soil solution collected at various locations throughout the soil column. The
dissolution rate of calcitic limestone used for this experiment was found to be approximately
double that of the dolomitic limestone investigated. Calcium and Mg released during limestone
dissolution migrated through the soil profile to the Bf-BC interface. The addition of limestone
increased the pH and decreases the bioavailability of Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, As, Ba, Mn, and Zn the
LFH horizon. Amending acid, contaminated soils with calcitic or dolomitic limestone has
profound effects on soil solution chemistry.
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Phillips, Grenville Walter. "Appropriate post-closure uses for limestone quarries in Barbados." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0009/MQ31633.pdf.
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Shinobe, Alexandre. "Economics of underground conversion in an operating limestone mine." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37283.pdf.
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Chattopadhyay, Sandip. "Modeling and evaluation of granular limestone dry scrubbing processes." Ohio : Ohio University, 1992. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1172088987.
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Arpin, Sarah Marie. "Karst Hydrogeology of the Haney Limestone, South-Central Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1253.
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South-central Kentucky has one of the world’s most intensively studied karstareas, with most work focusing on the Mammoth Cave System and related caves and aquifers. However, slightly higher in the stratigraphic section than Mammoth Cave, the Haney Limestone is a locally important but less well studied carbonate aquifer. This research provides the most comprehensive synthesis to date of the karst hydrogeology of the Haney Limestone of south-central Kentucky, focusing on the distribution and controls on cave and karst features developed within. In contrast to drainage systems within the major limestones below, joints are the most dominant control on passage development in the Haney Limestone within the study area and the orientation of these joints is consistent with that of regional joint sets. Bedding planes and the presence of insoluble rock at the base of the Haney also exert control on conduit development in the Haney Limestone. Most of the caves of the study area developed in the Haney Limestone are singleconduit caves that receive water through direct, allogenic sources. Cave entrances are frequently perennial spring resurgences and the presence of active streams suggests that the caves function within the contemporary landscape, acting as drains for localized recharge areas. The hydrology of the Haney Limestone plays an important, if localized, role in the regional hydrology of south-central Kentucky, integrated into the current system of surface and subsurface drainage of the regional karst landscape. Evidence supports the idea that caves of the Haney Limestone are, geologically, relatively recent phenomena. A majority of the cave passages in the study area are hydrologically active, the water resurging from the sampled springs is typically undersaturated with respect to limestone, and the caves in some case appear to be developed along potential stress release fractures associated with small, apparently young valleys. This suggests that caves in the Haney Limestone were not directly influenced by the incision of the Green River over vast periods, like Mammoth Cave, but that cave development is a largely contemporary process.
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Letendre, Antoine. "Permeability changes in Lindsay Limestone due to isotropic compression." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103474.
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The Lindsay Formation located in southern Ontario has been selected as a site for the construction of a deep geological repository for low to intermediate level nuclear waste. In order to prevent the migration of any radionuclides escaping the engineered barriers within the repository, the underlying material, Lindsay Limestone, must also be treated as an additional barrier. This thesis examines the use of hydraulic pulse testing in order to estimate the permeability of Lindsay Limestone. Tests are performed on 100 mm diameter samples cored both perpendicular to and along the bedding planes. The samples are subjected to isotropic confining stresses that are cycled from 5 MPa to 20 MPa resulting in a seven times increase in permeability perpendicular to the bedding plane, and a slight decrease parallel to the bedding plane. Including the recorded alterations, permeability estimates all remain ≤10^-22 m^2 showing that the material is a good candidate for a geological repository.La Formation Lindsay, qui se trouve au sud-est de l'Ontario, a recemment été selectionée pour la construction d'un repositoire souterrain de dechets nucleaires. Puisque les elements radionucleaires sont entreposé sous la terre, leur migration est normalement empechée en utilisant des barrieres artificielles. Cela dit, pour créer un projet qui sera efficace pour la demi-vie des isotopes radioactives, de 50 000 a 100 000 ans, il faut aussi considérer la formation de roches sous le site comme étant une barriere additionelle. Cette thèse examine l'utilisation des tests de pulsion hydraulique pour estimer la perméabilitée de la Roche Calcaire Lindsay. Les tests ont été faits sur des cylindres ayant un diametre de 100 mm. Ces cylindres ont été prélevés de la roche dans la direction parallèle au plan de stratification ainsi que perpendiculairement cette direction. Durant les tests, les specimens ont été sujet a des pressions uniformes qui ont été variées de 5 MPa a 20 MPa. Ceci a causé une augmentation de la permeabilitée dans les spécimens perpendiculaires au plan de sratification d'environ 7 fois la permeabilitée originale, et une petite diminution de la permeabilitée dans la direction des plaines de déposition. Malgré les changements aux valeurs de la perméabilitée dans les spécimens, ces valeurs sont restées ≤10^-22 m^2, ce qui indique que le site est idéal pour la construction d'un repositoire souterrain.
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Hekimi, Benjamin. "The physical and mechanical properties of an argillaceous limestone." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116910.
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This thesis presents the work undertaken to characterize the mechanical, physical and fabric characteristics of the argillaceous Lindsay-Cobourg Limestone (LCL), which is a candidate host rock for the construction of a Deep Ground Repository (DGR) for storing low and intermediate level radioactive waste. The work includes a range of tests that were conducted to determine the fabric of the rock, the physical properties of the discrete species of rock and the bulk hydraulic and mechanical properties of representative volume elements of the rock. Emphasis is placed on the application of the "Plug Test" developed at McGill for estimating the tensile strength of the rock as a convenient alternative to the conventional tests such as the Brazilian splitting test. The influence of stratification on the estimation of tensile strength of the LL is discussed.Cette thèse décrit le travail entrepris pour caractériser la roche calcaire argileuse Lindsay-Cobourg (LCL), une strate géologique candidate pour la construction du Deep Ground Repository (DGR), un site pour disposer de déchets radioactifs de niveau d'intensité basse ou moyenne. La recherche inclut des expériences pour déterminer la résistance à la compression et la traction, les propriétés physiques, la perméabilité et la composition du matériau. La recherche porte principalement sur des expériences sur la résistance à la traction, ce qui inclut une méthode alternative pour tester la résistance d'un matériau cassant, le test d'expansion de la cavité centrale, ainsi que la plus traditionnelle méthode indirect dite « Brésilienne ». L'effet de l'anisotropie du LCL est discuté dans le cas des expériences sur la résistance à la traction.
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Turnbull, Lindsay Ann. "The role of spatial processes in a limestone grassland." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286743.
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Thornbush, Mary J. "Traffic pollution and urban limestone weathering : central Oxford, England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422515.
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Thomas, Mark W. "Geochemical Modeling of CO2 Sequestration in Dolomitic Limestone Aquifers." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3708.
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Geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in a deep, saline aquifer is being proposed for a power-generating facility in Florida as a method to mitigate contribution to global climate change from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The proposed repository is a brine-saturated, dolomitic-limestone aquifer with anhydrite inclusions contained within the Cedar Keys/Lawson formations of Central Florida. Thermodynamic modeling is used to investigate the geochemical equilibrium reactions for the minerals calcite, dolomite, and gypsum with 28 aqueous species for the purpose of determining the sensitivity of mineral precipitation and dissolution to the temperature and pressure of the aquifer and the salinity and initial pH of the brine. The use of different theories for estimating CO2 fugacity, solubility in brine, and chemical activity is demonstrated to have insignificant effects on the predicted results. Nine different combinations of thermodynamic models predict that the geochemical response to CO2 injection is calcite and dolomite dissolution and gypsum precipitation, with good agreement among the quantities estimated. In all cases, CO2 storage through solubility trapping is demonstrated to be a likely process, while storage through mineral trapping is predicted to not occur. Over the range of values examined, it is found that net mineral dissolution and precipitation is relatively sensitive to temperature and salinity, insensitive to CO2 injection pressure and initial pH, and significant changes to porosity will not occur.
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Ellis, Sam. "Ecological studies of the butterflies of magnesian limestone grassland." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295744.
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Riggs, Katherine Sarah. "Soil chemical changes following limestone additions to acid soils." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315889.
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Riley, James D. "Restoration of magnesian limestone grassland on former quarry sites." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246688.
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Crowley, Stephen Frederick. "Aspects of the diagenesis of the Great Limestone Cyclothem." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252954.
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Davies, Neil Harvey. "Limestone as a desulphurising sorbent in power generating systems." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337999.
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