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1
Houngaloune, Sengpasith, Kamar Shah Ariffin, Hashim bin Hussin, Koichiro Watanabe, and Visane Nhinxay. "A STUDY ON THE SPECIFIC RATE OF BREAKAGE OF DIFFERENT LIMESTONES FROM LAO PDR AND MALAYSIA IN A LABORATORY BALL MILL." ASEAN Engineering Journal 1, no. 3 (September 20, 2011): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v1.15304.
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Effects of the different limestones and feed size on the specific rate of breakage (Si) were investigated at batch grinding conditions based on kinetic model. Six different mono-size fractions were prepared between 212 and 20 µm. The specific rates of breakage were determined from the size distributions at different grinding times, and the specific rates of breakage were compared for four limestone samples taken from different geological origin (Baling limestoneLB, Vangvieng limestone-LV, Laungprabang limestone-LL and Oudomxay limestone-LO). The results indicated that the different properties of limestone had a significant effect to the specific rate of breakage. The LB limestone gave the fastest rates of breakage because of its prominent cleavages texture, whereas the LO limestone had the slowest rates of breakage which this is due to its high content of impurities such as silica, magnesia, alumina and iron oxide. The variation of the specific rate of breakage with feed size of limestones studied show that the feed size of -75+53µm gave the highest rate of breakage compared to other feed sizes for LV, LL and LO samples; while the size fraction of -106+75µm was the best feed size for LB sample.
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Roy, Debasish, Dheeraj Pande, Sikta Patnaik, S. K. Varughese, A. K. Pradhan, B. Saravanan, and A. K. Bhatt. "Petro-mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Shahaba Limestone from Gogi-Kanchankayi sector, Bhima Basin, Karnataka with reference to Uranium mineralisation." Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists 38, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51710/jias.v38i1.139.
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The Shahabad Limestone Formation of Bhima Basin from Gogi-Kanchankayi area occurs in heterogeneous forms like massive/blocky limestone, argillaceous/ siliceous limestone and laminated/ flaggy limestone. These limestones are primarily composed of micrite, which often alters into sparry calcite on diagenesis with associated impurities of quartz, feldspar, barite, chlorite, glauconite, sulphides and carbonaceous matter. Geochemically, these limestones comprises of variable CaO with low MgO and P2O5 content. Trace elements concentration shows elevated Ba, Rb and depleted Sr. The current study classified these limestones as non-dolomitic and non-phosphatic types deposited in shallow marine carbonate platform setting with low energy conditions. Post-sedimentation, basin tectonics has resulted in reactivation of the basin margin fault causing intense fracturing of limestone. Subsequent hydrothermal movement along those fractures has resulted in re-mobilisation and re-precipitation of sulphides and carbonaceous matter, and along with alteration has facilitated the precipitation of the uranium bearing minerals.
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Pivko, Daniel. "Litavský vápenec zo St. Margarethenu a Fertőrákosu a jeho využitie na Slovensku ako dekoračný kameň." Geologické práce Správy 138 (February 24, 2023): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.56623/gps.138.4.
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In Western Slovakia, especially in the Bratislava region and Trnava region, Leitha limestone of the Badenian (Langhian – early Serravalian) age from St. Margarethen in Austria was widely used for architectural articles and sculptures (200 realizations), alternatively a similar limestone from Fertőrákos in Hungary. 380 tombstones were identified only in Bratislava cemeteries. From the second half of the 17th century to the first half of the 20th century, the limestones were one of the most used in Slovakia due to their light dressing and relatively homogeneous appearance. The strongly porous coarse-grained to medium-grained the Leitha limestone has the appearance of sandstone and is composed of a predominance of red algae nodules over foraminifers, sea urchin, moss and shell fragments. The rhodoliths, pectenoids and oysters are scattered in the Leitha limestones up to a few cm size, which distinguish the limestone type from other the Leitha limestones and similar Sarmatian limestones. The limestone is dominated by rhodolithes in the St. Margarethen quarry and by bivalves and macroscopic quartz in Fertőrákos quarry. Porous limestones are exposed to weathering outdoors, leading to mass loss, flaking, sulphate efflorescence, black crusts from microscopic organisms and the colonization by lichens and mosses. The peak of limestone use for public buildings and sculptures was the years 1745 to 1780 (reign of Maria Theresa), and about 1880 to 1915, when there was relative prosperity and machine production began. The tombstones made of the Leitha limestones shifts to a peak between 1905 and 1925. In the 20th century, the Leitha limestones gave way to a competition from Czech decorative stones.
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Tung, Bui Duc, Ngoc Ha Do, Nguyen Kim Thanh, Le Hong Luong, Osamu Watanabe, Kazunori Hayashi, Akihiko Wakai, and Shinro Abe. "Geometry and the Mechanism of Landslide Occurrence in a Limestone Area – Case Examples of Landslides in Vietnam and from Europe, China, and Japan –." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 646–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0646.
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Landslide damage has been reported in many limestone areas in Europe, where the population lives close to limestone areas, and in Guilin in southern China and Ha Long in Vietnam, which are known for their unique limestone landscapes. There are few studies on the mechanism and type of landslide motion in and around such limestone areas. The lack of basic data is a problem for risk assessment and countermeasures in limestone areas. In this study, we summarized the causes and mechanisms of landslide occurrence, including geology and groundwater, focusing on six landslides that occurred in limestone areas in northern Vietnam, and classified them into six types of landslide movement. In the case of Japan, the occurrence of landslides in limestone areas is rare despite the wide distribution of limestone, and it is difficult to classify the type of movement. Differences in the landslide mechanisms are caused by the difference between limestones generated in the pelagic environment of Japan and limestones developed along the Tethys Sea coast, which are mixed with pelitic rocks as shallow-water sediments in Europe, China, and Vietnam. It is necessary to elucidate the relationship between landslides and the formation environment and sedimentary characteristics of limestone as an accretionary prism based on comparisons of a wide range of cases in future studies.
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Dvořák, Karel, Dušan Dolák, Jaroslav Bureš, Dalibor Všianský, and Simona Ravaszová. "The Relation of Limestone Origin and its Reactivity to the Preparation of Desulphurization Agents." Solid State Phenomena 276 (June 2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.276.83.
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Limestone is used in the flue gas desulphurization process due to its ability to form sulfur compounds. Different qualities of limestone absorbents can be used in the process and it is therefore important to measure the reactivity of these materials. A limestone with a 90 to 95% of calcium carbonate is used to prepare limestone slurry for the flue gas desulphurization. It is very important to explore the different properties of the raw material for a better understanding of the desulphurization process and also the impact on the economic aspect of the process [1-3]. This article presents a study about limestones reactivity, which is measured by the Bischof-Uhde method. At first the study monitors the impact of the milling of set of Czech limestones on their reactivity and furthermore deals with the influence of the genesis and porosity of the set of world limestones also on the reactivity of limestones in the desulphurization process.
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Wang, Jue, Xu Wu, and Oliver C. Mullins. "Fluorescence of Limestones and Limestone Components." Applied Spectroscopy 51, no. 12 (December 1997): 1890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702971939712.
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The fluorescence of a series of limestones has been investigated; the relative fluorescence intensities of these limestones differ by a factor of 10. With UV excitation, the fluorescence spectra of these limestones exhibit two distinct peaks, one blue and one red; the relative magnitude of the blue peak is larger for more fluorescent limestone. The limestones were digested, allowing for isolation of different limestone components, which are acid-extractable organics, bitumen, and kerogen. With the correlation of fluorescence spectra and intensities, it has been established that the acid extract fraction produces the blue peak in the rocks. Concentrated bitumen produces red fluorescence, contributing to the red peak of the rock. Generally, the limestone kerogens are found to possess very low fluorescence, in contrast to carbonaceous shale kerogens, and probably do not contribute to rock fluorescence.
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Rock, N. M. S. "Value of chemostratigraphical correlation in metamorphic terranes: an illustration from the Colonsay Limestone, Inner Hebrides, Scotland." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 76, no. 4 (1985): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300010683.
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ABSTRACTChemostratigraphical correlation provides valuable insights into the status of the Colonsay Group, which field and structural studies have left unresolved. Using published discriminant functions, major and trace element data support previously proposed correlations of the Colonsay Limestone with Appin Group (Lower Dalradian) limestones, and particularly with the Ballachulish Limestone Formation. They also tend to preclude correlations with other nearby Dalradian carbonate formations, with marbles of the early Precambrian Lewisian complex, and with miscellaneous unassigned limestones in a similar structural position to the Colonsay Limestone, astride the Great Glen fault.
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Maryanto, Sigit, Dian Hari Saputra, Sonia Rinjani, and M. Luthfi Faturrakhman. "Sedimentologi Batugamping Formasi Jayapura di Sepanjang Lintasan Dewarebru, Mamei-Waibron, Jayapura." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 21, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v21i2.506.
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The Pleistocene of the Jayapura Formation limestones well cropped out at Dewarebru Section, Mamey-Waybron, Jayapura Regency. Detailed descriptions of rock outcrops and petrography analysis of selected limestone samples is used to find out the limestone sedimentology characters. This Jayapura limestone was divided onto four limestone facies, including lithoclastic rudstone, bioclastic packstone, bioclastic grainstone and bioclastic wackesone rock facies. The rocks was deposited in a fore slope talus forming submarine alluvial fan, furthermore the rocks was deposited in a local slope on the back reef environment.Keywords: Limestone, petrography, stratigraphy, sedimentology, Jayapura
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Gołaszewski, J., G. Cygan, and M. Gołaszewska. "Analysis of the Effect of Various Types of Limestone as a Main Constituent of Cement on the Chosen Properties of Cement Pastes and Mortars." Archives of Civil Engineering 65, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0035.
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AbstractThe article is an attempt to compare the impact of the use of various types of limestone as the main constituent of cement on selected mortar properties. Four different limestones were added in amount of 15, 30, 40% to CEM I 42.5 R to obtain limestone cemens. Rheological properties (yield stress, plastic viscosity) of fresh mortar, tensile and compressive mortar strength, early shrinkage, and drying shrinkage were tested. Obtained results indicate that both tensile and compressive strength decreases with the increase of the limestone content in cement. Limestone can worsen or improve workability, depending on distribution of limestone grains. The addition of limestone increases the early shrinkage, but reduces the shrinkage after 28 days. Studies show that the granulation of limestone plays an important role in determining the influence of limestone on mortar properties.
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Darman, Herman. "Tracing the Provenance of the Devonian Limestone of Telen River, East Kalimantan." Berita Sedimentologi 47, no. 1 (August 15, 2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51835/bsed.2021.47.1.62.
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H. Witkamp found an outcrop with Devonian Limestone in East Kalimantan in 1925. In 1989, an expedition run by Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB) reinvestigated the outcrop and concluded that the Devonian Limestones in Telen River were boulders within a Permian formation. This paper gives a wider overview on the distribution of Devonian rocks in Asia Pacific region and discusses their possible origin.Based on the distribution map of Devonian rocks in the region, the Devonian limestone in Borneo is very isolated. The closest Devonian limestones are about more than 2000 km away. Probably the Devonian limestone in Telen River has been separated away from its origin by significant tectonic movement. There are several theories and models related to the formation history of this area, which makes it very complex. To understand the origin of these limestones, the geology needs to be restored to their time and place of deposition of the Devonian limestone.
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Kravchenko, E. N., V. N. Kadurin, and A. I. Shulman. "TO THE QUESTION OF THE GENESIS OF THE LIMESTONE OF THE GUIDIRIM AND SEVERIN DEPOSITS." Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 26, no. 1(38) (September 4, 2021): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2021.1(38).234713.
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Problem Statement and Purpose. In Transnistria, the deposits of Sarmatian-age limestone are explored and exploited. These minerals are used as raw materials for cement production, as well as for the production of buta and rubble. The issues of genesis and facial transitions of these deposits remain under-studied. Data & Methods. The purpose of this work is to determine the genetic affiliation of the limestone deposits of the Gidirim and Severin deposits on the basis of facial and chemical analysis. The materials of the research are the limestones of two deposits of Transnistria. The object is the limestone of the Sarmatian age of the deposits of Transnistria. The subject of the study is the lithological and paleontological characteristic, the chemical composition of these limestones. Research methods: topical; biofacial, computer processing with GIS – programs; Laboratory quality diagnostics, chemical and physical-chemical methods of quantifying the main components of carbonate rocks. Results. The geological conditions of the Severin and Gidirim deposits were studied, and the place of productive layers of deposits in the stratigraphic scheme of Transnistria was determined on the basis of the lithological and paleontological characteristics of the rocks. Limestones mined at the Gidirim field belong to the May Day retinue, and the limestone of Severinovsky belongs to the Bessarabian reefs. Chemical analysis of limestone samples extracted from the deposits was carried out and differences in the chemical composition of the limestone of these deposits were determined. The limestone deposits in the content of calcium carbonate are clean. The concentration of silicon dioxide in the samples of the Severin field is higher than in the samples of the Giderim field, the content of one-and-a-half oxides, on the contrary, in Severinovka – 0.68%, in samples of the Giderim field – 1.04%. Analysis of the lithological composition and fauna of limestones has made it possible to distinguish within the Middle-Sarmatian basin of sedimentopulation: (a) accumulation of biogenic-chemogenic limestone of the near shelf, b) biogenic precipitation of the transition zone (reefs), c) silicate-terrigenous formations of the far shelf. The variety of phased conditions in the basin is associated with the position of the coastline and the inflection of the bottom on the boundary of the near and far shelf. The limestone of the studied deposits was formed in two different facial environments: the chemogenic-carbonate and the transient, which is associated with the formation of a strip of Bessarabian reefs. The study of paleontological residues, lithology and chemical composition of rhypogenic limestone showed the autonomy of this environment, as it has features of sedimentogenesis and near and far shelf.
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Kontopoulos, Nikolaos. "The mineralogy and sedimentation environment of the Neogene marly limestones Aitoloakarnania (Greece)." Geologica Balcanica 21, no. 3 (June 30, 1991): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.21.3.75.
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The 70 m thick Pliocene lacustrine marly limestone at Agios Ilias has been sampled in detail and analysed for grain size, clay mineralogy, CaCO3 and Corg. Two types of terrigenous fraction are seen: one with a substantial amount of coarse silt, the other with little sediment coarser than 6 φ. Sometimes there is an inverse relationship between abundance and grain size ofterrigineous fraction. The higher silt and sand content of the less terrigenous marly limestones indicate wind-blow transport of sediment; the clay rich, more terrigenous marly limestones may reflect stream input of suspended material. The illite, montmorillonite and kaolinite comprising the clay fraction are probably of detrital origin. The marty·limestones consist of > 80% CaC03. Calcium carbonate precipitates inorganically resulting from photosynthetic increase of the pH. The very low organic carbon and general lack of stratification show a well oxygenated bioturbated lake floor. Variation in Corg ret1ect proximity to the lake margin. There is no evidence of evaboritic playa conditions. The marly limestooes are contrasted with other Neogene lacustrine marly limestopes in the Peloponesse in terms of source area, clay mineralogy and fossil content.
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Ahmed, Naela Mohammed, Shaif Kasem Saleh, and Omer Ali Mansha. "Estimation of limestone deposits calcium carbonate source for industrial applications in some area of Lahej Governorate- Yemen." University of Aden Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 24, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47372/uajnas.2020.n2.a10.
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The area of the study is at Lahej Governorate, Yemen, which is about 110 km to the north from Aden.Limestone deposits at the study area belongs to Amran Group of Jurassic Age. Three main formations composed Amran Group; Lower: Shugrah Formation, Middle: Madbi Formation and Upper:Nayfa Formation. Nayfa Formation is characterized by thickly bedded and massive limestones of which having between them ahigh quality, interestingly pure thick limestone, atdepths from nearly 40 m to75m, which is studied early by the National Company of Cement (NCC), at the areas ofWadi Faltah,Wadi Nakhleen and between Ar-Raqah and Wadi Asaq. These limestones are classified as high and very high pure limestones according to the results of chemical analysis, the spatial contour maps of percentages of CaCO3 and CaO attributes. Limestone is considered as raw materials for proper industries. Accordingly, the limestones could be used for glass manufacture. High and very high limestone is the suitable for Soda ash manufacturing, for iron and steel industry.
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Sklenářová, Dorothea, Karel Dvořák, and Dušan Dolák. "Decomposition of Crystalline Limestones during the Burning Process." Solid State Phenomena 325 (October 11, 2021): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.325.98.
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The decomposition of limestone during the firing process is mainly based on the decarbonation of CaCO3. In the case of crystalline limestone, it is the decomposition of calcite crystals. In this study, different limestone properties on the course of decarbonation are studied. Therefore, the samples are determined from a geological and physicochemical point of view (geological age and origin, total porosity, limestone category, chemical analyses and insoluble residue). After thorough identification of the samples, various analyses focused on limestone and lime microstructure are performed, such as SEM image analysis or lime reactivity. For these analyses, the samples are burned at different temperatures. The decrepitation amount of limestones during burning process is determined.
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Orchard, M. J., and L. C. Struik. "Conodonts and stratigraphy of upper Paleozoic limestones in Cariboo gold belt, east-central British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 538–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-055.
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The stratigraphy and geological relationships of upper Paleozoic limestones in the Cariboo gold belt are discussed in the light of 49 new conodont collections. Combined with lithological criteria, these define three units: the Lower Mississippian Greenberry Formation, the new Alex Allan Formation, and the new (informal) Sugar limestone. The Greenberry Formation is largely an upper Tournaisian limestone composed of transported bioclastic debris that was deposited in shallow water. Limestone of the Alex Allan Formation disconformably overlies the Greenberry Formation and contains a mixed conodont fauna representing the Early and Middle Pennsylvanian and possibly the Late Mississippian and Late Pennsylvanian. The mixing is ascribed to the influx of eroded Mississippian? and Pennsylvanian strata. Where observed, the Greenberry and Alex Allan Formation limestones are less than 30 m thick, and they apparently represent deposition during anomalous sedimentary pulses in an otherwise nondepositional interval. Conodont faunules from both limestones include many elements previously unrecorded in western Canada, the most notable of which are Mestognathus from the Greenberry Formation and Gondolella and Neogondolella from the Alex Allan Formation. The Wolfcampian crinoidal Sugar limestone is spatially and apparently structurally and stratigraphically unrelated to the Greenberry and Alex Allan formations.
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Permana, Aang Panji, Subagyo Pramumijoyo, and Sunarty Suly Eraku. "MICROFACIES AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF TERTIARY LIMESTONE, GORONTALO PROVINCE, INDONESIA." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 2, no. 446 (April 15, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.29.
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The research area is located in northern Limboto Lake in Gorontalo Province, which has complex geological characteristics. The geological complexities include stratigraphy and tectonics which influence the formation of the Limboto Basin. Limestone research in the Late Tertiary Limboto Basin is very intriguing to be done because of the lack of research in limestone. Gorontalo limestone outcrops, which become the focus of the research, have a total thickness of 30 meters. The research objective is to analyze facies, microfacies, and depositional environment of tertiary limestone. These two research objectives are attained by using two research methods, namely measurd section and petrography analysis. The research result exhibits that there are four Gorontalo limestones facies, including coralline rudstone intercalated with thin mudstone facies, sandy micrite intercession facies, coralline rudstone intercession facies and sandy allochem limestone intercession facies. According to the limestone micro- facies standard, the depositional environment of Gorontalo limestone is platform interior restricted (facies zone 8).
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Odey, J. U., A. C. Ugwu, and B. N. Ekwueme. "Petrography, geochemistry and industrial quality of the Etono limestone in Ugep Southwest, Southeastern Nigeria." Global Journal of Geological Sciences 19, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v19i1.12.
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Petrographic and geochemical analyses were carried out on limestones occurring in Etono, Southwest Ugep, Southeastern Nigeria to determine their chemical composition, industrial uses and classification. Samples of limestone in the area were subjected to petrographic study and analyzed geochemically using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) techniques. The petrographic analysis reveals that the Etono limestone contains high percentage of carbonate materials with scanty organic remains and patches of iron. The bulk- rock composition of the limestone shows that the average SiO2 = 9.02%, Al2O3 = 1.95%, Fe2O3 = 2.08%, MgO = 0.39%, K2O = 0.47%, Na2O = 0.00%, CaO = 47.92%, SO2 = 0.24% and LOl = 37.37%. The limestone is classified based on their moderately high CaO, SiO2 and LOl and very low MgO. The mean CaO (47.92%) of Etono Limestone is high relative to the mean CaO of Agoi Ibami Limestone (43.83%) but low relative to the Mfamosing Limestone (55.30%) and the mean SiO2 values of 9.02% is high relative to Mfamosing Limestone (0.38%) but low relative to Agoi Ibami Limestone (13.93%). Results of the geochemical investigation reveal a shallow marine environment of deposition (EOD) for Etono Limestone. The higher values of CaO and LOl and lower values of SiO2 of the limestone suggest that it can be used for cement production, building stone, filler and agricultural purposes.
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Ren, Peng, Bo Zhang, Ya Qiao Wang, Lu Zhang, and Lin Zhao. "Analysis of Low Temperature and High Temperature Performance of Different Aggregate SMA." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.252.
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Three kinds of combination schemes were designed about SMA-13 asphalt mixture. They were basalt aggregate SMA, limestone aggregate SMA, basalt and limestone aggregate SMA. Through the study of low temperature and high temperature test of three kinds of combination, the low temperature performance of basalt and limestone aggregate SMA was better than that of the basalt aggregate SMA; and the high temperature performance was in between, thus providing important experimental data for the limestones replacing basalt in SMA pavement.
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Duffin, Christopher J., and David J. Ward. "Coprolites in an Early Carboniferous microvertebrate fauna from Derbyshire, UK." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 297, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0910.
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Formic acid treatment of bioclastic limestones, and the disaggregation of impersistent black marl samples using the kerosene and boiling water method has yielded a very rich microvertebrate fauna from the Early Carboniferous Eyam Limestone Formation (Peak Limestone Group, Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup) of Derbyshire (UK). Small numbers of vertebrate coprolites were found in the picked residues, some of which are described here as Vinculostercus vermiformis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. The low diversity coprofauna also includes Eucoprus sp., and two otherwise unidentified ichnogenera.
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Hagen, Arnulf P., William D. Lee, and Tisha M. Jones. "Asphalt-Aggregate Interactions Characterized by Zeta Potential and Retained Strength Measurements for Natural and Organosilane-Treated Aggregates." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1535, no. 1 (January 1996): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153500114.
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Zeta potentials in water have been measured for a poorly performing, easily stripped hard limestone, a well-performing hard limestone, a sandstone, a rhyolite, soda lime glass beads, and for eight AC-20 asphalt binders. Four of the binders selected to represent a range of zeta potentials were combined with the sandstone, the limestones, and the glass beads according to Oklahoma Department of Transportation mix formulas and tested for retained strength. The good hard limestone was the best overall performer with retained strengths of 96 to 100 percent, the poor hard limestone was acceptable, overall the sandstone was unsatisfactory; and the glass beads did not survive the retained strength preconditioning procedure. The aggregates were then treated with organosilane derivatives to chemically modify their surfaces and to change the aggregate zeta potential. For example, the zeta potential of the poor hard limestone was made to be closer to that of the good hard limestone. The modified aggregates were then used in the same mix and the retained strengths measured. The good hard limestone mix exhibited no change in retained strength; however, the poor hard limestone, the sandstone, and the glass bead mixes gave excellent retained strengths.
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Albu, Doina Cezara. "Physico-Mechanical Characteristics of Limestone Blocks from the Republic of Moldova." Materials Science Forum 1074 (November 8, 2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-52advd.
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The present experimental study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the physical-mechanical properties of limestone blocks quarried in the Republic of Moldova. Apparent density, water absorption and compressive strength are examined based on laboratory work. The masonry material - limestone blocks are characterized both in comparison with other types of masonry materials and by comparing the compressive strength with other types of limestones. The analysed limestone samples were taken from 3 limestone quarries located in different areas on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. The results showed that limestone blocks from Moldova have better properties than AAC and some bricks. The materials used in the experimental work were selected to be representative of the mechanical characteristics present in old and existing buildings in Chisinau. This research is significant for the variation of the physical-mechanical properties of Moldovan limestone blocks compared to the same properties of other types of masonry blocks.
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Wei, Xiaoqing, Yi Luo, Yuhang Tao, Xinping Li, and Fei Meng. "Experimental Research into the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Low-Density Reef Limestone Based on Image Recognition." Materials 16, no. 15 (August 4, 2023): 5465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155465.
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Low-density reef limestone is widely distributed in tropical oceans; exploring its mechanical properties is of significance to practices in marine foundation engineering. In this research, laboratory experiments on low-density reef limestones with two different types of porous structures were conducted using image recognition methods to study the special mechanical properties of low-reef limestone. S¯ was defined as the parameter quantifying the pore geometry, and the calculation method of S¯ was optimized based on image recognition data. Finally, the influencing factors of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of low-density reef limestone were analyzed, and a modified formula considering pore structure was proposed. The results indicate the following: Image recognition methods were used to determine feasibility and convenience of capturing 2D pore geometric information of specimens. The optimization method of S¯ is conducive to improving automatic image recognition accuracy. Low-density reef limestones with different porous structures show small difference in porosity and density, while they exhibit large differences in pore sizes and UCS. The UCS of low-density reef limestone is found to be jointly influenced by pore structure and density (it increases with the decrease in parameter S¯ and increase in density). The results may provide help for those investigating the mechanical properties of reef limestone and practices in marine foundation engineering.
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Humane, Sumedh K., and P. Kundal. "Morelletpora (a dasycladacean alga) from the Fulra Limestone Formation of the south western Kachchh." Journal of Palaeosciences 55, no. (1-3) (December 31, 2006): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2006.94.
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The carbonates of the Fulra Limestone Formation (Late Middle Eocene) revealed the presence of Morelletpora sp. from southwestern Kachchh, India. Earlier the genus Morelletpora was reported from the Khairabad Limestone (Ranikot beds) of the Nammal Gorge, Salt Range (Punjab, Pakistan). This dasycladacean alga has been recovered for the first time from the marine limestones of the Jadwa Stream section of south western Kachchh. The presence of dasycladacean alga, Morelletpora suggests that this carbonate shelf of the Fulra Limestone Formation was deposited at very shallow marine water.
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Desmiarti, Reni, Ellyta Sari, Firdaus Firdaus, Erda Desfitri, Amelia Amir, Inva Salsabil, Maulana Rosadi, and Nofri Naldi. "The Effect of Calcination Temperature on The Quality of Quicklime from Different Limestone Mines in West Sumatera, Indonesia." Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.55043/jaast.v6i1.44.
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Quicklime is a widely used industrial chemical and its characteristics may be affected by the limestone characteristics and calcination temperature. The present study investigated the quicklime characteristics obtained from limestone after calcination at different temperatures (800, 900, and 1000 ℃) from six geological-different mines in West Sumatera, Indonesia. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was performed to characterize the elemental compositions in limestone and quicklime. The stoichiometric evaluation was examined to compare the obtained carbon dioxide (CO2) from experimental and theoretical results during calcination. Based on elemental composition from XRF analysis, all the investigated limestones are very pure limestones, with impurities of less than 1%. The level of calcium oxide (CaO) after calcination at 1000℃ increased to more than 90% for all investigated limestone. The obtained CaO and CO2 mass after calcination at 1000℃ for 5 h were more than 70 and 60 grams, respectively. However, the experimental results on CaO and CO2 mass were 5–12% less than theoretical mass, reflecting the partial decomposition of calcium carbonate during the calcination process.
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Cózar, Pedro, Ian D. Somerville, and Iain Burgess. "New foraminifers in the Visean/Serpukhovian boundary interval of the Lower Limestone Formation, Midland Valley, Scotland." Journal of Paleontology 82, no. 5 (September 2008): 906–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/07-103.1.
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The biostratigraphy of the upper part of the Mississippian Lower Limestone Formation in the Midland Valley, Scotland is revised using foraminiferal assemblages. This formation was previously assigned exclusively to the upper part of the Brigantian Substage (upper Cf6δ, P2 or latest Visean), whereas the succeeding Limestone Coal Formation (barren of foraminifers and conodonts) was assigned to the Pendleian Substage (lower Cf7, E1 or early Serpukhovian). The foraminifers, in particular those recorded from the Second Hosie and Top Hosie limestones and their lateral equivalents (Anvil and MacDonald limestones), are comparable to Serpukhovian assemblages from the Ukraine and Russia. Consequently, the Visean/Serpukhovian stage boundary is repositioned at the base of the Second Hosie Limestone. This assignment of the Second Hosie Limestone to the Pendleian is reinforced by the first occurrence of the ammonoid Emstites (Cravenoceras), although it occurs 1 m below the Top Hosie Limestone. Pendleian foraminiferal assemblages from northern England, its geographically closest equivalent, are similar but not well enough known for a detailed comparison. A few similarities are found between the foraminiferal assemblages from the Midland Valley and those from southwest Spain and North African basins. Faunas from the Second and Top Hosie limestones and their lateral equivalents allow us to propose an assemblage zone, valid for regional correlations within the British Isles, and the faunas can be potentially used as Serpukhovian markers for western Paleotethyan basins. Two new genera and species are described, Praeplectostaffella anvilensis n. gen. n. sp. and Praeostaffellina macdonaldensis n. gen. n. sp., and two new species, Tubispirodiscus hosiensis n. sp. and Euxinita pendleiensis n. sp.
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Islam, Musfirat Najmun, Md Anwar Hossain Bhuiyan, Mohammad Solaiman, Md Sajjadul Islam Fahim, and Zohur Ahmed. "Evaluation of Reservoir Properties of Sylhet Limestone of Jaintia Group, North-Eastern Sylhet, Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 12, no. 2 (June 24, 2024): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujees.v12i2.73167.
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The Sylhet Limestone in the Bengal Basin, formed in the Eocene Epoch and known for its fossil content, is significant in understanding the reservoir characteristics. Despite exposure in Jaflong and Takerghat of the Bengal Basin, little research has been conducted on reservoir characteristics. This study aimed to comprehensively examine the Sylhet Limestone Formation, encompassing its crystalline upper and fossiliferous lower sections. It utilized field investigations and laboratory analyses to address the gaps of sporadic or insufficient earlier studies. A thorough examination of thin sections from the Sylhet Limestone, exposed in the Dauki River area, provides insights into the textural and mineralogical attributes and the presence of skeletal fossils within the limestone. Based on the analysis of thin sections, the limestones are categorized as Rudestones and Packstones. The porosity observed in the exposed rocks ranges from 5% to 12%, with most pores associated with interconnected fractures and joints. However, thin-section studies also indicate evidence of diagenetic recrystallization and calcite cementation. Hence, closely spaced, interconnected joints and fractures filled with diagenetic calcite might deteriorate the reservoir quality. Notably, this limestone exhibits fossilized specimens such as Nummulite, Discocyclina, Alveolina, Assilina, and Ostracoda, among others. The combination of the fossil assemblage, limestone texture, and composition strongly suggests that this limestone formation was deposited in a shallow marine environment with minimal sediment input under a warm and humid climate. The petrographic analysis of the limestones concludes that the upper portion of the formation is fine-grained while the lower part is coarse-grained. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 12(2), 2023, P 119-137
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Hu, Zheng, Tao Wen, Kexun Zheng, and Yankun Wang. "A Method for Determining the Mechanical Parameters of Solution Pore and Crevice Limestone Based on Porosity." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 31, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8833370.
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Limestone stratum has great anisotropy, which is distributed from large karst caves, pipelines, and faults to small solution pores, and crevices. In this paper, uniaxial compression tests of solution pore and crevice limestones from Mamaya I hydropower station and Ronglai hydropower station are conducted, and the porosity of these limestones is measured. The results show that there is a good power function relationship between compressive strength and the porosity of the solution pore and crevice limestone. Based on the Hoek–Brown criterion, the method for determining mechanical parameters of the solution pore and crevice limestones is proposed, taking the porosity of the rock into consideration. Then, the relationships between the rock mass parameters m b , s, and a and the porosity n are deduced. Based on the proposed method, the variation laws of the mechanical parameters of the limestones, including uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), tensile strength, deformation modulus, shear strength parameters are analyzed. The proposed method simplifies the complexity of mechanical parameters selection by quantifying GSI, avoids the subjectivity and uncertainty, and has good reliability and suitability in the pore and crevice limestone stratum, which has a certain guiding significance for the construction of similar sites.
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Whyte, Martin A. "Scottish Carboniferous fresh-water limestones in their regional setting." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 84, no. 3-4 (1993): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300006052.
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ABSTRACTThe East Kirkton Limestone is one of a number of horizons within the Scottish Carboniferous sequence which have commonly been referred to as ‘fresh-water’ limestones. The stratigraphy and distribution of these non-marine carbonates is reviewed and discussed in terms both of Carboniferous palaeogeography and of the interaction between sedimentation, volcanism and tectonics within the Midland Valley graben. Particular attention is given to late Viséan horizons of broadly similar age to the East Kirkton Limestone. The range of carbonate facies and faunas found in these limestones is described and their environmental significance is discussed.
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Kozur, Heinz W., and Bruce R. Wardlaw. "The Guadalupian conodont fauna of Rustaq and Wadi Wasit, Oman and a West Texas connection." Micropaleontology 56, no. 1-2 (2010): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47894/mpal.56.1.08.
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The red, ammonoid-bearing limestones at Rustaq and Wadi Wasit contain Jinogondolella aserrata, the index species for the type Wordian. It occurs with an abundant smooth Mesogondolella fauna and an advanced Waagenoceras ammonoid fauna. In the rustaq section, two species of Mesogondolella are present in both lower and upper red, ammonoid-bearing limestones with M. siciliensis dominating the lower beds and M. omanensis (new species) dominating the upper beds. The same two Mesogondolella species occur in the single, ammonoid-bearing limestone unit at the Wadi Wasit section, where there are additional conodont species including M. bitteri. The faunas at Wadi Wasit section and the upper red, ammonoid-bearing limestone at the Rustaq section contain Stepanovites? festivus which is indicative of the Wordian-Capitanian boundary interval. Capitanian Jinogondolella altudaensis appears in the rocks above the ammonoid-bearing limestone at the Wadi Wasit section.
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WEEDON, GRAHAM P., HUGH C. JENKYNS, and KEVIN N. PAGE. "Combined sea-level and climate controls on limestone formation, hiatuses and ammonite preservation in the Blue Lias Formation, South Britain (uppermost Triassic – Lower Jurassic)." Geological Magazine 155, no. 5 (January 30, 2017): 1117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681600128x.
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AbstractLithostratigraphic and magnetic-susceptibility logs for four sections in the Blue Lias Formation are combined with a re-assessment of the ammonite biostratigraphy. A Shaw plot correlating the West Somerset coast with the Devon/Dorset coast at Lyme Regis, based on 63 common biohorizon picks, together with field evidence, demonstrate that intra-formational hiatuses are common. Compared to laminated shale deposition, the climate associated with light marl is interpreted as both drier and stormier. Storm-related non-deposition favoured initiation of limestone formation near the sediment–water interface. Areas and time intervals with reduced water depths had lower net accumulation rates and developed a greater proportion of limestone. Many homogeneous limestone beds have no ammonites preserved, whereas others contain abundant fossils. Non-deposition encouraged shallow sub-sea-floor cementation which, if occurring after aragonite dissolution, generated limestones lacking ammonites. Abundant ammonite preservation in limestones required both rapid burial by light marl during storms as well as later storm-related non-deposition and near-surface carbonate cementation that occurred prior to aragonite dissolution. The limestones are dominated by a mixture of early framework-supporting cement that minimized compaction of fossils, plus a later micrograde cement infill. At Lyme Regis, the relatively low net accumulation rate ensured that final cementation of the limestones took place at relatively shallow burial depths. On the West Somerset coast, however, much higher accumulation rates led to deeper burial before final limestone cementation. Consequently, the oxygen-isotope ratios of the limestones on the West Somerset coast, recording precipitation of the later diagenetic calcite at higher temperatures, are lower than those at Lyme Regis.
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Barrick, James E., and Paula J. Noble. "Early Devonian conodonts from a limestone horizon in the Caballos Novaculite, Marathon Uplift, west Texas." Journal of Paleontology 69, no. 6 (November 1995): 1112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000038105.
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Early Devonian (Lochkovian; eurekaensis Zone) conodonts occur in discontinuous limestone beds in the Caballos Novaculite at five localities in the northwestern half of the Marathon uplift, west Texas. Similar conodont faunas at all five localities indicate that the limestone beds lie at one biostratigraphic horizon within the Caballos. The upper novaculite member directly overlies the limestone horizon at one locality, giving the upper novaculite a maximum age of Lochkovian. The limestone beds are dominantly skeletal calcarenites that represent shallow-water carbonate material transported into a deeper water setting by gravity processes. Restriction of the limestones to the northwestern margin of the uplift and provenance of reworked clasts and redeposited Ordovician and Silurian conodonts suggest a North American shelf source and are evidence of the close proximity of some strata exposed in the Marathon uplift to North America in the Early Devonian. Icriodus gravesi n. sp. is described from the limestone fauna.
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Chaudhuri, Swagata, Arindam Guha, Ajoy K. Bhaumik, Suparn Pathak, and Nikhil Kumar Baranval. "Analysis of the Spectral Contrast between Fossil-bearing and Fossil-depleted Limestone from the Kachchh Region, NW India Using Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy Data." Journal Of The Geological Society Of India 100, no. 7 (June 11, 2024): 971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/2024/173940.
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ABSTRACT We analyzed the reflectance and emittance spectra of representative samples of mega and microfossil-bearing limestones and identified the mineralogical controls, which may have led to the preservation of mega and microfossils in the limestone within the spectral domain of 400-2500 nm and 8000-14000 nm. In this regard, we collected and analyzed the reflectance and emittance spectra of fossil-bearing and fossil-depleted limestone samples using respective reflectance and emittance spectra of their dominant constituent minerals. Reflectance spectra of mega and microfossil-bearing limestones have prominent absorption features diagnostic to iron and clay minerals, while emittance spectra of these rocks confirm the presence of silica in the fossil-bearing limestone samples. Spectral features of iron minerals are identified based on the presence of absorption minima at 480 nm and 900 nm, while clay minerals have features at 2200 nm. Presence of silica was identified with emissivity minima at 9000 nm. Laboratory spectral observations are substantiated by field observation and mineralogical studies. Fossil-depleted limestone samples, on the other hand, are characterized by the absence of iron oxide, clay and silica. Spectral contrast between fossil-bearing and the fossil-depleted limestone have allowed us to infer certain mineralogical controls essential for fossil preservation and the role of iron, clay minerals in preserving fossils is discussed in detail. Further, spectral analysis in visible, near infrared, short wave infrared and thermal infrared electromagnetic domain may provide rapid and non-destructive mineralogical assessment of fossil-bearing and fossil-depleted limestone.
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Silva, Teresa P., Daniel de Oliveira, João P. Veiga, Vitor Lisboa, Jorge Carvalho, M. Alexandra Barreiros, Mathilda L. Coutinho, Eduardo Salas-Colera, and Rogério Vigário. "Contribution to the Understanding of the Colour Change in Bluish-Grey Limestones." Heritage 5, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 1479–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030078.
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Bluish-grey limestones have been extensively used as ornamental stones for decoration purposes in buildings, as well as in works of art, and accordingly, have been the target of intense exploration. In Portugal, the Jurassic limestone massif known as the Maciço Calcário Estremenho (MCE), has been the source of grey-coloured ornamental stones, namely the Azul Valverde (one of the most well-known bluish-grey limestones) and Atlantic Blue varieties, both of which may undergo colour changes in outdoor environments. In this sense, it is important to understand the sudden colour change from bluish-grey to yellow/beige in the same limestone block in a quarry, or even, what happens to the colour when polished limestone is placed outdoors. This study was undertaken using various techniques, namely XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), DTA–TG (differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry) and colourimetry. Synchrotron radiation was also used at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France) where XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) spectra at Fe K-edge were collected to ascertain the speciation state of Fe in different coloured zones of the limestone, previously checked by EDXRF (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence). The presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ are responsible for the greyish and yellow/brown colour, respectively. On the other hand, the UV radiation from the sun causes a quickened and severe bleaching/fading on the dark blue/grey polished limestone.
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Knezevic, Milan, and Olivera Kosanin. "Genesis and characteristics of the soil in A-R stage in forest ecosystems of NP 'Tara'." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 99 (2009): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0999075k.
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Different types of soil in A-R stage formed on limestone and serpentinite in forest ecosystems in NP 'Tara' were researched. Based on the specific effect of limestone on the soil genesis and evolution, two types of calcareous limestone bedrocks were distinguished: dense limestones, and soft, marly limestones. Three subtypes of black earth were studied on dense limestones. They are: organogenic, organo-mineral and brownised soils. One soil type was researched on soft, marly limestones: rendzina, the leached variety. One soil type was researched on serpentinites, within the A-R stage: humus-siliceous soil (ranker), subtype eutric ranker. This paper also presents the evaluation of ecological and productive characteristics of the study soils. If the soil is observed separately, regardless of the tree species growing on it, the soils in A-R stage in NP 'Tara' cannot be evaluated as highly productive. However, in all plant communities on the soils in A-R stage on limestone, the values of average volume, current volume increment, and basal area were high. The unfavourable physical characteristics of the soil in the area of NP 'Tara' are compensated by the effect of humid climate. On the study eutric humus siliceous soils in the area of NP 'Tara', in the natural and artificially established stands of Scots pine and Austrian pine, the ecological and productive value is conditioned by numerous factors and it is mainly limited by unfavourable physical characteristics. Regardless of the unfavourable ecological and productive characteristics of the soil, the natural and artificially established stands of Scots pine and Austrian pine are in the coeno-ecological optimum.
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Silveira, M. A. C. W. da, J. A. M. da Luz, G. L. de Faria, and F. M. P. Coutinho. "Calcination thermokinetics of three Brazilian limestones." Cerâmica 66, no. 379 (September 2020): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132020663792910.
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Abstract Limestone and lime producers inadvertently generate a considerable amount of fine material during their processing, consequently becoming a great environmental liability. As far as the industrial calcination process is concerned, there is still a need for an experimental survey on Arrhenius law parameters, as apparent frequency factor and activation energy, referring to Brazilian limestones. The knowledge of these thermokinetic parameters may contribute to energy saving during the industrial calcination process, as well as for allowing the use of limestone fines in other industrial applications. This study aimed to characterize three Brazilian limestones by focusing on their laboratory-scale calcination using both quasi-isothermal and non-isothermal methods to estimate their kinetic parameters. The non-isothermal method (by thermogravimetric analyses) allowed estimating the activation energy for each limestone through the high calcination rate ranges. However, the kinetic parameters estimated by the quasi-isothermal method turned out in lower values, indicating the need to control the reactor atmosphere.
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Mandal, Arnab, M. K. Choudhury, Nazimuddin ., and Prashant Gargava. "Assessment of SO2 Emissions from Cement Industries Utilizing Limestone with High Pyritic Sulfur Content: Case Study of Cement Plants in the Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya, India." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 2007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i04.026.
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In properly operated Cement Plants, SO2 emissions are mostly caused by pyritic sulfur (sulfides) in the used limestones, accounting for approximately 85% of the raw mill in the plant. However, the pyritic sulfur content in limestones of the Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya and their influence on the SO2 Emission from cement industries of Meghalaya have not been studied so far. The current study is conducted to perform an in-depth investigation of pyritic sulfur content in limestone reserves used by Meghalaya Cement Industries to assess the SO2 emission in the cement industries using high pyritic sulfur limestones and review the existing technology for the recommendation of the most suitable technology to minimize the SO2 Emissions. Random testing of collected limestone samples from various locations of Captive Mining sites in Cement Industries is performed to assess average pyritic sulfur concentration along different mining benches. Pyritic Sulfur Content (wt.%) in collected limestones varies from 0.15% to 3.5%. Polynomial Regression Analysis shows that Avg.SO2 Emission(Y) from Klin Stack can be represented as a function of pyritic sulfur content (X) (wt.%) of used limestones in the process: Y = 273.7X2 + 21.46X + 422.76. Based on the pyritic sulfur content in limestones, it is observed that “the more the Pyritic Sulfur content is, Darker the Limestone Samples are.” Hence, A Colour Scale has been prepared to visualize higher pyritic sulfur content in limestones. For longer-term sustainability, installing a Flue-Gas Desulfurization (FGD) unit at the kiln stack outlet may be included in the manufacturing process of cement plants to reduce the SO2 Emissions from Stack.
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Cavalcanti, José Adilson, Ronaldo Sarmento, and Fredson Nunes. "Geological Field Guide of Montes Claros Karst, Minas Gerais." Estudos Geológicos 33, no. 2 (December 13, 2023): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18190/1980-8208/estudosgeologicos.v33n2p03-34.
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The Montes Claros Karst is located on the eastern margin of the Bambuí Basin, one of the covers of the São Francisco Craton affected by the Brasiliano Event, which deformed the limestones of the Lagoa do Jacaré Formation, creating a westward folding system and a pair of fractures F1 (NNE-SSW) and F2 (WNW-ESE). These structures control the circulation of water in the limestone massifs, leading to the development of the Montes Claros karst. The main features of the karst landscape are caves, valleys, dolines and limestone massifs. The caves are the best place to observe the main sedimentary facies of the limestones of the Lagoa do Jacaré Formation, as well as sedimentary and deformational structures. The main controls of the cave conduits are the F1 and F2 fractures. These are the same directions described on a regional and local scale, which shows us that the structural control of the exocarst is the same as that of the endocarst. This geological field guide shows in a didactic way the main facies and sedimentary structures of the limestone of the Lagoa do Jacaré Formation, the deformational structures that favoured the karst formation and the typical karst morphologies in limestone rocks.
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Hafiz, Surya Darma, Ahmad Helman Hamdani, Budi Muljana, and Moeh Ali Jambak. "Effect of diagenetic events on limestone reservoir quality: Case study of Parigi formation, Northwest Java basin." BIO Web of Conferences 73 (2023): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237304009.
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Limestone is a sedimentary rock with high heterogeneity. This is triggered by diagenetic processes that affect the quality of limestone during its formation. The high uncertainty in limestone porosity values is also influenced by diagenetic processes. The Parigi Formation is a carbonate rock located in the Northwest Java Basin and has been proven to be a carbonate reservoir rock. Petrographic analysis was conducted to observe the appearance resulting from diagenetic processes. The studied area's limestone has two facies: clastic facies and reef facies. The limestone of clastic facies is white to greyish, consisting of skeletal fragments or shell fragments, with some places contains fragmented coral fragments. It is grain-supported, massive, poorly sorted, with fragment sizes ranging from 1mm-8mm and in some places 10cm-20cm. The reef facies of limestone are generally white to greyish colour, compact/massive, without cavities, and shows the body structure of coral/reef. The processes occurring in the Parigi Formation limestone, based on thin-section data, include cementation and neomorphism, which are commonly found in thin section LP 7 and LP 10. Cementation and neomorphism lead to a decrease in porosity in the limestone. Samples LP 1 - LP 5 show extensive dissolution, resulting in vuggy cavities/porosity. These limestone samples have high porosity values. The transformation of fossils into new crystals or recrystallization processes also reduces the limestone's porosity. Some samples also show that the cavities in the Parigi Formation limestone have been filled by calcite cements, thus closing the pores. This leads to poor quality limestone. In conclusion, the heterogeneous nature of limestone is significantly influenced by diagenetic processes. Petrographic analysis of the Parigi Formation limestone revealed the occurrence of cementation, neomorphism, dissolution, and recrystallization processes, all of which have implications for porosity and reservoir quality.
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Zhu, Minjie, Jing Wu, Zehao Yang, Yong Zhu, Quan Rong, and Qingfu Wen. "Effect of the Textures and Particle Sizes of Limestone on the Quicklime Reaction Activity." Minerals 13, no. 9 (September 13, 2023): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13091201.
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Quicklime is not only an important raw material for the steel and nano-calcium carbonate industries but also a key carrier for capturing carbon dioxide in the fight against global warming, and its reaction activity plays a vital role in these processes. Recent studies have found that quicklime produced from limestones with similar chemical compositions under the same production process has significantly different reaction activities, which indicates that something other than the chemical composition of limestone affects quicklime reaction activity. To explore the factors affecting quicklime reaction activity, this study analyzed the textures and calcite particle size of limestone collected from different areas of Guangxi, China, and measures the quicklime reaction activity with different calcination times. It has been found that: (1) limestone with a clastic texture is preferred to that with a crystalline texture (including transition type) in yielding quicklime with higher reaction activity; and (2) for limestone with a clastic texture, fine-grained limestone tends to produce the same or higher quicklime reaction activity with lower energy consumption.
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Kramar, Sabina, Nina Žbona, Mojca Bedjanič, Ana Mladenović, and Boštjan Rožič. "Drenov Grič black limestone: a heritage stone from Slovenia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 486, no. 1 (July 16, 2019): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp486-2017-188.
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AbstractDrenov Grič black limestone is considered to be one of the most beautiful Slovenian natural stones due to its black colour interwoven with white veins. Over the centuries, it has been extracted from two major quarries located west of Ljubljana. One of these quarries has been declared a valuable natural feature of national importance and is protected as a natural monument. This well-stratified, Triassic (Carnian) micritic limestone occurs in 10–80 cm thick beds with thin marl interlayers. The limestone occasionally contains abundant fossil bivalves, gastropods and ostracods. It is relatively rich in carbonaceous and bituminous organic matter, which is responsible for the black colour of the stone. The stone has been widely used in Slovenian monuments. Many indoor and outdoor architectural elements have been constructed using this limestone, particularly during the Baroque period, which was known for its extensive use of black limestones in other European countries as well. The most significant use of this limestone has been recorded in sculpted portals and altars. Some important buildings, which were decorated utilizing this stone, have been declared cultural monuments of local or national importance. Use of this limestone was also documented in other European countries (Italy, Austria, Serbia) and worldwide (USA). When exposed to climatic influences, chromatic and salt weathering are recognized as the main deterioration phenomena for this limestone when used in monuments.
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Mohammed, Syakirah Afiza, Abdul Ghapar Ahmad, Ragunathan Santiagoo, Vikneswaran Vijean, Wan Amiza Amneera Wan Ahmad, Razi Ahmad, and Lim Shi Kai. "Optimum Binder Content of Asphaltic Concrete (ACW14) Mixture Incorporating Limestone." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1216, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012020.
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Abstract Due to the high demand for natural aggregates in pavement construction, researchers have been looking for alternative materials to replace natural aggregate. In this research, the optimum binder content of asphalt mixture incorporate limestones was investigated. The optimum binder content of asphalt mixture was tested according to Marshall method. About 20 % of limestone was used as aggregate replacement in asphaltic concrete mixture. To determine the stability, volumetric properties, and bitumen binder content, three percentage of asphalt binder content, namely 4.0%, 5.0% and 6.0% was prepared. From analysis, it indicated that stability and volumetric properties of asphalt mixture incorporate limestone meet the requirement set by JKR. From the result obtained, the optimum binder content of the control sample is 5.0% and optimum binder content of limestone mixture is 5.2%. The slightly different in optimum binder content value indicate that the optimum binder content of limestone mixture was comparable with control mixture.
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Zagorchev, Ivan, Ekaterina Trifonova, Kiril Budurov, and Kristalina Stoykova. "Newly recognized Upper Triassic and Jurassic formations in Southwest Bulgaria: palaeogeographic and palaeogeodynamic implications." Geologica Balcanica 28, no. 1-2 (August 30, 1998): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.28.1-2.35.
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Four formal lithostratigraphic units are introduced for the first time in the national stratigraphic nomenclature in accordance with the National Stratigraphic Code and the International Stratigraphic Guide. The Upper Triassic Kobile Formation is situated at the top of the Triassic section (over the red beds of the Norian Komshtitsa Formation). It consists of phosphate- and sulphate-bearing yellowish sandstone and siltstone interbedded with grey limestone and dolomitic limestone. Occasionally, they contain echinids, gastropods, crinoid ossicles, algae and foraminifers. The Metohiya Fonnation (basal conglomerate built up of quartz and Iydite pebbles; quartz sandstone; loose yellowish sandstones and occasional limestone interbeds) covers the Upper Triassic with unconfonnable depositional contact. The age is considered as Middle Jurassic (eventually beginning in uppermost Lower Jurassic) on the basis of regional correlations. The other two newly introduced Jurassic formations belong to the Treklyano Group and are of Middle - Late? Jurassic age. The Momchil Formation is built up of shales and siltstones interbedded with limestones. The Sredorek Formation consists of limestones and marls with shaly interbeds and olistostrome built up of Triassic limestones and siltstones. Lateral correlations with the deep marine sequence (shales and radiolarites) of the Dobridol and Rayantsi Formation make possible the reconstruction of a Jurassic narrow and deep submarine canyon within the Peri-Tethyan shallow sea.
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Kennedy, W. J., A. S. Gale, J. M. Hancock, J. S. Crampton, and W. A. Cobban. "Ammonites and inoceramid bivalves from close to the middle-upper Albian Boundary around Fort Worth, Texas." Journal of Paleontology 73, no. 6 (November 1999): 1101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000031012.
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The Goodland/Comanche Peak Limestone, Kiamichi Formation and basal Duck Creek Limestones around Fort Worth Texas yield a limited number of cosmopolitan ammonite and inoceramid bivalve taxa that allow precise correlation with the sequence that has been used as a standard in northwest Europe. The upper part of the Goodland/Comanche Peak Limestones yields species of Dipoloceras that show the base of the Upper Albian substage, provisionally defined as the first appearance of D. cristatum (Brongniart, 1822), to lie within this unit. Brancoceras aff. cricki Spath, 1934, Mortoniceras (Deiradoceras) beloventer new species, and Actinoceramus cf. concentricus (Parkinson, 1819) parabolicus Crampton, 1996a, co-occurs with D. cristatum in the Comanche Peak Limestone. The Kiamichi Formation yields rare Mortoniceras (Mortoniceras) pricei (Spath, 1922), M. (Deiradoceras) prerostratum Spath, 1921, M. (D.) bipunctatum Spath, 1933, and Actinoceramus sulcatus (Parkinson, 1819) morphotypes that allow correlation with the European Hysteroceras orbignyi and Hysteroceras varicosum subzones of the Mortoniceras inflatum zone. The basal Duck Creek Limestone yields Mortoniceras (Deiradoceras) sp. and Hysteroceras cf. varicosum (J. de C. Sowerby, 1824), and can also be correlated with the varicosum subzone.
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Rippy*, Janet F. M., Paul V. Nelson, Dean L. Hesterberg, and Eugene J. Kamprath. "Specific Surface Versus Particle Diameter of Limestones." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 877D—878. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.877d.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural limestone is classified based on particle-size distribution, a key factor influencing neutralization capacity. This property is an effective basis for liming recommendations for agronomic purposes which allow for gradual rise in soil pH and residual neutralization for three years. Inconsistencies are prevalent when agricultural limestone is used for horticultural applications which require rapid attainment of target pH and residual neutralization for only four months. Variations in pH among batches of substrate produced with the same limestone rate and pH drift from the same initial pH during crop production infer that factors other than particle diameter also influence limestone neutralization capacity. In this study the relationship between specific surface and diameter of limestone particles was examined. Limestones obtained from twenty North American quarries were wet-sieved into eight particle diameter fractions from 600 to <38 μm (passing 30 through 400-mesh screens). Specific surface (m2/g) of particles was measured in three replications for each fraction following the BET theory that dinitrogen gas (N2) condenses in a continuous mono-molecular layer on all particle surfaces. At each particle diameter fraction, specific surface varied significantly (five-fold differences) among quarries. Large specific surface may indicate many reactive interfaces, hence high neutralization capacity. In containerized production, typical to horticulture, preponderance of root over substrate mass and short crop duration dictate narrower characterization of limestone than is currently used. Specific surface may describe limestone neutralization capacity more finely than does particle diameter.
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Harahap, M. A., L. K. Nuswantara, E. Pangestu, F. Wahyono, and J. Achmadi. "Nitrogen degradation of the limestone-urea mixtures in the rumen of goats." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 43, no. 3 (August 23, 2018): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.43.3.282-288.
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This experiment was aimed to study the degradation kinetics of limestone-urea mixtures in the goats rumen using the nylon bag technique. Samples of limestone were obtained from two limestone mountains, Pamotan Subdistrict of Central Java Province and Wonosari Subdistrict of Yogyakarta Province. The mixtures were created by combining urea at levels 25, 50, 75and 100%; respectively with two limestones on the basis of their Ca contents: L0U100, LP25U75, LP50U50; LP75U25, LW25U75; LW50U50; and LW75U25. The soluble fraction, potentially degradable fraction, the degradation rate of potentially degradable fraction, and effective degradation of respective dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) ruminal degradation kinetics were measured in each mixture. The mixture of LP75U25 had lowest effective and degradation rate of potentially degradable fraction (P<0.05) respectively for DM and N compared with those of other mixtures. In conclusion, the limestone-urea mixture of LP75U25 could be suggested as a dietary supplement of ruminal N slow release.
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Kozlu, Hüseyin, Yakut Göncüoglu, Graciela Sarmiento, and Mehmet Cemal Göncüoğlu. "First finding of Late Silurian conodonts from the "Orthoceras Limestones", Camdag Area (NW Turkey): prelilninary constraints for the palaeogeography." Geologica Balcanica 32, no. 1 (March 30, 2002): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.32.1.3.
Full textAbstract:
The Paleozoic succession of the Camdag area is located between the Paleozoic rocks of the Istanbul and Zonguldak terranes in NW Turkey and has a key location for the paleogeographic position of these terranes. The Silurian deposits in this area includes from bottom to top: the Black Shale Member (gray to greenish gray, well cleaved shales with minor black siltstone and limy shale interlayers), the Shale-Limestone Member (black shales with limestone and dolomitic limestone interlayers), and the Shale-Si Itstone Member (alternation of black shales, light gray quartz-rich siltstones with few limestone lenses) that is concordantly followed by Lower Devonian deposits. The "Orthoceras Limestones" of the midc\le member yielded a poorly preserved conodont fauna indicating a Pridoli age. By this, the Paleozoic of the Camdag is considered to be the eastern continuation of the Istanbul Terrane. Moreover, this new finding of Late Silurian black shale - "Orthoceras Limestone" assemblage in NW Turkey, which is a wide spread paleogeographic marker in the Camic Alps and elsewhere in Europe may help to correlations with coeval and analogous facies of other paleobiogeographic areas in the peri-Gondwanan realm.
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Goulty, N. R., C. E. Darton, A. E. Dent, and K. R. Richardson. "Geophysical investigation of the Beinn an Dubhaich Granite, Skye." Geological Magazine 133, no. 2 (March 1996): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800008682.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThere has been a long-standing controversy concerning the form of the Beinn an Dubhaich Granite, which intrudes Cambro-Ordovician limestones and contains enclosures of limestone at outcrop. We have undertaken a three-part geophysical investigation with the aim of resolving some issues raised by previous workers. Our most significant finding results from the measurement of a gravity profile across Beinn an Dubhaich. It reveals a negative anomaly of more than 2 mGal over the granite outcrop. Our preferred model to fit this anomaly is a steep-sided granite stock extending down to about 1 km depth, which implies that the limestone enclosures are roof pendants. In a supplementary study, we measured magnetic profiles across dykes in some of the limestone enclosures in order to determine the depth to the contact with the underlying granite. However, in the most clear-cut cases we could only determine a minimum depth of 20 m, and were unable to constrain the maximum depth. In hindsight, we suggest that microgravity surveying would be a better method for determining the thicknesses of the limestone roof pendants. In the third part of the investigation, we measured a tight grid of magnetic profiles to the northeast of the granite outcrop to test a previous suggestion that dyke-like lobes of granite intrude pre-existing fractures in the overlying limestones. We located several large magnetic anomalies associated with outcropping doleritic dykes and concluded that these had not been correctly identified in the earlier work. Consequently, the ground magnetic profiles acquired to date provide no valid evidence to support the idea of an interfingering contact between the limestones and the underlying granite.
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Yelwa, Nura Abdulmumini, Dauda Mohammed, Aminu Alameen Abdullahi, Jamaluddeen Sani Shehu, Lawal Mutari, and Sani Faruk. "PETROGRAPHIC STUDIES OF LIMESTONE IN DUKAMAJE FORMATION AT GILBEDI, GADA, SOKOTO BASIN, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 6, no. 5 (November 7, 2022): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0605-934.
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The study was conducted in and around Gilbedi village and its environs in the Iullemmeden Basin, Sheet 4 SW, Gada local government area, Sokoto, North-West Nigeria. The research area is located in the Sokoto Basin, which is part of the Iullemmeden Basin. The study area is bounded by latitudes 13046'05"N to 13043'22"N and longitudes 5045'00"E to 5040'45"E covering 25 Km2. The mapping exercise was carried out using a topographic base map on a scale of 1:25,000. The observed Dukamaje Formation is derived from a marginal marine depositional setting and is primarily composed of shales, limestones, and mudstone with gypsum intercalation. Shales are consolidated mudstones with a fine-grained texture which is greyish. Limestone is medium to coarse-grained. It is a pale yellow to greyish in color. Petrographic observation showed the grains to be equigranular, and having interstitial quartz cement. The quartz occurs as colorless anhedral crystal with no alteration but with wavy extinction and without cleavage. Other minerals present include muscovite. Based on Folk’s classification for limestone, the limestone in the study area is called “extramicrite” because the allochems are extraclasts. The limestone also lime mud supported which is less than 10% of grains Based on Dunham’s classification schemes for limestone, the limestone of the studied Dukamaje Formation is a “mudstone”.
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Gorozhanina, Elena Nickolaevna, Valery Michailovich Gorozhanin, and Nuriya Sabirovna Sagdeeva. "ЛИТОФАЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИЗВЕСТНЯКОВ НИЖНЕЙ ПЕРМИ СТЕРЛИТАМАКСКИХ ШИХАНОВ (LITHOFACIAL FEATURES OF THE LOWER PERMIAN LIMESTONES OF THE STERLITAMAK SHIKHANS)." Geologicheskii vestnik, no. 2 (July 14, 2023): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31084/2619-0087/2023-2-1.
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The article deals with the lithofacial features of the Asselian and Sakmarian limestone of the Cisuralian Series of the Permian System, composing the particular mountains Yuraktau, Kushtau and Tratau on the right bank of the Belaya River near the city of Sterlitamak in the Bashkir PreUrals. Biohermic and bioclastic (detrital) lithofacies are distinguished in the limestone composition. Biohermic types are represented by bryozoans and coral framestones and rudstones, tubiphytes packstones, palaeoaplisyna boundstones and rudstones. Granular or bioclastic lithofacies are represented by fusulinid, crinoid-fusulinid grainstones, bryozoans and bryozoans-tubiphytes packstones, crinoid and polybioclastic packstones and wackstones. Polybioclastic packstones and crinoid-fusulinid grainstones predominate in the section of the Lower Permian limestones. In the Asselian part of the section, at the base of the shikhans, there are bryozoans and bryozoans-tubiphytes lithofacies. These limestones make up the shihan Toratau. Coral lithofacies are common in the section of shikhan Yuraktau in the upper part. On the Mount Kushtau, according to drilling data, coral types are confined to the upper part of section, to the Sakmaian stage. The top of Mount Kushtau is composed of palaeoaplisyna limestones composing stratified bioherms with a thickness of up to 40 m. The distribution of limestone lithotypes by section shows the change of the bryozoans-tubiphytes association in Asselian time by coral- palaeoaplisyna bioherms in the Sakmarian time.
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Nachev, Ivan, and Ekaterina Dimitrova. "Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Eastern Balkan Mountains." Geologica Balcanica 25, no. 5-6 (December 30, 1995): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.25.5-6.43.
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The lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Cretaceous in the Eastern Balkan Mountains includes the Balkanbas (Cenomanian?), Dobromir (Cenomanian, partly Turonian), Radova (partly Turonian – Santonian), Trânak (partly Turonian – Coniacian), Karaveljovo (Coniacian, Santonian) and Emine (partly Turonian – Maastrichtian) Formations. The chronostratigraphy is based on foraminiferal microfauna. The Cenomanian is represented by limnic conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and shales with coals, as well as of shallow-marine clastic, argillaceous and calcareous rocks. The Turonian includes the upper part of the shallow-marine rocks and the lower part of the deep-marine Emine flysch. The Coniacian is represented by flysch consisting of alternation of graywackes, siltstones and shales or marls, clastic limestones, micritic limestones and argillaceous limestone ("marls") or of tephraturbidites, volcanic tuffs and effusive rocks. The Santonian is represented by flysch, analogical in composition to this of the Coniacian. The Campanian includes mainly clastic-limestone flysch, and locally, in the lower part a mixed flysch. The Maastrichtian consists mainly of clastic limestone flysch, locally (Emine Mountain) of mixed flysch. The boundary between the Maastrichtian an,d the Paleocene (Danian) is under discussion. Most probably it coincides with the boundary between the Emine and the lrakli flysch, where some shales occur. In the Emine back-arc marginal Sea (partly Turonian – Maastrichtian) through processes of normal sedimentation and resedimentation a flysch has been deposited. The Maastrichtian limestones are replaced by Paleocene clays.