Relevant bibliographies by topics / Limit de detecció (limit of detection

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Academic literature on the topic 'Limit de detecció (limit of detection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Limit de detecció (limit of detection"

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Camero Jiménez, José W., and Víctor A. Huamaní León. "IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LA TÉCNICA ANALÍTICA BARIO EN AGUA RESIDUAL POR ESPECTROMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA." Revista Cientifica TECNIA 24, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/tecnia.v24i1.28.

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La implementación de un método de ensayo asegura la confiabilidad analítica del resultado de ensayo, razón por la cual el presente trabajo aborda la implementación del método analítico descrito en el Standard Methods 3111 D - Direct Nitrous Oxide - Acetylene Flame Method para la determinación de bario, en la matriz de agua residual, utilizando un espectrómetro de absorción atómica. Está implementación tiene el enfoque del sistema de gestión de calidad de laboratorios de ensayo ISO/IEC 17025:2005, siendo los parámetros estadísticos evaluados: la exactitud (veracidad y precisión), límite de detección del método, límite de cuantificación, rango de trabajo, linealidad, sensibilidad y robustez. Palabras clave.- Espectrómetro de absorción atómica, Bario, Implementación, Exactitud, Límite de detección del método, Agua residual, ISO/IEC 17025. ABSTRACTThe implementation of a test method ensures the analytical reliability of the test result, reason why the present paper deals with the implementation of the analytical method described in the Standard Methods 3111 D - Direct Nitrous Oxide - Acetylene Flame Method for the determination of barium in the matrix of wastewater, using an atomic absorption spectrometer. It is implementation has the approach of the system of management of quality of testing laboratories ISO/IEC 17025: 2005, being evaluated statistical parameters: accuracy (trueness and precision), method detection limit, quantification limit, working range, linearity, sensitivity and robustness. Keywords.- Atomic absorption spectrometer, Barium, Implementation, Accuracy, Method detection limit, Wastewater, ISO/IEC 17025.
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Vergara, José Gabriel, Daniel Verbel-Vergara, Ana Milena Montesino, Alveiro Pérez-Doria, and Eduar Elías Bejarano. "Estimation of time detection limit for human cytochrome b in females of Lutzomyia evansi." Biomédica 37 (March 29, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v37i0.3396.

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Introducción. Las técnicas de biología molecular han permitido ampliar el conocimiento sobre las fuentes de ingestión de sangre de los insectos vectores. Sin embargo, la utilidad de estas técnicas depende de la cantidad de sangre ingerida y del proceso de digestión en el insecto.Objetivo. Determinar el tiempo límite de detección del gen citocromo b (Cyt b) de humanos en hembras de Lutzomyia evansi alimentadas experimentalmente.Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron ocho grupos de hembras de L. evansi alimentadas con sangre humana, las cuales fueron sacrificadas en intervalos de 24 horas desde el momento de la ingestión sanguínea. Se extrajo el ADN total de cada hembra y se amplificó un segmento de 358 pb del gen Cyt b. Los productos amplificados fueron sometidos a un análisis de polimorfismos en la longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP), con el fin de descartar falsos positivos.Resultados. El segmento del gen Cyt b de humanos fue detectado en 86 % (49/57) de las hembras de L. evansi a partir de las 0 horas y hasta 168 horas después de la ingestión de sangre. En 7 % (4/57) de los individuos se amplificó el ADN del insecto y en el 7 % restante no se amplificó la banda de interés. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en cuanto a la amplificación del segmento del gen Cyt b de humanos ni al número de muestras amplificadas entre los grupos de hembras sacrificadas a distintas horas después de la ingestión.Conclusión. El segmento del gen Cyt b de humanos fue detectable en hembras de L. evansi hasta 168 horas después de la ingestión de sangre.
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Noa-Pérez, Mario, Miriam Cortés-Marín, Patricia Landeros-Ramírez, Zoila Gómez-Cruz, Mario Real-Navarro, Ramón Reynoso-Orozco, Teresa de Jesús Jaime Ornelas, and Carlos Juárez-Woo. "LÍMITES DE DETECCIÓN DE ALGUNOS MÉTODOS DE PRUEBA PARA ADULTERANTES E INHIBIDORES EN LECHE." e-CUCBA 15, no. 8 (January 21, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/e-cucba.v0i15.177.

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The Mexican Regulations on milk classifies a product as adulterated when it has either undergone treatment that conceals its alteration and/or defects in its process or in the sanitary quality of the raw materials, among other criteria. The principal, most widely known adulterants incorporated into milk, include those added to increase milk volume and mask acidification. Milk should also test negative for the presence of inhibitors,e.g. antibiotics or disinfectants. The objective of this work was to determine the LOD for starches, sucrose, gelatin, chlorinated disinfectants; oxidants, quaternary ammonium and 14 most widely used microbial growth inhibitors in milk. This is because although the prohibition of these substances is clearly established, the detection limits (LOD) are not declared in the current regulation. With this finality, qualitative chemical analytical methodologiesfor detection of adulterants described in the Mexican Standards were implemented, as well as for the Yogurt Inhibition Test. Microbiological quality skim milk powder was used as a negative control, and the commercial culture YO-MIX ™ was used for the Yogurt Inhibition Test. The following LOD were obtained by chemical methods for starches (125and250 mg/kg), gelatin (250 mg/kg), hydrogen peroxide (6 mg/kg), sodium hypochlorite (25 mg/kg), benzalkonium chloride (12 mg/kg), N-Alkyl (C12,16) -N, N-dimethyl-N-benzylammonium (6 mg/kg). The yogurt test showed higher LOD for the disinfectants: 25,000 mg/kg for sodium hypochlorite and 60 mg/kg for the quaternary ammonium compounds. On the other hand, although oxidants were not detectable the yogurt testwas sufficiently sensitive to detect the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for the 14 antimicrobials tested. Carrying out both types of tests, chemical and yogurt, to determine disinfectants and inhibitors at the levels of interest in milk is recommended.
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Colina, Marinela, Jennifer Smith, Gilberto Colina, and Brinolfo Montilla. "Desarrollo de un Método para la Especiación de Selenio en Muestras de Cerveza." Revista Bases de la Ciencia. e-ISSN 2588-0764 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/rev_bas_de_la_ciencia.v3i1.1032.

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Se desarrolló un método por cromatografía iónica (CI) para la especiación de selenio en muestras líquidas de cerveza, empleando H2O2 y luz UV como sistema oxidante. Las especies aniónicas de selenio fueron separadas utilizando una columna aniónica AS4A y un guarda columna AG4 Dionex, la fase móvil empleada fue de 1,7 mM NaHCO3/1,8 mMNa2CO3, para la cuantificación se empleó un detector de conductividad iónica. El tiempo de retención del ión Se(IV) fue de 7,8 min y para Se(VI) de 15,7 min. Los límites de detección obtenidos para Se(IV) y Se(VI) fueron de 0,15 y 0,28 mgL-1, respectivamente. Se establecieron las condiciones óptimas de análisis del proceso de oxidación de los compuestos puros de selenio: selenito y selenio-DL- metionina, mediante el estudio de diferentes parámetros como cantidad de peróxido adicionado, tiempo de digestión y pH. La separación de los iones Se(IV) y Se(VI) en muestras de cerveza se realizó empleando una fase móvil de 2,0 mM de carbonato de sodio y 1,0 mM de hidróxido de sodio, ésta mezcla separa los iones de selenio sin tener problemas de interferencias de nitrato, fosfato y sulfato. Los límites de detección determinados para Se(IV) y Se(VI) fueron 0,08 y 0,07 mgL-1, respectivamente. El método desarrollado se comparó con un método referencial ICP AES, obteniéndose excelentes resultados. Palabras clave: Especiación, selenio, cerveza, cromatografía iónica. ABSTRACT In this work, analytical methodologies were developed for the determination of mercury levels in blood and plasma samples of patients with leukemia registered at the Haematological Institute of the West, Maracaibo, evaluating the total concentration of Hg and its chemical species in blood samples from the patients studied (n = 34) and of control subjects (n = 5), by the HPLC-ICP-MS. The calculated limit of detection found for the determination of Hg in blood and plasma was 1.39 μg Hg/L and the limit of quantification was 1.39 μg Hg.L-1. The total mercury concentrations in blood and plasma of 16.89±8.76 μg Hg.L-1 [8.22-45 μg Hg.L-1] and 25.77±5.12 μg Hg.L-1 [10.6-40.87μg Hg.L-1] respectively and for the control population were 25.3637±11.4 [10.6-40.87 μg Hg.L-1] and 74.46±16.09 [64.38-102.82 μg Hg.L-1]. The mean of Hg-S of the group of males evaluated was 16.08±7.85 µg Hg.L-1, and in females were 18.68±10.05 μg.L-1, the mean of Hg-S in the females was significantly higher (P <0.05) than the mean Hg-S observed. The detection limits for the Hg chemical species studied in blood are: Hg+ (0,7 µg Hg.L-1), Hg+2 (0,53 µg Hg.L-1). The concentrations found for Hg+2 and CH3Hg+ in leukemia patients in blood and plasma were 8.16±1.67 [6.96-10.97], 9.85±6.22 μg Hg+2.L-1 [6.04-20.74], and 11.47±4.33 μg Hg+2.L-1 [7.28-18.63], 11.28±5.40 [6.24-18.63] respectively, while for the control population were 10.04±3.84 μg Hg+2.L-1 [5.41-15.86], 12.24±5.76 [6.00-21.37] and 33,48±8.62 μg Hg+2.L-1 [27.59-48.36], 28.44±13.13 [18.25-50.23]. Key words: leukemia, mercury, blood, plasma.
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Colina, Marinela, Carolina Sthormes, Rodolfo Salas, Jervis Navas, Víctor Granadillo, and Brinolfo Montilla. "Determinación de los Niveles de Mercurio en Sangre y Plasma de Pacientes con Leucemia." Revista Bases de la Ciencia. e-ISSN 2588-0764 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/rev_bas_de_la_ciencia.v3i1.1030.

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Se desarrollaron metodologías analíticas para la determinación de los niveles de mercurio en muestras de sangre completa y plasma de pacientes con leucemia registrados en el instituto Hematológico de Occidente, Maracaibo, evaluando la concentración total de Hg y sus especies químicas en muestras sanguíneas de los pacientes estudiados (n=34) y de sujetos controles (n=5), a través de HPLC-ICP-MS. El límite de detección obtenido calculado para la determinación de Hg en sangre completa y plasma fue de 1,39 µg HgL-1 y el límite de cuantificación fue 1,39 µg HgL-1. Las concentraciones totales de mercurio en sangre y plasma fueron 16,89±8,76 µg HgL-1 [8,22-45 µg HgL-1] y 25,77±5,12 µg HgL-1 [10,6-40,87µg HgL-1] respectivamente, mientras que para la población control fueron de 25,36±11,4 [10,6-40,87 µg HgL-1] y 74,46±16,09 [64,38-102,82 µg HgL-1]. La media de Hg-S del grupo de los varones evaluado fue 16,08±7,85 µg HgL-1 y en las hembras 18,68±10,05 µgL-1, la media de Hg-S en las hembras fue significativamente superior (P<0,05) que la media de Hg-S observada. Los límites de detección para las especies químicas de Hg estudiadas en sangre resultaron: CH3Hg+ (0,7 µg HgL-1), Hg+2 (0,53 µg HgL-1). Las concentraciones encontradas de Hg+2 y CH3Hg+ en los pacientes de leucemia en sangre completa y plasma fueron 8,16±1,67 [6,96 – 10,97], 9,85±6,22 µg Hg+2.L-1 [6,04 – 20,74], y 11,47±4,33 µg Hg+2.L-1 [7,28 – 18,63], 11,28±5,40 [6,24 – 18,63] respectivamente, mientras que para la población control fueron 10,04±3,84 µg Hg+2.L-1 [5,41 – 15,86], 12,24±5,76 [6,00 – 21,37] y 33,48±8,62 µg Hg+2.L-1 [27,59 – 48,36], 28,44±13,13 [18,25 – 50,23]. Palabras clave: leucemia, mercurio, sangre, plasma. ABSTRACT: In this work, analytical methodologies were developed for the determination of mercury levels in blood and plasma samples of patients with leukemia registered at the Haematological Institute of the West, Maracaibo, evaluating the total concentration of Hg and its chemical species in blood samples from the patients studied (n = 34) and of control subjects (n = 5), by the HPLC-ICP-MS. The calculated limit of detection found for the determination of Hg in blood and plasma was 1.39 μg Hg/L and the limit of quantification was 1.39 μg Hg.L-1. The total mercury concentrations in blood and plasma of 16.89±8.76 μg Hg.L-1 [8.22-45 μg Hg.L-1] and 25.77±5.12 μg Hg.L-1 [10.6-40.87μg Hg.L-1] respectively and for the control population were 25.3637±11.4 [10.6-40.87 μg Hg.L-1] and 74.46±16.09 [64.38-102.82 μg Hg.L-1]. The mean of Hg-S of the group of males evaluated was 16.08±7.85 µg Hg.L-1, and in females were 18.68±10.05 μg.L-1, the mean of Hg-S in the females was significantly higher (P <0.05) than the mean Hg-S observed. The detection limits for the Hg chemical species studied in blood are: Hg+ (0,7 µg Hg.L-1), Hg+2 (0,53 µg Hg.L-1). The concentrations found for Hg+2 and CH3Hg+ in leukemia patients in blood and plasma were 8.16±1.67 [6.96-10.97], 9.85±6.22 μg Hg+2.L-1 [6.04-20.74], and 11.47±4.33 μg Hg+2.L-1 [7.28-18.63], 11.28±5.40 [6.24-18.63] respectively, while for the control population were 10.04±3.84 μg Hg+2.L-1 [5.41-15.86], 12.24±5.76 [6.00-21.37] and 33,48±8.62 μg Hg+2.L-1 [27.59-48.36], 28.44±13.13 [18.25-50.23]. Key words: leukemia, mercury, blood, plasma.
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Peinado Lorca, Manuel. "Población, cambio climático y huella ambiental // Population, Climate Change and Environmental Footprint." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 9, no. 1 (April 28, 2018): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2018.9.1.2172.

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Resumen En 1679 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek fue el primero en especular acerca del número de seres humanos que podría albergar la Tierra. Desde entonces y, sobre todo, desde que Thomas Malthus publicó en 1798 su célebre ensayo, el debate demográfico –particularmente exacerbado en la segunda mitad del siglo pasado, cuando la tasa de crecimiento poblacional duplicaba a la actual- se estableció en dos frentes, el de los boomsters, que sostienen que no hay límites para la explotación de los recursos terrestres, y el de los doomsters, para los que los recursos del planeta tienen unos límites que estamos a punto de desbordar. La detección en la década de 1990 de los primeros síntomas del calentamiento global ha marginado a unos y otros. Hoy, el debate no se centra en los límites de los recursos, sino en los excesos de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero con los que nuestro sistema económico consumista está alterando el equilibrio global de la Tierra. La superpoblación sigue siendo el problema, pero la unidad de medida de hoy es nuestra huella ambiental evaluada en términos de producción de gases de efecto invernadero, los responsables de la aceleración del cambio climático global. Abstract In 1679 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek was the first person speculating about the number of human beings that the Earth could harbour. Since then and, above all, since Thomas Malthus published his famous essay in 1798, the demographic debate—especially exacerbated in the second half of the last century, when the population growth rate doubled the current one—was established on two fronts, that of boomsters, who argue that there are no limits to the exploitation of the Erath resources; and that of doomsters, for whom the Earth resources have a limit that we are about to overflow. The detection in the 1990s of the first symptoms of global warming has marginalised ones and the others. Nowadays, the debate is not focused on the limits of resources, but on the excessive emissions of greenhouse gases with which our consumer economic system is altering the global balance of the Earth. Overpopulation is still the problem, but the current unit of measure is our environmental footprint assessed in terms of the production of greenhouse gases, which are responsible for the global climate change.
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Porter, P. Steven, Robert C. Ward, and Harry F. Bell. "The detection limit." Environmental Science & Technology 22, no. 8 (August 1988): 856–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00173a001.

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Chambless, Donald A., Stephanie S. Dubose, and Edwin L. Sensintaffar. "Detection Limit Concepts." Health Physics 63, no. 3 (September 1992): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199209000-00010.

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Elston, Harry J. "Detection Limit Creep." Chemical Health and Safety 12, no. 4 (July 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chs.2005.05.004.

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Demertzis, Mavroudis A. "Low detection limit spectrophotometry." Analytica Chimica Acta 505, no. 1 (March 2004): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00512-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Limit de detecció (limit of detection"

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Rodríguez, Cuesta Mª José. "Limit of detection for second-order calibration methods." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9013.

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Analytical chemistry can be split into two main types, qualitative and quantitative. Most modern analytical chemistry is quantitative. Popular sensitivity to health issues is aroused by the mountains of government regulations that use science to, for instance, provide public health information to prevent disease caused by harmful exposure to toxic substances. The concept of the minimum amount of an analyte or compound that can be detected or analysed appears in many of these regulations (for example, to discard the presence of traces of toxic substances in foodstuffs) generally as a part of method validation aimed at reliably evaluating the validity of the measurements.

The lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) is called the detection limit or limit of detection (LOD). Traditionally, in the context of simple measurements where the instrumental signal only depends on the amount of analyte, a multiple of the blank value is taken to calculate the LOD (traditionally, the blank value plus three times the standard deviation of the measurement). However, the increasing complexity of the data that analytical instruments can provide for incoming samples leads to situations in which the LOD cannot be calculated as reliably as before.

Measurements, instruments and mathematical models can be classified according to the type of data they use. Tensorial theory provides a unified language that is useful for describing the chemical measurements, analytical instruments and calibration methods. Instruments that generate two-dimensional arrays of data are second-order instruments. A typical example is a spectrofluorometer, which provides a set of emission spectra obtained at different excitation wavelengths.

The calibration methods used with each type of data have different features and complexity. In this thesis, the most commonly used calibration methods are reviewed, from zero-order (or univariate) to second-order (or multi-linears) calibration models. Second-order calibration models are treated in details since they have been applied in the thesis.

Concretely, the following methods are described:
- PARAFAC (Parallel Factor Analysis)
- ITTFA (Iterative Target Transformation Analysis)
- MCR-ALS (Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares)
- N-PLS (Multi-linear Partial Least Squares)

Analytical methods should be validated. The validation process typically starts by defining the scope of the analytical procedure, which includes the matrix, target analyte(s), analytical technique and intended purpose. The next step is to identify the performance characteristics that must be validated, which may depend on the purpose of the procedure, and the experiments for determining them. Finally, validation results should be documented, reviewed and maintained (if not, the procedure should be revalidated) as long as the procedure is applied in routine work.

The figures of merit of a chemical analytical process are 'those quantifiable terms which may indicate the extent of quality of the process. They include those terms that are closely related to the method and to the analyte (sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, ...) and those which are concerned with the final results (traceability, uncertainty and representativity) (Inczédy et al., 1998). The aim of this thesis is to develop theoretical and practical strategies for calculating the limit of detection for complex analytical situations. Specifically, I focus on second-order calibration methods, i.e. when a matrix of data is available for each sample.

The methods most often used for making detection decisions are based on statistical hypothesis testing and involve a choice between two hypotheses about the sample. The first hypothesis is the "null hypothesis": the sample is analyte-free. The second hypothesis is the "alternative hypothesis": the sample is not analyte-free. In the hypothesis test there are two possible types of decision errors. An error of the first type occurs when the signal for an analyte-free sample exceeds the critical value, leading one to conclude incorrectly that the sample contains a positive amount of the analyte. This type of error is sometimes called a "false positive". An error of the second type occurs if one concludes that a sample does not contain the analyte when it actually does and it is known as a "false negative". In zero-order calibration, this hypothesis test is applied to the confidence intervals of the calibration model to estimate the LOD as proposed by Hubaux and Vos (A. Hubaux, G. Vos, Anal. Chem. 42: 849-855, 1970).

One strategy for estimating multivariate limits of detection is to transform the multivariate model into a univariate one. This strategy has been applied in this thesis in three practical applications:
1. LOD for PARAFAC (Parallel Factor Analysis).
2. LOD for ITTFA (Iterative Target Transformation Factor Analysis).
3. LOD for MCR-ALS (Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares)

In addition, the thesis includes a theoretical contribution with the proposal of a sample-dependent LOD in the context of multivariate (PLS) and multi-linear (N-PLS) Partial Least Squares.
La Química Analítica es pot dividir en dos tipus d'anàlisis, l'anàlisi quantitativa i l'anàlisi qualitativa. La gran part de la química analítica moderna és quantitativa i fins i tot els govern fan ús d'aquesta ciència per establir regulacions que controlen, per exemple, nivells d'exposició a substàncies tòxiques que poden afectar la salut pública. El concepte de mínima quantitat d'un analit o component que es pot detectar apareix en moltes d'aquestes regulacions, en general com una part de la validació dels mètodes per tal de garantir la qualitat i la validesa dels resultats.

La mínima quantitat d'una substància que pot ser diferenciada de l'absència d'aquesta substància (el que es coneix com un blanc) s'anomena límit de detecció (limit of detection, LOD). En procediments on es treballa amb mesures analítiques que són degudes només a la quantitat d'analit present a la mostra (situació d'ordre zero) el LOD es pot calcular com un múltiple de la mesura del blanc (tradicionalment, 3 vegades la desviació d'aquesta mesura). Tanmateix, l'evolució dels instruments analítics i la complexitat creixent de les dades que generen, porta a situacions en les que el LOD no es pot calcular fiablement d'una forma tan senzilla. Les mesures, els instruments i els models de calibratge es poden classificar en funció del tipus de dades que utilitzen. La Teoria Tensorial s'ha utilitzat en aquesta tesi per fer aquesta classificació amb un llenguatge útil i unificat. Els instruments que generen dades en dues dimensions s'anomenen instruments de segon ordre i un exemple típic és l'espectrofluorímetre d'excitació-emissió, que proporciona un conjunt d'espectres d'emissió obtinguts a diferents longituds d'ona d'excitació.

Els mètodes de calibratge emprats amb cada tipus de dades tenen diferents característiques i complexitat. En aquesta tesi, es fa una revisió dels models de calibratge més habituals d'ordre zero (univariants), de primer ordre (multivariants) i de segon ordre (multilinears). Els mètodes de segon ordre estan tractats amb més detall donat que són els que s'han emprat en les aplicacions pràctiques portades a terme.

Concretament es descriuen:

- PARAFAC (Parallel Factor Analysis)
- ITTFA (Iterative Target Transformation Analysis)
- MCR-ALS (Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares)
- N-PLS (Multi-linear Partial Least Squares)

Com s'ha avançat al principi, els mètodes analítics s'han de validar. El procés de validació inclou la definició dels límits d'aplicació del procediment analític (des del tipus de mostres o matrius fins l'analit o components d'interès, la tècnica analítica i l'objectiu del procediment). La següent etapa consisteix en identificar i estimar els paràmetres de qualitat (figures of merit, FOM) que s'han de validar per, finalment, documentar els resultats de la validació i mantenir-los mentre sigui aplicable el procediment descrit.

Algunes FOM dels processos químics de mesura són: sensibilitat, selectivitat, límit de detecció, exactitud, precisió, etc. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és desenvolupar estratègies teòriques i pràctiques per calcular el límit de detecció per problemes analítics complexos. Concretament, està centrat en els mètodes de calibratge que treballen amb dades de segon ordre.

Els mètodes més emprats per definir criteris de detecció estan basats en proves d'hipòtesis i impliquen una elecció entre dues hipòtesis sobre la mostra. La primera hipòtesi és la hipòtesi nul·la: a la mostra no hi ha analit. La segona hipòtesis és la hipòtesis alternativa: a la mostra hi ha analit. En aquest context, hi ha dos tipus d'errors en la decisió. L'error de primer tipus té lloc quan es determina que la mostra conté analit quan no en té i la probabilitat de cometre l'error de primer tipus s'anomena fals positiu. L'error de segon tipus té lloc quan es determina que la mostra no conté analit quan en realitat si en conté i la probabilitat d'aquest error s'anomena fals negatiu. En calibratges d'ordre zero, aquesta prova d'hipòtesi s'aplica als intervals de confiança de la recta de calibratge per calcular el LOD mitjançant les fórmules d'Hubaux i Vos (A. Hubaux, G. Vos, Anal. Chem. 42: 849-855, 1970)

Una estratègia per a calcular límits de detecció quan es treballa amb dades de segon ordre es transformar el model multivariant en un model univariant. Aquesta estratègia s'ha fet servir en la tesi en tres aplicacions diferents::
1. LOD per PARAFAC (Parallel Factor Analysis).
2. LOD per ITTFA (Iterative Target Transformation Factor Analysis).
3. LOD per MCR-ALS (Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares)

A més, la tesi inclou una contribució teòrica amb la proposta d'un LOD que és específic per cada mostra, en el context del mètode multivariant PLS i del multilinear N-PLS.
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Rens, Bram Antonius Philomena van. "Detection of magnetic monopoles below the Cherenkov limit." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2006. http://dare.uva.nl/document/23682.

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Yavrucuk, Ilkay. "Adaptive limit margin detection and limit avoidance." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12354.

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Horn, Joe. "Flight envelope limit detection and avoidance." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12435.

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Tallawi, Reham. "FPGA-based Speed Limit Sign Detection." Master's thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-229018.

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This thesis presents a new hardware accelerated approach using image processing and detection algorithms for implementing fast and robust traffic sign detection system with focus on speed limit sign detection. The proposed system targets reconfigurable integrated circuits particularly Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices. This work propose a fully parallelized and pipelined parallel system architecture to exploit the high performance and flexibility capabilities of FPGA devices. This thesis is divided into two phases, the first phase, is a software prototype implementation of the proposed system. The software system was designed and developed using C++ and OpenCV library on general purpose CPU. The prototype is used to explore and investigate potential segmentation and detection algorithms that might be feasible to design and implement in hardware accelerated environments. These algorithms includes RGB colour conversion, colour segmentation through thresholding, noise reduction through median filter, morphological operations through erosion and dilation, and sign detection through template matching. The second phase, a hardware-based design of the system was developed using the same algorithms used in the software design. The hardware design is composed of 20 image processing components each designed to xxx fully parallelized and pipelined xxx. The hardware implementation was developed using VHDL as the hardware description language targeting a Xilinix Virtex-6 FPGA XC6VLX240T device. The development environment is Xilinx ISE®Design Suite version 14.3. A set of 20 640x480 test images was used as the test data for the verification and testing of this work. The images was captured by a smart-phone camera in various weather and lightning conditions. The software implementation delivered speed limit detection results with a success rate of 75%. The hardware implementation was only simulated using Xilinx ISE Simulator (ISim) with a overall system latency of 12964 clock cycles. According to the Place and Route report the maximum operation frequency for the proposed hardware design is 71,2 MHz. The design only utilized 2% of the slice registers, 4% of the slice Look up Tables (LUT), and 11% of the block memory. This thesis project concludes the work based on the provided software and hardware implementation and performance analysis results. Also the conclusions chapter provides recommendations and future work for possible extension of the project.
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Kirwa, Abraham Tuwei. "Self-referenced evanescent wave sensor for low limit of detection applications." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22475/.

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We have designed and implemented a low noise evanescent wave sensor (EWS) based on lock-in amplifier and sensitized glass optical fibre for detection of waterborne and airborne analytes. We stripped the buffer and cladding from a 2 cm section in the middle of a 20 cm long 400 μm core multimode glass optical fibre and coated it with a film of a sensitive molecule. We then ran the coated optical fibre through a sample vessel such that the film was in contact with a sample that may contain analyte, and probed with modulated light, coupled into the fibre from an LED. We matched the LED peak emission wavelength to the absorption peak of the sensitizer-analyte complex formed and used the reference voltage output of a digital lock-in amplifier for modulation. To account for possible LED drift, we propagated the modulated light through a 50:50 beam splitter, where one beam was coupled to the coated fibre (sample beam) and the other acts as a reference beam. We then projected the two beams onto two photodiodes connected to a 'light balance' circuit that delivers a differential current ∆i, which is proportional to the absorbance along the sample beam and converts it into a voltage. Finally, this voltage was fed into the digital lock-in amplifier for low- noise measurement. As a proof of concept, we spray-coated the stripped section of the optical fibre with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[3,4-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)phenyl]-21H,23H-porphine (EHO), which is sensitive to acetic acid and ran the fibre through a gas exposure chamber. Then we exposed acetic acid vapour, which is being detected, into the chamber and found a limit of detection (LoD), (defined as the lowest concentration that a sensor can detect) equal to 1.491 ppt (61.48 µM). To compare the performance of our EWS in air and in aqueous media, we coated the same sensitizer (EHO) to the stripped section of the fibre and run through deionised water in a sample vessel. Titrating acetic acid solution into the vessel, we obtained a LoD equal to 18.43 µM, which is 3.3 times better than in air. We further tested the performance of our EWS by spray-coating the stripped section of the fibre with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) to detect aqueous Zn2+ and obtained 31.07 nM as a LoD. To improve the analytical performance of our EWS, we roughened the stripped section of the sensing fibre with a home-made roughening tool based on a Dremel tool. Then we spray-coated optical fibres with a macrocyclic sensitizer, zinc 5-(4-carboxyphenyl),10,15,20-triphenyl porphyrin (Zn(P-CO2H-TPP)) and used them to detect waterborne octylamine realizing a LoD equal to 2.17 μM. In conclusion, we find EWS sensors are particularly useful for sensing in the aqueous medium, as the higher refractive index (1.333) of water, (compared to air (1)) allows deeper evanescence of the light propagating inside the fibre, and hence better coupling to the sensitizer coating, than in gas sensing.
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Heaney, S. F. "Development of a low detection limit Cu(II) ISE for complexation studies." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419362.

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Dick, Nicole Marie. "Methods for handling missing data due to a limit of detection in longitudinal lognormal data." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/867.

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Jin, Yan. "Bayesian Solution to the Analysis of Data with Values below the Limit of Detection (LOD)." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1227293204.

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Láznička, Jan. "Analýza spolehlivosti měření látek pomocí biosenzorů - návrh robustní metody stanovení limitu detekce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217622.

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Detection limit of any method is affected by device (electronics, noise), evaluation, software (timing inaccuracy, rounding mistakes, errors determination of parameters using measured values by numerical methods) and by a chemical reaction (diluting errors, the reaction mixture design, chemical interferents, temperature, the accuracy of pipetting). In this work was proposed a metod for determination of detection limit for measuring of inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase by biosensor analysator of toxicity (BTA). The analysator was developed by BVT Technologies a.s. in 2004. To determine the exact detection limit a calibration of output signal was done. Presently the analysator is able to detect only presence of toxins, not their concentration. Not least are mentioned all founded errors of software, which are continuously eliminated.
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Books on the topic "Limit de detecció (limit of detection"

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Springs, David W. How to outfox the bears: Beating the radar speed trap. Osceola, Wis., USA: Motorbooks International, 1987.

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Manraj, A. Shakoor. The law on speeding and speed detection devices. 3rd ed. Markham, Ont: LexisNexis, 2007.

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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Radiological health protection issues associated with use of active detection technology systems for detection of radioactive threat materials. Bethesda, Md: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 2011.

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Lehrasab, Nadeem. A generic fault detection and isolation approach for single-throw mechanical equipment. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.

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The complete book on speed enforcement: A practical guide to understanding speed enforcement concepts and devices. Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas, 2012.

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New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Law, Public Safety, and Defense. Public hearing before Senate Law, Public Safety, and Defense Committee: To elicit testimony for discussion on the role of local governmental and law enforcement officials on monitoring the transportation of hazardous materials, receiving regular and timely notification when hazardous materials are transported through any municipality and effectively enforcing current laws regulating the transportation of hazardous materials in this state : May 4, 1988, Paramus Borough Hall, Paramus, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1988.

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New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Law, Public Safety, and Defense. Public hearing before Senate Law, Public Safety, and Defense Committee: Senate bill 2733 (reduces the blood alcohol content level for driving a commercial motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol to 0.04%), and Senate bill 2741 (prohibits the use or possession of radar detectors in commercial motor vehicles) : February 11, 1987, Council Chambers, Burlington Township Municipal Building, Burlington Township, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1987.

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New, Jersey Legislature Senate Committee on Law Public Safety and Defense, and Jersey Legislature Senate Committee on Law Public Safety and Defense New. Public hearing before Senate Law, Public Safety and Defense Committee: A discussion of issues concerning the restructuring of motor vehicle license plates and the misuse of drivers' licenses : July 21, 1987, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1987.

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New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Law, Public Safety, and Defense. Public hearing before Senate Law, Public Safety, and Defense Committee: Motor vehicle inspections : February 4, 1991, Room 407, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1991.

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New, Jersey Legislature Senate Committee on Law Public Safety and Defense. Public hearing before Senate Law, Public Safety, and Defense Committee: Continuation of February 25, 1991 hearing to receive testimony from individuals and organizations on the recently announced plans to change the standards and procedures for the motor vehicle inspection system administered by the Division of Motor Vehicles (see previous transcript dated 2/25/91) : March 11, 1991, Room 407, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Limit de detecció (limit of detection"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Detection Limit." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 202. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_3458.

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Bzik, Thomas J. "Detecting the Detection Limit." In Detection Limits in Air Quality and Environmental Measurements, 1–15. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp161820180117.

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Isermann, Rolf. "Fault detection with limit checking." In Fault-Diagnosis Systems, 95–110. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30368-5_7.

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Johnson, James E., and Janet A. Johnson. "Radioactivity Analyses and Detection Limit Problems." In ACS Symposium Series, 266–74. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1988-0361.ch014.

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Owens, K. G., C. F. Bauer, and C. L. Grant. "Effects of Analytical Calibration Models on Detection Limit Estimates." In ACS Symposium Series, 194–207. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1988-0361.ch010.

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Zhu, Lei, Chun-Sheng Yang, and Jeng-Shyang Pan. "Detection and Recognition of Speed Limit Sign from Video." In Intelligent Information and Database Systems, 760–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49381-6_73.

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Aerts, Marc, Martine I. Bakker, Pietro Ferrari, Peter Fuerst, Jessica Tressou, and Philippe J. P. Verger. "Reporting and Modeling of Results Below the Limit of Detection." In Total Diet Studies, 169–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7689-5_16.

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Hofmann, Siegfried. "Optimizing Certainty and the Detection Limit: Signal-to-Noise Ratio." In Springer Series in Surface Sciences, 259–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27381-0_6.

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Semkow, Thomas M., Abdul J. Khan, Traci A. Menia, Xin Li, Liang T. Chu, Miguel A. Torres, and Abdul Bari. "Detection Limit for Ra-228 in Drinking Water by Gamma Spectrometry." In Detection Limits in Air Quality and Environmental Measurements, 146–61. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp161820180060.

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Sokalski, Tomasz. "Transmembrane Ion Fluxes for Lowering Detection Limit of Ion-Selective Electrodes." In Electrochemical Processes in Biological Systems, 23–59. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118899076.ch2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Limit de detecció (limit of detection"

1

Hodelin, Juan F., Luca Pezze, George Khoury, Augusto Smerzi, and Dirk Bouwmeester. "Phase detection at the quantum limit." In Quantum Electronics Metrology. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.772333.

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Nordberg, Markus, Ema Ceco, Sara Wallin, and Henric Östmark. "Detection limit of imaging Raman spectroscopy." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by J. Thomas Broach and John H. Holloway. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.919149.

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Panait, Cornel, and George Caruntu. "The detection limit of magnetic microsensors." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Ovidiu Iancu, Adrian Manea, and Paul Schiopu. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.742075.

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Palma-Vargas, Salvador, G. Eduardo Sandoval-Romero, and Angélica Ramírez Ibarra. "Detection limit of a Sagnac interferometer." In Sixth Symposium Optics in Industry, edited by Julio C. Gutiérrez-Vega, Josué Dávila-Rodríguez, and Carlos López-Mariscal. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.742278.

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Sun, Peng Gang. "Analysis of resolution limit in community detection." In 2014 11th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2014.6980932.

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Le Thomas, Nicolas. "Fundamental Detection Limit of Integrated Photonic Sensors." In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laop.2018.tu2a.1.

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Huang, Yea-Shuan, and Yun-Shin Lee. "Detection and recognition of speed limit signs." In 2010 International Computer Symposium (ICS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compsym.2010.5685536.

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Handojo, Andrianto. "High Spatial Frequency Limit Of Photothermoplastic Materials." In International Topical Meeting on Image Detection and Quality, edited by Lucien F. Guyot. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.966789.

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Dhingra, Manuj, James Armor, Yedidia Neumeier, and J. V. R. Prasad. "Compressor Surge: A Limit Detection and Avoidance Problem." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-6449.

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Yavrucuk, Ilkay, J. Prasad, and Anthony Calise. "Adaptive limit detection and avoidance for carefree maneuvering." In AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-4003.

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Reports on the topic "Limit de detecció (limit of detection"

1

Strobel, R., and J. Kury. Nitromethane K-9 Detection Limit. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15007320.

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WHITE, THOMASL. Reducing the Detection Limit for Tetraphenylborate in Tank 50H Waste. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826189.

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Chung, C. F. Statistical treatment of geochemical data with observations below the detection limit. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/120239.

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De Lucia, Jr, and Frank C. Producing Known Quantities Of RDX for LIBS Limit of Detection Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada562865.

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WESTSIK, G. A. Lower Limit of Detection (LLD) Determination for PFP Residues Segmented Gamma Scan Assay System (SGSAS). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808108.

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Tracy, L., and S. Nasarabadi. Spore Disruption Analysis and Detection Limit Determination at Low Volume Amplifications (2-10 uL) of Bacillus globigii Using eTags. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919212.

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Siegel, Dina Mary, David Abrams, John Hill, Steve Jahn, Phil Smith, and Kayla Thomas. A Practical Guide for Use Of Real Time Detection Systems For Worker Protection And Compliance With Occupational Exposure Limit. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1512716.

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Castro, Alonso. Determination of the Limit of Detection of the Turner Biosystems Modulus Fluorimeter for Comparison with the Attolight SOFIA Detector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1154983.

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Sonder, E., and A. B. Ahmed. Background radiation accumulation and lower limit of detection in thermoluminescent beta-gamma dosimeters used by the centralized external dosimetry system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10109602.

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Sonder, E., and A. B. Ahmed. Background radiation accumulation and lower limit of detection in thermoluminescent beta-gamma dosimeters used by the centralized external dosimetry system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5948905.

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