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Journal articles on the topic 'Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Leu, Daw-Kwei, and Jen-Yu Wu. "A Simplified Approach to Estimate Limiting Drawing Ratio and Maximum Drawing Load in Cup Drawing." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 126, no. 1 (2004): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1633574.

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A new and practically applicable equation, including the normal anisotropy R, the strain hardening exponent n, the friction coefficient μ, and the bending factor t0/rd for estimating the limiting drawing ratio LDR (a measure of drawability of sheet metal) in cup drawing of a cylindrical cup with a flat-nosed punch is derived by an elementary theory of plasticity in an explicit form. Whiteley’s and Leu’s equations for estimating the LDR, and Hill’s upper limit value of LDR, all are the special cases of the derived equation. The estimation of LDR agrees well with the experiment. It is shown that

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2

E., Karajibani, Fazli A., and Hashemi R. "Numerical and experimental study of formability in deep drawing of two-layer metallic sheets." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 80, no. 1-4 (2015): 113–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-6978-5.

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In this paper, the formability of two-layer (aluminum-st12 steel) sheets in the deep drawing process was investigated through numerical simulations and experiments. The purpose of this research was to obtain more formability in deep drawing process. The limit drawing ratio (LDR) was obtained in deep drawing of two-layer metallic sheets, with aluminum inner layer which was in contact with the punch and steel outer layer which was in contact with the die. Finite element simulations were performed to study the effect of parameters such as the thickness of each layer, value of die arc radius, fric

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3

Qian, Jian Qing, Ji Ping Chen, and Hai Fan Qian. "The Influence of N Values on Sheet Metal Deep Drawing Based on Different Blank Holder Forces." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1364.

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The influence of hardening index n value at different holding forces on LDR of cylinder cup was simulated by the finite element software PAM-STAMP 2G. The results showed that the limit drawing ratio of the sheet metal decreased with the increase of the blank holder force. There was little influence of hardening index n value on the limit drawing ratio at smaller blank holder force. The influence of hardening index n value on the limit drawing ratio increased with the increase of the blank holder force. The hardening index n value could be increased to increase the limit drawing ratio when the

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4

Huang, You Min, and Yi Wei Tsai. "Analyzing of Stainless Elliptical Cup Drawing Process." Key Engineering Materials 443 (June 2010): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.443.116.

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A methodology of formulating an incremental elasto-plastic three-dimensional finite element model, which is based on Prandtl-Reuss flow rule and von Mises’s yield criterion respectively, associated with an updated Lagrangian formulation, is developed to simulate elliptical cup drawing process. An extended algorithm is proposed to formulate the boundary conditions, such as the yield of element, maximum allowable strain increment, maximum allowable rotation increment, maximum allowable equivalent stress increment, and tolerance for nodes getting out of contact with tool. In order to verify the r

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5

Yossifon, S., and J. Tirosh. "The Maximum Drawing Ratio in Hydroforming Processes." Journal of Engineering for Industry 112, no. 1 (1990): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899294.

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The concept of Maximum Drawing Ratio (MDR), supplementary to the well-known Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR), is defined, examined, and illustrated by experiments. In essence the MDR is reached when the two basic failure modes, namely: rupture (due to tensile instability) and wrinkling (due to buckling instability) are delayed till they occur simultaneously. Thus the process is beneficially utilized for higher drawing ratio by postponing earlier interception of either one of the above failures alone. The ability to suppress (up to a certain extent) the appearance of these failure modes depends heavil

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6

Huang, You Min, and Yi Wei Tsai. "Analysis of Elliptical Cup Drawing Process of SUS304 Stainless Metal." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.350.

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A methodology of formulating an elasto-plastic three-dimensional finite element model, which is based on Prandtl-Reuss flow rule and von Mises yield criterion respectively, associated with an updated Lagrangian formulation. An extended r-min algorithm is proposed to formulate the boundary conditions, such as the yield of element, maximum allowable strain increment, maximum allowable rotation increment, maximum allowable equivalent stress increment, and tolerance for nodes getting out of contact with tool. In order to verify the reliability and accuracy of the FEM code, the fractured thickness

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7

Suhadi, Amin, Eka Febriyanti, Tri Handayani, and Rini Riastuti. "Pengaruh Suhu Dan Persentase Reduksi Terhadap Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR) Pada Proses Metal Forming Paduan 70Cu-30Zn [Effect of Temperature and Reduction Percentage to Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR) on Metal Forming of 70Cu-30Zn Alloy]." Metalurgi 31, no. 2 (2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/metalurgi.v31i2.126.

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8

Soomro, M. Waseem, R. Khan, and M. Akhtar. "Anisotropy and Forming Characteristics of Magnesium Alloy ZE10." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.295.

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The current work investigates anisotropy and forming characteristics of ZE10 Mg alloy. Anisotropic effects are measured by analysing tensile tests data for the specimens from 0o, 45o and 90o rolling directions of thin sheet of 0.8 mm thickness. The effects of temperature and strain rates are also included in anisotropic analyses. The mechanical properties of ZE10 alloy are affected by the physical conditions like temperature and strain rates. The effect is significant on yield strength, UTS and fracture strain while small variation is observed in case of Young’s modulus. Deep drawing experimen

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9

Berger, Moshe, and Eyal Zussman. "On-Line Thinning Measurement in the Deep Drawing Process." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 124, no. 2 (2002): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1455644.

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The conventional deep drawing process is limited to a certain Limit Drawing Ratio (LDR), beyond which localized wall thinning and rupture occur. One way to increase the LDR is to try to capture the onset of necking and to adjust process parameters in order to delay or avoid necking. This paper describes a method for monitoring the wall thickness of a cup during the deep drawing process. Measurement utilizes a noncontact ultrasound gauge that is located orthogonally to the drawn cup’s wall and is immersed in oil to create an acoustic coupling. Monitoring is based upon a deep drawing process mod

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10

Ma, Gao Shan, Han Ying Wang, Song Yang Zhang, and Min Wan. "Finite Element Analysis and Deep Drawing of Cylindrical Cups with 5A90 Al-Li Alloy Sheets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.76.

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The cylindrical cup drawing of 5A90 Aluminum-Lithium alloy sheets at various forming conditions was studied by both the experimental approach and the finite element analysis. The uniaxial tensile tests and forming limit tests of 5A90 Al-Li alloy sheets at various temperatures were first carried out. The tests results were then employed in the finite element simulations to investigate the effects of process parameters, such as forming temperature, holder force, and die corner radius, on the formability of cylindrical cup drawing with 5A90 sheets. In order to validate the finite element analysis

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11

Mrs., C. Sucharitha1 Dr. J. SureshKumar2. "ANALYSIS OF DEEP DRAWING PROCESS FOR VARIOUS PARAMETERS USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 11 (2017): 400–408. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1054621.

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The main objective of this paper is to find the most effective parameters in deep drawing process to produce a cup of required shape and size. Limit Drawing Ratio is one of the parameters that indicate the drawability of material. It is defined as the ratio of blank diameter to punch diameter at the onset of tearing. Deep drawing products in modern industries usually have a complicated shape, so these have to undergo several successive operations to obtain a final desired shape. In this work the effect of various parameters like die and punch corner radii, clearance, friction coefficient betwe

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12

Peng, Ying Hong, Ying Bing Luo, Da Yong Li, and Ji Long Yin. "Constitutive Model Development and the Numerical Study on the Drawability of AZ31 Sheet." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.645.

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To examine the formability of a magnesium-based alloy AZ31 sheet, a temperature and strain rate related constitutive model for AZ31 sheet was developed based on tensile experiments. The relative parameters were obtained by fitting the equation to the experimental data. The comparison between the fitted and the experimental data proved the effectiveness of the model. Based on this model, the deep drawing process has been simulated with the finite element method and the limit drawing ratio (LDR) of AZ31 sheet was numerically studied. The study result was helpful to the application of the stampin

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13

Cao, X. Q., J. W. Wang, Y. Liu, Cheng Zhong Chi, L. C. Li, and Hong Xia Wang. "Research on the Warm Deep Drawing of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheet Based on DYNAFORM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.754.

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The effect of forming temperature on the deep drawability (limit drawing ratio (LDR)) of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet was studied both numerically and experimentally by the use of finite element analysis software DYNAFORM and specially designed warm deep drawing die set. The simulation model was built by SolidWorks 2009, 3-Parameter_Barlat model with BT shell unit was adopted as material model. The constitutive relation of the material was provided by uniaxial isothermal tension tests at different temperatures. After being set, all parameters were referred to famous explicit dynamic solver LS-DY

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14

Saleh, Ali Hassan, and Ammer Khalaf Ali. "Development technique for deep drawing without blank holder to produce circular cup of brass alloy." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 4, no. 1 (2015): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v4i1.3516.

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Of this technique compared to the conventional deep drawing is that the circular cup can be carried out in single action press with limit In this paper a new mechanism for deep drawing was proposed to produce circular cup from thin plate without blank holder. In this technique the die assembly includes punch, die and die-punch. A 2D axisymmetric finite element model was built using DEFORM software. Effect of die geometry (half- cone angle) on maximum load, thickness distribution, strain distribution and effect of clearance ratio between punch and (die-punch) on the wrinkling of the cup were in

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15

Park, Nho Kwang, Jin Gee Park, Sang Hyun Seo, and Jeoung Han Kim. "Drawability of Ti-6Al-4V Sheet at Elevated Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.902.

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Titanium and its alloys are difficult-to-form materials due to limited slip system and plastic anisotropy. Titanium is also prone to change in color due to oxidation at high temperatures. It is thus advisable to conduct deep drawing of titanium and its alloys at temperatures below 600°C. In this study, the drawability of Ti-6Al-4V sheet is evaluated in respect to the process parameters such as forming temperature, forming speed, and blank holding force at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the limit drawing ratio (LDR) increases with increasing temperature, but varies insignificantly with

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16

Soomro, M. Waseem, M. Akhtar, R. Khan, and S. Altaf. "Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Forming Capabilities in Thin Magnesium Sheet at Elevated Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.527.

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This paper investigates the mechanical properties and forming capabilities of magnesium ZE10. Mechanical properties are observed by stress strain diagram. Three types of the samples are used which are machined from thin sheets of 0.8mm thickness in 00, 450, 900 of the rolling direction (RD). The samples are then tested at different temperatures varying from room temperature (RT) to 400°C. The factors that are considered in tensile tests are Youngs modulus, Yield strength, Ultimate tensile strength and fracture strain. The later part of this paper is devoted to deep drawing tests in which speci

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17

Sun, Kuokuo, Mei Zhan, and Xiaoguang Fan. "Simultaneously improving strength, ductility and formability in 2195 Al-Li alloy components via pre-aging treatment." MATEC Web of Conferences 408 (2025): 02019. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202540802019.

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The Al-Cu-Li alloy large thin-walled complex components are crucial for the critical equipment in aerospace and aviation fields due to their high-performance, lightweight and high-efficiency. However, the poor plasticity of Al-Cu-Li alloy sheets limits the forming of large thin-walled complex components. Herein, an effective strategy for simultaneously enhancing strength, ductility and formability of rolled Al-Cu-Li alloy sheets is proposed by short time artificial pre-aging after solution treatment. The result indicates that good ductility is obtained through pre-aging treatment, with elongat

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18

Yim, Gihak, Heegwon Shin, Hyejin Kim, Seungpill Jung, Jinhwa Jeon, and Dongyul Lee. "The effect of retained austenite stability on the formability of third generation advanced high strength steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 408 (2025): 02037. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202540802037.

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This study aims to evaluate the effect of retained austenite (RA) stability on the performance of third-generation advanced high-strength steel (AHSS). The analysis focuses on two quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steels with a minimum tensile strength designation above 1.0 GPa. Additionally, two conventional dual-phase (DP) steels with tensile strengths of 780 MPa and 1.0 GPa were included for comparison. The retained austenite stability of the Q&P steels was first assessed through tensile testing by observing changes in the retained austenite volume fraction. Subsequently, its impact

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19

Weiss, M., M. E. Dingle, B. F. Rolfe, and P. D. Hodgson. "The Influence of Temperature on the Forming Behavior of Metal/Polymer Laminates in Sheet Metal Forming." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 129, no. 4 (2007): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2772329.

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The influence of temperature on the forming behavior of an aluminum/polypropylene/aluminum (APA) sandwich sheet was studied. Shear and tensile tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the laminate and the component materials as a function of process temperature. The forming limit diagram (FLD) of the laminate was established for two different temperatures, and its springback behavior was examined in four-point bend and channel bend tests. Cup forming tests were performed at various test temperatures to determine the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) and the tendency for wrinkl

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20

Lee, Young Seon, Taek Woo Jung, Dae Yong Kim, and Young Hoon Moon. "Effects of Surface Strength and Temperature on Warm Forming of MG-AL-SUS Clad Sheet." Key Engineering Materials 443 (June 2010): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.443.183.

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Clad metal sheets are composed of one or more different materials joined by resistance seam welding, roll-bonding process, etc. Good formability is an essential property in order to deform a clad metal sheet to a part or component. Temperature is one of the major factors affected the interface strength and formability on warm forming of multilayered sheet metal. In this study, the mechanical properties and formability of a Mg-Al-SUS clad sheet are investigated. The clad sheet was deformed at elevated temperatures because of its poor formability at room temperature. Tensile tests were performed

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21

Tanure, Leandro Paulo de Almeida Reis, Cláudio Moreira de Alcântara, Tarcísio Reis de Oliveira, Dagoberto Brandão Santos, and Berenice Mendonça Gonzalez. "Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of the Ferritic Stainless Steels ASTM 430 Stabilized with Niobium and ASTM 439 Stabilized with Niobium and Titanium." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1651.

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The use of Ferritic Stainless Steels has become indispensable due its lower cost and the possibility to replace austenitic stainless steels in many applications. In this study, cold rolled sheets of two stabilized ferritic stainless steels with 85% thickness reduction were annealed by applying a heating rate of 24 oC/s and a soaking time of 24 s. The niobium stabilized ferritic stainless steel type ASTM 430 (430Nb) was annealed at 880 oC while the niobium and titanium bi-stabilized steel ASTM 439 was annealed at 925 oC. The annealed samples were tensile tested and due to the smaller grain size

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22

Cao, Miao, Cui-Ju Wang, Kun-Kun Deng, and Kai-Bo Nie. "Effect of Interface on the Deep Drawability of Ti/Al Multilayered Composites." Metals 11, no. 5 (2021): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050795.

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Ti/Al multilayered composites (LMCs) with different layers were prepared by hot-pressing and hot-rolling. The effects of interface on the deep drawability of LMCs were explored. The results indicate that LMCs with more layers have a higher limit-drawing ratio (LDR) and exhibit an excellent deep drawability. The texture strength of the Ti layer gradually weakens with the increase of layers, which leads to the smaller yield ratio (σs/σb), the plastic strain ratio (r), and the larger strain hardening index (n), thus the deep drawability of LMCs with more layers is enhanced effectively. The Ti/Al

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23

Pernis, Rudolf, Igor Barényi, Jozef Kasala, and Mária Ličková. "Evaluation of Limiting Drawing Ratio (LDR) in deep drawing process." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 21, no. 4 (2015): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v21i4.642.

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Part production by deep drawing technology brings important economic advantages. Cupping test is used to determine material suitability for deep drawing. The main principle of the test is redrawing of cylinder metal test piece to the cup. The result of the test is calculation of limiting drawing ratio (LDR) whichstates the ratio betweenthe largest blank diameter and final cup diameter. Many cupping tests for various materials were performedin order to determine maximal value of LDRthatwould still allow deep drawing without failure of material integrity. Limiting drawing ratio (LDR)converges to

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24

Mayavan, T., and Loganathan Karthikeyan. "Influence of Process Parameters on Limiting Drawing Ratio of IS513 CR3 Grade Steel Sheet during Warm Deep Drawing." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.62.

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In this work the significance of important parameters such as Blank temperature, Blank hold force on limiting drawing ratio (LDR) of IS513 CR3 steel sheets during warm deep drawing was determined. Influence of these parameters was analyzed at three different forming speeds. Experimental results proved that the blank temperature has a higher influence on LDR compared with other parameters especially at low forming speed.

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Ethiraj, N., and V. S. Senthil Kumar. "Investigation on Formability of AISI 304 Circular Cups by Warm Deep Drawing." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1410.

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Deep drawing is one of the sheet metal forming processes used widely in industries like automobile, aerospace etc. In drawing operation, the limiting draw ratio (LDR) is used as an index of drawability of a material. In this investigation, stainless steel AISI 304 grade blanks of 1.0 mm thickness with different diameters are drawn into a circular cups in single stage. The experiments were conducted at room temperature as well as at temperatures 100oC, 200oC, and 300oC. The LDR values obtained in each condition were analyzed. The experimental results show that there is a significant improvement

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Thipprakmas, Sutasn, Juksawat Sriborwornmongkol, Rudeemas Jankree, and Wiriyakorn Phanitwong. "Application of an Oleophobic Coating to Improve Formability in the Deep-Drawing Process." Lubricants 11, no. 3 (2023): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11030104.

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The competition among sheet-metal-forming manufacturers in recent years has become more severe. Many manufacturers have survived by cutting their production costs. Increasing the formability, which could reduce the production costs, is the focus of many manufacturers and engineers. In the present research, to increase the formability over the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) in the cylindrical deep-drawing process, the application of oleophobic coating is proposed. An SUS304 (JIS standard)-stainless-steel cylindrical deep-drawn component was used as the investigated model. First, we applied the ol

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27

Şen, Nuri, Tolgahan Civek, and Elifnaz Baba. "Prediction of Deep Drawing Ratio for DP800 Steel by Using Modified-Mohr-Coulomb Damage Criteria." Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 13, no. 2 (2025): 735–51. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1610838.

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The demand for low-cost production in vehicle manufacturing while complying with the safety and environmental regulations is an enormous challenge. To comply with these challenges, sheet metal forming industries now extensively use advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) in their products. However, due to excellent strength levels of AHSSs, problems arising in their forming stage, such as large spring-back and fracture, hinder the manufacturing process. At this stage, implementing finite element analysis (FEA) in the design processes greatly improves manufacturing processes since it allows deter

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Shewakh, Walid M., and Ibrahim M. Hassab-Allah. "Finite Element Simulation of a Multistage Square Cup Drawing Process for Relatively Thin Sheet Metal through a Conical Die." Processes 12, no. 3 (2024): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12030525.

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A new manufacturing process has been developed that involves drawing circular sheets of thin metal through a conical die to create square cups. This technique produces deep square cups with a height-to-punch-side length ratio of approximately 2, as well as high dimensional accuracy and a nearly uniform height. The study investigated how various factors, including the sheet material properties and process geometric parameters, affect the limiting drawing ratio (LDR). The researchers used finite element analysis to determine the optimal die design for achieving a high LDR and found that the prop

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Putri, Bakhitah Hany, Amiruddin Tawe, Nurman Nurman, Anwar Ramli, and Ahmad Ali. "CREDIT RISK LEVEL ANALYSIS IN PT. BANK SULSELBAR." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND BUSINESS (INJOSS) 1, no. 3 (2022): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54443/injoss.v1i3.29.

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This study aims to determine and analyze the level of credit risk in terms of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) at PT. South Sulawesi Bank. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative. The population in this study is the financial statements of PT Bank Sulselbar from 2016-2020. While the sample in this study is the balance sheet and credit collectibility of PT Bank Sulselbar in 2016-2020. Data analysis techniques using the ratio of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR). The results showed that the Non Performing Loan (NPL) of PT. Ba

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Pourboghrat, Farhang, Senthilkumar Venkatesan, and John E. Carsley. "LDR and hydroforming limit for deep drawing of AA5754 aluminum sheet." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 15, no. 4 (2013): 600–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2013.04.003.

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Phanitwong, Wiriyakorn, and Sutasn Thipprakmas. "Multi Draw Radius Die Design for Increases in Limiting Drawing Ratio." Metals 10, no. 7 (2020): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070870.

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As a major sheet metal process for fabricating cup or box shapes, the deep drawing process is commonly applied in various industrial fields, such as those involving the manufacture of household utensils, medical equipment, electronics, and automobile parts. The limiting drawing ratio (LDR) is the main barrier to increasing the formability and production rate as well as to decrease production cost and time. In the present research, the multi draw radius (MDR) die was proposed to increase LDR. The finite element method (FEM) was used as a tool to illustrate the principle of MDR based on material

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Halkacı, Mehmet, Huseyin Selcuk Halkaci, Mevlut Turkoz, and Behçet Dağhan. "A Study on DOE Methods for Hydromechanical Deep Drawing Process Parameters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1602.

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Formability of sheet metals can be increased by Hydromechanical Deep Drawing (HDD) process. Formability of the deep drawn cups is generally assessed by Limiting Drawing Ratio (LDR) which is the ratio of the blank diameter to punch diameter. In order to increase LDR by HDD, process parameters of the HDD should be arranged properly. Arranging of the process parameters requires a great knowledge about the effects of the process parameters to certain performance criteria of the process. Determining of the effects of the process parameters by full factorial experiments is a hard duty. Hence certain

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Iskandar, Norman, Deni Fajar Fitriyana, and Fuad Arief Raharjo. "ANALISIS PROSES DRAWING UNTUK PEMBUATAN PEDAL BRAKE SEPEDA MOTOR RODA TIGA DENGAN SOFTWARE BERBASIS FEM." Simetris: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro dan Ilmu Komputer 9, no. 1 (2018): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/simet.v9i1.1947.

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Pedal Brake berfungsi sebagai tempat pijakan kaki pada sistem pengereman pada salah satu produk motor roda tiga di Indonesia. Pembuatan pedal brake menggunakan proses drawing yaitu proses dimana gaya diberikan pada benda kerja agar terdeformasi plastis mengikuti bentuk dari punch dengan kedalaman tertentu. Dalam pembuatan pedal brake menggunakan proses drawing terdapat potensi cacat yang bisa terjadi akibat besarnya gaya serta tingkat kedalaman cetakan. Analisa draw ability dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar kedalaman proses drawing sebelum benda kerja mengalami kegagalan dengan menghit

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Kim, Sang Woo, and Young Seon Lee. "Investigations on the Effect of Ultrasonic Vibration in Cylindrical Cup Drawing Processes." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 1152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.1152.

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This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on the effect of ultrasonic vibration on cylindrical cup drawing processes of a cold rolled steel sheet (SPCC). An experimental apparatus to superimpose high frequency oscillation on deep drawing processes was constructed by installing ultrasonic vibration generators consist of piezoelectric transducer and resonator to the die. Conventional and vibration-assisted cylindrical deep drawing tests were carried out for various drawing ratios, and the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) was compared. In order to evaluate the contribution of ultr

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35

Ambrogio, Giuseppina, Luigino Filice, Archimede Forcellese, G. Leonardo Manco, and M. Simoncini. "Process Parameter Effects on the LDR in Warm Deep Drawing of Magnesium Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 410-411 (March 2009): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.410-411.587.

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The present work is focused on the investigation of the role of temperature and punch speed in warm deep drawing of AZ31 magnesium alloy. To this purpose, an experimental campaign, defined using a proper DOE approach, has been performed. The experimental results, in terms of the Limiting Drawing Ratio, have shown that drawability is strongly affected by the process parameters. In particular, Limiting Drawing Ratio exhibits the peak value at 250°C. As far as the effect of punch speed is concerned, it depends on temperature: at 200°C drawability increases with decreasing punch speed whilst a rev

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Chen, Ji Ping, Jian Qing Qian, and Sheng Zhi Li. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Limit Drawing Ratio of Steel Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2539.

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The limit drawing ratios of the steel sheets are studied by the numerical simulation using the finite element software PAM-STAMP 2G. The limit drawing ratios of the steel sheets are also measured by the practical Swift cup test. The results of the experiments and the simulations are compared and analyzed. The results show that the overall shapes of the deep drawing parts of the experiment and the simulation are roughly the same. The maximum deviation of limit drawing ratio values between the experimental results and the simulations for two steel sheets with various thicknesses is only 2.2%. Th

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Ballikaya, Hasan, Vedat Savas, and Cetin Ozay. "The limit drawing ratio in die angled hydromechanical deep drawing method." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106, no. 1-2 (2019): 791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04624-y.

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Haga, Toshio. "Mechanical Property of Roll Cast Al-11%Si Alloy." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.461.

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Al-11%Si (-0.44%Fe-0.16%Cu-0.14%Mg) was cast into the strip using a vertical type high speed twin roll caster at speed of 60m/min. Cooling rate of the strip was ranging from 2000OC/s at surface to 1000OC/s at center of thickness. The eutectic Si was smaller than 2μm. The homogenization, cold rolling down to 1mm, and annealing were carried out before the tension test, 180 degrees bending test and deep drawing test. Tensile stress was 192MPa, 0.2%proof stress was 84MPa, and elongation was 23.8%. Roll cast Al-11%Si had excellent elongation. The specimen was not broken by the 180 degree bending. L

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Liu, Jian Guang, and Wei Liu. "Evaluation of Seven Ductile Fracture Criteria for Failure Prediction of AZ31 Sheet in Warm Forming." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1947.

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Seven commonly used ductile fracture criteria are briefly reviewed and the validity of predicting the failure of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet by using these ductile fracture criteria is evaluated. Through fitting the experimental FLCs, the damage parameters for these ductile fracture criteria are determined firstly. Integrating these seven ductile fracture criteria into Abaqus/Explicit via VUMAT subroutine, the warm deep drawing process of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet is simulated. The limit drawing ratios (LDR) of AZ31 Mg alloy sheet at different temperature are predicted. The comparison of predictions with th

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Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal, and Muhammad Fikra Yafi Ulhaqqi. "The effect of systematic and unsystematic determinants on loan (financing) to deposit ratio in Indonesian banking." Annals of Management and Organization Research 5, no. 1 (2023): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/amor.v5i1.1657.

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Purpose: This study compares the determinants of liquidity of Islamic Banks (IBs) and Conventional Banks (CBs) based on the loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR) and financing-to-deposit ratio (FDR) between 2016 and 2020. Research Methodology: The data analysis technique used was panel data regression. Results: The results show Economic growth has a positive effect on banking liquidity risk, while non-performing loans (financing) have a negative effect on banking liquidity risk. Limitations: The frame time in this research was 2016-2020 which, before Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) Sya

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Xu, Yong Chao, Shi Hong Zhang, H. M. Liu, et al. "Improved Formability and Deep Drawing of Cross-Rolled Magnesium Alloy Sheets at Elevated Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.461.

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The extruded sheets were prepared at the temperature between 350ıand 400ı, and the magnesium alloy sheet was manufactured by a new method, cross rolling, in which the rolling direction was changed in each pass. At the time, deep drawing of magnesium alloy sheet was investigated at elevated temperatures. The results show that the sheet has refined-grain by cross-rolling after it was annealed at 250ı, and the formability is significantly improved at lower temperatures, which is superior to the extruded sheet and the one-way rolled sheet. Deep drawing of magnesium alloy was performed successfully

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Akay, S. B., E. F. Şükür, M. Turkoz, S. Halkaci, M. Koç, and S. Avcı. "Determination of Proper Loading Profiles for Hydro-Mechanical Deep Drawing Process Using FEA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 686 (October 2014): 540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.686.540.

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Hydro-mechanical Deep Drawing (HMD) is an advanced manufacturing process developed to form sheet metal blanks into complex shapes with smooth surfaces using hydraulic pressure as an additional source of deformation force. There are many factors affecting the successful production of desired parts using this manufacturing process. The most important factors are the fluid pressure and blank holder force. Having proper values of these parameters during forming has a direct impact on part properties such as drawing ratio and thinning. In order to determine desired the fluid pressure and blank hold

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Karunia Antika, E. Landitha, Palupi Permata Rahmi, Yoyo Sudaryo, Riyandi Nur Sumawidjaja, and Diah Febriyanti. "The Effect of Net Interest Margin (NIM), Operating Expenses, Operating Income (BOPO), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), on Return on Assets (ROA) at PT Bank Mayapada Internasional Tbk for the Period of 2014-2023." Syntax Idea 6, no. 7 (2024): 3322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/syntax-idea.v6i7.4227.

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Profitability is a ratio to assess the company's ability to seek profit. This ratio also provides a measure of the level of effectiveness of a company's management. Profitability at PT Bank Mayapada Internasioanl Tbk in 2014-2023 fluctuated every year and tended to decline at the end of the research year. This study aims to determine the effect of Net Interest Margin (NIM), Operating Costs of Operating Income (BOPO), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) on Return On Assets (ROA) for the 2014- 2023 period. This study uses a quantitative method with a descriptive verification approach. The data source us

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Nabilah, Firdah, Herminawaty Abubakar, and Ripa Fajarina Laming. "Analisis Tingkat Kesehatan Bank Menggunakan Metode RGEC Pada PT Bank Sulselbar." ACCESS: Journal of Accounting, Finance and Sharia Accounting 1, no. 2 (2023): 96–104. https://doi.org/10.56326/access.v1i2.2053.

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Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesehatan Bank PT Bank Sulselbar pada tahun 2017 sampai dengan tahun 2020 yang diukur dengan menggunakan metode Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earnings, dan Capital (RGEC). Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa selama periode 2017- 2020 masing-masing aspek metode RGEC yaitu risk profile, goog corporate governance, earnings, dan capital nilai komposit kinerja keuangan PT. Bank Sulselbar termasuk dalam kategori sehat karena telah sesuai dengan ketentuan batas-batas rasio yang ditetapkan oleh regulator baik Bank Indonesia (

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Fazlollahi, Majid, Mohammad Reza Morovvati, and Bijan Mollaei Dariani. "Theoretical, numerical and experimental investigation of hydro-mechanical deep drawing of steel/polymer/steel sandwich sheets." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 5 (2018): 1529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418780173.

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Fabricating flat sandwich sheets into components with a required shape and dimensions is a challenging job in the metal forming field. In this article, hydro-mechanical deep drawing was used for sandwich sheet forming. The aim of the work is to achieve higher drawing ratio of these sheets. Theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis of the hydro-mechanical deep drawing of sandwich sheets was carried out. Separated layers theory method is used for theoretical analysis of the process. Then, the numerical simulation of the process was developed by finite element method. The effect of core la

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Tong, Ying, Guo Zheng Quan, and Bin Chen. "Constitutive Description for Drawing Limit of Magnesium Alloy Tube Based on Continuum Damage Mechanics." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 951–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.951.

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The elasto-plastic behavior and the drawing limit of a kind of magnesium alloy tube were investigated based on the foundational theories of the larger deformation of material and continuum damage constitutive model. The corresponding finite element numerical algorithm was developed based on the constitutive model. The non-mandrel drawing limit graph according to the diameter at different tube thickness of an AZ31B tube with diameter 10mm at 250°C and drawing velocity 100mm/s was achieved, and safe & unsafe area got partitioned. The maximum damage value was evaluated to be 0.324 according t

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Deng, Zhi, M. R. Lovell, Wolfgang Bleck, and Kostas Papamantellos. "A general approach for predicting the drawing fracture load and limit drawing ratio of an axisymmetric drawing process." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 30, no. 10 (1999): 2619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-999-0302-7.

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Vollertsen, Frank, Zhenyu Hu, Heinz-Rolf Stock, and Bernd Koehler. "On the limit drawing ratio of magnetron sputtered aluminium–scandium foils within micro deep drawing." Production Engineering 4, no. 5 (2010): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-010-0229-2.

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Moon, Young Hoon, Yong Kee Kang, Jin Wook Park, and Sung Rak Gong. "Deep drawing with internal air-pressing to increase the limit drawing ratio of aluminum sheet." KSME International Journal 15, no. 4 (2001): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03185106.

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Nugroho, Irfan Setyo, and Endri Endri. "Determinants of Non-Performing Bank Loans Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange For The 2016-2020 Period." Journal of Social Science 3, no. 6 (2022): 1214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jss.v3i6.470.

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This study aims to analyse the effect of BOPO, Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Net Interest Margin, Oil Price, inflation, and Interest Rate on Non-performing Loans (NPL) of banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2016-2020. The total population of banks listed on the IDX is 46 banks. In contrast, the sample in this study is part of the population, which is 32 banks. This study is quantitative, so the data analysis method used is a statistical method—the analysis of these data using Econometric Views (Eviews) software version 12.0. The results showed that

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