Relevant bibliographies by topics / Limitating dilution

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Limitating dilution'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Limitating dilution"

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Akono, Henri. "Managerial equity incentives and anti-dilutive convertible debt decisions." Review of Accounting and Finance 17, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-12-2016-0201.

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PurposeThis paper aims to examine whether high equity incentives motivate executives to avoid issuing convertible debt and/or to design convertible debt issues as anti-dilutive to earnings-per-share (EPS).Design/methodology/approachTests are conducted using the Heckman two-step probit model to control for potential self-selection bias between firms that issue straight debt and those that issue convertible debt. Further, analyses are conducted separately and jointly for the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) to assess the differential impact of CEOs’ and CFOs’ equity incentives on convertible debt issuance and design decisions.FindingsFirms are more likely to design convertible debt issues as anti-dilutive to EPS when CFOs have high levels of equity incentives, but only when the firm stock price is sensitive to diluted EPS. High CEOs’ equity incentives have limited impact of convertible debt issuance and design decisions.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this study is the generalizability of the findings and implications of this study due to the smaller sample size of convertible debt issues.Originality/valuePrior research has shown that bonus incentives influence CEOs with disincentive for EPS dilution and motivate them to make anti-dilutive financing decisions. Further, there is evidence that high equity incentives motivate CEOs to manage earnings to boost short-term prices. This study extends prior literature by showing that high equity incentives provide executives with disincentive for EPS dilution and motivate CFOs to design convertible debt issues as anti-dilutive to EPS possibly to avoid reduced stock prices. Further, this study shows that CFOs have greater influence over convertible debt design choices than CEOs do.
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Tsanis, I. K., C. Valeo, and Y. Diao. "Comparison of near-field mixing zone models for multiport diffusers in the Great Lakes." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-013.

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This paper presents a review of near-field mixing zone models and compares their performance with common outfall diffuser examples in the Great Lakes. The results of initial dilutions for three types of multiport diffusers, based on the Ontario Ministry of Environment (MOE) guidelines and recommendations, are compared with those calculated by using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) models. These models include five integral-type models (UPLUME, UOUTPLM, UDKHDEN, UMERGE, and ULINE) and a "length scale" type expert system (CORMIX2). Results based on the first four EPA integral models give higher initial dilutions when compared to results based on CORMIX2 and the MOE guidelines, ULINE gives unrealistically low dilutions. Excluding UPLUME, the initial dilutions given by the other EPA models increase with increasing ambient current. Alternating diffusers generally give lower initial dilutions than the staged and unidirectional diffusers, while unidirectional diffusers produce the highest of the three. Results from the computation tests based on the mixing models can aid in more reasonable and economical diffuser designs that still meet the requirement of initial dilution criteria. While all the models selected for this study have limitations, CORMIX2 is preferred for most Great Lakes applications. It can be applied to all four types of multiport diffusers and can handle different types of ambient stratification, bottom and shore attachment, wake effects and dead zones, plume trapping and far-field behaviour. CORMIX2 predictions compare well with laboratory data and very limited field data. Given the complexity of the problem, more field studies should be performed for further validation of the models. Key words: mixing zone, multiport diffusers, initial dilution.
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Ilyas, Sheroze, Tehmina Munir, Rabia Sadaf, and Mehreen Gilani. "COMPARATIVE IN- VITRO EVALUATION OF VANCOMYCIN MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATIONBY AGAR DILUTION AND E-STRIP IN METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS." PAFMJ 71, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i1.3529.

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Objective: To compare the in-vitro efficacy by determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Vancomycinusing the reference Agar Dilution to the E-Strip in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Study Design: Validation study. Place and Duration of Study: The department of Microbiology Army Medical College/National University ofMedical Sciences in collaboration with Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Dec 2016 to Dec 2017. Methodology: Non-duplicate 84 isolates of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from various clinical specimens were included in the study. All these isolates were screened for susceptibility to glycopeptide by E-strips method (Bio mérieux) as well as Agar Dilution method, using vancomycin concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 8.00µgm/ml respectively in two fold serial dilutions. Results: There was an overall agreement on 83 samples by both the methods i.e. 83 were Vancomycin SensitiveStaphylococcus aureus by both methods while one isolate with intermediate resistance to Vancomycin was onlydetected by Agar Dilution. The sensitivity of the E–strips compared to Agar Dilution was found to be 100%. Thepositive predictive value was 98.8% with a diagnostic accuracy of 98.8%. Specificity and negative predictive valuecould not be ascertained for E-strips because of the limitation of the method to detect the Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Conclusion: E-strip can be a convenient alternative to the gold standard Agar Dilution but its inability to identifyVISA challenges its reliability in determining the Vancomycin resistance in MRSA isolates.
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Romero-Steiner, Sandra, Patricia F. Holder, Patricia Gomez de Leon, Willie Spear, Thomas W. Hennessy, and George M. Carlone. "Avidity Determinations for Haemophilus influenzae Type b Anti-Polyribosylribitol Phosphate Antibodies." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 9 (September 2005): 1029–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.9.1029-1035.2005.

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ABSTRACT Determination of antibody avidity measurements can be difficult in human serum depending on the population evaluated. We evaluated three approaches for the determination of antibody avidity for immunoglobulin G (IgG). These approaches were (i) elution of bound antibody with increasing concentrations of a chaotropic agent using a single serum dilution, (ii) binding interference of multiple serum dilutions by a single concentration of a chaotrope, and (iii) elution of multiple serum dilutions by a single concentration of a chaotrope. Parameters that affect the determination of avidity measurements and their limitations were evaluated with pre- and post-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccination sera (n = 89). We determined that elution of low-avidity antibodies present in multiple dilutions of the serum sample by a single concentration of a chaotrope (0.15 M sodium thiocyanate [NaSCN]) was optimal for the determination of avidity measurements throughout a wide range of IgG concentrations (0.94 to 304.6 μg/ml). The percent reduction in concentration as determined by the elution assay with 0.15 M NaSCN correlated highly (r = 0.84) with weighted averages obtained by an elution assay with multiple solutions of NaSCN. The correlation (r = 0.57) between elution and binding interference, when a single concentration of a chaotrope was used, was lower than the correlation between the two elution methods (r = 0.84). We found that the serum dilution, the heterogeneity of the antibody population, and the concentration of the chaotrope were the primary variables affecting avidity determinations. In this study, we present multiple analysis methods depending on the methodology used. We also present the factors that affect the analysis of avidity determinations given the polyclonal nature of human sera. This experimental approach should benefit the evaluation of similar antibodies induced by other bacterial polysaccharide vaccines.
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Barnard, Malcolm A., Justin D. Chaffin, Haley E. Plaas, Gregory L. Boyer, Bofan Wei, Steven W. Wilhelm, Karen L. Rossignol, et al. "Roles of Nutrient Limitation on Western Lake Erie CyanoHAB Toxin Production." Toxins 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010047.

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Cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom (CyanoHAB) proliferation is a global problem impacting ecosystem and human health. Western Lake Erie (WLE) typically endures two highly toxic CyanoHABs during summer: a Microcystis spp. bloom in Maumee Bay that extends throughout the western basin, and a Planktothrix spp. bloom in Sandusky Bay. Recently, the USA and Canada agreed to a 40% phosphorus (P) load reduction to lessen the severity of the WLE blooms. To investigate phosphorus and nitrogen (N) limitation of biomass and toxin production in WLE CyanoHABs, we conducted in situ nutrient addition and 40% dilution microcosm bioassays in June and August 2019. During the June Sandusky Bay bloom, biomass production as well as hepatotoxic microcystin and neurotoxic anatoxin production were N and P co-limited with microcystin production becoming nutrient deplete under 40% dilution. During August, the Maumee Bay bloom produced microcystin under nutrient repletion with slight induced P limitation under 40% dilution, and the Sandusky Bay bloom produced anatoxin under N limitation in both dilution treatments. The results demonstrate the importance of nutrient limitation effects on microcystin and anatoxin production. To properly combat cyanotoxin and cyanobacterial biomass production in WLE, both N and P reduction efforts should be implemented in its watershed.
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Barnard, Malcolm A., Justin D. Chaffin, Haley E. Plaas, Gregory L. Boyer, Bofan Wei, Steven W. Wilhelm, Karen L. Rossignol, et al. "Roles of Nutrient Limitation on Western Lake Erie CyanoHAB Toxin Production." Toxins 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010047.

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Cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom (CyanoHAB) proliferation is a global problem impacting ecosystem and human health. Western Lake Erie (WLE) typically endures two highly toxic CyanoHABs during summer: a Microcystis spp. bloom in Maumee Bay that extends throughout the western basin, and a Planktothrix spp. bloom in Sandusky Bay. Recently, the USA and Canada agreed to a 40% phosphorus (P) load reduction to lessen the severity of the WLE blooms. To investigate phosphorus and nitrogen (N) limitation of biomass and toxin production in WLE CyanoHABs, we conducted in situ nutrient addition and 40% dilution microcosm bioassays in June and August 2019. During the June Sandusky Bay bloom, biomass production as well as hepatotoxic microcystin and neurotoxic anatoxin production were N and P co-limited with microcystin production becoming nutrient deplete under 40% dilution. During August, the Maumee Bay bloom produced microcystin under nutrient repletion with slight induced P limitation under 40% dilution, and the Sandusky Bay bloom produced anatoxin under N limitation in both dilution treatments. The results demonstrate the importance of nutrient limitation effects on microcystin and anatoxin production. To properly combat cyanotoxin and cyanobacterial biomass production in WLE, both N and P reduction efforts should be implemented in its watershed.
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Paerl, Hans W., and N. Dean Bowles. "Dilution bioassays: Their application to assessments of nutrient limitation in." Hydrobiologia 146, no. 3 (March 1987): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00016348.

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Şeker, Sinem, Celal Güven, Handan Akçakaya, Nurten Bahtiyar, Fahri Akbaş, and İlhan Onaran. "Evidence that Extreme Dilutions of Paclitaxel and Docetaxel Alter Gene Expression of In Vitro Breast Cancer Cells." Homeopathy 107, no. 01 (January 23, 2018): 032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1618585.

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Background Gene expression analysis of cells treated with extreme dilutions or micro amounts of drugs has been used to provide useful suggestions about biological responses. However, most of the previous studies were performed on medicines being prepared from a variety of herbal and metal sources. This study investigated the effects of ultramolecular dilution of the taxane anti-cancer drugs, which are not commonly used in homeopathic medicines, on mRNA expression profiles of five key genes (p53, p21, COX-2, TUBB2A and TUBB3) in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Method MCF-7 cells were exposed to paclitaxel (Taxol) or docetaxel (Taxotere) preparations (6X, 5C and 15C dilutions prepared from pharmacological concentration of 25 nmol/L) for 72 hours. The cell culture groups were evaluated with the trypan blue dye exclusion method for the proliferation/cytotoxicity rates, immuno-staining β-tubulin for microtubule organization, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for gene expression levels.Fold-change in gene expression was determined by the ΔΔCt method. Results The administration of diluted preparations had little or no cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells, but altered the expression of genes analyzed with a complex effect. According to the ΔΔCt method with a five-fold expression difference (p < 0.05) as a cut-off level, ultra-high dilutions of paclitaxel and docetaxel showed differential effects on the studied genes with a concentration-independent activity. Furthermore, the dilutions disrupted the microtubule structure of MCF-7 cells, suggesting that they retain their biological activity. Conclusion Despite some limitations, our findings demonstrate that gene expression alterations also occur with ultra-high dilutions of taxane drugs.
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Ramette, Alban. "Quantitative Community Fingerprinting Methods for Estimating the Abundance of Operational Taxonomic Units in Natural Microbial Communities." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 8 (February 6, 2009): 2495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02409-08.

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ABSTRACT Molecular fingerprinting techniques offer great promise for analyzing changes in microbial community structure, especially when dealing with large number of samples. However, a serious limitation has been the lack of quantification offered by such techniques since the relative abundances of the identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the original samples are not measured. A quantitative fingerprinting approach designated “qfingerprinting” is proposed here. This method involves serial dilutions of the sample of interest and further systematic fingerprinting of all dilution series. Using the ultimate dilutions for which OTU are still PCR amplifiable and taking into account peak size inaccuracy and peak reproducibility, the relative abundance of each OTU is then simultaneously determined over a scale spanning several orders of magnitude. The approach was illustrated by using a quantitative version of automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA), here called qARISA. After validating the concept with a synthetic mixture of known DNA targets, qfingerprinting was applied to well-studied marine sediment samples to examine specific changes in OTU abundance associated with sediment depth. The new strategy represents a major advance for the detailed quantitative description of specific OTUs within complex communities. Further ecological applications of the new strategy are also proposed.
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NG, A. M. L., J. E. SMITH, and A. F. McINTOSH. "Infiuence of Dilution Rate on Enzyme Synthesis in Aspergillus niger in Continuous Culture." Microbiology 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-81-2-425.

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Summary: Aspergillus niger was grown in continuous culture under steady-state conditions in citrate-limiting or glucose-limiting medium. The specific activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, fructose diphosphatase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and, to a limited extent, citrate synthase under citrate limitation remained at a relatively constant steady-state level irrespective of the dilution rate (0.01 to 0.5 h-1). Increase in dilution rate led to an increase in the specific activities of aconitase, NAD(P) isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in both citrate and glucose limiting culture, and to an increase in citrate synthase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase only in glucose limitation. A decrease in specific activity with increasing dilution rate occurred with isocitrate lyase in both citrate and glucose limitation and for fructose diphosphatase only in glucose limitation. The specific activity of malate synthetase showed a peak activity in the middle range of dilution rates.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Limitating dilution"

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Lymberi, Peggy. "Etudes sur la specificite et l'idiotypie d'autoanticorps naturels chez la souris et le rat." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066376.

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Books on the topic "Limitating dilution"

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Hahn, Robert G. Intravenous fluids in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0020.

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Infusion fluids may be regarded as drugs in the perioperative setting. The therapeutic effects of crystalloid solutions are strongly related to the administered volume, while fluids of the colloid type may also improve microcirculation and have anti-inflammatory properties. The anaesthetist should be able to handle all available infusion fluids and be aware of their benefits, limitations, and risks. Fluid administration programmes for surgery are traditionally based on a balance method in which perceived and measured losses are continuously replaced. Two outcome-guided approaches—restrictive and goal-directed fluid therapy—have been added in recent years. The latter places all patients on the top of the Frank–Starling curve by titrating repeated bolus infusions of colloid fluid while observing the stroke volume response. Areas where special consideration should be given to fluid therapy include burn injury, children, day surgery, endoscopic surgery, neurosurgery, induction of spinal and epidural anaesthesia, and in septic and trauma-related shock. As volume is the key component of infusion fluids, kinetic analysis of their disposition is based on their dilution effect on components already present in the blood, usually haemoglobin.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. Intraoperative monitoring. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0043.

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Chapter 25 introduced some basic generic principles applicable to many measurement and monitoring techniques. Chapter 43 introduces those principles not covered in Chapter 25 and discusses in detail the clinical applications and limitations of the many monitoring techniques available to the modern clinical anaesthetist. It starts with non-invasive blood pressure measurement, including clinical and automated techniques. This is followed by techniques of direct blood pressure measurement, noting that transducers and calibration have been discussed in Chapter 25. This is followed by electrocardiography. There then follows a section on the different methods of measuring cardiac output, including the pulmonary artery catheter, the application of ultrasound in echocardiography, pulse contour analysis (LiDCO™ and PiCCO™), and transthoracic electrical impedance. Pulse oximetry is then discussed in some detail. Depth of anaesthesia monitoring is then described, starting with the electroencephalogram and its application in BIS™ monitors, the use of evoked potentials, and entropy. There then follow sections on gas pressure measurement in cylinders and in breathing systems, followed by gas volume and flow measurement, including the rotameter, spirometry, and the pneumotachograph, and the measurement of lung dead space and functional residual capacity using body plethysmography and dilution techniques. The final section is on respiratory gas analysis, starting with light refractometry as the standard against which other techniques are compared, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy (the principles of these techniques having been introduced in Chapter 25), piezoelectric and paramagnetic analysers, polarography and fuel cells, and blood gas analysis.
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Book chapters on the topic "Limitating dilution"

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Pedrini, Luciano A., and Gerhard Wiesen. "Overcoming the Limitations of Post-Dilution On-Line Hemodiafiltration: Mixed Dilution Hemodiafiltration." In Contributions to Nephrology, 129–40. Basel: KARGER, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000333629.

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Milo, Christian, and Imre Blank. "Quantification of Impact Odorants in Food by Isotope Dilution Assay: Strength and Limitations." In ACS Symposium Series, 250–59. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0705.ch022.

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Vose, P. B., and R. L. Victoria. "Re-examination of the Limitations of Nitrogen-15 Isotope Dilution Technique for the Field Measurement of Dinitrogen Fixation." In Field Measurement of Dinitrogen Fixation and Denitrification, 23–41. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub18.c3.

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"Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals." In Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals, edited by Erica J. Burton, Allen H. Andrews, Kenneth H. Coale, and Gregor M. Cailliet. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569155.ch6.

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<em>Abstract.</em> —Radiometric aging of fishes is a recently developed technique using the disequilibria of <sup>210</sup> Pb:<sup>226</sup> Ra in calcified structures to determine age. It has been applied successfully to several fish species, but certain limitations have made improvements desirable. Because <sup>226</sup> Ra can be measured directly by counting atoms using isotope-dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), a new ion-exchange separation technique was developed to isolate small quantities of radium from calcified structures for TIMS determination. The advantages of this new technique are reduced sample mass and processing time, and greater accuracy and precision of radium quantification. We applied this technique to calcified structures from three fish species: otolith cores of Pacific grenadier <em>Coryphaenoides acrolepis </em> and tarpon <em>Megalops atlanticus, </em> and pectoral fin ray cores of Atlantic sturgeon <em>Acipenser oxyrinchus. </em> Annulus-derived age estimates for <em>C. acrolepis </em> were accurate with a confirmed longevity of at least 48 years. Although annulus-derived ages for <em>M. atlanticus </em> were inconsistent with radiometric ages, radiometric aging confirmed that tarpon are longlived; females may exceed 82 years. Radiometric age could not be determined for <em>A. oxyrinchus </em> because <sup>210</sup> Pb activities were greater than could be supported by ingrowth from <sup>226</sup> Ra decay. In this paper we discuss the application and limitations of this technique and its relevance to fisheries management.
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"efficiency. By measurements of total odour strength in a treatment plant the ED values pointed out the sludge press and dewatering process as the predominant odour sources of the plant. In the venting air from this position extremely high ED values were recorded. This air was led through a carbon filter for odour reduction. Olfactometric measurements at the filter revealed poor odour reducing efficiency. It was observed that odour compounds were not destroyed in the filter. They only restrained until the carbon became saturated, and thereafter evaporated into the outlet air contributing to the odour strength. The filter capacity was obviously too small for the heavy load. Attempts to reduce the odour strength before the filter did not succeed, until the air was led through a container filled with saturated lime slurry (pH = 12-14). The slurry was part of a precipitation process in the plant. Dispersion in the alkaline slurry extensively reduced the odour strength of the air, resulting in sufficient capacity of the carbon filter also when handling heavy loads of sewage sludge. Since then the carbon filter has worked well, within the limitation of such filters in general. Neither is it observed signs indicating reduced precipitation properties of the lime slurry. Measurements of total odour strength in combustion processes imply sampling challenges. Beside the chemical scrubber process, combustion of odorous air is the best odour reducing method. The disadvantage of this process is the high energy costs. Treatment at apropriate conditions, however, will destroy the odorous compounds extensively. Temperatures about 850 C and contact time up to 3 seconds are reported (2,3). Olfactometric measurements in combustion processes involve certain sampling problems caused by the temperature difference between inlet and outlet. The humidity of outlet air must also be taken into consideration. Problems may occur when hot outlet air is sampled at low temperatures. In most such cases sampling is impossible without special arrangements. Such conditions are present during odour measurements in fish meal plants with combustion as the odour reducing method. The largest problem turned out to be the temperature differences between outlet air (85-220 C) and outdoor temperatures (0-15 C), causing condensation. The dew point of the outlet air was calculated, and experiments were carried out with dilution of the outlet air to prevent condensation in the sampling bags. Condensation was prevented by diluting the outlet air 5-150 times with dry, purified N gas. Comparison of N -diluted and undiluted samples revealed large differences in ED value. In samples demanding a high degree of dilution to prevent condensation, the measured odour strength was up to 5 times higher than in the undiluted corresponding samples. Samples demanding less dilution showed less deviating results. 4. CONCLUSIONS In the attempt to minimize odour emission, olfactometric measurements of total odour strength give useful informations about the odour reducing efficiency of different processes as a function of parameters like dosage of chemicals in scrubbers, humidity and temperature in packed filters, flow rates, etc. Olfactometric measurements also point out the main odour sources of the plant. From a set of olfactometric data combined with other essential." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 98. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-34.

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"the emission; this is the entrance of the airborne pollutants into the open atmosphere. The local position of this entrance is the emission source, - the transmission, including all phenomena of transport, dispersion and dilution in the open atmosphere, - the immission; this is the entrance of the pollutant into an acceptor. As we are regarding odoriferous pollutants, the immisson is their entrance into a human nose. About air pollution from industrial emission sources, i.g. S02 from power plants, a wide knowledge is available, including sophisticated methods of emission measurement, atmospheric diffusion calculation and measurement of immission concentration in the ambient air. In most countries we have complete national legal regulations, concerning limitation of air contaminent emissions, calculation of stack height and at least evaluation and determination of maximum inmission values. Within this situation the question arises, whether these wellproved methods and devices are suitable for agricultural odour emissions from agricultural sources too. It is well known that all calculations and values, established in air pollution control, are based on large sets of data, obtained by a multitude of experiments and observations. The attempt to apply these established dispersion models to agricultural emission sources, leads to unreasonable results. A comparison in table 1 shows that the large scale values of industrial air pollutions, on which the established dispersion models are based, are too different from those in agriculture. In order to modify the existing dispersion models or to design other types of models, we need the corresponding sets of observations and of experimental data, adequate to the typical agricultural conditions. There are already a lot of investigations to measure odour at the source and in the ambient air. But we all know about the reliability of those measurements and about the difficulties to quantify these results adequate to a computer model calculating the relation between emission and immision depending on various influences and parameters. So we decided to supplement the odour measurements by tracer gas measurements easy to realise with high accuracy. The aim is to get the necessary sets of experimental data for the modification of existing dispersion models for agricultural conditions. 2. INSTRUMENTAL 2.1 EMISSION the published guideline VDI 3881 /2-4/ describes, how to measure odour emissions for application in dispersion models. Results obtained by this method have to be completed with physical data like flow rates etc. As olfactometric odour threshold determination is rather expensive, it is supplemented with tracer gas emissions, easy to quantify. In the mobile tracer gas emission source, fig. 2, up to 50 kg propane per hour are diluted with up to 1 000 m3 air per hour. This blend is blown into the open atmosphere. The dilution device, including the fan, can be seperated from the trailer and mounted at any place, e.g. on top of a roof to simulate the exaust of a pig house or in the middle of a field to simulate undisturbed air flow. 2.2 TRANSMISSION For safety reasons, propane concentration at the source is always below the lower ignition concentration of 2,1 %. As the specific gravity of this emitted propane-air-blend is very close to that of pure air (difference less than 0,2%) and as flow parameters can be chosen in a wide range, we assume." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 114. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-38.

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Conference papers on the topic "Limitating dilution"

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Kang, Do Won, Chang Min Kim, Tong Seop Kim, and Jeong L. Sohn. "A Study on Maximizing Power Output of IGCC Plants Considering Operating Limitations of Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26911.

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This study aims to provide a systematic overview of the relations between IGCC performance and major design and operating parameters such as integration degree, nitrogen dilution, and ambient temperature. A unique feature of this study is that allowable maximum values of both the gas turbine power ouput and the turbine blade temperature were considered. For this purpose, a simulation tool to predict operation and performance of a syngas turbine, which was modified from a base gas turbine model, was set up using off-design models. Then, an entire integrated gasification combined cycle using the syngas turbine was modeled. The power block (i.e. the combined cycle) was modeled in detail and mass and energy interactions of the power block with a gasifier block and an air separation unit were included. Variation in syngas turbine power output according to varying nitrogen dilution was simulated and operating conditions where gas turbine power needs to be suppressed to the allowable maximum value were found out. Maximum net IGCC power output under the limitations of gyngas turbine power and blade temperature was predicted for various integration degrees in a wide ambient temperature range. The influence of steam dilution on plant performance was also investigated.
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Tatman, Jonathan K., Steven L. McCracken, and Trevor G. Hicks. "Development of New Weld Heat Input and Dilution Equations for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding: Part 1." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97358.

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Predicting weld dilution for machine gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is a challenge due to the number of variables associated with the welding process. Proper heat input and power ratio controls are critical in many welding applications to control weld dilution, such as for dissimilar metal welds where low weld dilution is necessary to prevent solidification cracking or for cladding where weld dilution is minimized to maintain corrosion resistance of the clad material. This paper discusses the preliminary development and validation of improved weld dilution, heat input, and power ratio equations for the GTAW process. The new equations incorporate power added for the hot wire GTAW process, filler metal material properties, and the heat used to melt the filler metal when added to the GTAW process. The weld dilution equation was validated by comparing calculated dilution values to measured values from bead-on-plate weld trials performed on a variety of filler metals and substrates. Results of the testing and validation along with limitations of the new equations are discussed.
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Tatman, Jonathan K. "Development of Improved Equations for Weld Heat Input and Dilution Control: Part 2." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-85154.

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This report introduces techniques involving novel calculation methods developed by the Electric Power Research Institute and Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation [1] that can be used to develop an improved understanding of welding factors affecting substrate weld heat input and dilution. These improved calculation methods are especially warranted in ASME BPVC Section XI repair and replacement welding activities such as mitigation of hot cracking (dilution control) and optimization of temper bead welding (heat input control). Various parameter sets are tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new calculation methods and how they can be refined in future studies to further improve accuracy. Additionally, this report highlights the limitations associated with the ASME BPVC Section IX theoretical heat input and power ratio calculation methods widely used in the welding industry for control of substrate heat input and weld dilution. Weld trials are performed in this study to demonstrate the limitations and determine proper precautions to take when using the calculation methods.
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Hanraths, Niclas, Fabian Tolkmitt, Phillip Berndt, and Neda Djordjevic. "Numerical Study on NOx Reduction in Pulse Detonation Combustion by Using Steam Injection Decoupled From Detonation Development." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76842.

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Recently, the focus has been laid on the characteristics of pollutant emissions from pulse detonation combustion. Initial studies indicate possibly high nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, so the assessment of potential primary reduction methods is advisable. The present work considers the following reduction methods: lean combustion, nitrogen and steam dilution as well as flue gas recirculation. Since such changes in the combustion mixture reduce its reactivity and thus detonability, they can impair a reliable operation in technical systems. In order to explore the potential and limitations of each of these reduction methods, they are compared for mixtures featuring an identical characteristic detonation cell size at given initial conditions. Furthermore, building upon the use of steam dilution, a modified method to add steam to the combustible mixture is investigated. In order to avoid the strong reduction of mixture detonability by steam addition and ensure a robust detonation formation, steam is injected into the already developed detonation front. It was found that, for sufficiently even steam distribution, NOx reduction comparable to a premixed dilution could be achieved. This approach enables the realization of NOx reduction in pulse detonation combustion also for such conditions, for which premix dilution is not feasible. Therefore, combining the premix dilution with post-shock injection offers a promising strategy to substantially reduce NOx emissions from pulse detonation combustion, while at the same time ensuring its reliable operation.
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Amato, Alberto, Robert Hudak, David R. Noble, David Scarborough, Peter A. D’Carlo, Jerry M. Seitzman, and Tim C. Lieuwen. "Methane Oxy-Combustion for Low CO2 Cycles: Measurements and Modeling of CO and O2 Emissions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22300.

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Concerns about green house gas emissions have encouraged interest in hydrocarbon combustion techniques that can accommodate carbon dioxide capture and sequestration. Oxy-fuel combustion, where the fuel is combusted in oxygen diluted with steam or CO2, is seen as one promising approach. In this paper we focus on CO2 dilution effects and, in particular, on CO and O2 emissions from these flames. The emissions issue must be considered from a different perspective than conventional power plants as the combustor effluents will be sequestered, and, thus, their interactions with the terrestrial atmosphere are not relevant. Equilibrium CO emissions from CO2 diluted systems are much higher than conventional air systems. In addition, for carbon sequestration application, pipeline specifications impose limitations on CO and O2 levels which also must then be controlled. Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of CH4/O2/CO2 combustion systems was performed in order to analyze CO2 dilution effects upon CO and O2 emissions level. Companion experiments were also performed in an atmospheric pressure, swirl stabilized combustor. These numerical and experimental results quantify the strong dependence of emissions on stoichiometry, CO2 dilution and residence time.
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Dudel, Ernst Gert, Carsten Brackhage, Claudia Clemens, Holger Dienemann, Martin Mkandawire, Joachim Rotsche, and Arndt Weiske. "Principles and Limitations for Natural Attenuation of Radionuclides in Former Uranium Mining and Milling Sites." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1260.

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Abstract Development of a self-sustainable remediation process seems to require an approach that uses the entire ecosystem functions. Selected effects have been documented in four case studies both in forests and wetlands: I) In the course of vegetation and soil development on experimental plots forested since 1963, concentration of RNs was reduced from &gt;1000 Bq/kg to &lt;200 Bq/kg in the top soil due to dilution by accumulation of organic carbon; II) in the stem wood of spruce and alder as few as 13–54 mg U/ha had been fixed; III) wetland compartments acted as strong sinks (&gt; 1000 Bq/kg in organic matter); IV) water quality below a natural wetland — working as a filter within an uranium mineralisation hot spot in Malawi (SE-Africa) (&gt; 2000 Bq/kg soil) — demonstrated no difference to a reference brook within the catchment.
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Umminger, Klaus, Simon Philipp Schollenberger, Se´bastien Cornille, Claire Agnoux, Delphine Quintin, and Philippe Freydier. "PKL Tests on Heterogeneous Inherent Boron Dilution Following SB-LOCA: Applicability to Reactor Scale." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29400.

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In the course of a small break LOCA in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) the flow regime in the Reactor Cooling System (RCS) passes through a number of different phases and the filling level may decrease down to the point where the decay heat is transferred to the secondary side under Reflux-Condenser (RC) conditions. During RC, the steam formed in the core condensates in the Steam Generator (SG) U-tubes. For a limited range of break size and configuration, a continuous accumulation of condensate may cause the formation of boron-depleted slugs. If natural circulation reestablishes, as the RCS is refilled, boron-depleted slugs might be transported to the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) and to the core. To draw conclusions on the risk of boron dilution processes in SB-LOCA transients, two important issues, the limitation of slug size and the onset of Natural Circulation (NC) have to be assessed on the basis of experimental data, as system Thermal-Hydraulic codes are limited in their capability to replicate the complex physical phenomena involved. The OECD PKL III tests were performed at AREVA’s PKL test facility in Erlangen, Germany, to evaluate important phases of the boron dilution transient in PWRs. Several integral and separate effect tests were conducted, addressing the inherent boron dilution issue. The PKL III integral transient test runs provide sufficient data to state major conclusions on the formation and maximum possible size of the boron-depleted slugs, their boron concentration and their transport into the RPV with the restart of NC. Some of these conclusions can be applied to reactor scale. It has to be mentioned, that even though this paper is based on PKL test results obtained within the OECD PKL project, the conclusions of this paper reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily of all the members of the OECD PKL project.
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Manofsky Olesky, Laura, Jiri Vavra, Dennis Assanis, and Aristotelis Babajimopoulos. "Internal Residual vs. Elevated Intake Temperature: How the Method of Charge Preheating Affects the Phasing Limitations of HCCI Combustion." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81127.

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Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) has the potential to reduce both fuel consumption and NOx emissons compared to normal spark-ignited (SI) combustion. For a relatively low compression ratio engine, high unburned temperatures are needed to initiate HCCI combustion, which is achieved with large amounts of internal residual or by heating the intake charge. The amount of residual in the combustion chamber is controlled by a recompression valve strategy, which relies on negative valve overlap (NVO) to trap residual gases in the cylinder. A single-cylinder research engine with fully-flexible valve actuation is used to explore the limits of HCCI combustion phasing at a constant load of ∼3 bar IMEPg. This is done by performing two individual sweeps of a) internal residual fraction (via NVO) and b) intake air temperature to control combustion phasing. It is found that increasing both variables advances the phasing of HCCI combustion, which leads to increased NOx emissions and a higher ringing intensity. On the other hand, a reduction in these variables leads to greater emissions of CO and HC, as well as a decrease in combustion stability. A direct comparison of the two sweeps suggests that the points with elevated intake temperatures are more prone to ringing as combustion is advanced and less prone to instability and misfire as combustion is retarded. This behavior can be explained by compositional differences (air vs. EGR dilution) which lead to variations in burn rate and peak temperature. As a final study, two additional NVO sweeps are performed while holding intake temperature constant at 30°C and 90°C. Again, it is seen that at higher intake temperatures, combustion is more susceptible to ringing at advanced timings and more resistant to instability/misfire at retarded timings.
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Crosby, Kevin J., and Glenn C. England. "An Emerging Technique for Low-Concentration Measurement of Particulate Emissions From Gas-Fired Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-65061.

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Concentrations of particulate matter (PM, PM10, PM2.5) from gas-fired gas turbines typically are near or below the overall method detection and quantitation limits of traditional hot filter/cooled impinger methods used for PM/PM10/PM2.5 emissions measurements (e.g., USEPA reference methods 5, 201A, 202). The test results can be highly variable, and may significantly overstate emissions even with application of best practices optimized to minimize bias and variability. An emerging test protocol for modifying USEPA Conditional Test Method 39 (CTM 39), a dilution sampling method for determining PM10/PM2.5 emissions from stationary sources, was used to accurately measure much lower PM concentrations. The lower concentrations are believed to be more representative of actual PM emissions from gas turbines. The modifications include adding ambient air sample collection and analysis methods for improved method sensitivity. Data from several testing programs are presented to illustrate the limitations of traditional methods for determining PM emissions, including measurement challenges associated with post-combustion emission controls such as SCR. Results from the modified method are presented to demonstrate the potential improvement compared with traditional hot filter/cooled impinger methods.
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Park, Daniel S., Robert Egnatchik, Hali Bordelon, Terrence R. Tiersch, and W. Todd Monroe. "A Microfluidic Mixer to Activate Sperm Cells of Aquatic Species for Standardization of Computer-Assisted Motion Analysis." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53839.

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The objective of this paper is to develop a microfluidic device to: 1) activate a small volume of aquatic species sperm by rapid mixing with diluent, and 2) position sperm in a viewing chamber for motility evaluation using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Analysis of aquatic species sperm is becoming more important as the use of fish as biomedical models expands. Because it is more efficient to maintain frozen stocks of genetic material rather than thousands of research lines of adult fish, there has been increased study on cryopreservation for model fish. The analysis of fish gametes is challenging due to small sample size, short motility duration, and inconsistent activation (motility induction). For many aquatic species, sperm motility is initiated through the manual alteration of the medium osmolality, typically accomplished through manual dilution and mixing by hand. Manual methods limit control over the activation process and therefore viability analysis. The short lifespan of these cells makes CASA challenging due to the limitations in capturing and processing data rapidly enough to monitor the peak motility, as CASA systems were designed for mammalian sperm which have a longer motility duration.
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