Journal articles: 'Limiting amino acid'

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Kidd, M. T., B. J. Kerr, J. P. Allard, S. K. Rao, and J. T. Halley. "Limiting Amino Acid Responses in Commercial Broilers." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 9, no. 2 (July 2000): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/9.2.223.

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Adeyeye, Emmanuel Ilesanmi. "Amino Acid Profiles of the Flesh of the Heterosexual Pairs of Neopetrolisthes maculatus." International Letters of Natural Sciences 61 (January 2017): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.61.23.

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This paper reports on amino acid profiles of the flesh of heterosexuals of porcellanids collected from the Atlantic Ocean at Orimedu beach in Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. Results showed that high values of amino acids were observed in the heterosexual flesh of Neopetrolisthes maculatus (g 100g-1 protein): 17.7 – 17.8 (Glu), 9.90 – 10.0 (Asp), 8.70 – 9.07 (Arg), 7.23 – 7.94 (Leu) and 5.81 – 6.06 (Gly). Total essential amino acid values ranged from 45.2 – 46.2 g 100-1g. Predicted protein efficiency ratio was 3.82 – 4.14, the range of essential amino acid index was 86.9 – 89.9, the biological values ranged from 83.0 – 86.3. The Lys/Trp was 3.31-4.27. Serine was limiting amino acid (0.513 – 0.516) in the egg score comparison; under the essential amino acids scores, Lys (0.840) was limiting in female but Val (0.823) was limiting in the male; Lys (0.796 – 0.905) was limiting in both samples in the pre-school child amino acid requirements. It was observed that out of the twenty parameters determined, male flesh was more concentrated in 60% values than the female flesh and 40% better in female than male. Correlation coefficient result showed that significant differences existed in the amino acids composition at r = 0.01 of the N. maculatus samples.

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Linovskaya, N. V., E. V. Mazukabzova, O. S. Rudenko, and T. V. Savenkova. "Justification of unconventional protein-containing raw materials for the construction of milk chocolate formulas with increased biological value." Vestnik MGTU 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2020-23-3-205-213.

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Milk chocolate is particularly popular with different age groups. It is characterized by low protein content with a large amount of fats and carbohydrates determining the food imbalance of the product. In conditions of high-grade animal proteins deficiency the selection of high-quality protein-containing ingredients for food production is very relevant. The aim of this work is to study the protein adequacy of various components of milk chocolate to enhance its biological value. The amino acid scale method has been used to assess the biological value of proteins; it is based on the determination of amino acid (chemical) score. It has been found that the limiting biological value amino acid for classical white raw ingredients of milk chocolate (cocoa products and milk powder) is methionine + cysteine. For constructing chocolate formulas with increased biological value it is advisable to use protein-containing raw materials (whey protein concentrate, oat flour, etc.) to compensate for the limiting amino acids. The indicator of amino acids utilitarianity of proteins of raw milk chocolate components has been calculated. On the basis of the utilitarian index we have established the coefficient of utilitarian of the amino acid composition of the raw materials characterizing essential amino acids' balance. We have determined the biological value of protein and the amino acid composition imbalance coefficient. It has been found that the amino acid composition of milk and whey protein concentrates is most balanced compared to the amino acid composition of traditional protein-containing raw components of milk chocolate. The limiting acid of whey protein concentrate is valine, which makes its use in the manufacture of chocolate products more attractive compared to milk protein concentrate (the limiting amino acid is methionine + cysteine). In the group of vegetable non-conventional raw materials oat and buckwheat flour are characterized by the best indicators of biological value. The amino acid adequacy of oat flour is comparable to the qualitative protein indicators of cocoa products, the limiting amino acid is lysine. Buckwheat flour is characterized by the smallest imbalance in amino acid composition, which distinguishes the proteins of this raw material with the highest degree of digestibility compared with the proteins of all the studied protein-containing components of milk chocolate.

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Dahlman, T., J. Valaja, E. Venäläinen, T. Jalava, and I. Pölönen. "Optimum dietary amino acid pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)." Animal Science 78, no. 1 (February 2004): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053868.

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AbstractThe optimum pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes were assessed from nitrogen (N) retention responses. Total tract digestibility and N balance trials were carried out on 24 weaned blue fox males in an 8 ✕ 5 cyclic change-over experiment. Eight experimental diets were prepared by removing proportionately about 0·4 of each of the amino acids studied – methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan and histidine – successively from the amino acid control diet. The main source of protein in the amino acid control diet was casein and an amino acid mixture was added to bring the calculated crude protein (CP) content up to the level of 170 g/kg dry matter (DM). Low-protein (CP 95·7 g/kg DM) and high-protein (CP 166·6 g/kg DM) diets, the protein proportion of which was casein protein, served as negative and positive control diets, respectively. The reduction in N retention when one amino acid in turn was deleted from the amino acid control diet was calculated, and a regression analysis was made between N retention and relative amino acid intake. Data on the animals’ intake of each limiting amino acid and those on the amino acid control diet were used. The optimum amino acid pattern, expressed relative to lysine = 100, proved to be: methionine + cystine 77, threonine 64, histidine 55 and tryptophan 22. The first-limiting amino acids were methionine + cystine. Blue fox responses (N retention, weight gain) to deletion of methionine + cystine from the diet were very severe and exceeded those to deletion of any other amino acid. Moreover, removing methionine + cystine from the diet significantly impaired the apparent digestibility of organic matter, reducing it to a level even lower than that of the low-protein diet. After methionine + cystine, the next-limiting amino acid in casein-based diets was threonine, followed by histidine and tryptophan. The results show the importance of verifying the sufficiency of dietary methionine + cystine in the practical feeding of blue foxes.

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Yilmaz, Semih, Ali İrfan İlbaş, Mikail Akbulut, and Aysun Çetin. "Grain amino acid composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars subjected to selenium doses." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 43, no. 3 (November 14, 2017): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2017-0027.

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Abstract Background: Selenium (Se34) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals and has growth promoting and antioxidative effects at low concentrations. Methods: Effects of various sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) doses on grain amino acid content of barley cultivars (Bülbül 89 and Çetin 2000) was investigated using ion exchange liquid chromatography. Results: Majority of the amino acids could be altered with Selenium (Se) fertilization. Grain Se content of Bülbül 89 (0.175 mg kg−1) and Çetin 2000 (0.171 mg kg−1) were similar and both displayed an increase in proteinogenic, essential, and sulfur amino acids. The response of cultivars was more pronounced for Se accumulation and amino acid content at mid dose (12.5 mg ha−1). The quantities of proteinogenic, essential and sulfur amino acids increased considerably at that dose. Se induced increase in nitrogen content might cause an increase in some of the proteins of grain and consequently can alter amino acid composition. An obvious increase in the limiting amino acids (lysine and threonine) were prominent in response to Se fertilization. Conclusion: Se treatment influence amino acid composition of barley grains; especially improve the quantity of limiting amino acids and consequently nutritional value of the grain.

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Yaman, Mustafa, Hafsa Sena Sargın, Ömer Faruk Mızrak, Halime Uğur, Jale Çatak, and Erman Duman. "AMINO ACID PROFILE AND IN VITRO PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY-CORRECTED AMINO ACID SCORE (PDCAAS) OF READY-TO-EAT BREAKFAST CEREALS: AN ASSESSMENT OF PROTEIN QUALITY." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 51, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2021.739.

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The aim of this study was to determine the amino acid content and in vitro protein digestibility of breakfast cereals and evaluate their protein quality using in vitro protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) methods. Statistically big differences were found in the proportions of essential amino acids between breakfast cereals. Higher protein digestibility was found in samples containing rice and corn than those containing oats. The first limiting amino acid score (AAS) in 6 out of 12 samples was methionine + cysteine, in 4 out of 12 samples was lysine, and in 2 out of 12 samples was tryptophan. According to the first limiting AAS, the in vitro PDCAAS ranged from 0.19±0.01 to 0.86±0.02 in breakfast cereals. When we evaluated the first limiting AAS, lysine, methionine+cysteine and tryptophan predominantly determined PDCAAS. As a result, the PDCAAS, which is an indicator of protein quality, was generally low in breakfast cereal products.

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Wang, T. C., and M. F. Fuller. "An optimal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (March 1997): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600035261.

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An animal's rate of protein accretion (or nitrogen retention) is determined by the most deficient (or first limiting) amino acid in the diet, in a perfectly balanced (or ideal) protein all essential amino acids and the sum of the non-essential amino acids are equally limiting. If a dietary protein had any amino acids in excess of the ideal pattern, then the removal of any of the excess should not affect nitrogen retention. This principle was used to determine the ideal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.Three nitrogen balance trials were carried out with a total of 64 gilts of weight from 30 to 55 kg. Casein and a mixture of amino acids were used in the semi-purified diets. The animals were given the diets at the rate of 93 g/kg BW0.75/d in three equal meals mixed with 0.3 L water. The feeding times were 08.30, 12.30 and 17.30. All pigs received their experimental diets for 7 days, made up of 3 days preliminary and a 4-day collection, except that the preliminary period before the first collection in the first period was 7 days. Before the first collection bladder catheters were introduced.

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Cavalcante, Danilo Teixeira, Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa, Edilson Paes Saraiva, Patrícia Emília Naves Givisiez, Danilo Vargas Gonçalves Vieira, Matheus Ramalho de Lima, Guilherme Souza Lima, et al. "Second-limiting amino acid in corn-soybean meal based diets for Japanese quail." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): e571997548. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7548.

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The objective was to determine the second-limiting amino acid in diets based on corn-soybean meal for Japanese quails in the growth and laying stages. A total of 1,440 Japanese quails were used in three experiments in phases 1 to 21; 22 to 42 and 85 to 210 days of age, respectively. Each experiment contained eight treatments with six replications of ten birds. The experimental diets were based on corn-soybean meal. The levels of methionine + cysteine were adequate in all experimental diets, but there was variation in the attendance of another second essential amino acid. In experiments 1 and 2, quails that were fed diets with adequate levels of methionine + cysteine and lysine showed higher weight gain (g/bird) and better feed conversion (g/g). Feed intake (g/bird) was not influenced. In experiment 3, adequate levels of all amino acids promoted a lower feed intake (g/bird) and better feed conversion per egg mass (g/g) and per dozen eggs (g/dozen). Egg weight (g), weight (g) and shell thickness (mm) and specific gravity (g/cm3) were not affected. The diets that met the requirements of all amino acids promoted the laying of eggs with a greater weight of albumen (g) and lower weights of egg yolk (g). In conclusion, the second-limiting amino acid in plant diets for Japanese quails is lysine.

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Obled, C. "Amino acid requirements in inflammatory states." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-021.

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The metabolic disturbances that accompany an inflammatory challenge redirect nutrients from physiological processes important for growth and reproduction toward processes important in host defense. These processes can require increased provision of particular amino acids from the diet in order to spare body protein stores. The pathways that are activated in response to inflammation have to be determined in order to quantify their specific amino acid requirements. For example, increased synthesis of acute phase proteins would require additional supply of specific amino acids according to their amino acid composition. Some dispensable amino acids can become limiting because their de novo synthesis could be impaired and/or be insufficient to cover the increased demands for synthesis of important metabolites. Moreover, amino acids can act on gene expression and as mediators or signal molecules and modulate numerous functions. However, the optimal conditions, especially concentration in physiological liquids, all owing the best expression of these activities are not yet well defined. Key words: Amino acids, requirements, inflammation, protein, metabolism, glutathione, glutamine

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Adeyeye, Emmanuel Ilesanmi. "Simultaneous Identification and Evaluation of Amino Acid Profiles of the Male and Female Innards of Neopetrolisthes maculatus." International Letters of Natural Sciences 75 (May 2019): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.75.13.

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This article reports the amino acid profiles of the innards of the male and female dry samples ofN. maculatuscollected from the Atlantic Ocean at Orimedu beach in Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. The analytical results showed high values of amino acids being observed in both heterosexual samples (g 100g-1protein): 8.17-8.32 (Leu), 8.35-10.3 (Asp), 17.6-18.2 (Glu) and 7.76-9.55 (Arg) with total amino acid values being greater in female innards (97.6g100g-1) than the male innards (95.5g 100g-1). These quality parameters were instructive of the quality of the amino acids in the innards ofN. maculatus: P-PER1, (2.83-3.01), P-PER2(2.89-2.96), EAAI (88.7-89.0), BV (85.0-85.5), Lys/Trp (L/T) (3.00-5.01), Met/Trp (M/T) (1.78-3.50) and Phe/Tyr (1.04-1.65). ThepIvalues were close at 5.46-5.57. In the amino acid groups (classes), the following trend was observed: class I > IV >V > VI > II > III > VII. For the amino acid scores: serine (0.487-0.511) was limiting in both samples on the total hen’s egg scoring pattern; in provisional scoring pattern, Lys was limiting in both samples with values of 0.820-0.889 and in the pre-school amino acid requirements, Lys was also limiting at 0.778-0.843. In the statistical analyses total amino acid profiles as well as egg scores were significantly different between the two samples whereas quality scores in pre-school amino acid requirements and provisional amino acid scoring pattern were both not significantly different between the two samples all at r=0.01. Among the EAAs, six out of nine (66.7%) were more concentrated in the male innards and three of nine (33.3%) were more concentrated in the female. Thus the overall summary showed the male innards amino acids were of better quality than in the female as shown: male innards EEA = 46.1 g100g-1and 46.0 g100g-1in the female with corresponding TNEAA of 49.3g 100g-1and 51.6g 100g-1respectively.

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Kim, S. W., D. H. Baker, and R. A. Easter. "Dynamic ideal protein and limiting amino acids for lactating sows: the impact of amino acid mobilization." Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 9 (2001): 2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2001.7992356x.

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Kazuo, Hoshiai. "World Balance of Dietary Essential Amino Acids Relative to the 1989 Fao/Who Protein Scoring Pattern." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, no. 2 (June 1995): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659501600210.

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The world imbalance of dietary essential amino acids was studied using the latest available protein-supply data (1987–89) and the revised 1989 FAO/WHO protein scoring pattern in comparison with the 1973 FAO/WHO pattern, the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU pattern, and a pattern proposed by Young et al. in 1989. The results obtained using the 1989 FAO/WHO scoring pattern indicate that the first limiting amino acid for developed countries is usually tryptophan, and that for developing countries is mainly lysine. Similar findings resulted with the Young pattern, but results using the 1973 and 1985 patterns differed substantially. On the basis of the 1989 FAO/WHO pattern, lysine was found to be the first limiting amino acid in the dietary protein supplies of 121 of the 164 countries studied worldwide; it is estimated that the total lysine deficiency in these 121 countries, the amount that would be needed to bring it to the level of the second limiting amino acid, was 1.15 million metric tons per year for 1987–89. In addition, same global correlations of protein and amino acid supplies with gross domestic product were recalculated in US dollars at 1985 prices.

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Mezei, Zoltán, Ágnes Pongrácznl Barancsi, Péter Sipos, Zoltán Győri, and János Csapó. "Connection of protein and amino acid content of forage and medium quality winter wheat varieties." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 36 (November 2, 2009): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/36/2799.

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We analysed the crude protein content, amino acid content, amino acid composition of four forage and milling III. quality winter wheat varieties (Magor, Hunor, Róna and Kondor) from their samples from five following years (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007). We found that quantity of essential and non-essential amino acids rose with increase in crude protein content. On examination of protein amino acid composition in relation to crude protein content we found that the crude protein content increased the quantities of the non-essential amino acids also rose, while those of the essential amino acids decreased as the lysine, the limiting amino acid of wheat. We also established that, as crude protein content increased, the biological value of the protein decreased.

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Gurieva, K. B., N. A. Khaba, E. A. Tarasova, and S. L. Beletskiy. "Amino acid composition of wheat proteins from different growing areas after long-term storage." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2012-10.

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The results of the research on the assessment of the biological value of wheat after storage by the composition and ratio of amino acids are presented. It is shown that after 6.5 years of storage in elevator silos, the protein content in wheat met the requirements of the standard for class 3 wheat. The sum of all amino acids was from 11.5 to 13.1 g / 100 g, including essential amino acids — 4.0-4.5g/100g and non-essential — 7.8-8.7 g / 100 g. The proportion of essential amino acids was 33.7-35.3% of the total amino acid content. The calculation of the amino acid score demonstrated that the main amino acid limiting the nutritional value of wheat after storage is lysine with an amino acid score of 45-53%. The essential amino acids threonine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine are also classified as deficient, but with a higher value of the amino acid score, close to the complete protein.

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Li, Wan Jun, Shun Sheng Chen, and Wei Qiang Qiu. "Comparative Analysis of Amino Acid Composition in Antarctic Krill and White Shrimp." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1114.

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The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the nutritional value of amino acids and its commercial value in the fish processing sector in Antarctic krill with cross-referenced in the white shrimp. For determination of the composition of 17 amino acids in the two shrimp muscle, free amino acids were measured using sulfosalicylic acid method, hydrolysed amino acid using hydrochloric acid hydrolysis.17 kinds of hydrolysed amino acids are measured in the muscle of Antarctic krill and White shrimp, which total content is 513.59±18.56mg/g and 537.61±16.8mg/g respectively.16 kinds of free amino acids are measured, which total content is 616.88±44.61mg/100g and 1276±75.67mg/100g respectively, while cysteine is not found. According to amino acid score (AAS), chemical score (CS), the limiting amino acid of Antarctic krill and White shrimp is valine and methionine + cysteine. The umani amino acids accounted for 27.76% of free amino acids and 35.69% of hydrolysed amino acids in Antarctic krill, while White shrimp is 41.08% and 31.52% respectively. The amino acids in Antarctic krill, TAV of which is greater than 1, include glutamic acid, alanine, lysine and arginine.

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Písaříková, B., S. Kráčmar, and I. Herzig. "Amino acid contents and biological value of protein in various amaranth species." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 4 (December 6, 2011): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4011-cjas.

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Amino acid content before and after heat treatment was assessed in grain of six selected amaranth varieties and four species: Amaranthus cruentus, A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus and A. hybridus, cultivated in the Czech Republic. High content of Lys and Arg was detected in both heat treated and untreated grains, as well as satisfactory content of Cys and lower levels of Met, Val, Ile and Leu. The latter three amino acids appear as limiting. Chemical scores of essential amino acids and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were determined. EAAI value of 90.4% shows the favourable nutritional quality of amaranth protein, which is almost comparable with egg protein. Heat treatment by popping at 170 to 190°C for 30 s resulted in decreased EAAI to 85.4%. Of the essential amino acids under study, Val and Leu contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The relatively high content of essential amino acids in amaranth grain predetermines its use as a substitution of meat-and-bone meals.  

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Mezei, Zoltán, Zoltán Győri, and János Csapó. "Connection of crude protein content and amino acid content of forage and medium quality winter wheat varieties in the relation of quantity and quality." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 32 (December 21, 2008): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/32/3020.

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We analysed the crude protein content, amino acid content, amino acid composition of four forage and milling III. quality winter wheat varieties (Magor, Hunor, Róna and Kondor) from their samples from five following years (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007). We found that quantity of essential and non-essential amino acids rose with increase in crude protein content. On examination of protein amino acid composition in relation to crude protein content we found that the crude protein content increased the quantities of the non-essential amino acids also rose, while those of the essential amino acids decreased as the lysine, the limiting amino acid of wheat. We also established that, as crude protein content increased, the biological value of the protein decreased.

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Kosson, Ryszard. "The amino acid composition of cotyledons, testa, embryo and protein fractions of bean seeds." Acta Agrobotanica 41, no. 1 (2013): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1988.008.

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The contribution of cotyledons, embryo and testa to the whole seed, was analyzed in the bean cultivar, Wiejska. The total nitrogen content and amino acid composition of morphological parts of the seed were determined. The average amino acid composition of globulins and albumins and the content of free amino acids in seeds of six Polish cultivars were estimated as well. It was found that the embryo contained the highest quantity of total nitrogen and the lowest of protein nitrogen. The exogenous amino acid content in the embryo was higher than in cotyledons and testa. Both albumins and globulins were shown to contain 42% exogenous amino acids. The content of methionine - the first limiting amino acid of bean proteins - did not exceed 0.30% of the total amino acid content in albumins and globulins. Free glutamic and aspartic acids made up more than 60% of the total free amino acids.

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Tokach, Michael D., Robert D. Goodband, and Jim L. Nelssen. "Valine: a limiting amino acid for high-producing lactating sows." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 10 (January 1, 1993): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.6418.

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Graham, Steven H., Jun Chen, Frank R. Sharp, and Roger P. Simon. "Limiting Ischemic Injury by Inhibition of Excitatory Amino Acid Release." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 13, no. 1 (January 1993): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1993.11.

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Excitatory amino acids (EAAs) are important mediators of ischemic injury in stroke. N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have been shown to be very effective neuroprotective agents in animal models of stroke, but may have unacceptable toxicity for human use. An alternative approach is to inhibit the release of EAAs during stroke. BW1003C87 [5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidine], a drug that inhibits veratrine-induced release of the EAA glutamate in vitro, was tested in a rat model of proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. BW1003C87 significantly decreased ischemia-induced glutamate release in brain when given either 5 min before or 15 min following permanent MCA occlusion. Pretreated and posttreated rats had smaller infarct volumes and preserved glucose metabolism in the ischemic cortex at 24 h after MCA occlusion. BW1003C87 did not induce heat shock protein in the cingulate or retrosplenial cortex, suggesting that it does not injure neurons in these regions as do NMDA antagonists. These results demonstrate that drugs that inhibit glutamate release in ischemia may be nontoxic and show promise for the treatment of stroke.

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Skibniewska, K. A., J. Zakrzewski, J. Kłobukowski, H. Białowiąs, B. Mickowska, J. Guziur, Z. Walczak, and J. Szarek. "Nutritional value of the protein of consumer carp Cyprinus carpio L." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 4 (July 19, 2013): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/337/2012-cjfs.

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The nutritional value of the protein of carp from breeding technologies currently employed in Poland (semi-extensive, low-intensive and high-intensive ones) was evaluated. The total protein content was from 16.9% to 18.6% and did not diverge from the content of this nutrient in other fish species. The protein of the studied carps was characterised by a high content of exogenous amino acids, considerably exceeding their amount compared to the standard protein, irrespective of the area of breeding or the production intensity level. The dominant amino acids were histidine, methionine, and cysteine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, lysine and threonine. The amino acid limiting the nutritional value of protein was valine, yet the values of calculated limiting amino acid indices were high. Carp meat should be treated as a source of full-value protein.  

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Miller, Sharon, David Chinkes, David A. MacLean, Dennis Gore, and Robert R. Wolfe. "In vivo muscle amino acid transport involves two distinct processes." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 287, no. 1 (July 2004): E136—E141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00092.2004.

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We have tested the hypothesis that transit through the interstitial fluid, rather than across cell membranes, is rate limiting for amino acid uptake from blood into muscle in human subjects. To quantify muscle transmembrane transport of naturally occurring amino acids, we developed a novel 4-pool model that distinguishes between the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments. Transport kinetics of phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, and alanine were quantified using tracers labeled with stable isotopes. The results indicate that interstitial fluid is a functional compartment insofar as amino acid kinetics are concerned. In the case of leucine and alanine, transit between blood and interstitial fluid was potentially rate limiting for muscle amino acid uptake and release in the postabsorptive state. For example, in the case of leucine, the rate of transport between blood and interstitial fluid compared with the corresponding rate between interstitial fluid and muscle was 247 ± 36 vs. 610 ± 95 nmol·min−1·100 ml leg−1, respectively ( P < 0.05). Our results are consistent with the process of diffusion governing transit from blood to interstitial fluid without selectivity, and of specific amino acid transport systems with varying degrees of efficiency governing transit from interstitial fluid to muscle. These results imply that changes in factors that affect the transit of amino acids from blood through interstitial fluid, such as muscle blood flow or edema, could play a major role in controlling the rate of muscle amino acid uptake.

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Onigemo, M. A., F. A. S. Dairo, and Y. A. A. Oso. "Amino acids profile of loofah gourd Luffa cylindrica (M J Roem) seeds subjected to different heat processing methods." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i2.188.

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The major limiting factor to the utilisation of loofah gourd seeds (LGS) as food is its high content of anti-nutrient. Heat processing is one of the process of reducing the concentration of anti-nutrients in food resources which may adversely influence the amino acids contents of such resources. Raw seeds of loofah gourds (RLGS) were toasted (TLGS), boiled (BLGS) and cooked (CGLS) and analysed for the amino acids content. The amino acids score, the essential amino acids score and the predicted (P-PER) of the raw and heat treated RLGS were calculated using standard equations. Results revealed that heat treatment significantly reduced (P<0.05) the essential amino acids, total sulphur containing amino acids and total basic amino acids while significantly (P<0.05) increasing the total amino acids, and total non-essential amino acids. cysteine is the most reduced amino acids and toasting had the highest reduction effect on the amino acids. P-PER of LGS were significantly enhanced by heat processing. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid were the most abundant amino acids while cysteine and methionine were the major limiting amino acids in the raw and processed LGS. In conclusion, heat processing enhances the nutritional potentials of LGS and wet heat processing boiling and cooking are the most preferred processing methods for loofah gourd seed.

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Rutherfurd, Shane M., Kiran Bains, and Paul J. Moughan. "Available lysine and digestible amino acid contents of proteinaceous foods of India." British Journal of Nutrition 108, S2 (August 2012): S59—S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002280.

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Cereals and legumes are staple foods in India and are limiting in lysine and sulphur amino acids, respectively. Available lysine loss, due to Maillard-type reactions that may occur during food preparation, exacerbates the problem of lysine deficiency particularly in cereals. Consequently, determining the contents of digestible essential amino acids, particularly lysine, is important. True ileal digestibilities of most amino acids (including total and reactive lysine) were determined for ten food ingredients and eleven foods commonly consumed in India. Semi-synthetic diets each containing either an ingredient or the prepared food as the sole protein source were formulated to contain 100 g kg− 1protein (75 g kg− 1for rice-based diets) and fed to growing rats. Titanium dioxide was included as an indigestible marker. Digesta were collected and the amino acid content (including reactive lysine) of diets and ileal digesta determined. Available (digestible reactive) lysine content ranged from 1·9–15·4 g kg− 1and 1·8–12·7 g kg− 1across the ingredients and prepared foods respectively. True ileal amino acid digestibility varied widely both across ingredients and prepared foods for each amino acid (on average 60–92 %) and across amino acids within each ingredient and prepared food (overall digestibility 31–96 %). Amino acid digestibility was low for many of the ingredients and prepared foods and consequently digestibility must be considered when assessing the protein quality of poorer quality foods. Given commonly encountered daily energy intakes for members of the Indian population, it is estimated that lysine is limiting for adults in many Indian diets.

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Elango, Rajavel, Ronald O. Ball, and Paul B. Pencharz. "Recent advances in determining protein and amino acid requirements in humans." British Journal of Nutrition 108, S2 (August 2012): S22—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002504.

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During the past 25 years a significant amount of research has been conducted to determine amino acid requirements in humans. This is primarily due to advancements in the application of stable isotopes to examine amino acid requirements. The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has emerged as a robust and minimally invasive technique to identify requirements. The IAAO method is based on the concept that when one indispensable dietary amino acid (IDAA) is deficient for protein synthesis, then the excess of all other IDAA, including the indicator amino acid, will be oxidized. With increasing intakes of the limiting amino acid, IAAO will decrease, reflecting increasing incorporation into protein. Once the requirement for the limiting amino acid is met there will be no further change in the indicator oxidation. The IAAO method has been systematically applied to determine most IDAA requirements in adults. The estimates are comparable to the values obtained using the more elaborate 24h-indicator amino acid oxidation and balance (24h-IAAO/IAAB) model. Due to its non-invasive nature the IAAO method has also been used to determine requirements for amino acids in neonates, children and in disease. The IAAO model has recently been applied to determine total protein requirements in humans. The IAAO method is rapid, reliable and has been used to determine amino acid requirements in different species, across the life cycle and in disease. The recent application of IAAO to determine protein requirements in humans is novel and has significant implications for dietary protein intake recommendations globally.

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Christiansen, Jason K., Joanne E. Hughes, Dennis L. Welker, Beatriz T. Rodríguez, James L. Steele, and Jeff R. Broadbent. "Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Amino Acid Auxotrophy in Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ 32." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 2 (November 9, 2007): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01174-07.

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ABSTRACT The conversion of amino acids into volatile and nonvolatile compounds by lactic acid bacteria in cheese is thought to represent the rate-limiting step in the development of mature flavor and aroma. Because amino acid breakdown by microbes often entails the reversible action of enzymes involved in biosynthetic pathways, our group investigated the genetics of amino acid biosynthesis in Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ 32, a commercial cheese flavor adjunct that reduces bitterness and intensifies flavor notes. Most lactic acid bacteria are auxotrophic for several amino acids, and L. helveticus CNRZ 32 requires 14 amino acids. The reconstruction of amino acid biosynthetic pathways from a draft-quality genome sequence for L. helveticus CNRZ 32 revealed that amino acid auxotrophy in this species was due primarily to gene absence rather than point mutations, insertions, or small deletions, with good agreement between gene content and phenotypic amino acid requirements. One exception involved the phenotypic requirement for Asp (or Asn), which genome predictions suggested could be alleviated by citrate catabolism. This prediction was confirmed by the growth of L. helveticus CNRZ 32 after the addition of citrate to a chemically defined medium that lacked Asp and Asn. Genome analysis also predicted that L. helveticus CNRZ 32 possessed ornithine decarboxylase activity and would therefore catalyze the conversion of ornithine to putrescine, a volatile biogenic amine. However, experiments to confirm ornithine decarboxylase activity in L. helveticus CNRZ 32 by the use of several methods were unsuccessful, which indicated that this bacterium likely does not contribute to putrescine production in cheese.

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27

Gehrke, Charles W., Paul R. Rexroad, Robert M. Schisla, Joseph S. Absheer, and Robert W. Zumwalt. "Quantitative Analysis of Cystine, Methionine, Lysine, and Nine Other Amino Acids by a Single Oxidation-4 Hour Hydrolysis Method." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.1.171.

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Abstract The sulfur-containing amino acids cystine and methionine play important roles in animal, especially avian, nutrition. Because these ndror-containing amino acids are destroyed to varying extents by 6N HC1 hydrolysis, oxidation and hydrolysis of cystine to cysteic add and methionine to methionine sulfone have been widely used for determination of cystine and methionine. Lysine is considered the next limiting amino acid after the sulfur amino acids in poultry •ntrition; therefore, determination of the amino acid content of rations focuses first on these 3 amino acids. The objective of this investigation was to establish whether lysine and other amino acids could be accurately determined in proteinaceous materials which had mdergone performic acid oxidation. To perform this evaluation, lysine was determined in a variety of protein-containing materials both with and without performic acid oxidation. Performic acid oxidation followed by 6N HC1 hydrolysis at 145°C for 4 h allows accurate measurement of 3 amino acids especially important to poultry nutrition, cystine, methionine, and lysine, in a single preoxidized hydralysate; this method can be extended to another 9 protein amino adds.

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Pratiwi, Yessie Finandita, Mohammad Sulchan, Diana Nur Afifah, and Rusdin Rauf. "Amino acids in enteral formula based on local fermented food for children with protein energy malnutrition." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 15 (March 28, 2021): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1480.

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Protein-energy malnutrition still becomes a problem in the world and Indonesia. The enteral formula is needed in the process of fulfilling overall nutrition in the form of a liquid diet in malnourished patients to digest and absorb nutrients without any difficulties. Amino acid lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, and tryptophan are often deficits in children's food; even, malnourished children (stunting, wasting, or protein-energy malnutrition) have decreased amino acids. Tempeh gembus, fermented local food, is used as the main ingredient for the enteral formula, and the hydrolysate process is carried out and made into flour, resulting in more amino acids due to the process of protein breakdown. The making of enteral formula from local food fermentation aims to enable the community to optimize local food into more nutritious food so that it can be produced at the household scale. Other supplementary ingredients are isolated soy protein, pumpkin flour, maltodextrin, sugar, and soybean oil. The enteral formula is isocaloric and isoprotein; it is divided into two with different compositions of the hydrolysate of Tempeh gembus flour. This study aims to determine the content of protein, amino acids, and limiting amino acids in the enteral formula. The amino acid analysis was performed using the HPLC method. Amino acid glutamate has the highest content in enteral formulas A and B (2,080 mg.100g-1and 1,950 mg.100g-1). The total amino acid content of enteral formula A is higher than that of enteral formula B with a difference of 210 mg.100g-1. Enteral formula A has a higher average amino acid content (1,400 mg.100g-1) than enteral formula B (1,378 mg.100g-1), and there is no significant difference (p = 0.812) between them. The enteral formula A has a higher amino acid content, but the highest protein content is in enteral formula B. The limiting amino acids in enteral formulas A and B are the methionine amino acids. Enteral formulas A and B can fulfill the needs of amino acids and be an alternative formula for Children with PEM.

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Černá, Monika, and Stanislav Kráčmar. "The effect of storage on the amino acids composition in potato tubers." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 5 (2010): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058050049.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of storage duration on amino acids content in potato tubers. Tubers of six cultivars were stored for 16 weeks. Crude protein was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The amino acid content was identified after acid hydrolysis; sulphur amino acids were oxidized with the mixture of hydrogen peroxide, formic acid and phenol. The essential amino acids index and chemical score was calculated. The whole egg protein was used as reference protein. The effect of storage duration and cultivar on the total amino acids content was found to be significant in all potato varieties. The level of the total amino acids contents was determined within the range of 80–87%. Similar downward trend was observed in crude protein. The essential amino acids index varied considerably among the potato cultivars, ranging from 42 to 57%. Sulfur amino acids and isoleucin were the limiting amino acids in all the investigated tubers.

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30

Khromova, L. G., N. V. Bailova, and A. I. Sychev. "BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF PROTEINS OF MILK OF SIMMENTAL COWS PRODUCED UNDER CONDITIONS OF INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 247, no. 3 (September 5, 2021): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-247-3-288-292.

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Taking into account modern requirements, the biological value of the protein component of the Simmental breed Krov milk produced under intensive technology has been studied. The amino acid composition of milk proteins was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. To analyze the biological value of proteins, calculated indicators were used: the amino acid index and the amino acid number (skor) of essential amino acids, taking into account the true digestibility of each of them. As a result of the research, all the essential and interchangeable amino acids and a fairly high concentration of many of them were identified. Among the essential amino acids, the largest amount in the milk samples contained phenylalanine+tyrosine, leucine, lysine, valine, and the smallest-tryptophan, methionine+cysteine. In the aggregate of interchangeable amino acids, the highest saturation was noted for glutamic acid+glutamine, arginine, proline, and the lowest-glycine, alanine. The predominance of interchangeable amino acids was noted in the protein component, which caused a low amino acid index (0.61). The amount of assimilated essential amino acids was higher relative to the reference protein. However, the amino acid score had a wide oscillation amplitude: from 149.6 % for the amino acids phenylalanine + tyrosine to 61.2 and 87.8 %, respectively, for tryptophan and methionine+cysteine, which indicated their imbalance. The essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine+cysteine were limiting, since their amino acid number (skor) is below 100 %.

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Pérez-Sala, D., B. Bengoa, A. Martín-Requero, R. Parrilla, and M. S. Ayuso. "Rate-limiting steps for protein synthesis in isolated rat liver cells. Role of aspartate availability." Biochemical Journal 242, no. 2 (March 1, 1987): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2420485.

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Amino-oxyacetate (carboxymethoxylamine) was found to inhibit protein labelling in isolated liver cells. A similar degree of inhibition (about 70%) was observed of basal and substrate-stimulated rates of protein labelling, ruling out an action on the cellular energy state. Its effect does not seem to be related either to a perturbation of the reduction state of the NAD system or to rate changes in the gluconeogenic pathway. The following observations indicate that amino-oxyacetate inhibits protein labelling by limiting aspartate supply. Amino-oxyacetate was ineffective in a postmitochondrial supernatant under non-limiting amino acid supply conditions. The aspartate cellular content decreases in the presence of amino-oxyacetate, although most other amino acids tend to accumulate. L-Cycloserine was unable to decrease aspartate content and was ineffective in decreasing protein labelling. The inhibitory action of amino-oxyacetate was specifically reversed by incubating cells with amino acids that increase the cellular content of aspartate.

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32

NIYAZOV, N. S. A., and E. V. PYANKOVA. "TRUE ILEAL AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS IN CEREAL GRAINS FOR ADJUSTING PIGLETS RATIONS." PIG-BREEDING, no. 3 (2021): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37925/0039-713x-2021-3-23-25.

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The faecal and true ilealavailability (IIDs)of amino acids from wheat, barley, triticale, and maize was studied by applying a T-shaped cannula in the lower ileum. When calculating the amino acid score of cereals, it was found that the first limiting acid is ‒ lysine, the second threonine, the third ‒methionine+cystine (for wheat, barley and corn) and for triticale ‒ isoleucine and valine. The obtained estimates of the amino acids of feed components should be used in the development of complete feed for pigs.

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33

Beverly, J. L., B. J. Hrupka, D. W. Gietzen, and Q. R. Rogers. "Distribution of dietary limiting amino acid injected into the prepyriform cortex." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): R525—R532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.3.r525.

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Diffusion or metabolism of the dietary limiting amino acid (DLAA) in the prepyriform cortex (PPC) may account for the time lag between injection of the DLAA into the PPC and the increase in intake of an amino acid-imbalanced diet. Results from the injection of [3H]Leu +/- [14C]Thr (DLAA) into the PPC indicated rapid (less than 15 min) and limited diffusion (85-90% of recovered label was less than or equal to 1 mm from the injection site). 3H and 14C decreased in the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble fraction and increased in the TCA-insoluble fraction during the first 1.5 h and remained constant in the TCA-insoluble fraction 1.5-6 h after injection. An increase (approximately 50%) in 3H in the TCA-insoluble fraction was found less than or equal to 30 min after injection of the DLAA. There was no affect of the DLAA on 3H in the TCA-soluble fraction. These results indicated that a change in metabolism within the PPC may be responsible for the delay in onset of the feeding response after injection of the DLAA into the PPC.

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34

Li, Meili, Hongming Dong, Dingtao Wu, Hong Chen, Wen Qin, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang, and Qing Zhang. "Nutritional evaluation of whole soybean curd made from different soybean materials based on amino acid profiles." Food Quality and Safety 4, no. 1 (March 2020): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa011.

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Abstract Objectives Amino acid profiles of whole soybean curds (WSCs) and conventional soybean curds (CSCs) were comparatively studied to 1., evaluate their nutritional value and 2., study the suitable soybean material to fabricate WSCs. Materials and Methods Nine types of soybean materials were selected to make WSCs and CSCs. Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) and principal component analysis were selected to perform the comparative analysis of amino acid profiles of the products. Results Total contents of amino acids in WSCs and CSCs were 41.24–54.87 mg/g and 27.77–36.82 mg/g. Content ranges of essential amino acids were 13.59–19.38 mg/g and 8.46–11.76 mg/g for WSCs and CSCs. The essential amino acid pattern of WSCs was basically close to amino acid pattern spectrum requirements except valine and sulfur amino acids. As a limiting amino acid, methionine represented less than 0.4 for PDCAAS in all soybean curds except WSCs made from relay-cropping Nandou12 and Nandou25. Conclusions The overall quality of amino acids in WSCs was higher than that in CSCs, indicating that WSCs indeed exhibited higher nutritional value than CSCs from the viewpoint of amino acid profile. WSCs with the high nutritional value could be made using Nandou25 and relay-cropping Nandou12 as materials.

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Wan, Yongfang, Yan Wang, Zhiqiang Shi, Doris Rentsch, Jane L. Ward, Kirsty Hassall, Caroline A. Sparks, et al. "Wheat amino acid transporters highly expressed in grain cells regulate amino acid accumulation in grain." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0246763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246763.

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Amino acids are delivered into developing wheat grains to support the accumulation of storage proteins in the starchy endosperm, and transporters play important roles in regulating this process. RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, and promoter-GUS assays showed that three amino acid transporters are differentially expressed in the endosperm transfer cells (TaAAP2), starchy endosperm cells (TaAAP13), and aleurone cells and embryo of the developing grain (TaAAP21), respectively. Yeast complementation revealed that all three transporters can transport a broad spectrum of amino acids. RNAi-mediated suppression of TaAAP13 expression in the starchy endosperm did not reduce the total nitrogen content of the whole grain, but significantly altered the composition and distribution of metabolites in the starchy endosperm, with increasing concentrations of some amino acids (notably glutamine and glycine) from the outer to inner starchy endosperm cells compared with wild type. Overexpression of TaAAP13 under the endosperm-specific HMW-GS (high molecular weight glutenin subunit) promoter significantly increased grain size, grain nitrogen concentration, and thousand grain weight, indicating that the sink strength for nitrogen transport was increased by manipulation of amino acid transporters. However, the total grain number was reduced, suggesting that source nitrogen remobilized from leaves is a limiting factor for productivity. Therefore, simultaneously increasing loading of amino acids into the phloem and delivery to the spike would be required to increase protein content while maintaining grain yield.

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36

Tarasova, I. A., and E. A. Tarasova. "Study of the amino acid composition of macaroni products under the influence of different storage temperatures." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2102-11.

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The article presents the studies of the amino acid composition in the samples of macaroni products by the method of chromatographic analysis. Amino acids were separated by ion exchange chromatography, reacted with ninhydrin, and their content was determined by photometric detection at a wavelength of 570 nm. Amino acid compositions of three samples of macaroni products stored at temperatures 20±2°C, 30±2°C and 40±2°C were investigated. The biological value of macaroni products proteins was determined by a comparative method for analyzing the quantitative content of amino acids with the ideal protein scale proposed by the FAO/WHO Committee. The limiting amino acids for macaroni products after 12 months of storage are valine, threonine and lysine, with the lysine content being the lowest.

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37

OHSHIMA, Mitsuaki. "The Second Limiting Amino Acid of Ladino Clover LPC in Rats." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 56, no. 3 (1985): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.56.267.

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38

Beverly, J. L., D. W. Gietzen, and Q. R. Rogers. "Effect of dietary limiting amino acid in prepyriform cortex on food intake." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 259, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): R709—R715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.4.r709.

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The mechanisms underlying the reduced intake of an amino acid-imbalanced diet (imbalanced diet) appears to involve a decrease in the content of the dietary limiting amino acid (DLAA) in the prepyriform cortex (PPC). Intake of imbalanced diet was increased from 45-50 to 70-75% of baseline after bilateral injection of the DLAA directly into the PPC, following an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve. Injections had no effect on intake of basal diets. Injection of the DLAA into the PPC reversed the aversion to imbalanced diet in choice studies, as rats selected an imbalanced diet over protein-free diet after such injections. Intake of imbalanced diet did not increase after a nonlimiting amino acid was injected into the PPC or after injections of the DLAA into other brain areas. Results were similar when either threonine or isoleucine was the DLAA. These results confirm that the decrease in the concentration of the DLAA in the PPC is involved in the reduction in intake of imbalanced diets.

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39

Wang, T. C., and M. F. Fuller. "The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 62, no. 1 (July 1989): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19890009.

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A series of four nitrogen-balance experiments was carried out with growing pigs to determine the optimum balance amongst the amino acids in the diet. The reduction in N retention when 20 % of a single amino acid was removed from the diet was used to calculate a dietary amino acid pattern in which each amino acid would he equally limiting. A mixture of amino acids simulating the amino acid pattern of casein was used with the same efficiency as casein. From two successive deletion experiments an optimum balance amongst the essential amino acids was derived. Expressed relative to lysine = 100 this had threonine 72, valine 75, methionine + cystine 63, isoleucine 60, leucine 110, phenylalanine + tryosine 120, tryptophan 18. No estimate was made for histidine. Essential amino acids in this pattern were mixed with non-essential amino acids in ratios of 36:64 up to 57:43. The highest efficiency of N retention was achieved with diets having a ratio of at least 45:55. This included (g/16 g N) lysine 6 5, threonine 4.7, valine 4 9, methionine + cystine 4.1, isoleucine 3 9, leucine 7.2, phenylalanine + tyrosine 7.8, tryptophan 12. The N of diets with this amino acid pattern was utilized significantly better than when the pattern proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (1981) was used. The flow of amino acids past the terminal ileum of pigs given the semi-synthetic diet with this amino acid pattern was no greater than that observed with protein-free diets. The proposed pattern thus describes the intrinsic requirements of the growing pig for absorbed amino acids.

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40

Mitrus, J., C. Stankiewicz, E. Steć, M. Kamecki, and J. Starczewski. "The influence of selected cultivation on the content of total protein and amino acids in the potato tubers." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 3 (December 10, 2011): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4102-pse.

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The aim of study was to determine the effect of selected cultivation operations, such as nitrogenous fertilization (60,90 kgN/ha), row spacing (62, 82,102 cm), compaction of soil with wheels of farm aggregates (the numbers of passing 2×, 5×, 8×), on quality changes of two potato varieties (Irga and Ekra). The total protein content in the tubers of the tested potato varieties increased with the increase of the nitrogenous fertilization (90 kgN/ha). Genotype features of the tested potato tubers define the amino acid limiting the protein biological value (CS) to be leucine in Irga variety and isoleucine in Ekra variety. It is also genotype that influences the second limiting amino acid. It is the sum of sulphuric amino acids (Cys + Met) in respect to Irga variety and valine in respect to Ekra variety. The dose of90 kgN/ha decreases the protein biological value (EAAI) of the tubers of Ekra variety, which is high in starch.

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41

Tews, Jean K., Joyce J. Repa, and Alfred E. Harper. "Branched-Chain and Other Amino Acids in Tissues of Rats Fed Leucine-Limiting Amino Acid Diets Containing Norleucine." Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 364–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.3.364.

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Brunton, Janet A., Anna K. Shoveller, Paul B. Pencharz, and Ronald O. Ball. "The Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method Identified Limiting Amino Acids in Two Parenteral Nutrition Solutions in Neonatal Piglets." Journal of Nutrition 137, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.5.1253.

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43

Prieto, C., J. F. Aguilera, M. Lachica, I. Fernandez-Figares, L. Perez, R. Nieto, and G. Ferrando. "The use of plasma free amino acids for predicting the limiting amino acid (s) in diets for chickens." Animal Feed Science and Technology 47, no. 1-2 (May 1994): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90167-8.

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44

Beverly, J. L., D. W. Gietzen, and Q. R. Rogers. "Effect of dietary limiting amino acid in prepyriform cortex on meal patterns." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 259, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): R716—R723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.4.r716.

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Microinjection of the dietary limiting essential amino acid (DLAA) into the prepyriform cortex (PPC) increased intake of a diet having an imbalance among the essential amino acids (imbalanced diet) from 50-55% of baseline, when artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was injected, to 70-75% of baseline. The increase in intake of the imbalanced diet by DLAA injection became apparent after 3-6 h and was maintained throughout the dark period. Meal size, meal duration, and the number of meals returned to normal after bilateral injections of the DLAA into the PPC of rats fed the imbalanced diet. Injection of the DLAA 30 min before the onset of the dark phase increased intake of imbalanced diet to 70% of baseline intake. When injections of threonine or isoleucine were made 6 and 3 h, respectively, prior to onset of the dark phase, intake of imbalanced diet increased to 85% of baseline intake. Results suggest that some form of processing of the injected DLAA within the PPC is necessary to increase the intake of imbalanced diets.

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45

Heger, J., and Z. Frydrych. "Efficiency of utilization of essential amino acids in growing rats at different levels of intake." British Journal of Nutrition 54, no. 2 (September 1985): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850135.

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1. Nitrogen balance was studied in growing male SPF-rats fed on diets in which each essential amino acid was varied from zero to about 120% of optimum requirement. From the balance results, optimum and maintenance requirements were estimated as well as the efficiency of utilization of amino acids for growth and growth + maintenance.2. N balance increased with increasing dietary level of the deficient amino acid; the response gradually diminished as the content of the amino acid approached optimum. At zero level of intake, negative N balance was found for all amino acids except histidine. The highest loss of body N was found in the sulphur-amino-acid-free diet and the lowest one in the lysine-free diet.3. Maximal utilization of essential amino acids for growth was found at dietary levels corresponding to 30–60% of optimum requirement and ranged from about 0.65 to 0.85 except for S amino acids and histidine. The utilization of S amino acids was about 0.55 while that of histidine exceeded 1.0. The utilization of amino acids for growth-tmaintenance was maximal at the lowest levels of intake and gradually decreased as the dietary concentration of the limiting amino acid increased. At dietary levels near optimum the utilization was about 06–07, except for S amino acids where the utilization was less than 0.5.

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46

Langer, Stefan, and Malcolm F. Fuller. "Interactions among the branched-chain amino acids and their effects on methionine utilization in growing pigs: effects on nitrogen retention and amino acid utilization." British Journal of Nutrition 83, no. 1 (January 2000): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500000076.

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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) interactions on their utilization by growing pigs and the effects of excessive amounts of BCAA (leucine, isoleucine, valine) on the utilization of methionine. A semipurified diet containing 100 g crude protein/kg with a balanced amino acid pattern was prepared using casein supplemented with free amino acids. Three further diets were made by reducing the concentration of methionine + cyst(e)ine, valine or isoleucine by 20 %. Each of these four diets was then supplemented with leucine (50 % excess) or a mixture of BCAA (50 % excess of each but excluding the limiting amino acid). All diets were isoenergetic and were made isonitrogenous by replacement of glutamic and aspartic acids. The twelve diets were given to twenty-four growing pigs (30–40 kg) in three periods according to a randomized block design. Each period lasted 8 d and N retention was measured during the last 5 d of each period. Reducing dietary methionine, valine or isoleucine reduced the utilization of N (N retained/N digested) by approximately 20 % (P < 0·05). Adding leucine to the isoleucine-limiting diet decreased the utilization of N by 9 % (P < 0·05). This was reversed by simultaneous addition of valine. Excess leucine in a valine-deficient diet did not significantly reduce N utilization. In methionine-limiting diets an excess of either leucine alone or of all three BCAA increased the utilization of N by 8 % (P < 0·05).

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Adeyeye, Emmanuel Ilesanmi, Olajide Ayodele, and Joshua Iseoluwa Orege. "Amino Acids Composition of Liver, Heart and Kidneys of Thryonomys swingerianus (Temminck 1827) Compared." International Letters of Natural Sciences 79 (July 2020): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.79.23.

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Amino acids composition of Thryonomysswingerianus is reported. Whereas protein values (g100g-1) were liver (74.1), kidney (91.5), heart (84.6); corresponding total amino acid values were 93.5, 83.2 and 80.6. True protein from the crude protein of the samples ran thus: liver>kidney>heart. Of the twenty parameters reported on, liver was best in 12/20 (60.0%), kidney and heart both shared the second position of 4/20(20%) each. Among the essential amino acids, leucine predominated in both liver (7.96g100g-1 protein) and kidney (8.11g100g-1 protein) but valine (6.21g100g-1 protein) predominated in the heart. The P-PER values were; P-PER1: 2.78 (liver), 2.91(kidney), 0.716 (heart) and P-PER2: 2.71 (liver), 2.90 (kidney), 0.564 (heart). However, there was a reverse between liver and kidney in the EAAI values with liver (92.0) > kidney (90.2) > heart (87.6) with corresponding BV values of 88.5 > 86.6 > 83.7. In the amino acids scoring pattern, Ser was limiting in liver (0.533) and heart (0.394) but Thr (0.490) in kidney in whole hen’s egg score comparison; in FAO/WHO scoring standards, Thr was limiting in liver (0.988) and kidney (0.625) but Leu (0.459) in heart. In pre-school requirements, liver recorded no limiting amino acid whereas Thr was limiting in kidney (0.735) and Leu was limiting in the heart (0.486). T.swingerianus red viscera was compared with the red viscera of livestock animals (cattle, sheep and pork) as well as FAO/WHO/UNU standards for total essential amino acids. Our results when compared with the livestock red viscera (without Trp) and FAO/WHO/UNU (g100g-1 protein), we have heart: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig:45.3 /46.0/42.7/46.6; kidney: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig: 47.6/43.8/42.5/46.7; liver: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig: 50.7/47.7/41.5/47.5 and grasscutter liver/kidney/heart/ FAO/WHO/UNU:50.7/47.6/45.3/32.8 showing that all the red viscera values in T.swingerianus were better than the essential amino acids in the FAO/WHO/UNU standards and livestock red viscera. Statistical values showed that significant differences existed among the samples at r=0.01.

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48

Hazlerigg, DG, N. Soultoyiannis, P. Cash, and NM Wheelhouse. "The effects of amino acid supply on total and individual cellular protein synthesis in ovine hepatocytes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200003161.

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Protein nutrition, through altered amino-acid supply, regulates the quality and quantity of animal products, and deficiencies in supply of / response to amino-acids may be a limiting factor in ruminant efficiency. The effects of amino-acid supply may be indirect, via modulation of anabolic hormonal signalling. In particular, amino-acid limitation reduces insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) - and increases IGF-1 binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) - production by the liver, and hence modulates the sensitivity of tissues to pituitary GH as an anabolic signal (Gluckman et al, 1987). The mechanisms through which amino-acids exert these selective effects on liver protein production are not understood.The present study sought to determine whether the effects of amino-acids on total cellular protein synthesis are sufficient to account for observed reductions in IGF-1 production in cultured ovine hepatocytes. In addition the use of two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) to visualise changes in translation of individual proteins caused by amino-acids in cultured ovine hepatocytes is described.

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49

Sarwar, Ghulam, Herbert G. Botting, and Robert W. Peace. "Amino Acid Rating Method for Evaluating Protein Adequacy of Infant Formulas." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 4 (July 1, 1989): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.4.622.

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Abstract Amino acid profiles and/or protein digestibility (by the rat balance method) were determined for various forms (powder, ready-to-use, liquid concentrate, etc.) of cow's milk- and soy-based infant formulas obtained from 4 manufacturers. The essential amino acid data of the formulas were compared with that of human milk for the calculation of amino acid scores (based on the single most limiting amino acid). The product of amino acid score and total protein (g/100 kcal) was then termed "amino acid rating." Amino acid scores for the milk- and soy-based formulas ranged from 59 to 90 and from 59 to 81%, respectively, due to deficiencies in sulfur amino acids and/or tryptophan. Because of significantly higher total protein contents (g/100 kcal) of soy- (2.65-3.68) and milk-based (2.20-2.95) infant formulas compared to human milk (1.5), the relative amino acid ratings (human milk = 100) for all infant formulas except 2 liquid concentrates (having values of 87%) were above 100%. Values for true digestibility of protein in milk- and soy-based formulas ranged from 87 to 97 and from 92 to 95%, respectively. When corrected for protein digestibility, the relative amino acid ratings for all the milk-based liquid concentrates were below 100% (77-98%).

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50

Rayner, CJ, and DF Langridge. "Amino acids in bee-collected pollens from Australian indigenous and exotic plants." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850722.

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The protein and amino acid contents of bee-collected pollens from 10 indigenous and 16 exotic Australian plants were determined. Crude protein content showed a large variation with a range from 9.5% for Pinus radiata pollen, to 36.9% for Banksia ornata pollen. Pollens which were found to have high protein contents are those which are also highly favoured by apiarists whereas those with low protein content are considered to be nutritionally inferior pollens. The amino acid pattern for pollens from both indigenous and exotic plants indicated that, generally, the levels of amino acids in the pollens were above the bees' requirements. Tryptophan appeared to be the first limiting amino acid in Australian pollens for honeybees.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Limiting amino acid'

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