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Parpia, Pasha. "Neural plasticity and the limits of scientific knowledge." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/58460/.
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Western science claims to provide unique, objective information about the world. This is supported by the observation that peoples across cultures will agree upon a common description of the physical world. Further, the use of scientific instruments and mathematics is claimed to enable the objectification of science. In this work, carried out by reviewing the scientific literature, the above claims are disputed systematically by evaluating the definition of physical reality and the scientific method, showing that empiricism relies ultimately upon the human senses for the evaluation of scientific theories and that measuring instruments cannot replace the human sensory system. Nativist and constructivist theories of human sensory development are reviewed, and it is shown that nativist claims of core conceptual knowledge cannot be supported by the findings in the literature, which shows that perception does not simply arise from a process of maturation. Instead, sensory function requires a long process of learning through interactions with the environment. To more rigorously define physical reality and systematically evaluate the stability of perception, and thus the basis of empiricism, the development of the method of dimension analysis is reviewed. It is shown that this methodology, relied upon for the mathematical analysis of physical quantities, is itself based upon empiricism, and that all of physical reality can be described in terms of the three fundamental dimensions of mass, length and time. Hereafter the sensory modalities that inform us about these three dimensions are systematically evaluated. The following careful analysis of neuronal plasticity in these modalities shows that all the relevant senses acquire from the environment the capacity to apprehend physical reality. It is concluded that physical reality is acquired rather than given innately, and leads to the position that science cannot provide unique results. Rather, those it can provide are sufficient for a particular environmental setting.
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Waters, Gillian Margaret. "The limits of young children's understanding of sources of knowledge." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/506/.
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Seven experiments determined whether young children's comprehension of aspectuality, when acquired, was robust enough to cope with demands and variations to the task. Four to 5-year-olds were able to choose whether to look or feel to find out information about a hidden item that was identifiable by sight or touch (Experiments 2 & 7). However, they had difficulty when the test question did not directly refer to a perceptual aspect of the target item (Experiment 7). Four to 6-year-olds coped well with irrelevant verbal descriptions of the items included in the test question (Experiments 2 & 3). Five and 6-year-old‟s performed well whether the target had to be discovered or located (Experiment 1) but had difficulty when irrelevant partially differentiating information was included in the array of items (Experiments 3 & 4) and when they received verbal pre-trial experience of the items (Experiments 5 & 6). In conclusion, children depended on their recall of their pre-trial experience of the items, even when it was unnecessary to do so. They had difficulty recognizing the relevance of verbal information and problems recalling it. Hence, their understanding of sources of knowledge is limited until at least 7 years of age.
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Carter, Alexander Miles Carter. "Breadths & Limits of Associations." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1525179254628416.
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Markland, Alistair. "Knowledge and global advocacy : a sociological study of INGO practitioners and their epistemic limits." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/2bf2fc16-7349-49f2-ad80-962d2e74d826.
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This doctoral research project conducts a political sociology of knowledge of non-governmental actors engaged in advocating and reporting on issues relating to conflict and human rights. It engages the following research question: what are the limits of knowledge produced by non-governmental advocates? This question is applied to empirical case studies looking at, firstly, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the International Crisis Group, and secondly, a network of global activists working on post-war Sri Lanka (2010-2014). Applying a Bourdieusian sociological framework, the thesis argues that professional advocates' epistemic practices are shaped by an array of socio-political dependencies. Contrasting with past applications of Bourdieu to International Relations, this thesis reveals contextually-specific dependencies through multiple levels and scales of analysis. At the organisational level, these dependencies manifest through advocacy NGOs' market-like relations with their targeted consumers, as well as their relations with rival knowledge producers. At the level of the human practitioner, it is shown how leading advocacy NGOs are reliant upon a relatively narrow labour market, consisting of practitioners who share a strong dispositional affinity with their consumers. Studying a smaller group of global advocates working on post-war Sri Lanka, the thesis also demonstrates how symbiotic relations between NGO practitioners and leading policy stakeholders had a structuring effect on advocates' network relations, as well as stimulating a deference to a dominant policy discourse of 'liberal peace'. Shifting the attention to advocates' extraction of knowledge from its proximal contexts, this thesis also examines the influence of advocates' localised dependencies. In the case of post-war Sri Lanka, it is shown how foreign advocates' knowledge is informed by a limited set of domestic actors, primarily encompassing the country's liberal elites. Overall, these dependencies are argued to place significant constraints on knowledge generated in advocacy contexts - limits that differ to other modes of knowledge production.
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Benitez, Michael Anthony. "The discursive limits of "carnal knowledge"| Re-reading rape in Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Restoration drama." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1598621.
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This thesis, by analyzing how rape is treated in William Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus (1592-3), Thomas Middleton and William Rowley’s The Changeling (1622), and Aphra Behn’s The Rover (1677), details how the early modern English theater frequently dramatizes the period’s problematic understanding of rape. These texts reveal the social and legal illegibility of rape, illuminating just how deeply ambivalent and inconsistent patriarchy is toward female sexuality. Both using and departing from a feminist critical tradition that emphasized rape as patriarchy’s sexual entrapment of women, my readings of the period’s legal treatises and other documents call attention to the ambiguity of how rape is defined in early modern England. As represented in these three plays, male rapists exploit the period’s paradoxical views of female sexual consent, thus complicating how raped women negotiate their social and legal status. The process of disclosing her violation ultimately places a raped woman in an untenable position.
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Cook, N. M. "Conditions and limits : contemporary female biographers and the biographical paradigm : an original contribution to knowledge." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843670/.
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This thesis aims to interrogate the notion that biography is a 'traditional, old-fashioned' genre immune to change through an investigation of the work of contemporary female biographers. Whilst biography is constrained by what could be defined as an historicist definition of fact, evidence that is immutable and cannot be altered to make a psychological or artistic point, the genre has been transformed because women's life writing has taught us that conventional biography is inadequate for telling the narratives of women's lives. Women writing biography have made experiments. Whilst some have failed, female biographers have demonstrated that the form can be adapted to incorporate a post-modern understanding of the self and the role of the author, and act as a valuable medium for telling the stories of the lives of women who have been hidden or ignored by history. The first two chapters provide a theoretical and historical framework for the writing of individual female biographers. Today a feminist epistemology has emerged- a more sophisticated post-modern form that is concerned with the theories or grounds of Knowledge rather than with the politics of feminism that dominated the biographies of the seventies. Chapters Three to Seven are devoted to contemporary female biographers who have made a significant contribution to the genre and thus helped to redefine the form. The final chapter is a synthesis of the conversations undertaken with women biographers for this thesis in order to provide a conceptual framework for my conclusions.
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Alkan, Olsson Johanna. "Setting limits in nature and the metabolism of knowledge : the case of the critical load concept /." Linköping : Univ, 2003. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2003/arts274s.pdf.
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Bradley, Lisa. "In and of an urban time : (re)imagining the (im)possible limits of time, knowledge and the city." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6454/.
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In the broadest sense this work is concerned with processes of cultural construction in the contemporary city, and their connections to the framing, recording and concrete manifestation of society and its ills. Acknowledging the academy to be a productive site in this regard this thesis takes a somewhat meta-theoretical approach, engaging with dominant analyses of urban problems and the methodological approaches they entail. My specific focus is on understandings of time and modes of temporality – crucial factors in the organisation of urban society but which appear largely naturalised in both everyday life and the academy. Attempting to uncover some of the ways in which the socially constructed nature of time has become invisible in these contexts, my aim in this work is to recast time and temporality as critical factors in the formation of urban culture and the organisation of urban society, which warrant detailed future study. Beyond that, this work seeks to establish this case as an impetus for the examination of other absences in urban knowledge production, and a renewed urban imagination. To this end I have designed a methodological approach of autoethnographic rhizoanalysis. I have rhizomatically analysed the urban studies canon for the (non)presence of time and temporality within its dominant texts, practices, performances and methods; and I have performed everyday and experimental autoethnography, as I have continued to make sense of time and temporality as a member of both the contemporary culture that experiences time as naturalised, and the academic culture which seeks to construct knowledge of the city. Along the way this work has also engaged with the craft of academic work, as I have worked to uncover some of the everyday assumptions and practices which may serve to maintain and strengthen hegemonic ideas of the nature of time, temporality and truth. As a counter to the ways in which existing approaches may limit rather than expand urban imaginations I have made a hand-embroidered, patchwork quilt to accompany this written thesis. This object allows for an alternative way of experiencing and performing this work as it relates to processes of knowledge production and cultural construction, of and in the contemporary city.
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Chapman, Dean. "Logic and the limits of explanation: the justification of deduction, Carrollian Regress, logical validity, and deductive inferential knowledge." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28324.
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This essay engages with the problems of the justification of deduction, Carrollian regress, and deductive inferential knowledge. Also, it is considered whether Lewis Carroll's tale of what the tortoise said to Achilles can be interpreted as suggesting an argument against the possibility of logically valid argument. Such an argument is presented and shown to be unsound. Any justification of one of our basic rules of deductive inference, such as modus ponens, will inevitably make use of the very rule it means to justify. It will be a 'rule-circular' argument and invite charges that it begs the question and 'keeps bad company'. Following Paul Boghossian, the contention in this essay is that a thinker need not know that the rule according to which a given inference proceeds is sound in order to be entitled to carry out the inference. Thus, a rule-circular argument for the soundness of modus ponens does not beg the question. Also, by a conceptual role semantics which takes as its starting point that of Boghossian, and with insights gained from Robert Brandom's inferentialism, it is argued that a thinker who carries out an inference which is meaning-constituting of some concept for her is entitled to that act of inference, in part because she is epistemically blameless in it. One of the ways to counter a Cartesian sceptic is to maintain that some of our beliefs are beliefs we are entitled to have no doubt about. To make that claim good, it is argued, one must hold two things: first, that some of our beliefs are such that we have conclusive evidence for them, evidence which guarantees their truth; and second, that for some of these beliefs, we know that we have conclusive evidence for them - there are infallibilist and intemalist constraints on the possibility of us having knowledge that is certain. Pace Boghossian, the contention here is that anyone who carries out an inference which is meaning-constituting of some concept for her, in fact knows that inference to be valid.
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Liapis, Vayos. ""Nothing that is not Zeus" the unknowability of the Gods and the limits of human knowledge in Sophoclean tragedy." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/615/.
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In the present thesis the author professes to offer neither a systematic account of Sophoclean theology (if indeed there is such a thing) nor a study of the epistemological problem per se in Sophoclean tragedy. His purpose is rather to illuminate - partly expanding on a brief but suggestive study by Hans Diller ("Gottliches und menschliches Wissen bei Sophocles", Kiel 1950) - the ways in which the epistemological chasm between Man and God in Sophoclean tragedy becomes manifest through a 'collision' between the incompleteness and limitedness of human knowledge on the one hand and the transcendence and the unknowability of the gods on the other. An introductory chapter is prefixed which deals with the development of the idea of divine unknowability in archaic Greek literature and in Presocratic philosophy. There follows a detailed examination of the extant plays one by one (with special emphasis on the close reading of practically all the choral odes), by means of which the author endeavours to demonstrate that the centrality of the epistemological problem (in relation, always, to the inscrutability of the Godhead) in Sophocles, far from reducing his dramas to abstract philosophical treatises, contains a tremendous tragic potential and makes for powerful plays. Aspects of each play's structure, of its thematic articulation and of its vocabulary are studied, while a variety of methodological approaches are employed in order to illuminate problems of interpretation. All important secondary literature is cited and / or discussed. Thus, while never losing sight of its central concern (divine unknowability, limitedness of human knowledge), the present thesis also aims to be a thorough study of Sophoclean tragedy as a whole.
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Harrison, Peter S. "Distal horizons : an investigation of the justifiable downstream limits to the positive protection of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources within drug discovery." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11532/.
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International initiatives, such as the Nagoya Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (the Protocol), have created (or are creating) “access and benefit sharing” rights which seek to ensure that genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with such genetic resources (“TKAGR”) cannot be used without the consent of rights holders. These initiatives (including the Protocol) are unclear on how far non-consensual “use” extends to man-made downstream derivatives of the products of genetic expression. It also gives no guidance as to the degree to which control over TKAGR should extend throughout the drug discovery process. This work demonstrates how such TKAGR entering into a drug discovery process will be diluted with other information, used as an inspiration for further research, or for the development of research tools which may, in turn, lead to further discoveries and highlights how useful drugs may be very distal from the original inspiration provided by the TKAGR. This work also examines the causal link between an original piece of TKAGR and remote “downstream” uses of that information within drug discovery. It identifies “serendipitous” discoveries of unexpected second uses as a potential point at which the causation in law link to distal use may potentially be broken. This thesis examines the high level normative justifications for these rights, and in particular uses consequentialist/utilitarian, contribution/desert claims and distributive justice (Rawlsian maximin) claims to test their justifiable scope.
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Do, Thi Huong [Verfasser], Max [Akademischer Betreuer] Krott, Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Böcher, Max [Gutachter] Krott, Michael [Gutachter] Böcher, and Andreas [Gutachter] Schuldt. "Scientific Knowledge Transfer within the Limits of Research, Integration, and Utilization: Cases of Nature Conservation in Vietnam, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, and Sweden / Huong Do Thi ; Gutachter: Max Krott, Michael Böcher, Andreas Schuldt ; Max Krott, Michael Böcher." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172970734/34.
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Olsson, Fredrik, and Martin Persson. "Business Valuation : How to Value Private Limited Knowledge Based Companies." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9301.
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Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the methods used for valuating private limited knowledge based companies and if a new approach is required, create or modify a foundation that will constitute as a base within the valuation process.
Method This is a qualitative study using interviews to obtain primary data. People working in the valuation industry were contacted and we got eight respondents. The questions were designed to answer our purpose and research questions. Telephone interviews were chosen due to the fact that we believed the response would be higher.
Frame of References The theories used in this section is divided into three parts; the financial analysis including traditional valuating methods such as the Discounted Cash Flow model and relative valuating and multiples. The non-financial analysis focus on the underlying analysis consistent of structural- and intellectual capital and also value drivers that are creating value for the firm. In the end other theories concerning the analysis are presented, such as the risk-return trade-off, risk rating systems and analytical hierarchy process.
Empirical Findings In this section the presentations of the respondents’ answers and
and Analysis a brief analysis related to each question. After this an extended analysis is presented focusing on the subject and our risk scheme and guidelines we created/modified. The extended analysis is connected to the respondents’ answers. The purpose of this section is to have a better understanding about the risk of transient intellectual capital and give recommendations how to handle it. Also, guidelines of how to weight different value driver are discussed.
Conclusion We concluded that all valuations utilize more than one approach in order to estimate the most accurate value for the company. For knowledge based companies the biggest risk with a M&A transaction is the probability of diminishing the intellectual capital. We constructed a model that will manage this risk based on our interviews and established theories.
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Ouyang, Wenzhuo. "Scheduling in Wireless Networks with Limited and Imperfect Channel Knowledge." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397819786.
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Menetrier, Emmanuelle. "Effet des connaissances sur l'extension des limites." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959950.
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L'extension des limites (boundary extension, Intraub & Richardson, 1989) fait référence à unedistorsion de la mémoire visuo-spatiale survenant suite à la perception de scènes. Celle-ci setraduit par une tendance à surestimer l'étendue de la scène préalablement perçue,l'observateur se remémorant des détails que ne contenait pas la scène originale, mais que lecontexte rend plausible d'inférer. Bien que décrite comme robuste, quelques recherchesmenées ces dernières années en suggèrent la modulation par certaines caractéristiques propresà l'observateur (Mathews & Mackintosh, 2004 ; Munger, Owens, & Conway, 2005).L'ensemble des études présentées ici s'inscrit dans cette lignée, en testant à la fois le rôle desconnaissances préalables - que celles-ci soient relatives à la structure environnante de la scèneperçue, ou qu'il s'agisse de connaissances expertes - et le rôle de la réactivité de l'individu àcertains stimuli de nature émotionnelle. L'ensemble des résultats observés fait état d'unemodulation de l'extension (i.e. réduction, voire annulation) par les facteurs décrits ci-dessus.
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Alexander, David J. "Virtuous circles : a defense of limited epistemic circularity /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5696.
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Debarre, Jean-Michel. "Prescription de médicament hors autorisation de mise sur le marché : fondements, limites, nécessités et responsabilités." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G006.
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La prescription de médicament hors AMM est légitime quand elle s’appuie sur les connaissances médicales acquises ou validées au moment de la proposition de soins, lors du colloque singulier patient-médecin. L’AMM d’un médicament ne représente qu’un sous-ensemble de connaissances médicales, sans cesse changeantes, qui ne peut être regardée comme le référentiel idoine de la prescription d’un médicament, à la fois sur un plan médical et sur un plan juridique. La démocratie sanitaire est particulièrement inachevée dans la gestion européenne ou nationale de l’AMM d’un médicamentThe off-label drug prescribing is legitimate when it is based on accepted or validated medical knowledge at the time of the proposal care during the patient-physician singular interview. The marketing authorization of a drug represents only a fraction of medical knowledge, constantly changing, which can not be considered as a suitable reference document of drug prescribing, both from a medical and legal aspect. Health democracy is particularly incomplete in the European or national management of the drug marketing authorization
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Van, den Heever Sarette. "Knowledge provision in a South African investment firm : identifying the key components of a knowledge provision strategy for Acsis Limited." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95680.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.The effective transfer and creation of knowledge is a key competitive advantage in the knowledge-based society within which we find ourselves. To create this competitive advantage, organisations have to excel at creating and acquiring new knowledge as well as at sharing and mobilising that knowledge throughout the organisation’s network. The literature review in this report shows that teams will be more successful in creating new business if they are able to create dense networks within teams and collaborate with different internal and external stakeholders. It also shows that unless knowledge is pushed efficiently through the organisation’s network, it will run the risk of succumbing to competitors that rapidly replicate its ideas or, even worse, it be unable to continue innovating. Acsis Limited is a knowledge-intensive investment firm in South Africa. Its advice-based value proposition and partnership-based business model have created a distinct competitive advantage in a highly competitive industry. A result of this competitive advantage has been the creation of a highly tacit knowledge base which has to be leveraged effectively through its internal and external network to continue innovating and growing the business. The Acsis executive committee have expressed a number of concerns related to the availability of the appropriate knowledge to the appropriate functions and individuals in the organisation. They have also expressed a concern around the sharing of knowledge and collaboration of specific functions and groups of management. This research report aims to address the concerns of the executive committee by identifying the key components of a knowledge provision strategy for Acsis. To achieve this objective, the study examines and explains the utilisation and effectiveness of the knowledge sources currently utilised in the provision of knowledge in Acsis. The study also assesses the knowledge flow in the organisation and identifies individuals who are the most prolific knowledge sources in providing knowledge. The report delivers a number of robust findings related to the provision of knowledge in Acsis. These findings are utilised as the basis from which to recommend an overarching strategic objective for knowledge provision in Acsis as well as the required components of a knowledge provision strategy. It is supported by a list of recommended management actions for each component of the strategy. By answering the research question successfully, Acsis is provided with a clear knowledge provision strategy, comprising of seven components and a list of recommended management actions that could be implemented in the organisation. Further to this, the executive committee is made aware of critical knowledge gaps in their organisation as well as key strengths of their current knowledge provision practices. This will enable Acsis to harness their knowledge, and thus their power, effectively to remain ahead of the curve in a highly competitive industry.
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Sabba, Claudia Georgia. "A busca pela aprendizagem além dos limites escolares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-29072010-103236/.
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Em uma época em que o excesso de informações, técnicas e padrões parecem sufocar o indivíduo; e ao mesmo tempo, incitá-lo a questionar a si próprio e ao próximo diante de situações a serem resolvidas; torna-se imprescindível pensar nas possibilidades de compreensão e simplificação de sua rotina, isso sem causar a perda da essência do que é de fato ser humano. Surgem daí questões fundamentais para investigar a sobrevivência e o convívio harmônico da espécie, ou seja, buscar princípios correspondentes ao anseio de viver juntos e em paz. Posto dessa maneira, a pesquisa em questão tem como objetivo dialogar sobre esses assuntos por meio da educação de novas metodologias frente à aprendizagem de diversos saberes nos quais envolvam o mundo, seus objetos e, por fim, suas relações. Desse modo, a fim de entender melhor as necessidades humanas no processo de aprendizagem, realizei um estudo sobre a teoria da mente, que foi seguido de uma pesquisa de campo cuja base foi observar as novas pedagogias postas em ação, especificamente, em duas escolas: a EMEF Desembargador Amorim Lima e Escola Waldorf. Ao cumprir essa demanda, entrevistei alguns professores para analisar quais motivos que levaram à adoção dessa nova diretriz em suas práticas de ensino. Opção tomada na busca de subsidiar a formação de seus alunos, no sentido de torná-los adultos capazes de criticar e refletir sobre a sua própria realidade, permitindo, assim, a criação de mecanismos de interação com o mundo ao seu redor.In an age where the sheer breadth of information, techniques and patterns appear to stifle the individual, but at the same time, encourage him/her to question oneself and others in situations that need a resolution, it is important to try and understand and simplify ones approach so as not to lose the essence of what it is to maintain ones \"humanity\". This leads to fundamental questions regarding the survival and harmonious coexistence of the species, i.e., in the effort to find ways and principles that lead to living together in peace. As such, this research intends to address these issues through the promotion (and via education) of newer methodologies and current knowledge (as opposed to outdated knowledge and materials) of the world, its objects and, their complex relationships using the modern marvels of technology, art and other mechanisms heretofor not considered. In the effort to better understand human needs in the learning process, I conducted a study on the theory of the mind, followed by a field study/examination, the purpose of which was to observe how new teaching methods put into action, specifically in two schools: EMEF Desembargador Amorim Lima and Waldorf Schools. Accordingly, I interviewed several teachers to learn their motivations for the adoption of this new direction in their teaching practices, after they graduated from the traditional educational system. I found that their approach took into consideration subsidizing the education of their students in order to give them the opportunity to grow into thinking adults who are able to criticize and reflect on their own reality, thus allowing the creation of mechanisms of interaction with the world around them.
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Ciaunica, Anna. "Physicalisme et qualia : limites de la rationalité scientifique au XXe siècle." Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOL023/document.
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Réduit à sa plus simple expression, ce travail de recherche met face à face deux acteurs s’affrontant dans un duel philosophique : le physicalisme et l’argument de la connaissance de Franck Jackson. La question clé autour de laquelle s’agencera notre discussion ici est (1) Est-il vrai que « Tout est physique » ? Le coeur de la thèse que nous défendons peut être résumé ainsi : (T) Le clivage post-platonicien (tacite) entre les formes objectivées et les formes subjectivées de la pensée, provoque des fossés explicatifs (explicites), qui sont franchis (très souvent) via des sauts conceptuels (mystérieux), intercalés entre les étapes d’une argumentation. Il sera argumenté ici que la distribution actuelle des débats sur l’axe états physiques (objectifs) / états qualitatifs (subjectifs) subit une pression souterraine post-platonicienne. Conséquemment, une bonne partie de l’énergie des penseurs actuels est dépensée à la recherche du « bon saut » ou « crochet » conceptuel permettant d’attacher les rives du mental à celui du physique. Nous soutiendrons que le coeur du problème ne consiste pas à résoudre le différend entre les physicalistes et les avocats des qualia, mais plutôt à trouver la réponse à la question : pourquoi en sommes-nous arrivés là, i.e., à ce clivage sur l’axe phénoménal/physique ?“Everything is physical” physicalists claim. “Everything except qualia” reply the defenders of the Knowledge Argument. This thesis argues that both parties to this debate are committed to a traditional picture according to which one can tacitly adopt the standpoint of an off-stage narrator, capable of distinguishing ab initio between the different items in this conceptual scenario. The main claim here is that every time we artificially introduce a sharp conceptual distinction separating these two items or levels (mental and physical), we must automatically make a sophisticated conceptual leap in order to link the first-person qualitative perspective with the external physical world. Thus the physicalism/qualia dispute is only a by-product of an extended theoretical conception of the mind/world link which entails two distinct kinds of problems: (i) structural problems (to define and determine conceptually dual items like thought/matter, reason/senses, subject/object, etc.). Such problems require us to question “how are these items supposed to work together?” and this leads us to the second group of problems: (ii) mediation problems. The first group of problems inevitably leads to explanatory gaps; the second ends up needing to appeal to conceptual leaps in order to ensure the necessary link between two separate items. This exerts a powerful influence over the cast of our thoughts: seen from this angle, all philosophical enterprise comes down to the question of where to place the three following parameters: the world as it is, the conceptual picture which aims to represent the world as it is and the theorist-painter gifted with the ability to capture the world picture as it is. We also face the problem of finding the right mediators to assure coherence among the members of this trio, and the problem of setting the valid criteria guaranteeing the theorist-painter that what is captured on his conceptual canvas does indeed correspond to the world as it is, i.e. that he is not laboring under the delusions of an evil genie. In this thesis I argue against this way of putting things
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Goldberg, Beatriz Sabia [UNESP]. "O limite das relações internacionais como campo de conhecimento: a busca de perspectivas críticas em Michel Foucault." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/155996.
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Esta tese considera as contribuições de Michel Foucault como um importante marco para a reconstrução do discurso teórico das Relações Internacionais, reconhecendo que o conhecimento legitima uma posição de poder e que outras teorias da área utilizam essa premissa para justificar os comportamentos dos agentes. O discurso teórico foi utilizado nas Relações Internacionais como instrumento de perpetuação do comportamento do Estado e das justificativas de guerra e segurança. Assim, os dispositivos de Foucault vão fornecer estudos sobre a necessidade da crítica para que exista uma melhor compreensão do poder não como a dominação por parte de um soberano e sim como ações políticas que produzem sentidos sociais. As premissas foucaultianas de poder, saber e subjetividade contribuem para uma análise crítica das Relações Internacionais e para a resistência aos modelos positivistas. Nessa pesquisa, a análise bibliográfica será a ferramenta principal para ponderar os escritos de Foucault e as obras teóricas de Relações Internacionais e considerar a crítica a partir da produção de conhecimento relacionada a política, aos direitos e ao sistema internacional.
This thesis considers the contributions of Michel Foucault as an important landmark for the reconstruction of the theoretical discourse of International Relations, recognizing that knowledge legitimizes a position of power and that other theories of the area use this premise to justify the behavior of agents. The theoretical discourse was used in the International Relations as an instrument of perpetuation of the behavior of the State and to validate war and security. Thus, Foucault's devices will provide studies on the need for critical, so that there is a better understanding of power, not as domination on the part of a sovereign but as political actions that produce social meanings. The Foucaultian evidences of power, knowledge and subjectivity contribute to a critical analysis of International Relations and to resist to positivist models. In this research, the bibliographic analysis will be the main tool to ponder the writings of Foucault and the theoretical works of International Relations and to consider the critic from the production of knowledge related to politics, rights and the international system.
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Krilles, Peter. "Esthétique des limites. Espaces du savoir chez Novalis et Mallarmé." Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030161.
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La proximité entre les écrits de Novalis et de Mallarmé est aujourd’hui un lieu commun de la recherche sans pour autant avoir fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie. Si une influence directe ne saurait être affirmée avec certitude, le simple constat d’une modernité commune est également insuffisant. La parenté entre les deux projets esthétiques se situe à un autre niveau. Dans les contextes de crise des années autour de 1800 et de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, les deux auteurs esquissent une conception de l’art qui vise une réorganisation des espaces du savoir de l’âge moderne. Le dispositif central de cette ‘troisième voie’ est celui de la limite qui permet de rompre avec la vanité d’une approche représentative de l’expérience esthétique. L’esthétique des limites de Novalis et de Mallarmé ne se restreint pas au simple constat de la négativité qui résulte des nombreuses limites fondamentales auxquelles l’être humain moderne se trouve confronté. Les deux auteurs ne considèrent pas en premier lieu la limite dans sa fonction de délimitation, mais comme un espace propre qui revêt une productivité et une fonctionnalité épistémologiques considérables. Selon eux, la limite est une configuration essentielle de l’expérience esthétique parce qu’elle confère à celle-ci une médialité et une performativité spécifiques qui permettent de dépasser la relation binaire entre la discursivité du savoir positif et l’inaccessibilité d’un savoir absolu. Ainsi, l’esthétique des limites est une conception particulièrement pertinente à l’époque actuelle où le débat sur la valeur épistémologique de l’art et de la littérature est loin d’être terminéThe similarity between the writings of Novalis and Mallarmé has become a topos in research, however, it has never been the object of a detailed study. On the one hand, we cannot say that Mallarmé was directly influenced by Novalis, on the other, the declaration that they share a modern vision is just as insufficient. The connection between the two aesthetic projects has to be found on another level. In their respective contexts of crisis, that characterise the periods around 1800 and the second half of the 19th century, both poets outline a conception of art with the objective of a new organisation of modern spaces of knowledge. Boundaries are a central dispositive of this ‘third way’ because they make it possible to overcome the vanity of a representative conception of aesthetic experience. Novalis’ and Mallarmé’s aesthetics of boundaries do not confine themselves to simply assessing the negativity that results from the numerous fundamental limitations of modern human condition. Both of them do not primarily consider the phenomenon of boundary to be a mere function of delimitation. For Novalis and Mallarmé, a boundary is an autonomous space that possesses a high epistemological productivity and functionality. Boundaries are central configurations of aesthetic experience because they endow this experience with a specific mediality and performativity that allow to overcome the binary relationship between positive discursive knowledge and the unattainability of absolute knowledge. The aesthetics of boundaries are an important concept nowadays as the debate surrounding the epistemological relevance of art and literature is far from being finished
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Lopes, Adriano Jorje Torres. "Os limites do conhecimento nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de GraduaÃÃo em FarmÃcia: um estudo a partir da ontologia marxiana." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=19474.
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nÃo hÃA dissertaÃÃo que ora à trazida à luz se ocupa, in stricto sensu, da investigaÃÃo filosÃficocientÃfica acerca do conhecimento nas diretrizes curriculares nacionais do Curso de graduaÃÃo em FarmÃcia (DCNF) e os seus limites, submetendo tal categoria à lupa da ontologia marxiana. Por sua vez, in lato sensu, a pesquisa traz à baila a importÃncia de se efetivar um estudo calcado em bases materiais, balisado na incessante aproximaÃÃo onto-histÃrica ao objeto estudado. A sistematizaÃÃo textual divide-se em dois capÃtulos que possuem relativa autonomia, embora tenham um sentido histÃrico de determinaÃÃo ontolÃgica. O capÃtulo inicial destina-se a alicerÃar a fundamentaÃÃo daquilo que o conhecimento Ã, ou em outros termos, a sua gÃnese e funÃÃo. Desta forma, as abstraÃÃes concretas da filosofia de Marx (em seus escritos atà 1850) e LukÃcs (em seus textos sobre a Ontologia do ser social) foram postas vis-Ã-vis Ãs descobertas cientÃficas da paleoantropologia atual, com o intuito, nÃo de defender gnosiologicamente o pensamento de determinado autor em particular, mas sim de desvelar (ontologicamente) o objeto em-si. Por conseguinte, foram estudadas tanto categorias filosÃficas como cientÃficas (teleologia, causalidade, bipedismo-tecnologia-tamanho do cÃrebro-aumentado, especializaÃÃo e nÃo-especializaÃÃo), sendo analisadas na inerface entre o biologico-causal e o histÃrico-cultural; do salto ontolÃgico de ser natural (orgÃnico e inorgÃnico) a ser social, desvelando o devido lugar de importÃncia (ontolÃgica) do conhecimento em relaÃÃo ao trabalho. No Ãltimo capÃtulo foi feito o cotejo crÃtico à noÃÃo de conhecimento das DCNF em relaÃÃo ao conhecimento fundamentado onto-historicamente. Neste direcionamento, foram utilizados referÃnciais que se dedicam à pesquisa em educaÃÃo farmacÃutica de diversas orientaÃÃes teÃricas.
The dissertative text which now is brought to light deals, in stricto sensu, with the philosophical-scientific investigation about the knowledge in the national curricular guidelines of the graduation course in Pharmacy (DCNF) and its limits, submiting such category to the precision of the marxian ontology. By its time, in lato sensu, the research brings to sight the importance of carrying out a study paved on material bases, guided by the incessant ontohistorical approximation to the studied object. The textual systematization is divided into two chapters which own relative independence, although they have a historical sense of ontological determination. The initial chapter is intended for to provide base to the grounding of what the knowledge is, or, in other terms, its genesis and function. This way, the concrete abstractions of Marxâs philosophy (in his writings until 1850) and LukÃcs (in his texts about the Ontology of the social being) were put vis-Ã-vis to the scientific discoveries of the current paleoanthropology, aiming not to defend gnosiologically the thought of some author in particular, but to unveil (ontologically) the self object. Consequently, both philosophical categories and scientific categories (teleology, causality, bipedalism-tecnology-brainincreased size, specialized and non-specialized) were studied, into being analyzed in their interface between the biological-causal and the historical-cultural; from the ontological bound of natural being (organic and inorganic) to social being, unveiling the proper place of (ontological) importance of the knowledge with reference to the labor. In the last chapter, the critical comparison of the notion of knowledge of the DCNF with reference to the ontohistorically grounded knowledge was done. Under this management, referential dedicated to the research in pharmaceutical education of several theoretical orientation was used.
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Claude, Marie-Sylvie. "Commenter la peinture, commenter la littérature : Présupposés, limites et perspectives d'un détour." Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080021/document.
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Les programmes de français du secondaire, qui invitent à pratiquer la lecture de l’image en lien avec la lecture analytique du texte littéraire, nous semblent reposer sur le double présupposé, que nous interrogeons, de l’identité des deux exercices et de l’immédiateté d’une pédagogie de détour. Nous empruntons à la sociologie de l’éducation (registres de l’apprentissage, malentendus sociocognitifs), à la didactique (articulation compréhension/interprétation, sujet-lecteur, conscience disciplinaire), et à l’histoire de l’art (sémiologie, iconographie). Nous nous appuyons sur une enquête réalisée auprès d’une centaine d’enseignants, sur un corpus de 350 commentaires rédigés par des élèves de troisième et de seconde, et sur des entretiens post-passation.Les enseignants attendent des élèves qu’ils conçoivent une interprétation polysémique, appuyée sur une analyse fine de l’œuvre, notamment formelle, et sur des savoirs culturels diversifiés ; ils constatent une facilitation par la peinture, que notre analyse des productions des élèves confirme : si les exigences culturelles posent davantage de difficultés, les opérations cognitives y sont mieux réussies, l’engagement subjectif et la conception de l’objet plus compatibles avec les normes lettrées. Cet écart en faveur de la peinture se creuse dans les collèges défavorisés. Nous expliquons ces différences par les spécificités sémiologiques des deux arts mais aussi par des malentendus sociocognitifs, plus profonds sur la littérature. De sorte que la possibilité d’un retour, au profit de la littérature, des apprentissages réalisés lors du détour par la peinture, est selon nous conditionnée à un cadrage spécifiqueFrench secondary school curricula, which encourage linking “image reading” with analytical reading of literary texts, seem to be based on two main presuppositions. This paper questions the identity of the two exercises and the relevance of a pedagogical detour teaching strategy. The thesis borrows concepts from the sociology of education (learning registers and socio-cognitive misunderstandings), didactics (links between understanding and interpretation, subject-reader and subject perception) as well as the history of art (semiotics and iconography). This paper is based on a corpus of 350 comments written by pupils aged 14 to 16 and retrospective interviews gathered from a study of 100 teachers,.Teachers expected pupils to create a polysemic interpretation based on diverse cultural knowledge and a close, formal analysis of the work in question. Teachers noted that the use of paintings helped this process, something which was also confirmed by our analysis of the work of pupils. This suggests that, whilst the cultural requirements of painting analysis are more complex, the cognitive processes and subjective engagement of students were better when using this technique and their understanding was more appropriate according to literary norms. This preference for paintings over text was accentuated in disadvantaged schools. This paper explains these differences through the semiological specificities of the two art forms but also through socio-cognitive misunderstandings, more present in literature analysis. This paper concludes that the study of literature in conjunction with the study of painting is part of a specific, pedagogical detour framework
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Forsman, Madeleine, and Kristin Wiström. "Experter i revisionsprocessen : Hur upplever revisorn att revisionskvaliteten påverkas?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119512.
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Bakgrund och problem: Revisorer har blivit beroende av experter i sitt arbete på grund av den komplexitet som har uppstått kring både redovisningen och revisionen. Det är revisorn som bestämmer när en expert ska involveras och hur stor påverkan expertens arbete får på revisionen. Samtidigt är revisorns uppgift att leverera kvalitetssäker information till intressenter och det är revisorn som avgör när tillräcklig revisionskvalitet har uppnåtts. Frågan är då hur revisorn upplever att revisionskvaliteten påverkas när experter används. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att förklara hur revisorer upplever att revisionskvaliteten påverkas när experter används. Metod: Studien har i huvudsak en kvantitativ metod där enkäter har skickats ut till revisorer för att få svar på studiens syfte. För att få en djupare förståelse för experternas arbete har en kvalitativ förstudie med intervjuer genomförts. Slutsats: Vårt resultat indikerar på att revisorer upplever att revisionskvaliteten blir högre när experter används i revisionen. Resultatet från vår första regressionsmodell tyder på att när experter får mer handlingsutrymme/inflytande upplever revisorer att revisionskvaliteten blir högre. Revisionskvaliteten påverkas också svagt av i vilken omfattning revisorer tar hjälp av experter. Revisorer som tar hjälp av experter i större omfattning upplever att revisionskvaliteten blir högre. Resultatet från vår andra regressionsmodell tyder på att det enbart är expertens inflytande som leder till högre revisionskvalitet. Vårt resultat indikerar på att det enligt revisorer är värt att lägga tid och resurser på experter då de bidrar till högre revisionskvalitet.Background and Problem: Accountants have become dependent with using experts in theirwork because of the complexity that has occurred around both accountingand auditing. It is the auditor that decides when an expertshould be included and how great of impact the experts work willhave on the audit. Meanwhile the auditor’s duty is to deliver qualityassured information to stakeholders and it is the auditor that willdecide when adequate audit quality is achieved. The question ishow the auditor experiences the influence on audit quality whenthey include experts in their work? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explain how the auditors experiencethe influence on audit quality when they include experts in theirwork. Method: This study has mainly a quantitative method where surveys havebeen sent to auditors to obtain answers to the study’s purpose. Toget a deeper understanding of the experts work has a qualitativefeasibility study with interviews been conducted. Conclusion: Our results indicate that auditors feel that audit quality will behigher when the experts are used in the audit. The results from ourfirst regression model suggests that when the experts get moreleeway/influence auditors experience that audit the quality will behigher. Audit quality is also affected slightly by the extent towhich auditors are taking the help of experts. Accountants whotake the help of experts to a greater extent perceive that auditquality will be higher. The result from our second regression modelindicates that it’s only the expert's influence that leads to higheraudit quality. Our results indicate that, according to auditors isworth spending time and resources on experts when they contributeto higher quality audits.
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Bechtold, Karina Celeste. "Primary Care Provider Knowledge and Interest in Medical Interpretation Training for Bilingual Spanish-Speaking Staff." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612825.
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The population of Hispanic limited-English proficient (LEP) people in the U.S. is growing at a staggering rate. Soon a quarter of the population will be Hispanic, with many of them being LEP. High-quality patient-provider communication is vital to cost-effective healthcare that could improve patient health outcomes. There are not enough Spanish-speaking healthcare providers to serve this growing population. Diversifying the profession is one answer, but will take many years. Professional interpreter services have been proven to be helpful in reducing this language discordance, but they are grossly underused due to barriers such as availability, cost, and quality. These barriers disproportionally affect smaller health clinics, so they instead often rely on the use of bilingual staff members and a patient's bilingual family members for interpretation. This practice diminishes the confidentiality of the visit and can lead to interpretation errors that can negatively impact health outcomes and increase healthcare cost. The possibility of applying formal medical interpreter training (MIT) to qualified bilingual staff members could be a solution to make high-quality interpretation services more readily available to the smaller healthcare clinic. An electronic survey was sent out to Nurse Practitioners through the Coalition of Arizona Nurses in Advance Practice listserv that explored their current interpretation use and their general knowledge and interest in applying MIT to their practice. Of the 29 surveyed, 24% of them spoke Spanish and only 7% "always" used interpretation services to provide care to LEP patients. Bilingual staff members and patients' bilingual family members were often the preferred and most utilized method of interpretation, which seemingly was connected to its ready availability. Although almost all of the providers believed that MIT would improve the interpretive skills of their bilingual staff members, only 62% thought the training would be applicable to their practice, with only 38% believing time and cost would be worth the benefit. Further research is needed to help determine if the cost of MIT implementation actually results in improved interpretation skills and if this benefits the practice and the LEP patient.
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Santos, Halisson Keliton Ramos dos. "A produção do conhecimento sobre Pibid na pós-graduação em educação física e educação: limites e potencialidades." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8931.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This is an analysis of the researches on the Institutional Program of Initiation to Teaching- Pibid / Physical Education grant, produced in the stricto sensu Post-Graduation in Physical Education and Education in Brazil, from 2009 to 2016, considering the epistemological, gnosiological and ontological assumptions. Based on the Marxian and Marxist social theory, this research focused on the following problem: What is the relationship and / or the implication of the adoption, in the production of knowledge about Physical Education, of a certain conception of teacher training for apprehension and critical explanation of a given public policy on teacher education (Pibid)? As for the methodology, this is a bibliographical research whose survey was carried out in the digital theses and dissertations banks. Eighteen surveys were then located, of which 14 were the subject of the Pibid Physical Education, in stricto sensu programs in these areas. Regarding the results of the research, they point out that the conception of teacher training rebates in the explanations of the authors of the dissertations and thesis, since it was clear that, depending on the conception of teacher training chosen, closely linked to the conception of education, conception of the world, there are implications, directly and indirectly, in the way in which scientific works analyze and explain an educational policy. It was identified that 71.4% (n = 10) out of a total of 14, adopted pedagogies of learning to learn, expressed in the context of teacher education, in pedagogy of the reflexive teacher, linked to the epistemology of practice and postmodern ideology. Of this total, 28.5% (n = 4) are linked to Marxist theory. It is concluded, therefore, that: 1) regardless of how the earthly responses in the transition are put tactically, one should never leave the defense of a historical project that advances qualitatively in relation to the current mode of production; 2) already in relation to the Pibid, not forgetting that it is inserted in a wider social totality, tactically the "transitory" permanence of programs like Pibid is defended, since this analysis and part of the researches about the program, and the educators themselves, their scientific and union entities, have shown that fragmented and isolated actions at one or another point in initial and continuing training, working conditions and the career and remuneration of education professionals have proved to be insufficient. Thus, it is recommended that the proposals of the Pibid be developed in the universities and their respective courses of teacher training "must" be articulated "inexorably" to the political- pedagogical proposal of the training courses; 3) that fragmented programs, such as Pibid, can lead to a global policy of valorization and professionalization of educators, the banner of struggle of educators and their entities for decades. These are conditions that contribute to strengthening an emancipatory education.
Trata-se de uma análise das pesquisas sobre o Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência-Pibid/Educação Física produzida na Pós-Graduação stricto sensu em Educação Física e Educação no Brasil, de 2009 a 2016, considerando os pressupostos epistemológico, gnosiológico e ontológico. Fundamentada na teoria social marxiana e marxista, esta pesquisa debruçou-se sobre o seguinte problema: Qual a relação existente e/ou qual a implicação da adoção, na produção do conhecimento sobre Pibid Educação Física, de determinada concepção de formação de professor para apreensão e explicação crítica de uma dada política pública sobre formação de professor (Pibid)? Quanto à metodologia, esta é uma pesquisa bibliográfico-documental cujo levantamento foi realizado nos bancos digitais de dissertações e teses. Foram então localizadas 18 pesquisas, das quais 14 tomaram por objeto o Pibid Educação Física, em programas stricto sensu das referidas áreas. Sobre os resultados da pesquisa, estes apontam que a concepção de formação de professores rebate nas explicações dos autores das dissertações e da tese, uma vez que ficou claro que, dependendo da concepção de formação de professores escolhida, intimamente ligada à concepção de educação, concepção de mundo, há implicações, direta e indiretamente, na maneira como os trabalhos científicos analisam e explicam dada política educacional. Identificou-se que, nas pesquisas que tomam por objeto o Pibid Educação Física, 71,4% (n=10), de um total de 14, adotam pedagogias do aprender a aprender, expressas no âmbito da formação de professores, na pedagogia do professor reflexivo, vinculadas à epistemologia da prática e ideário pós-moderno. Desse total, 28,5% (n=4) vinculam-se à teoria marxista. Conclui-se, portanto, que: 1) independente de como são colocadas taticamente as respostas terrenas na transição, nunca se deve deixar a defesa de um projeto histórico que avance qualitativamente em relação ao atual modo de produção; 2) já em relação ao Pibid, não esquecendo que ele se insere em uma totalidade social mais ampla, taticamente defende-se a permanência “transitória” de programas como Pibid, uma vez que esta análise e parte das pesquisas sobre o programa, e os próprios educadores, suas entidades científicas e sindicais, têm mostrado que ações fragmentadas e isoladas em um ou outro ponto da formação inicial e continuada, das condições de trabalho e da carreira e remuneração dos profissionais da educação têm se mostrado insuficientes. Dessa forma, recomenda-se que as propostas do Pibid a ser desenvolvidas nas universidades e seus respectivos cursos de formação de professores “devem” estar articulados “inexoravelmente” à proposta político-pedagógica dos cursos de formação; 3) que os programas fragmentados, como o Pibid, possam dar lugar a uma política global de valorização e profissionalização dos educadores, bandeira de luta dos educadores e suas entidades há décadas. Essas são condições que contribuem para fortalecer uma educação emancipatória.
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Glórias, Ludgero Miguel Carraça. "Estimating a knowledge production function and knowledge spillovers : a new two-step estimation procedure of a Spatial Autoregressive Poisson Model." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20711.
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Mestrado em Econometria Aplicada e PrevisãoVários estudos econométricos procuram explicar os determinantes da criação de conhecimento usando como variável dependente o número de patenteamentos numa região. Alguns destes procuram captar os efeitos de Knowledge Spillovers através de modelos lineares que incorporam dependência espacial. No entanto, nenhum estudo foi encontrado que captasse este efeito, tendo em atenção a natureza discreta da variável dependente. Este trabalho pretende preencher essa lacuna propondo um novo estimador de máxima verosimilhança a dois passos para um modelo Poisson Autorregressivo Espacial. As propriedades do estimador são avaliadas num conjunto de simulações de Monte Carlo. Os resultados sugerem que este estimador tem menor Bias e menor RMSE, na generalidade, que outros estimadores propostos, sendo que apenas mostra piores resultados quando a dependência espacial é próxima da unidade. Um exemplo empírico, empregando o novo estimador e um conjunto de estimadores alternativos, é realizado, sendo que a criação de conhecimento em 234 NUTS II de 24 países europeus é analisada. Os resultados evidenciam que existe uma forte dependência espacial na criação de inovação entre as regiões. Conclui-se também que o ambiente socioeconómico é essencial para o processo de formação de conhecimento e que contrariamente às instituições públicas, as empresas privadas são eficientes na produção de inovação. É de realçar, que regiões com menor capacidade em transformar despesas R&D em patenteamentos apresentam maior capacidade de absorção e segregação de conhecimento, evidenciando que regiões vizinhas menos eficientes na produção de conhecimento tendem a criar relações fortalecidas na partilha de conhecimento.
Several econometric studies seek to explain the determinants of knowledge production using as dependent variable the number of patents in a region. Some of these capture the effects of knowledge spillovers through linear models with spatial autorregressive term. However, no study has been found that estimates such effect while also considering the discrete nature of the dependent variable: a count variable. This essay aims to fill this gap by proposing a new Two-step Maximum Likelihood estimator for a Spatial Autorregressive Poisson model. The properties of this estimator are evaluated in a set of Monte Carlo Experiments. The simulation results suggest that this estimator presents lower Bias and lower RMSE than the alternative estimators proposed, only showing worse results when the spatial dependence is close to the unit. An empirical example, using the new estimator and a set of alternative estimators, is executed, where the creation of knowledge in 234 NUTS II from 24 European countries is analyzed. The results show that there is a strong spatial dependence on the creation of innovation. It is also concluded that the socio-economic environment is essential for the knowledge formation and, unlike public R&D institutions, private companies are efficient in producing innovation. It should be noted that regions with less capacity to transform R&D expenses into new patents, have greater capacity for absorption and segregation of knowledge, which shows that neighboring regions less efficient in the production of knowledge tend to create strong relations with each other taking advantage of the knowledge sharing process.
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Mhangara, Taremeredzwa. "Knowledge and acceptance of male circumcision as an HIV prevention procedure among plantation workers at Border Limited, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6867.
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Thesis (MPhil (Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study sought to establish the level of knowledge of people on the medical benefits of male circumcision, especially the protective effect against HIV, with the aim of gathering baseline information on the subject for future health promotion programmes. A cross-section survey was conducted at Border Timbers Limited forest management units with 220 respondents that were conveniently selected into the study, and of these 49% were males and the reminder females. The data were collected using two questionnaires; one for females and the other for males. The data was analyzed using an Epi Info programme. The findings showed that, there was little knowledge on the benefits of male circumcision as they scored an average score of three out of eight, and 66% scored less than 50%. Striking was that that females were more knowledgeable than their male counterparts. Less than 20% knew of the protective effect of male circumcision against HIV. Fifty eight percent of the respondents had negative perceptions of the procedure, and 55% of the respondents were of the opinion that, male circumcision should be stopped with as little as twenty percent of the uncircumcised men willing to be circumcised. Under a third of the total respondents (26.7%) expressed their willingness to circumcise their male children. Medically conducted circumcision was preferred by 95% of the respondents over traditionally conducted circumcision. Based on the above; the study concluded that, raising people's knowledge on benefits of male circumcision would help in changing people's perceptions and increase the acceptability of the procedure. It is recommended that the government together with the private sector urgently need to carry awareness campaigns to raise workplace on how male circumcision can reduce chances of getting HIV. Furthermore, traditional circumcision practice should be encouraged and the practitioners trained to carry the procedure in a safe way. Further studies are recommended to assess the impact of stigma on the already circumcised in order to effectively plan and overcome societal barriers for the recommended strategies to make an impact.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie poog om die vlak van kennis van mense rakende die mediese voordele van manlike besnyding te vestig, veral die voorkomende effek teen MIV met die doel om basislyn inligting oor die onderwerp van toekomstige gesondheidsbevoordelings programme te bevorder. 'n Proefopname is uitgevoer by die Border Timbers Beperk bosbestuur eenhede met 220 respondente wat gerieflik gekies is, waarvan 49% mans en die res vroue is. Data is ingesamel met behulp van twee vraelyste vir vrouens en mans onderskeidelik. Die data was ontleed deur gebruik te maak van die Epi Info program. Die bevindinge het getoon dat daar min kennis oor die voordele van manlike besnyding is, aangesien 'n gemiddelde telling van drie uit agt behaal is en 66% respondente het minder as 50% behaal. Wat opvallend was, is dat vroue meer kennis as hul manlike eweknieë oor die onderwerp gehad het. Minder as 20% het geweet van die beskermende effek van manlike besnyding teen MIV. Agt en vyftig persent van die respondente het negatiewe persepsies oor die proses en 55% van die respondente was van mening dat manlike besnyding gestop moet word en so min as twintig persent van die onbesnyde mans is bereid om besny te word. Minder as 'n derde van die totale respondente (26,7%) was bereid om hul manlike kinders te besny. Medies uitgevoerde besnyding was verkies deur 95% van die respondente teenoor tradisionele besnyding. Gegrond op bogenoemde, het hierdie studie bevind dat die verhoging van mense se kennis oor die voordele van manlike besnyding sal help om mense se persepsies asook die verhoging van aanvaarbaarheid van die proses te verander. Daar word aanbeveel dat die regering, tesame met die privaatsektor dringend bewusmakingsveldtogte moet uitvoer om die werksplek op te voed oor hoe manlike besnyding die kanse om MIV te verminder. Verder moet tradisionele besnydingspraktyke aangemoedig word en praktisyne moet opgelei word om die prosedure op „n veilige manier uit te voer. Verdere studies word aanbeveel om die impak van stigma op die reeds besnydes te assesseer om doeltreffend te beplan en om maatskaplike hindernisse te oorkom vir die aanbevole strategieë om 'n impak te maak.
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Hay, R. A. "Leading with limited knowledge : an application of the theory of complex responsive processes of relating to leadership practice." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2017. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/29796/.
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Previously examining toxicity I’d concluded attempts to address it typically focus on behaviours, tackling symptoms, not the causes. Seeking causes I came across Stacey’s (Stacey, R.D., 2007, Strategic management and organisational dynamics: the challenge of complexity to ways of thinking about organisations, 5th ed. Financial Times Prentice Hall, Harlow.) challenge to the dominant discourses in organisational studies with his theory of Complex Responsive Processes of Relating (CRPR). This engagement challenged my confidence in my own teaching and leadership practice. Consequently my literature review has (re)examined the traditional leadership theories as well as the emerging literature questioning the dominant discourses. Additionally identifying an appropriate methodology that was consistent and coherent with the theoretical framework required (re-)engagement with established theories of research. Theoretical frameworks My reflections on Stacey (Stacey & Griffin, 2005, A complexity perspective on researching organisations, Routledge, London.) led me to understand that an important aspect of the experience of leadership is the need to act without sufficient knowledge. The dominant discourses in leadership studies not only fail to provide an answer to this but frequently deny the leader the room to acknowledge it as worthy of attention. Additionally whilst CRPR called into question the theoretical basis on which key elements of my leadership practice was constructed, it gave little insight into how to effectively develop a leadership practice based on this alternative discourse. This made not only made it difficult for me to rethink my own leadership practice but also placed the insights of CRPR beyond the reach of most leaders. The key areas I have focused on in my own emerging practice of leadership are: what constitutes ‘good enough’, leading with tentative certainty, holding anxiety, sense- making as an act of leadership, planning differently, acknowledging the uncertainty of causality, acting in the grey, and creating space for mistakes. Primary data collection The primary approach adopted was autoethnography with secondary ethnographic elements. To ensure that my methodology and methods were consistent with the theoretical framework, an iterative process of conceptual development, theoretical challenge and practical testing was adopted. Several sets of empirical data were developed across three phases of research: the first phase exploring the nature of limited knowledge, the second the implications of the theory and the third exploring my emerging practice. Novelty of the research This research project has required me to develop an approach to researching leadership in a way that is consistent with CRPR. Important contributions to knowledge include the development of a theoretical framework that encourages leaders, and leadership scholars, to more explicitly acknowledge the significance of limited knowledge in leadership practice. This has required a reconceptualisation of some key aspects of leadership and point to the need for a wider consideration of key leadership assumptions.
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Lopretti, Tamara Abrão Pina 1982. "A produção de saberes e conhecimentos no cotidiano escolar : imagens de limites e possibilidades da ação educativa." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/252041.
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Orientador: Guilherme do Val Toledo PradoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo : A partir das duas últimas décadas, um postulado central tem guiado as pesquisas sobre os saberes e conhecimentos docentes, considerando os professores como sujeitos que possuem determinados conhecimentos e saberes, mobilizados e produzidos no âmbito do seu trabalho cotidiano, muitas vezes, em função da realidade em que atuam. Isto implica em considerar o professor enquanto um sujeito que assume sua prática, a partir dos significados por ele atribuídos, um sujeito que possui repertório proveniente de sua própria atividade profissional e processo de formação. Partindo deste contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar o processo de produção, mobilização e significação dos saberes e conhecimentos docentes, ocorrido nos espaços-tempo coletivos da escola. Para tanto, desenvolvemos nosso estudo na Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental ¿Padre Francisco Silva¿, acompanhando um grupo de professoras das séries iniciais e a equipe de gestão em dois espaços-tempo coletivos da escola: o trabalho docente coletivo (TDC) e o grupo de trabalho de 1ª à 4ª série (GT-2). Além disso, também observamos a sala de aula de uma das professoras que participava destes dois grupos, acompanhando o trabalho de alfabetização por ela desenvolvido. Os dados e vivências produzidos no processo de pesquisa, a partir do contato com estes sujeitos, nestes três espaços-tempo diferentes, permitiram a construção de um conjunto de imagens de experiências, que deram a ver os saberes e conhecimentos mobilizados, produzidos e significados, a partir de situações de limites e possibilidades das ações educativas realizadas por estas profissionais. Neste movimento nos deparamos com o processo de reflexão das professoras e demais profissionais da escola, com o desenvolvimento de um ambiente de colaboração e com o exercício da pesquisa e da escrita docente, que se constituíram em elementos fundamentais no processo de produção, mobilização e significação destes saberes e conhecimentos evidenciados. Vale dizer que realizar tal pesquisa, sistematizando e partilhando o conjunto de saberes e conhecimentos produzidos no cotidiano escolar, significou colaborar com os professores em seu processo de desenvolvimento profissional e valorização da profissão docente e ainda, partilhar possíveis caminhos, saberes e conhecimentos a serviço da maior razão de ser da escola: os alunos
Abstract : From the last to decades, a central postulate has been guiding the researches regarding teacher¿s knowledge, considering teachers as persons that own certain knowledge mobilized and produced on the scope of their daily work. This implies to consider a teacher as a person that own knowledge that come from your own professional activity and academic background. In this direction, the present study has the goal to investigate the production, mobilization and significance process of teacher¿s knowledge in the collective meeting spaces on school itself. In order to achieve that, we have developed our study on Padre Francisco Silva¿s Elementary School, following a teacher¿s group of first grades and the school management team, on two collective moments inside the school: the collective teacher¿s working meetings (TDC) and the 1st to 4th working group (GT-2). Besides that, we have also observed the pedagogical practice of one of those school teachers inside the class room. The data produce on the research process, from the contact with this people, on those three different school spaces, have allowed the construction of experience images which show the mobilized, produced and meant knowledge from cutting-edge situations and possibilities of educational actions carried by those professionals. In this movement we have faced the reflection process of those teachers and other school professionals with the development of collaborative environment and research and teachers writing exercising, considered as elements responsible for production, mobilization and significance process of this evidenced knowledge. It¿s worthy to say that to carry out such a research, systematizing and presenting this knowledge set produced on the daily school work meant to collaborate with those teachers on their professional development and importance of teacher¿s work itself and still share possible ways and knowledge on the duty of the main reason of school existence: the students
Mestrado
Ensino e Práticas Culturais
Mestre em Educação
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Wang, Maria Auxiliadora de Lima. "Possibilidades e limites para diversidade de interações sobre política partidária em blogs." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/16699.
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Previous issue date: 2013-05-14Based on the principle of operant selection, it is possible to assume that certain verbal practices in a community tend to be initially diverse and over the time become less diverse. Aiming to investigate this assumption, in this study the verbal interactions on the blogs of the journalists Luis Nassif (LN) and Ricardo Kotscho (RK) were analyzed. The goal was to identify aspects of the interaction between participants and of the opinions about the target political issue that could be characterized as diversity and uniformity. A post related to the Brazilian political parties PSDB and PT published, at first, in the blog of Kotscho and, after that, re-posted in the blog of Nassif, as well as comments on the post, served as data for the analysis. All comments published in both blogs were analyzed according to three main aspects: (1) positioning and form of interaction between the participants (classified as agreement/disagreement, among other categories, and classified according to how the participants presented their opinions, that is, with or without arguments); (2) positioning and form of interaction about PSDB / PT(classified as favorable or unfavorable to these political parties, and classified with respect to how the arguments were presented, that is, citing aspects / strategies of the party s political program, or disqualifying the political party / politician belonging to the party; (3) positioning and form of interaction about the orientation of the media in political coverage (classified as favorable or unfavorable to PSDB / PT, and classified according to how the participants described the media coverage, that is, with criticisms / disqualifications addressed to media companies / journalists in general, or with criticisms / disqualifications addressed to specific media companies/journalists). Diversity in many aspects of interactions between participants was found in both blogs. Regarding interactions about politics, uniformity was found in LN s blog: the majority of the participants positioned favorably to PT and unfavorably to PSDB. In RK s blog, the relationship between favorable and unfavorable positioning to PSDB / PT was more balanced, although with the largest number of participants positioned themselves unfavorably to the PSDB compared to the number of the participants that positioned themselves unfavorable to PT. Based on these results and from the results of other research in which interactions in the LN s blog were analyzed, it is possible that the behavior of the group in LN s blog has gone / is going through a selection process, resulting in a more uniform political orientation of its members. Possibilities and limits to diversity / uniformity of verbal interactions on web are discussed, as well, possibilities and limits to planning potential interventions for changes in cultural practices widely disseminated
Baseando-se no princípio de seleção operante, é possível supor que certas práticas verbais em uma comunidade tendam a ser, inicialmente, diversas e ao longo do tempo se tornem menos diversas em algumas de suas dimensões. Com o objetivo de estudar esse possível fenômeno, neste trabalho analisaram-se interações verbais nos blogs dos jornalistas Luís Nassif (LN) e Ricardo Kotscho (RK), para identificar aspectos que pudessem ser caracterizados como diversidade e como uniformidade na interação entre participantes, e com respeito a um tema político-alvo. Serviram como fonte um post relacionado com os partidos políticos PSDB e PT publicado no blog de RK, depois reproduzido no blog de LN, assim como seus respectivos comentários. Os comentários foram analisados segundo três aspectos principais: (1) posicionamento e forma de interação entre participantes (classificados quanto à concordância/discordância entre participantes, entre outras categorias, e classificados quanto à forma de apresentálo, isto é: com argumento que sustente a posição ou sem argumento); (2) posicionamento e forma de interação sobre PSDB/PT (classificados como favorável ou desfavorável a esses partidos, e com relação à maneira de apresentálo: citando aspectos/estratégias do programa do partido/político ou desqualificando o partido/político, por exemplo); (3) posicionamento e forma de interação sobre a orientação da mídia na cobertura política (sendo a orientação da mídia classificada como favorável ou desfavorável ao PSDB/PT, e classificados segundo a forma de apresentá-lo: com críticas/desqualificações dirigidas ao trabalho de empresas/jornalistas específicos ou a empresas/jornalistas em geral). Em ambos os blogs encontrou-se diversidade no posicionamento e na forma de interação entre participantes. Nas interações sobre política, encontrou-se uniformidade no posicionamento do grupo de LN: a grande maioria se posicionou de modo favorável ao PT ou desfavorável ao PSDB. No blog de RK, a relação entre posicionamento favorável e desfavorável ao PSDB/PT ficou mais equilibrada, mas foi maior o número de participantes que se posicionou desfavoravelmente ao PSDB em comparação com o número que se posicionou de modo desfavorável ao PT. Com base em resultados desta e de outra pesquisa em que o blog de LN serviu como fonte, considera-se possível que o comportamento dos participantes do blog de LN tenha passado/esteja passando por processo de seleção, que resultaria em maior uniformidade na orientação político-partidária de seus integrantes. Discutem-se possibilidades e limites para diversidade/uniformidade do produto de interações realizadas na web e para intervenções que pretendam alterar práticas culturais amplamente disseminadas
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netwong, weeraya, and priyawat trakarnthai. "Internationalization Process of Thai Office Furniture Company in India: A case study of Rockworth Public Company Limited." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10013.
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The purpose of this thesis is to study the internationalization process by investigate how Rockworth Public Company Limited manage internationalization in Indian market efficiently. Additionally, we aim to improve our understanding and knowledge in international business comprehensively.
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Meshe, Rodriguez. "Sustainable and Responsible Investments Choice Among Private Investors : Some key determinants and the effect of limited knowledge and information." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192143.
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Purpose – BecauseThe purpose of this thesis is to investigate what methods financial institutions use to inform and encourage their existing and potential clients to choose more sustainable and responsible investment alternatives. The thesis should also identify some key determinants of private investors’ choice of sustainable and responsible investments (SRI), with focus on the effect of limited knowledge and access to information about SRI has on private investors’ choice. Methodology – In this thesis, both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used to collect significant data. Qualitative data was collected through interviews with three representatives from different financial institutions. A questionnaire was distributed and answered by 36 respondents. Quantitative data was collected using a questionnaire, the processed and analyzed by using a comparison analysis of percentages. Findings – Overall, the thesis finds that financial institutions have limited focus on private investors and lack of concrete methods to provide private investors with relevant information and thus increasing the level of knowledge about SRI. Furthermore, the results indicate that earning steady financial returns by considering social responsibility is one of the motivations to invest in SRI. Women are more likely to choose SRI than men and millennials prefer SRI more compared to other generations. Limited knowledge and limited access to useful information are considered as strong obstacles for private investors when considering SRI. Research limitations – Since the sample size was very small, it’s probable that the respondents’ opinions and approach to SRI cannot represent the view of the entire population. Because of the sample size there’s an enormous variation in response patterns. Therefore, the results and conclusions need to be taken cautiously.Syfte – Syftet med denna uppsats syfte är att undersöka vilka metoder som finansiella institutioner använder för att upplysa och uppmuntra både befintliga och potentiella kunder att välja mer hållbara och ansvarsfulla investeringsalternativ. Uppsatsen ska även identifiera faktorer som påverkar privata investerares val av hållbara och ansvarsfulla investeringar, med fokus på effekten av begränsad kunskap och tillgång till information. Metod/tillvägagångssätt – I denna studie har både kvalitativa och kvantitativa forskningsmetoder använts för att samla in data. Kvalitativa data samlades in genom intervjuer med tre representanter från olika finansiella institutioner. En enkät har distribuerats och besvarats av 36 respondenter. Kvantitativa data insamlades med hjälp av ett frågeformulär, sedan bearbetades och analyserades informationen med hjälp av en jämförelse av procentsatser. Iakttagelser – Sammantaget finner tesen att finansiella institutioner har begränsad fokus på privata investerare och bristen på konkreta metoder för att ge privata investerare med relevant information och därmed öka kunskapsnivån om SRI. Vidare tyder resultaten på att jakten efter stabil avkastning på längre sikt, genom att ta samhällsansvar är den främsta motivationen att investerare väljer SRI. Kvinnor och millenniegeneration är mer benägna att välja SRI än män och andra generationer. Begränsad kunskap och tillgång till relevant information betraktas som en stark barriär för privata investerare att välja SRI. Forskningsbegränsningar – På grund av att urvalets storlek är väldigt liten, är det troligt att de svarandes åsikter och förhållningssätt till SRI inte kan representera hela befolkningen. Urvalets storlek gör också att det finns stora variationer i svarsmönster. Därför bör resultaten och slutsatserna tas med stor försiktighet.
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Lopes, David Santana. "Interdisciplinaridade na formação de professores: limites e possibilidades de um currículo de Licenciatura em Ciências Naturais." Faculdade de Educação, 2018. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/25382.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia – FAPESB
Esta dissertação teve como objeto de estudo a interdisciplinaridade e a formação de professores de Ciências Naturais, norteando-se a partir dos pressupostos básicos da Teoria Crítica do filósofo alemão Max Horkheimer acerca dos princípios contidos no Materialismo Interdisciplinar e nos adventos sugeridos por esta produção acadêmica através Triangulação Interdisciplinar. O estudo objetivou compreender como os fatores estruturantes limitam e possibilitam a adoção da abordagem interdisciplinar na formação de professores envolvidos em um curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Naturais (LCN). Esta pesquisa se incorpora ao conjunto de investigações sobre a complexidade contida tanto na compreensão como na efetivação da abordagem interdisciplinar no ambiente formativo de professores, agregando a esta problemática os dilemas, já há algum tempo enfrentados, durante a formação do profissional de ensino em Ciências Naturais (CN). O lócus escolhido para a produção das informações da pesquisa foi a LCN da UFBA, um curso que se encontra em processo de reformulação acadêmica. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa incidiu sobre os documentos curriculares e os sujeitos participantes do curso (Representante Institucional, Coordenadores, Professores e Estudantes), com base nos princípios éticos prescritos para as pesquisas na área das Ciências Humanas e a partir dos procedimentos de análise documental do Projeto Pedagógico Curricular e das ementas de componentes curriculares obrigatórios desta licenciatura, além da realização de vinte entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise realizada identificou que alguns esforços vêm ocorrendo no curso de LCN da UFBA para a tentativa de adoção da interdisciplinaridade na estrutura acadêmica. Contudo, tais esforços, dos sujeitos participantes, em sua maioria, esbarram na falta de diálogo e na falta da adoção de um trabalho colaborativo de outros indivíduos ou unidades universitárias associadas a este curso. Dificuldades intrínsecas à área das CN, como a desvalorização do curso e as incertezas quanto ao mercado de trabalho agregam mais obstáculos no intento para a adoção da interdisciplinaridade durante a formação destes licenciandos. Diante destes limites, algumas ações complementares à própria licenciatura unidas às necessárias alterações na esfera curricular, oferecem possibilidades introdutórias para que esta LCN possa passar a orientar uma formação docente multirreferencial, integrativa e, é claro, interdisciplinar. Portanto, as investigações implementadas carregam consigo os anseios dos sujeitos participantes, frente às suas frustações e vitórias alcançadas em meio a um país que inexplicavelmente pisoteia política, econômica e socialmente uma classe de trabalhadores tão valiosa como é a categoria docente, que no caso dos professores de Ciências Naturais sofre ainda mais por um silenciamento injusto e implacável.
ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to study the interdisciplinarity and the training of teachers of Natural Sciences, based on the basic assumptions of the Critical Theory of the german philosopher Max Horkheimer about the principles contained in Interdisciplinary Materialism and the advent suggested by this academic production through Interdisciplinary Triangulation. In short, this study aimed to understand how structural factors limit and enable the adoption of the interdisciplinary approach in the training of teachers involved in a Natural Sciences Degree (NSD) course. This research is incorporated in the set of investigations about the complexity contained in both the understanding and the effectiveness of the interdisciplinary approach in the training environment of teachers, adding to this problem the dilemmas, already for some time faced, during the formation of the professional of teaching in Natural Sciences (NS). The locus chosen for the production of the research information was the NSD of UFBA, a course that is in the process of academic reformulation. The development of the research focused on the curricular documents and the subjects participating in the course (Institutional Representative, Coordinators, Teachers and Students), based on the ethical principles prescribed for research in the area of Human Sciences and from the documentary analysis procedures of the Project Curricular Pedagogic and the compulsory curricular components of this degree, in addition to twenty semi-structured interviews. The analysis identified that some efforts have been taking place in the NSD course at UFBA for the attempt to adopt interdisciplinarity in the academic structure. However, such efforts, of the majority of the participants, run counter to the lack of dialogue and the lack of a collaborative work of other individuals or university units associated with this course. Difficulties intrinsic to the NS area, such as the devaluation of the course and the uncertainties regarding the labor market, add more obstacles in the attempt to adopt interdisciplinarity during the training of these graduates. Facing these limits, some extension actions coupled with the necessary changes in the curricular sphere of the course offer introductory possibilities for this NSD to be able to orient a multireferential, integrative and, of course, interdisciplinary teacher training. Therefore, the investigations implemented carry with them the desires of the participating subjects, in front of their frustrations and victories reached in the middle of a country that inexplicably tramples politically, economically and socially a class of workers as valuable as is the teaching category, that in the case of teachers of Natural Sciences suffers even more from an unfair and relentless silencing.
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Rodrigues, Daniela Oliveira. "Limites aos direitos de autor sob a perspectiva do direito internacional dos direitos humanos: estudo dos limites aos direitos de autor frente aos direitos de acesso ao conhecimento e à educação nos ordenamentos internacional e interno." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-11022015-082708/.
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A presente dissertação se propõe a analisar a interação entre o sistema internacional de direitos humanos e o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual e as implicações desta relação para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, no que concerne especificamente aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. No ano em que o Acordo TRIPS completará vinte anos, é oportuna a reflexão a respeito da efetividade de suas regras, especialmente quanto à capacidade de interagir com os demais sistemas jurídicos internacionais, especialmente o sistema internacional de direitos humanos. A leitura da seção de princípios e regras gerais (especialmente do artigo 6°, referente à exaustão de direitos) e da seção relativa aos direitos de autor do Acordo TRIPS (especialmente do artigo 13, que estabelece a Regra dos Três Passos) parece indicar para a previsão de limites à exploração destes direitos em vistas dos objetivos de promoção do desenvolvimento e de equilíbrio de interesses entre, de um lado, autores e titulares e, de outro lado, utilizadores das obras artísticas e literárias protegidas. Contudo, tem se verificado que o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual tem caminhado na via contrária. Com a proliferação, particularmente na última década, de acordos bilaterais e de livre comércio, temos assistido à propagação indiscriminada das denominadas regras TRIPS-plus, caracterizadas pela previsão de padrões mais rígidos para a proteção da propriedade intelectual em comparação àqueles previstos pelas regras do sistema multilateral de comércio, o que tem dificultado a aplicação de regras mais flexíveis e que possibilitam mais facilmente a adoção de políticas públicas focadas no desenvolvimento econômico e social dos Estados-membros da OMC. Em paralelo, visando a coibir eventuais abusos praticados pelos Estados em suas políticas de direitos de autor, o sistema internacional de direitos humanos que, por meio dos Pactos Internacionais de Direitos Civis e Políticos e de Direitos Econômicos e Sociais, busca estabelecer o equilíbrio dos interesses dos autores e usuários, em vista do aparente conflito entre os direitos fundamentais de primeira e segunda dimensões, caso dos direitos de autor e dos direitos de acesso ao conhecimento e à educação, respectivamente. Neste sentido, destacam-se, além das ações promovidas pela UNESCO para a ampla disponibilização de material de educacional para instituições de ensino e bibliotecas, a iniciativa capitaneada por Brasil e Argentina junto à OMPI, a conhecida Agenda para o Desenvolvimento, que tem revolucionado o modo como administrar as regras previstas nos tratados da OMPI, especialmente a Convenção da União de Berna. Por meio da Agenda para o Desenvolvimento foram propostas novas maneiras de se pensar e reconstruir o direito internacional da propriedade intelectual, levando em consideração o fortalecimento do domínio público, a disponibilização de material educacional em larga escala e acesso à informação por parte dos grupos hipossuficientes, começando pelos deficientes visuais. Alinhado às discussões nos foros multilaterais, o Brasil está passando por uma fase de reforma da Lei de Direitos Autorais, a qual tem na revisão das limitações aos direitos de autor, consubstanciadas no artigo 46, um dos principais pontos de atenção e insatisfação social, em vista das restrições atualmente impostas para a reprodução integral de obras artísticas e literárias. Ainda, o sistema nacional de direitos de autor tem sido desafiado pelas novas tecnologias e formas de promover o acesso à educação no sistema público de ensino. Assim, a proposta de propagação do material de ensino por meio de recursos educacionais abertos, em que o autor ou titular autoriza, no momento da aquisição do material pelo Estado, a reprodução, atualização e distribuição futura do material didático, sem que seja necessária nova autorização a cada tiragem ou alteração do conteúdo pelo corpo de professores. Em estrutura, o trabalho se divide em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor na Ordem Internacional) analisa o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual, com foco nas regras internacionais relativas aos direitos de autor. O Segundo Capítulo (Interface entre Direitos de Autor e Direitos Humanos) aborda a presença dos fundamentos dos direitos humanos na estrutura dos direitos de autor e sua influência nas atuais demandas desta matéria. O terceiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor sob a Perspectiva Constitucional) analisa o sistema brasileiro de direitos de autor e as garantias fundamentais que envolvem este aparente conflito. Por fim, o quarto capítulo (Limites na Prática) apresenta o posicionamento da jurisprudência nacional e internacional sobre a matéria.The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate the interaction between international human rights law and the international intellectual property system, as well as the implications of this relationship to Brazilian copyright system. In the year when TRIPS Agreement is turning twenty years old, it is proper to reflect about the effectiveness of its rules, especially the ability to interact with other international legal systems, mainly the international human rights system. In the sections about general principles and rules (v. article 6, regarding exhaustion of rights) and copyrights (v. article 13, regarding Three Step-Test), TRIPS seems to indicate the limits for the exploitation of IP rights, bearing in mind promoting the development and balancing of the interests involved, mainly those related to authors and users of copyrights. However, it has been found that the international intellectual property system has moved in the opposite direction. International trade system have witnessed the proliferation of bilateral and free trade agreements, which contain indiscriminate TRIPS-plus rules, more restrictive than the rules established for the multilateral system, which obstacles the implementation of more flexible rules focused on economic and social development, allowed by WTO system. In order to curb abuses practiced by its Member States, the international human rights system, through the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and Economic and Social Rights, seeks to establish a balance between authors and users interests, considering the apparent conflict between fundamental rights of first and second dimensions, case of copyrights and access to knowledge and education, respectively. In this sense, must be mentioned the actions promoted by UNESCO to make available educational materials for institutions and libraries, and the initiative headed by Brazil and Argentina, the well-know WIPO Development Agenda, which has proposed a revolution in the manner how States should interpret the rules established in the treaties administered by WIPO, mainly the Berne Convention. New ways of thinking and rebuilding the international intellectual property law are being taken into account, like strengthening the intellectual goods in public domain, increasing the availability of educational material on a larger scale and conceding access to information to vulnerable groups, starting with visually impaired person. Considering this scenario, Brazil is reforming its Copyright Law. The role of limitations to copyrights, embodied in the article 46, is one of most important issues in the mentioned reform, and society is expecting for structural changes, especially because of the general dissatisfaction with the restrictions imposed by law for the reproduction of intellectual works. Still, the national system of copyright has been challenged by new technologies and new ways to provide access to education in the public school system. Thus, proposals like Open Educational Resources, which allows the State, upon previous authorization from the author, to reproduct, update and distribute of educational materials in a large scale. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter (Copyrights in the International Order) analyzes the international intellectual property system, focusing on international copyright law. The second chapter (Interface between Copyrights and Human Rights) discuss the human rights framework and the influence of this system on IP Law. The third chapter (Copyright according the Constitutional Perspective) studies the Brazilian Copyright System considering the fundamental guarantees involved. Finally, the fourth chapter (Limits in Practice) analyzes national and international court cases about the matter.
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Gaio, Victoria Mottin. "Formação continuada do coordenador pedagógico da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Ponta Grossa (1990-2018): movimentos, possibilidades e limites." Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 2018. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2602.
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O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa é a formação continuada do coordenador pedagógico. Tem como objetivo desvelar como vem se constituindo a formação continuada para o coordenador pedagógico da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Ponta Grossa, Paraná e como objetivos decorrentes identificar o movimento realizado para a formação continuada do coordenador pedagógico e analisar as possibilidades e os limites da formação continuada para a realização do trabalho pedagógico. Parte-se de questões emergentes da prática, ao se considerar a complexidade do trabalho do coordenador pedagógico e a necessidade de formação continuada. O eixo epistemológico que norteia a pesquisa é a teoria como expressão da prática (MARTINS, 1998) e os conceitos de produção e distribuição do conhecimento, discutidos por Santos (1984), questionando-se se a formação tem como ponto de partida a prática dos coordenadores e se ela se define no campo da produção ou distribuição do conhecimento. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e a coleta de dados contou com a utilização de documentos e entrevista semiestruturada. Os sujeitos de pesquisa são 10 coordenadores pedagógicos que atuam nas escolas e 8 profissionais da educação, sendo eles formadores e sujeitos que fizeram parte da Secretaria Municipal de Educação. Autores como Pinto (2011), Kuenzer (2007), Placco (2012), Orsolon (2002) e outros foram utilizados para embasar a formação inicial e o papel do coordenador pedagógico; e para fundamentar o conceito de formação continuada, Camilo Cunha (2015), Marcelo (1999), Mizukami et al. (2002), Nóvoa (1995), Demailly (1995), Formosinho (2009), Imbernón (2011), com destaque a Martins (2006), que define, de acordo com o eixo epistemológico da teoria como expressão da prática, quatro momentos para a formação continuada, iniciando com a descrição da prática no plano empírico; a explicação da prática mediatizada pelas tendências da educação; a compreensão da prática pedagógica no nível da totalidade; e a elaboração coletiva de propostas alternativas. Os resultados apontam o movimento da formação continuada relacionado aos acontecimentos de âmbito nacional e às perspectivas presentes, e que a concepção da formação reflete no trabalho do coordenador pedagógico. Identificaram-se as possibilidades e os limites referentes à formação para o coordenador pedagógico iniciante na função; para a definição do papel do coordenador para atuar como formador no interior da escola; nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento; para a troca de experiência; para a realização do planejamento; para resultados; e, por fim, para as necessidades da escola. Identificou-se que as formações não privilegiam a produção e sistematização do conhecimento, mas estão voltadas a interesses particulares de sujeitos que pensam para a escola e não com a escola.
It has been taken for study in the current research the continuing education of pedagogical coordinators. It aims at unveiling how this continuing education has been occurring to pedagogical coordinators in the Municipal Elementary School from Ponta Grossa, Paraná. As the objectives it is possible to mention: identifying the actions taken concerning the continuing education of pedagogical coordinators; analyzing the possibilities and limits of continuing education regarding the achievement of the pedagogical work. The research starts from questions that emerge from practical work, taking into account the complexity of such work and the necessity for a continuing education, thus, the main question is to know how the continuing education has been happening in the Municipal Elementary School from Ponta Grossa concerning the pedagogical coordinator. The epistemological axis taken to guide this search is theory as practical expression (MARTINS, 1998) and the concepts of producing and distributing knowledge, expatiated on by Santos (1984). Accordingly, it has been asked whether the education starts from the coordinators practices and whether the formation is defined in the producing and distributing knowledge field. This is a qualitative research and the data has been collect by documents and semi-structured interview. The interviewed were ten pedagogical coordinators and eight education professionals, which worked for the Municipal Department of Education. Authors such as Pinto (2011), Kuenzer (2007), Placco (2012), Osolon (2002) and others have been used to base the initial formation and the role of the pedagogical coordinator. The concept of continuing education was substantiated by author such as Camilo Cunha (2015), Marcelo (1999), Mizukami (et al., 2002), Nóvoa (1995), Demailly (1995), Formosinho (2009), Imbernón (2011), with higher relevance for Martins (2006) that defines four moments for the continuing education, starting with the description of the practical work; the explanation of the practical work mediated by education trends; the comprehension of the pedagogical practice in totality and the collective elaboration of alternative suggestions (MARTINS, 2006). The results point that continuing education is related to events that occur in a national scale, and related to current perspectives, showing that the conception of formation reflects on pedagogical work. It has been identified the limits regarding the formation of coordinators beginning in their work; to defining the role of the coordinator, acting as a trainer; in different areas of knowledge; to exchanging experiences; to planning; to results; to the school necessities. It has been identified that the continuing education serves more for particular interests and not the production and systematization of knowledge.
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Antoniassi, Patrícia Vieira. "Projeto Vale Sonhar como componente do currículo do Estado de São Paulo : contextualização, limites e possibilidades." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2016.
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Orientadora: Profa Dra Meiri Aparecida Gurgel de Campos MirandaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa De Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2016.
A Sexualidade é uma parte importante da nossa personalidade. Durante a puberdade e adolescência passamos por mudanças que têm estreita relação com a construção da nossa identidade sexual. Assim, nessa fase da vida, a Educação Sexual tem um papel fundamental, sendo inclusive prevista em documentos oficiais, como os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais e o Currículo do Estado de São Paulo. O Projeto Vale Sonhar é um material didático que foi inserido no Currículo e distribuído para as escolas estaduais do estado de São Paulo. O objetivo principal deste projeto é trabalhar a prevenção da gravidez na adolescência. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa foi de analisar a Educação Sexual proposta no Projeto Vale Sonhar e sua inserção no currículo de Biologia do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio das escolas estaduais de São Paulo. Para tal, foi realizada uma entrevista com duas Professoras Coordenadoras de Núcleo Pedagógico de Biologia e foi aplicado um questionário com a coordenadora do Projeto Vale Sonhar. Para a análise do Projeto Vale Sonhar realizamos as oficinas do Projeto com uma turma de primeiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola estadual da cidade de Santo André, estado de São Paulo. Além disso, fizemos uma análise das oficinas, do livro do professor e dos documentos produzidos pelos alunos durante as oficinas. Com relação à inserção deste material no Currículo, entendemos que foi realizada por conta dos resultados promissores de seu projeto piloto, no tocante à prevenção da gravidez na adolescência; entretanto, consideramos que os professores poderiam ter sido consultados à época da escolha deste material. Ademais, o processo de capacitação poderia ser planejado de forma que garantisse a continuidade do uso do Projeto nas escolas. Em nossa análise, percebemos que este material, apesar de ser uma proposta diferenciada, trabalha em duas, de três oficinas, o aspecto biológico da sexualidade, o que nos remete a formas mais tradicionais de educação sexual. Por fim, algumas limitações do material foram destacadas, como a característica heteronormativa das oficinas, algumas questões dos jogos que podiam proporcionar conclusões equivocadas pelos alunos e a ausência da problematização das relações sexuais desprotegidas como fator de risco para a contração de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis. Assim, apresentamos neste trabalho algumas possibilidades do uso deste material dentro de uma proposta emancipatória de educação sexual, a fim de incentivar o uso do Projeto Vale Sonhar nas escolas, uma vez que este material está disponível para alunos e professores da rede estadual paulista e tem potencial para propiciar ricas discussões em sala de aula, extrapolando seu objetivo inicial de prevenção da gravidez na adolescência.
Sexuality is an important part of who we are. During puberty and adolescence, we go through changes that have a very close relationship with the construction of our sexual identity. Thus, in this period, Sexuality Education has a central role, being inclusive forecast at official documents, such as National Curriculum Standards and the State of São Paulo Curriculum. The Project Vale Sonhar is a teaching material which was inserted in São Paulo's Curriculum and distributed to public schools of the state of São Paulo. This Project's major objective is to work with the prevention of adolescence¿s pregnancy. This research intended to analyze the Sexuality Education proposed in Project Vale Sonhar and it's inclusion the High School's first year's Biology Curriculum of the public schools at the state of São Paulo. For this, it was realized an interview with two Pedagogical Center's Coordinator's Biology Teachers and it was applied a questionnaire with the Project Vale Sonhar coordinator. For the Project's analysis, we did the Project's activities with a first year's High School class of a public school located in the city of Santo André, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Moreover, we did an analysis of the workshops, the teacher's book and the documents. Concerning to the insertion of this material in the Curriculum, we understand that it was done justified by the promising results of it's pilot project when it comes to adolescence pregnancy; however, we consider that the teachers could have been consulted at the time this material was chosen. Furthermore, the capacitation process could have been planned in a way it would assure the continuity of this Project's use at the schools. In our analysis, we realized that this material, although is a differentiated proposal, works in two out of three workshops, the biological sexuality aspect, what refers to us more traditional ways of the sexuality education. Lastly, we highlight some limitations of this material, such as the workshop's heteronormative characteristic, some game questions that could proportionate misguided student's conclusions and the problematization default of unprotected sex a risk factor for the Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Thus, we present in this work some possibilities of this material use within an emancipatory sexuality education proposal, to encourage it's use in the schools, since Project Vale Sonhar is available for São Paulo public students and teachers and has potential to propitiate rich discussions in classrooms, extrapolating its main objective that is to prevent adolescence pregnancy.
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Kamras, Ludwig, and William Matslova. "An approach to a Multi-Category Recommendation System using Machine Learning : With the caveat of having limited knowledge in related areas." Thesis, KTH, Hälsoinformatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-224150.
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Machine learning is one of many buzz words in todays tech-world. Huge company resources are allocated to the field in order to discover its potential. Everything from cameras to cars tries to use this technology. However, the question is if developers with little experience in the field can use this technology in a useful way? And how would one proceed with that? This thesis tries to answer these questions by having two third year undergraduate students attempt to implement a multi-category movie recommendation system using machine learning. With the important caveat of neither student having any previous knowledge in machine learning, recommendation systems nor the chosen programming language (Python). An extensive background study was performed in order to obtain knowledge in the different areas. Recommendation systems often use either collaborative, or content-based filtering, or a hybrid of the two. Machine learning uses different algorithms, a selection of these where studied together with available frameworks. In order to implement and design a system, a data-set from MovieLens, containing ratings of movies, and the framework SciKit-learn was used. The implementation tried to use genres in order to give movie recommendations. This was done in two systems, one where every user got a genre-weight and the other system used Nearest Neighbor in order to use the collaborative filtering approach. However, due to the limited time the implementation was not implemented for multiple categories, but the results showed that this should be highly applicable using the proposed design. The thesis showed that even two third year undergraduate students with no prior knowledge in the areas could make use of machine learning in an system implementation. The results of the project was presented in two different parts; Firstly, the system implementation result showed that the accuracy metric was not at a satisfactory level. Even though the concept of using genres as a metric for giving recommendations worked, it was seemingly to simple and broad. Secondly, the project result showed that the majority of the time was spent on the preliminary work and the system implementation. Finally the economical cost of the project was presented.Maskininlärning är ett av många slagord i dagens teknologivärld. Företag allokerar enorma resurser för att avgöra dess potential. Allt ifrån kameror till bilar försöker använda maskininlärning. Frågan är däremot om utvecklare med begränsad erfarenhet inom området kan använda den till något användbart? Och hur skulle man då gå till väga? Detta arbete försöker besvara dessa frågor genom att tillåta två tredjeårs högskoleingenjörsstudenter försöka implementera ett tvärkategoriskt film rekommendationssystem som anväder maskininlärning. Med det viktiga undantaget att ingen av studenterna har några som helst förkunskaper inom maskininlärning, rekommendationssystem eller det valda programmeringsspråket (Python). För att införskaffa den behövda teorin inom områdena genomfördes en omfattande bakgrundsstudie. Rekommendationssytem använder, oftast, antingen samarbets- eller innehållsbaserad filtrering eller en hybrid av de två. Maskininlärning använder olika algoritmer, ett axplock av dessa studerades tillsammans med tillgängliga ramverk. För att kunna implementera och designa ett system och sedan utvärdera den föreslagna designen användes ramverket SciKit-learn samt ett dataset från MovieLens, innehållandes filmbetyg. Denna implementation försökte använda genres för att kunna ge film rekommendationer. Detta gjordes i två system, ett där varje användare fick en genre-vikt och det andra systemet använde Nearest Neighbor för att kunna använda samarbetsfiltrering. Dessvärre, på grund av tidsbrist, implementerades inte systemen för flera kategorier, men resultaten visade att detta borde vara högst möjligt användandes den föreslagna designen. Arbetet visade att två tredjeårs högskoleingenjörsstudenter utan någon tidigare erfarenhet inom områdena kunde använda maskininlärning i en systemimplementation. Resultaten av projektet presenterades i två separata delar; system implementationen visade att träffsäkerheten inte var på en tillfredsställande nivå. Trots att konceptet att använda genres som ett mätvärde för att ge rekomendationer fungerade, verkade det vara för enkelt och brett. Projektresultatet visade att majoriteten av tiden spenderades på det preliminära arbetet och system implmenentationen. Slutligen presenterades den ekonomiska kostnaden för projektet.
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Erismann, Julie. "Développement hydro-agricole au sud-est du lac Alaotra (Madagascar). Histoire, limites et pespectives de la maîtrise de l'eau." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30014/document.
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Le lac Alaotra est la plus grande étendue d’eau douce de Madagascar et les vastes plaines qui l’entourent ont tout naturellement attiré les convoitises des différents pouvoirs en place au cours de l’histoire, de sa colonisation. Essentiellement tournée vers la riziculture, cette région a bénéficié de nombreux aménagements qui ont transformé le paysage et le rapport des hommes à leur environnement. La combinaison au fil du temps des savoirs et savoir-faire paysans, techniciens, et l’intérêt des chercheurs en font aujourd’hui « le grenier à riz » de Madagascar. C’est autour de la maîtrise de l’eau, ressource essentielle dans ce pays d’économie rurale, que s’organise cette thèse de Géographie. À travers l’étude des vallées du sud-est de l’Alaotra, nous nous intéressons ici à montrer dans quelle mesure les aménagements hydro-agricoles permettent d’envisager un meilleur développement agricole et territorial et comment, dans un contexte de décentralisation, le contrôle et l’appropriation des ressources naturelles par les acteurs locaux peuvent engendrer des dynamiques et des modalités de gestion renouvelées de leur environnementAlaotra lake is the biggest body of fresh water in Madagascar and the vast plains surrounding it, have naturally become highly coveted by the various authorities over the course of it’s history and its colonization. Primarily based on rice cultivation, this region has benefited from numerous rural planning projects. As a result, the landscape as well as the relationship between the people and their land has been transformed. Over time, the combination of knowledges and know-how farmers, technicians and the research interest in this area, have made it Madagascar’s most significant rice granary. This geography thesis is structured around water management, an essential resource in a country based on rural economies. Through the study of the southeastern valleys, we will focus on showing the extent to which the hydro-agricultural planning allows us to consider better agricultural and territorial development and how, in a context of decentralization, the control and the appropriation of natural resources by local actors can lead to renewed management dynamics and procedures in their environment
Ny farihy Alaotra no fihebanandranomandry lehibe indrindra ao Madagasikara , ary ny tany lemaka midadasika manodidina azy no nanitona ny fitsiriritan’ireo manampahefana nifandimby tao amin’ny tantaran’ny fiorenamponenana.Ny fambolem-bary no votoatim-piainana ao amin’io faritany io , ary fanajariana marobe no efa nanova tanteraka ny endrikin’ny tany sy ny fonenana eo . Ny fandrindrana ny fahalalàna sy fahaiza-miasan’ny tantsaha, ny mahay taozavatra , sy ny finiavan’ny mpikarodalana no nahatonga azy ho « lavabarin’i Madagasikara ». Manodidina ny fanafolahana ny rano , andry ijoroan’ny toekarenan’ny antsaha , no namolavolàna ity tandro-kevitra fandinihantany ity. Avy eo amin’ny fikatsahana natao tao amin’ireo lohasaha ao Atsimo-atsinanan’Alaotra no niaingan’ny sainay hampiseho fa ny fanajariana ny rano sy asatany no hahafahana mihevitra ny fivoaram-bokatra amin’ny voly sy ny faritany ; ary koa ao anatin’ny fitsinjarampitondrana , dia hahitàna fa ny fandinihana sy ny fandraisana an-tanana ireo loharanon-karena velona ataon’ny mpiasa eo antoerana no mety hiteraka fampandrosoana sy fivaozan’ny fitantanana ny toe-ponenana manotolo
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Quiles, Clélia. "Comment évaluer la métacognition ? Intérêts et limites de l’évaluation de la conscience métacognitive « on-line »." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0409/document.
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La première partie de ce travail de thèse est une revue de la littérature portant toutd'abord sur les origines du concept de métacognition et sur les différentes définitions etmodélisations du concept de métacognition proposées en sciences de l’éducation etpsychologie développementale. Sont ensuite abordées les expérimentations proposées dans lechamp de la psychologie cognitive et les études menées dans le domaine spécifique de lamétamémoire. L’utilisation en psychologie cognitive du concept de métacognition estégalement évoquée, à travers la littérature portant sur les liens existants entre métacognition etconscience de soi. Enfin, le dernier point abordé dans cette revue de la littérature porte surl’utilisation en pratique clinique du concept de métacognition, notamment concernant lesaltérations métacognitives dans la schizophrénie.La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée aux études expérimentales réalisées.L’objectif de ces études était de développer et d’explorer dans une population non clinique lescaractéristiques d’un outil de mesure de la conscience métacognitive sur la mémoire à courtterme, la mémoire de travail, la mémoire épisodique verbale, les fonctions exécutives, et lacognition sociale. Nous avons évalué dans une première étude l’impact de cette procéduremétacognitive sur les performances cognitives. Une deuxième étude avait pour objectifd'explorer la pertinence de l’utilisation de l’évaluation « on-line » de la consciencemétacognitive, pendant la tâche neuropsychologique, comparativement à une procédure «end-line », juste après la passation du test neuropsychologique, ainsi que l’impact des mesuresd’estime de soi, anxiété et symptomatologie dépressive sur les scores de consciencemétacognitive « on-line ».Dans la troisième partie de cette thèse, les résultats sont discutés, et mis enperspectives avec l’objectif, à savoir utiliser cet outil de mesure de la consciencemétacognitive auprès d’une population de sujets souffrant de schizophrénieThe first part of this thesis is a literature review focused on the origin, the differentdefinitions and models of the concept of metacognition in educational science anddevelopmental psychology. This literature review focused also on the cognitive psychologyexperiments, in the specific area of metamemory. The use of cognitive psychology concept ofmetacognition, through the literature on the links between metacognition and self-awarenessis then discussed. Finally, the last point in this literature review focused on the clinical use ofthe concept of metacognition, particularly concerning metacognitive alterations inschizophrenia.The second part of the thesis is devoted to experimental studies. The aim was todevelop and explore the characteristics of a metacognitive awareness measurement tool onshort-term memory, working memory, episodic memory verbal, executive functions andsocial cognition in a non-clinical population. The impact of this metacognitive process oncognitive performance, the relevance of an "on-line" metacognitive awareness measure(during the neuropsychological task), and an "end-line" metacognitive awareness measure(just after the award of neuropsychological testing) were explored. The impact of measures ofself-esteem, anxiety and depressive symptoms on metacognitive awareness scores "on-line"were studied.The third part of this thesis proposed to discuss the different results found and theappropriateness of using metacognitive awareness assessment tool with persons sufferingfrom schizophrenia
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Mathye, Risuna. "Nutrition knowledge attitudes and behaviour as well as perceptions of hunger and food security of caregivers in a resource limited community (Bronkhorstspruit) Gauteng Republic of South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53522.
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Food insecurity in South Africa has been found to be affecting both the informal and formal settlements both in the rural areas and urban areas (Oxfam, 2014). However, the level of food insecurity in South Africa halved since 1999. Though, it was reported that the level of food insecurity did improve in 2008 and remains at 26% (SAHANES-1, 2013). Hidden hunger is often led by a lack of essential vitamins and minerals where signs of under-nutrition and hunger are less visible (Kennedy et al, 2007).
The aim of this research was to determine the nutrition knowledge, attitudes and behaviour as well as perceptions of hunger and food security of caregivers in a resource limited community in Bronkhorstspruit. A descriptive cross-sectional study in the quantitative research paradigm was done to collect data from caregivers (N=50) who were responsible for preparing and buying food for school aged children, residing in different households in Bronkhorstspruit in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The caregivers were selected non-randomly. Informed consent was obtained from the caregivers. Caregivers were individually interviewed using structured questionnaires (socio-demographic, Hunger Scale, nutrition knowledge, attitudes and behaviour as well as the 24 hour recall questionnaires respectively).
The majority (68%) of the caregivers had good nutrition knowledge but they did not know how to apply the knowledge in their dietary lifestyle. The socio-economic status and nutrition knowledge and attitudes of the caregivers were found to be possible factors that influenced dietary intakes of the households. Correlations were not assessed. Hunger assessment revealed that 68% of the households consumed on a limited number of foods in the previous month, and of these 36% of the households had a shortage of food because they depended on the few number of foods to feed their children for five days or more in that month. The mean Household Food Variety Score (FVS) was 4.38 (± 1.0) and the Household Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was 4.28 (±1.0). The results illustrated that the food variety in this research demonstrated an average of eight food items were consumed in the households during the 24hr period of the maximum of 24 food items, identified by the 24 hour recalls.
There seems to be a need for a nutrition intervention programme that will focus on nutrition education of caregivers on how they can improve their dietary intake even under constrained circumstances. This study showed that there is a limited food access by the households due to low incomes. Communities should participate more in government initiated projects in the community; this would help in improving incomes of the caregivers.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MSc
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Blad, Anna, and Karlsson Palmgren Pernilla. "Det sitter i väggarna : Vad styr vid rekrytering av ställföreträdare på överförmyndarverksamheter?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för socialt arbete (SA), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86173.
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The aim of this study was to investigate how social workers on a Chief Guardian unit work from their conditions when recruiting guardians. More specifically, we wanted to see how the law, the practise and the professionals’ tacit knowledge affect their judgement of guardians and how the organisation and the government of the Chief Guardian unit affect their work. The Chief Guardian unit is a municipal supervisor that control and supervise the work of the guardian. Media has criticized the Chief Guardian unit, by highlighting examples of unfit guardians. The Swedish National Audit Office (Riksrevisionen) has expressed a number of shortcomings of the supervision by the County administrative boards of Sweden (Länsstyrelsen). Because the Chief Guardian units lack a common governmental monitoring, internal solutions are created by every individual unit. In this qualitative study we have tried to understand how the social workers practise their profession. Through semi-structured interviews with eight social workers in three different Chief Guardian units, we have interpreted the views of their work. The theoretical framework was primarily founded on Polanyi´s theory of tacit knowledge and the ideas of occupational and organizational professionalism. The results of our study showed that the reality for the social workers is a mix of occupational and organizational professionalism. All the informants describe their work as heavily controlled by laws and regulations, but with a certain freedom of how to conduct their work. They find the tacit knowledge and the collegial support very important when it comes to assessing guardians. All the informants state that an organizational change is crucial to guarantee the legal security of guardians and caretakers.
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Kuhlane, Zukiswa. "An investigation into the benefits of integrating learners' prior everyday knowledge and experiences during teaching and learning of acids and bases in Grade 7: a case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003484.
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This study was conducted at a school designated as a higher primary school comprised of grade 0-9 learners (GET band) in Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. With the advent of the new curriculum in South Africa, we are also grappling with the implementation of the new curriculum at this school. This motivated me to investigate the benefits of eliciting and integrating learners’ prior everyday knowledge and experiences during teaching and learning of acids and bases. Essentially, the study sought to gain insight into whether engaging learners during practical activities using easily accessible materials from their homes facilitated meaning-making of acids and bases. This study is located within an interpretive paradigm. Within this paradigm, a qualitative case study approach was conducted with the researcher’s Grade 7 class. To gather data, document analysis, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, lesson observations, stimulated recall discussions while watching the videotaped lessons as well as focus group interviews with learners were used. An inductive analysis to discover patterns and themes was applied during the data analysis process. The validation process was done through watching the videotaped lessons with the teachers who observed the lessons. Also, transcripts of the interviews and a summary of discussions were given back to the respondents to verify their responses and check for any misinterpretations. Rich data sets were analysed in relation to the research questions which were: How do Natural Sciences teachers elicit and integrate learners’ prioreveryday knowledge and experiences to facilitate learning of scientific concepts of acids and bases in their classrooms? Does engaging learners in practical activities using everyday substances enhance their conceptual development and understanding of acids and bases? The findings from the study revealed that the use of learners’ prior everyday knowledge and experiences during teaching and learning of acids and bases facilitated meaningful learning. Furthermore, linking learning to learners’ everyday experiences enabled them to learn scientific concepts in a relaxed and non-threatening environment. It is thus recommended that teachers should be supported in their endeavours to incorporate learners’ real life experiences during their teaching and learning repertoires. Notwithstanding, as much as there were benefits in this study there were, however, also some challenges that were encountered, such as language, which warrants further research.
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Reis, Leonardo Rangel dos. "O sabor dos saberes e a poiésis das merendeiras escolares: experiências limiares na cultura e nas itinerâncias epistêmicoexistenciais das estudantes do Curso Técnico em Alimentação Escolar do IFBA." Faculdade de Educação, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/20692.
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A presente tese é resultado de uma pesquisa no campo da Educação, desenvolvido no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal da Bahia. O estudo tem a tradição filosófica, antropológica e sociológica como base da sua configuração epistemológica e emerge em meio aos temas que vêm contribuindo na compreensão dos processos de subjetivações. A partir de uma metodologia etnológica, a presente pesquisa se debruça sobre as artes de nutrir. De forma mais apurada, se detém nos processos formativos das merendeiras escolares. Assim, procuramos compreender de que modo a subjetividade vem sendo problematizada e quais suas implicações na vida/formação através da relação entre educação e alimentação. Desse modo, a investigação delineou-se a partir de dois campos de força ou linhas de tensão: uma de caráter mais geral, centrada na crítica cultural e na dicotômica relação estabelecida entre natureza e cultura, e, outra, centrada no estudo de um caso específico: as estudantes do Curso Técnico de Alimentação Escolar, do Instituto Federal da Bahia – IFBa. A partir da clivagem em apreço e pelas peculiaridades do objeto em questão, vimos surgir todo um panorama do que passamos a chamar de experiências limiares. Com isso, pudemos ressaltar a capacidade de transformação e ultrapassagem que as experiências comportam, mesmo quando acreditamos estarem imersas e emparedadas pelos códigos e esquemas do poder e disciplina. Então, também se buscou ressaltar toda uma conjuntura em que os processos formativos e as práticas curriculares podem ser melhor compreendidos a partir das próprias experiências de transgressão e das inelidíveis artes de nutrir, enquanto um dos imperiosos processos vitais, que, em se fazendo, cria ambientes, como o da cozinha.
Abstract This thesis is the result of a research in the field of education, developed as part of the PostGraduate Program in Education of the Federal University of Bahia. The study has the philosophical, anthropological and sociological tradition as the basis of its epistemological setting and emerges among the issues that have been contributing in the understanding of the subjectification processes. From an ethnological methodology, this research focuses on the nurture arts. In a more accurate way, it concentrates in the formative processes of school cooks. So, we try to understand how the subjectivity has been problematized and what are its implications in the life/formation through the relationship between education and feeding. Thus, the research was outlined from two force fields or power lines: one of a more general character, centered on the cultural criticism and in the dichotomous relationship established between nature and culture, and another focused on an specific case study: the students of the Technical Course in School Feeding of the Federal Institute of Bahia - IFBa. From the cleavage of the case and the peculiarities of the object under study, we came across a whole program of what we now call thresholds experiences. Thus, we were able to emphasize the transformation capacity and bridging that the experiences admit, even when we believe they are immersed and walled by the codes and power schemes and discipline. So, we also sought to highlight a whole conjuncture in which the formative processes and the curriculum practices may be better understood from their own experiences of transgression and the incontestable arts of nurturing, as one of the compelling life processes, which, in the making, creates environments, such as the kitchen.
Résumé Cette thèse est le résultat de la recherche dans le domaine de l’éducation, développé dans le cadre du Programme d’Études Supérieures en Éducation de l’Université Fédérale de Bahia. L’étude possède la tradition philosophique, anthropologique et sociologique comme base de son cadre épistémologique et émerge parmi les questions qui ont contribué à la compréhension des processus de subjectivités. À partir d’une méthodologie ethnologique, cette recherche se concentre sur les arts pour nourrir. De façon plus précise, on s’arrête en particulière dans les processus de formation des cuisinières scolaires. Donc, on essaye de comprendre comment la subjectivité a été problématisée et quelles sont ses implications dans la vie/formation à travers de la relation entre éducation et nourriture. Ainsi, la recherche, elle est décrit à partir de deux champs de force ou lignes de tension: l’un á caractère plus général, centrées sur la critique culturelle et la relation dichotomique établie entre nature et culture, et l’autre centrée sur une étude de cas spécifique: les étudiantes du Cours Technique en Alimentation Scolaire de l’Institut fédéral de Bahia - IFBa. Dès la scission du cas et des particularités de l’objet en question, on voit la naissance d’un panorama qu’on passera à appeler d’expériences limites. Ainsi, on peut mettre en évidence la capacité de transformation et de passage que les expériences comportent, même quand on les croit plongés et fortifiées par les codes et les schémas du pouvoir et de la discipline. Donc également on a cherché à mettre en évidence tout un entourage dans lesquels les processus de formation et de pratiques pédagogiques peuvent être mieux compris à partir des mêmes expériences de transgression et des indélébiles arts de nourrir, comme l’un des impérieux processus de la vie, qui, en se faisant, crée milieux, tel que celui de la cuisine.
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Muchiri, Jane Wanjiku. "Development and evaluation of a nutrition education programme for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a resource limited setting of the Moretele sub-district, North West Province (South Africa)." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31618.
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Background: Diabetes self-management education, including nutrition education (NE) is an essential component of diabetes management. Effective NE can assist individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in resource limited settings to improve their dietary self-care; an area cited among the most difficult with consequent improvement in health outcomes. Aim: To develop a NE programme that is tailored to the needs of adults with type 2 DM in a resource limited setting and to evaluate the programme's effectiveness on health outcomes. Setting: Makapanstad and Mathibestad community health centres in the Moretele sub-district, North West Province (South Africa). Methods: The study was done in three phases employing mixed methods research. Qualitative methods, using focus group discussions with 31 diabetic patients (a convenience purposive sample), and an open ended self-administered questionnaire with ten health professionals serving them, assessed the NE needs and preferences (phase 1). The data were analysed according to the framework approach. The results from the needs assessment were used to plan a tailored NE programme (phase 2). A randomised controlled trial (quantitative) with a sample of 82 patients (with HbA1c ≥ 8), allocated to either intervention or control groups, evaluated the effect of the NE programme (phase 3). Outcomes [HbA1c, dietary behaviours, blood lipids, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), diabetes knowledge and attitudes towards diabetes and its treatment] were assessed at baseline, six months and 12 months respectively. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) compared the groups on measured outcomes using baseline values, age, gender, and clinic as covariates. Rank ANCOVA was used for dietary intake. The level of significance for all tests was set at α < 0.05 for a two-tailed test. Results: Needs assessment Diabetes related knowledge deficits and inappropriate dietary practices, including food portion control problems, inadequate intake of vegetables and fruits and unbalanced diets, were observed. Eight barriers and two facilitators to dietary adherence were identified. Financial constraint was the major barrier while social support was the major facilitator. NE recommendations included content related to the disease and diet, group education at the clinic, a competent educator, provision of education materials and inclusion of family members. The planned NE programme consisted of eight weekly training sessions and six follow-up sessions (monthly and bi-monthly), vegetable gardening demonstrations and education materials. Nutrition education programme effects: Seventy six participants (38 per group) completed the study. The differences in HbA1c (primary outcome) between the intervention and control groups were -0.62% (p=0.15) at six months and -0.67% (p=0.16) at 12 months. Few participants, four from the intervention group and one from the control group, achieved HbA1c target (<7%) at both six and 12 months, [(p=0.20), (p=0.36)] respectively. There were no significant between group differences in BMI, lipid profile and blood pressure at six months and 12 months. Starchy foods intake (median servings) were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group, 9.3 vs. 10.8 (p=0.005) at six months and 9.9 vs. 11.9 (p=0.017) at 12 months. The proportion of participants growing own vegetables significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group 17/41 vs. 5/40 (p=0.003) at six months and 16/38 vs. 5/38 at 12 months. No significant group differences in the intake of energy, macronutrients, vegetable and fruits, sodium, cholesterol and fibre were observed at six and 12 months. Diabetes knowledge improved in the intervention group +0.95 (p=0.033) and +2.2 (p=0.000) when compared with the control group at six and 12 months respectively. There were no significant group differences in the attitudes towards diabetes and its treatment. Conclusions: The qualitative needs assessment provided insight for planning a tailored NE programme. The NE improved some dietary behaviours (starchy foods portion control and growing own vegetables) and diabetes knowledge. A non-significant lowering of HbA1c was observed.Thesis (Phd)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Human Nutrition
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Alanya, Basurto Daisy Graciela, and Mostacero Claudia Milagros Ybarra. "Factores que limitan el uso de carta de crédito en las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras de Lima Metropolitana, en el periodo 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653742.
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Para entender cuáles son las dificultades que afrontan las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras y lograr una expansión internacional, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal identificar los factores que limitan el uso de la carta de crédito en el estrato empresarial de la pequeña empresa. Para ello se identificó cuatro factores limitantes relacionados al uso de la carta de crédito y basados en el marco teórico pre-configurado de la investigación, los cuales son: Altos precios, falta de conocimiento limitaciones en el acceso al sistema financiero burocracia en el trámite documentario y la informalidad en las pequeñas empresas la cual se volvió a replantear en el proceso de la investigación conviniendo en el factor burocracia en el tramite documentario
Por tal motivo, se realizó una investigación cualitativa exploratoria, con diseño de teoría fundamentada, con la finalidad de recolectar información basada en los conocimientos, experiencias, vivencias y opiniones de 18 participantes. Con una muestra de 12 pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras y se realizaron 6 entrevistas a expertos. Asimismo, se pretende lograr un cambio en sus costumbres, hábitos actuales o decisiones en el tema de investigación.
En primera instancia se planteó a través del plan de investigación tres factores importantes para la investigación. Sin embargo, al iniciar la validación de contenido, recopilación de información y según los resultados del programa Atlas, Ti, se identificó un factor fundamental que no había sido considerado al inicio la investigación, el factor altos precios en el uso de instrumentos financieros de comercio exterior “Carta de crédito”. Por tal motivo se determinó la existencia de cuatro factores y como objetivo principal conocer los factores que limitan el uso de las cartas de crédito en las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras de Lima Metropolitana, 2019. Además, el planteamiento de la hipótesis inicial la cual es enfrentar las dificultades a las que se enfrentan las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras para limitar el uso de la carta de crédito en sus operaciones de comercio exterior son la falta de conocimiento en los instrumentos financieros de comercio exterior, asimismo las barreras existentes para el acceso al financiamiento al sector MIPYMES.
Los cuales han logrado hacer entender los obstáculos por los que atraviesan las empresas de este sector, finalmente, se han descrito las conclusiones y recomendaciones según el análisis de los resultados.
Para el primer objetivo de la presente investigación; percepción sobre los costos de la carta de crédito que tienen las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras de Lima Metropolitana, este factor es muy importante al momento de decidir el uso de este instrumento en sus operaciones internacionales, consideran que son altas las comisiones en su emisión, así como el tener una escasa información y asesoramiento para carta de crédito ha conllevado al poco uso de la carta de crédito. Sin embargo, este medio de pago internacional abre un número de oportunidades financieras, permitiendo estos beneficios reducir los costos en otros financiamientos, así como brindar seguridad y respaldo en sus transacciones comerciales internacionales.
Por otro lado, el segundo objetivo de estudio, grado de conocimiento en el manejo de carta de crédito en las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras de Lima Metropolitana, se confirma que existe una falta de conocimiento en cartas de crédito, así como la poca difusión que se da por parte de los funcionarios de las entidades bancarias en ofrecer la carta de crédito, a pesar que existen instituciones del estado que brindan información relacionada a la carta de crédito no es muy conocida por parte del segmento PYMES, así como el desconocimiento que se tiene respecto a las ventajas y beneficios por usar la carta de crédito.
Para el tercer objetivo de estudio, sobre las dificultades por las que atraviesan las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras de Lima Metropolitana, se identificó barreras que presentan las instituciones financieras a las pequeñas empresas al solicitar una carta de crédito, como lo son: el exceso de garantías, pocos años de constitución, experiencia bancaria, falta de documentación financiera, conocimientos administrativos y financieros, alto porcentaje de informalidad, hacen que el sector pyme no accedan a un medio de pago más formal y seguro.
Para el cuarto objetivo sobre los procesos administrativos por los que atraviesa la pequeña empresa exportadora de Lima Metropolitana para solicitar la carta de crédito, se confirma que existe trámites excesivos al solicitar un financiamiento con carta de crédito, según la presente investigación, existe controversia entre los especialistas y las pequeñas empresa, debido a que estos segmentos no concuerdan con la existencia de Burocracia en el trámite documentario, se deduce en la presente investigación las dificultades y molestias en el tramite documentario son de manera mayoritarias por el segmento pyme.
Se recomienda la capacitación continua de las pequeñas empresas para lograr un correcto manejo empresarial y contar con información idónea para las instituciones financieras. Además, a las instituciones financieras, se les recomienda realizar cambios en las estrategias de negocio para el sector PYMES, así como la capacitación de los funcionarios bancarios en medios de pago internacional para lograr mayor frecuencia en el uso de esta herramienta. Adicionalmente, a los organismos del Estado, se les recomienda difundir, promover y fomentar los programas que mantienen con el Estado para el apoyo en el crecimiento de las pequeñas empresas exportadoras. Asimismo, se recomienda a las instituciones académicas y centros de formación realizar cursos y capacitaciones basados en las prácticas y vivencias de las PYMES peruanas, referidas a las barreras que enfrentan día a día.In order to understand the difficulties faced by small exporting and importing companies and achieving international expansion, the main objective of this study is to identify the factors that limit the use of the letter of credit in the business stratum of small companies. For this, four limiting factors related to the use of the letter of credit were identified and based on the pre-established theoretical framework of the, which are: High prices, lack of knowledge, limitations in access to the financial system, bureaucracy in the documentary process and informality in small companies, which was reconsidered in the research process, agreeing on the bureaucracy factor in the documentary process For this reason, an exploratory qualitative research was carried out, with a grounded theory design, in order to collect information based on the knowledge, experiences, experiences and opinions of 18 participants. With a sample of 12 small exporting and importing companies and 6 interviews with experts. Likewise, it is intended to achieve a change in their customs, current habits or decisions in the research topic. In the first instance, three important factors for the investigation were raised through the research plan. However, when starting the content validation, information gathering and according to the results of the AtlasTi program, a fundamental factor was identified that had not been considered at the beginning of the investigation, the factor high prices in the use of financial instruments of commerce exterior "Letter of credit". For this reason, the existence of four factors was determined and as the main objective to know the factors that limit the use of letters of credit in small exporting and importing companies of Metropolitan Lima, 2019. In addition, the initial hypothesis statement which is facing the difficulties faced by small exporting and importing companies to limit the use of the letter of credit in their foreign trade operations are the lack of knowledge in foreign trade financial instruments, in addition to the existing barriers to access to the financing to the MIPYMES sector. Which have managed to understand the obstacles that companies in this sector face, finally, the conclusions and recommendations have been described according to the analysis of the results. For the first objective of the present investigation; Perception about the costs of the letter of credit that small exporting and importing companies of Metropolitan Lima have, this factor is very important when deciding to use this instrument in their international operations, they consider that the commissions in its issuance are high, as well as having little information and advice for letter of credit has led to little use of the letter of credit. However, this international payment method opens up a number of financial opportunities, allowing these benefits to reduce costs in other financing, as well as providing security and support in your international commercial transactions. On the other hand, the second objective of the study, degree of knowledge in the handling of letters of credit in small exporting and importing companies of Metropolitan Lima, confirms that there is a lack of knowledge in letters of credit, as well as the little diffusion that It is given by the officials of the banking entities in offering the letter of credit, although there are state institutions that provide information related to the letter of credit, it is not well known by the SME segment, as well as the ignorance that is has respect to the advantages and benefits of using the letter of credit. For the third objective of the study, on the difficulties faced by small exporting and importing companies of Metropolitan Lima, barriers that financial institutions present to small companies when requesting a letter of credit were identified, such as: excess of guarantees, few years of incorporation, banking experience, lack of financial documentation, administrative and financial knowledge, high percentage of informality, mean that the SME sector does not have access to a more formal and secure means of payment. For the fourth objective on the administrative processes that the small exporting company of Metropolitan Lima goes through to request the letter of credit, it is confirmed that there are excessive procedures when requesting financing with a letter of credit, according to the present investigation, there is controversy between the specialists and small companies, because these segments do not agree with the existence of bureaucracy in the documentary process, it is deduced in the present investigation the difficulties and inconveniences in the documentary process are in the majority by the SME segment. Continuous training for small businesses is recommended to achieve proper business management and have suitable information for financial institutions. In addition, financial institutions are recommended to make changes in business strategies for the SME sector, as well as training bank officials in international means of payment to achieve greater frequency in the use of this tool. Additionally, State agencies are recommended to disseminate, promote and encourage the programs they maintain with the State to support the growth of small exporting companies. Likewise, academic institutions and training centers are recommended to carry out courses and training based on the practices and experiences of Peruvian SMEs, referring to the barriers they face every day.
Tesis
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Girotti, Márcio Tadeu [UNESP]. "Kant e o fim da modernidade pré-crítica: os sonhos de um visionário." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93140.
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A pesquisa pretende abordar os escritos da década de 1760, da filosofia kantiana, com o intuito de apontar quais os elementos de cunho crítico presentes nesses escritos, que desembocam na obra Sonhos de um visionário explicados por sonhos da metafísica (1766). No ano de 1763, com o Único argumento possível para uma demonstração da prova da existência de Deus e com o Ensaio para introduzir a noção de grandezas negativas em filosofia, Kant aponta para o papel da experiência na existência do simples possível e para o papel da oposição real para os acontecimentos da ordem fenomenal. Tem-se, por parte de Kant, uma preocupação com o estatuto da metafísica tradicional que se apoia em provas não concretas e busca, por meio de inferência e pelo princípio de contradição, mostrar a ordem do mundo e a existência do real. Nesse sentido, Kant começa a engendrar uma crítica ao racionalismo de cunho dogmático, em especial à escola Leibniz-wolffiana, tendo como influências as inovações da ciência newtoniana e o ceticismo de David Hume. Assim, é possível encontrar nos Sonhos de um visionário pistas que conduzem à interpretação da obra como um fechamento da filosofia pré-crítica de Kant, abrindo as portas para o criticismo presente na Dissertação de 1770, segundo o próprio autor (Carta a Tieftrunk em 1797). Tendo em vista a década de sessenta como um suposto período que configura o criticismo kantiano, a investigação busca, ainda, apontar os elementos que desembocam nos Sonhos e, a partir desse escrito, mostrar as consequências desses elementos para o contexto da própria Dissertação de 1770 e da Crítica da razão pura (1781). Ao final, esboçaremos uma reflexão acerca da existência ou não de um marco que separa a filosofia kantiana em período précrítico e crítico, tentando, ao menos, interpretar os escritos anteriores à Crítica da razão pura como escritos pré-Crítica e não mais como escritos
This research intends to approach some Kantian philosophy written from 1760’s decade, with the aim of pointing out what are the critical nature elements present on them, which culminate in the work Dreams of a Spirit-Seer elucidated by dreams of metaphysics (1766). In 1763, with The only possible argument in support of a demonstration of the existence of god (Beweisgrund) and with the Attempt to introduce the concept of negative magnitudes into philosophy, Kant points the role of experience in existence of the simple possibile and to the role of the truth opposition to the happenings in a phenomenical order. It has, from Kant position, a worry about the metaphysical traditional constitution that supports itself on not concrete proofs and seeks, throughout inferences and by contradiction principle, to show the order of the world and the existence of the real. In this sense, Kant begins to engender a criticism to dogmatic rationalism, in special to Wolffian-Leibniz school, supporting your ideas on innovation of Newtonian science and Humean skepticism. In so far, it is possible find out, at Dreams of a Spirit-Seer, “clues” that leads to its interpretation as a closure of the Kantian pre-critic philosophy and opening the doors to the criticism present in the Dissertation of 1770, according own author (Letter to Tieftrunk in 1797). In the end, we will sketch a reasoning on the existence, or not, of a landmark that separates Kantian philosophy in pre-critical period and a critical one, trying to, at least, understand the previous written to Critic of Pure Reason as pre-critical written and not as a critical ones
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Chavez, Henry. ""Dreaming of electric sheep" Les cycles techno-économiques du système mondial et le développement technoscientifique en Équateur : sources et limites du projet postnéolibéral ( 2007 – 2016 )." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0090.
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Sur la base d’une étude historique des rapports entre les cycles techno-économiques du système mondial et le processus de transformation économique, politique et idéologique d’un pays périphérique comme l’Équateur, cette recherche présente une analyse critique sur le processus de développement du champ technoscientifique de ce pays et le projet de modernisation postnéolibéral mis en place par son gouvernement entre 2007-2017. L’exposition est organisée en deux parties. La première analyse les rapports entre les transformations techno-économiques mondiales et les cycles économiques et politiques locaux ; les rapports entre ces cycles, les vagues de modernisation du système d’éducation supérieure équatorien et la reproduction des élites locales ; et enfin, les rapports entre ces deux derniers et le processus de développement scientifique, technologique et industriel du pays. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude en détail du dernier de ces cycles, caractérisé par la mise en place du projet postnéolibéral de modernisation technoscientifique. Cette étude se focalise particulièrement sur trois projets : la réforme de l’éducation supérieure, le programme de bourses d’étude à l’étranger et le projet de construction de Yachay, une ville dédiée à la science, à la technologie et à l’innovation. Les résultats de ces analyses dévoilent le caractère idéologique de ces projets, conçus et dirigés par un même réseau d’intellectuels et financés par l’essor des exportations de matières premières qui a accompagné cette phase ascendante du cycle périphérique. Enfermés dans leur quête idéologique d’un modèle de développement alternatif et les contraintes imposées par les processus de transformation du système mondial, ces acteurs ont fini par produire un projet de modernisation contradictoire basé sur une abstraction empirique adaptée à leurs besoins de légitimation politique. La fin de l’essor économique a dévoilé les limites de ce projet idéologique dont les résultats concrets sont une plus lourde bureaucratie, le gaspillage des ressources publiques et l’accumulation de pouvoir. Nous suggérons que ce résultat est un effet du décalage entre les cycles de transformation à la périphérie et au centre du système mondial et du processus de reconfiguration global liée à la montée de l’influence chinoise et au déploiement de la dernière vague de transformations techno-économiques. Cette recherchée s’inscrit ainsi dans la lignée de réflexion sur les transformations du système mondialBased on a historical study of the relationship between the techno-economic cycles of the global system and the economic, political and ideological transformations in Ecuador, this research presents a critical analysis of the development process of the technoscientific field in this country and the post-neoliberal modernization project implemented by its government between 2007-2017. The thesis has two parts. The first one develops an analysis on three levels: the relationships between the global techno-economic cycles and the political and economic transformations in Ecuador; the relationships between these transformations, the waves of modernization of the Ecuadorian higher education system and the reproduction of local elites; and the relationship between the latter and the scientific, technological and industrial development of the country. The second part presents a detailed study of the last cycle, characterized by the implementation of the post-neoliberal project of technoscientific modernization. This study focuses, particularly, on three projects: the higher education reform, the scholarship program for studies abroad and the Yachay technopole project. These analysis results reveal the ideological character of these projects, designed and directed by the same network of intellectuals and financed by the rise of commodity exports which accompanied this upward phase of the peripheral cycle. Trapped in their ideological quest for an alternative development model and the constraints imposed by the transformation processes of the global system, these actors have finally produced a contradictory modernization project based on an empirical abstraction adapted to their needs for political legitimization. The end of the economic upswing has unveiled the limits of this ideological project whose concrete results are a heavier bureaucracy, waste of public resources and the accumulation of power. We suggest that this result is an effect of the three interrelated processes: the gap between the transformation cycles at the periphery and at the center of the global system, the global reconfiguration linked to the rise of Chinese influence and the deployment of the latest techno-economic wave of innovation. This research aims thus to contribute to the debate on the historical transformations of the global system
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Murgue, Clément. "Quelles distributions spatiales des systèmes de culture pour limiter l'occurence des crises de gestion quantitative de l'eau ? Une démarche de conception évaluation sur le territoire irrigué de l'Aveyron aval." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0133/document.
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Dans les territoires irrigués exposés aux crises de gestion quantitative de l’eau, la sévérité des étiages dépend des interactions entre systèmes de culture, situations pédoclimatiques, hydrologie, lâchers d’eau et restriction d’irrigation. Dans de nombreuses situations, l’absence de nouvelles solutions de stockage et les tensions entre gestionnaires et usagers de l’eau rendent nécessaire la planification des étiages. Mes travaux explorent le potentiel de « la gestion spatiale » de l’eau pour mettre en adéquation la dynamique des prélèvements pour l’irrigation avec celle de l’offre en eau disponible (naturelle et stockée). Je propose une méthodologie participative de conception-évaluation d’organisations territoriales des activités agricoles, déployée sur l’aval du bassin versant de l’Aveyron (800 km²), en trois étapes: (1) modéliser le système socio-agro-hydrologique, (2) concevoir des alternatives de distribution spatiale des systèmes de culture, (3) conduire une évaluation intégrée des alternatives face à la variabilité climatique observée. Ces travaux combinent des méthodes, connaissances et outils « hard and soft », et font usage de la plateforme de simulation multi-agent MAELIA. Le processus a permis de formaliser des visions d’acteurs et de poser les bases d’une concertation multi acteur. Cependant la simulation des impacts de ces alternatives a montré leurs limites pour régler le problème de déficit structurel en eau. Cette démarche pourrait être prolongée pour aboutir à des propositions opérationnellesIn irrigated landscapes exposed to quantitative water management crisis, the intensity of low flows depends on interactions between cropping systems, pedoclimatic situation hydrology, water releases and withdrawal restrictions. In many situations there are no opportunities for more water storage, thus tensions occur between water managers and users, which makes the planning of water demand dynamics necessary. My work explores the potentials in the “spatial management of water” to align the water demand dynamics with natural and stored water availability. I present a 3 step, participatory method to design and assess agricultural landscapes: (1) model the Social-Agro Hydrological system, (2) design alternative spatial distribution of the cropping systems, (3) carry an integrated assessment of those alternatives based on observed climatic variability. This method combines “hard” and “soft” methods, knowledge and tools, and uses the MAELIA multi-agent simulation platform. I tested the method tested in the downstream area of the Aveyron River (800 km² Southwestern France). It allowed to formalize the actors’ visions on alternative distributions of the cropping systems. However they showed to be limited in solving the water deficit issue. The method could be continued to reach operational proposals