Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Linac à récupération d’énergie'
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Guyot, Coline. "Optimisation of electron beam performance for high peak current laser-plasma and multi-pass energy recovery accelerators with 6D tracking start-to-end simulations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025UPASP007.
Full textIn the quest for more compact and less energy-consuming electron accelerators, the peak current tends to be increased for different reasons. The context of the thesis is to explore two alternative approaches to more conventional accelerators: laser plasma and energy recovery linacs ones. For laser-plasma accelerators, the peak current is due to the extremely short bunch duration whereas for the ERL case, the peak current is due to the charge per bunch. The goal of the thesis studies is to optimise the conditions of the electron beam transport while maximising their quality and minimising the losses, including higher order trackings both longitudinal and transverse as well as collective effects.Laser-plasma beams are atypical electron beams because of their large energy spread and divergence. These heavily influence their transport, as this combination leads to strong correlations between the longitudinal and the transverse properties. The challenges of designing a compact transport line are discussed with the constraints due to the high divergence and the consequences of the focusing on the beam quality as well as the systematic selection in energy that can be implemented. The shot-to-shot variations issues of laser-plasma injectors are also addressed through the energy selection system proposed here. In this context, a trade-off between beam quality and the charge is explored as well.Multi-pass Energy Recovery Accelerator has the particularities to combined difficulties of circular accelerators and linear ones without radiation damping. The energy recovery process also imposes an accelerating and decelerating phase of the beam propagation within a multi-pass structure, where the beam has to be re-circulated several times in dedicated arcs for both cases. A determinant factor is the evolution of the longitudinal phase space. A focus is done in the thesis on the impact of the bunch length on the beam transport and the conservation of its quality, with a trade-off between single-bunch collective effects, especially coherent synchrotron radiation, and chromatic effects to minimise losses and to maintain the beam quality
Geisler, Matthias. "Récupération d’énergie mécanique pour vêtements connectés autonomes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI090/document.
Full textThe functionalization of common objects in the human’s environment with electronics is a fast-growing trend, as demonstrated by the emblematic example of smartphones which became almost essential in the everyday life in less than a decade. One important stake of these systems is their power supply, in terms of ergonomics as well as resources: the use of electromechanical batteries to fuel billions of connected “things” is not the most attractive prospect. Energy harvesting techniques may provide an alternative or a complement to the use of these storage units. This thesis explores different structures of generators to efficiently convert the user’s mechanical energy to ensure the electrical self-sufficiency of smart wearables.Based on power requirement considerations for a typical “smart shirt” and comparing human energy harvesters from the literature, different structures are investigated. The first one is an inertial electromagnetic generator, the size of an AA-battery, designed to convert footsteps impacts. A thoroughly modelled and optimized device is able to generate power densities over 500µW/cm3 while attached on the arm during a run. The second considered energy harvester format is a “looped” inertial structure which is adapted to exploit the swing-type motions of the user’s limbs. This system is able to produce milliwatts-level powers from the motion of a small magnetic ball inside the device. Finally, a third generator concept that relies on electrostatic induction was developed, which uses variable capacitance structures to turn clothes deformations into electricity. The architecture of this energy harvester combines the triboelectric effect with a circuit of built-up self-polarization, Bennet’s doubler. It enables high levels of bias voltages without the need of an external source, and thus to maximize the energy generated per electrostatic cycle. A simple test device is shown to produce over 150µJ per cycle. This approach is promising in terms of integration in smart clothing, because it enables the development of flexible and stretchable devices well complying with the comfort requirements of worn systems.The comparison of those three energy harvesters provides an interesting basis for the future developments of energy harvesters converting one’s mechanical energy
Salamon, Natalia. "Développement de systèmes de récupération d’énergie thermique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI011/document.
Full textThe goal of the present work was to design and fabricate a fully silicon oscillating device that converts thermal energy into electricity, applying phenomena of liquid to gas phase-change and piezoelectricity. It should be characterized by simplicity of construction, small size, and ease of manufacture. The diameter should not exceed 2 cm, while the thickness should be within 2 mm.The device was composed of three Si wafers comprising evaporation and condensing chambers, and the channel connecting these two elements. A PZT-based transducer mounted on top of the structure was applied to ensure energy conversion.The design process included the establishment of the device geometry, the type of the working fluid enclosed inside the system, a type, size and assembly technique of a piezoelectric element, as well as a bonding method of several silicon elements of the device.The practical realization of the designed prototypes was aimed at selecting the most suitable technological processes for structure fabrication. All the experiments had been performed in a clean room environment and employed wet oxidation, photolithography, a well-known, easily available wet chemical etching in KOH solution, and a silicon bonding technique with the use of SU-8 photoresist as an intermediate layer. Additionally, during the practical work a few tools have been designed and developed to enhance the device fabrication, amongst which a vacuum pump dedicated to bond the three silicon wafers as structural elements of the prototypesThe fabricated prototypes were tested in terms of oscillation mechanism and electrical properties. The influence of the filling ratio and the hot temperature value on the generated signal was established. Additionally, the power range of the prototypes has been evaluated. In the last part of the study, optimization steps for the devices developed in the present work have been proposed
Belhora, Fouad. "Couplage multiphysique à l’aide d’électret application à la récupération d’énergie." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0141/document.
Full textIn the last decades, direct energy conversion devices for medium and low grades waste heat have received significant attention due to the necessity to develop more energy efficient engineering systems. A great deal of research has in recent years been carried out on harvesting energy using piezoelectric, electrostatic, electromagnetic , and thermoelectric ,transduction, with the aim of harvesting enough energy to enable data transmission. For this purpose, piezoelectric elements have been extensively used in the past; however they present high rigidity and limited mechanical strain abilities as well as delicate manufacturing process for complex shapes, making them unsuitable in many applications. Thus, recent trends in both industrial and research fields have focused on electrostrictive polymers for electromechanical energy conversion. This interest is explained by many advantages such as high productivity, flexibility, and processability. Hence, electrostrictive polymer films are much more suitable for energy harvesting devices requiring high flexibilities, such as systems in smart textiles and mobile or autonomous devices. Electrostrictive polymers can also be obtained in many different shapes and over large surfaces. . In the last years, electrostrictive polymers have been investigated as electroactive materials for energy harvesting. However for scavenging energy a static field is necessary, since this material is isotope, there is no permanent polarization compare to piezoelectric material. A solution for avoid this problem; concern the hybridization of electrostrictive polymer with electret. Finally, the implementation of electrostrictive materials is much simpler for small-scale systems (MEMS). Hence, several studies have analyzed the energy conversion performance of electrostrictive polymers, both in terms of actuation and energy harvesting
Capitaine, Armande. "Récupération d’énergie à partir de piles à combustible microbiennes benthiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI125/document.
Full textHarvesting energy in the surrounding environment is an advantageous alternative to conventional batteries for powering autonomously remote sensors in addition to processing in an eco-friendly way. Many researches currently focus on harvesting energy from solar, thermal and vibrational sources scavenged in environments near the sensor. Less analyzed in the literature, the benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) is an emerging harvesting technology that exploits the waste materials in the seafloors. The catalysis properties of bacteria into a couple of redox reactions convert chemical energy from the sediment into electrical energy. Although promising as a long-term energy source for marine sensors, its power levels (around 100 μW) and voltage (0.6 V in open circuit) commit us to reflect on the design of its electronic harvesting interface. The first chapter of this thesis details the design of lab-made cm2-BMFC while maintaining conditions close to the natural environment. A second chapter focuses on characterizing and modeling the electrical behavior of BMFCs in the static and dynamic domains. Thanks to the static electric model, a harvesting electrical interface is defined and optimized to extract the maximum power and maximize the conversion efficiency. The flyback converter in discontinuous conduction mode is chosen. By using a model predicting the losses of the experimentally validated flyback, we studied the choice of the switching frequency, the duty cycle and the coupled inductances. We reached an efficiency of 82% and 64% for a BMFC delivering respectively 90 μW and 30 μW. A final chapter focuses on optimizing the harvesting interface by taking into account the different variabilities of the BMFC. In particular, the interest of the MPP monitoring is discussed and the influence of the flyback switched behavior on the additional dynamic losses within the BMFC is analyzed thanks to the dynamic electrical model of the BMFC deduced in the second chapter
Iglesias, Sophie. "Composites conducteurs polymères hautement déformables pour la récupération d’énergie houlomotrice." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI034/document.
Full textThis PhD work presents the development of stretchable electrodes for wave energy harvesting. Indeed, it is possible to convert the mechanical energy of the waves into electricity thanks to a flexible system based on electroactive polymer (EAP) technology. As EAPs have the ability to deform under electrical stimuli, deformable conductive materials are needed. In this study, the chosen EAP is a silicone elastomer. Composites formulated with silicone elastomer matrix filled with carbonaceous conductive particles (graphite, graphite nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes) were thus developed. Two mixing methods, by melt compounding, have been explored. The first uses a planetary mixer, and the second uses a three roll-mill. The influence of the mixing method, the nature of the fillers and the filler rate on the electrical properties of the composites has been analyzed. The morphology, as well as the percolation and the conduction mechanisms have been studied. The tensile properties of the composites were also analyzed. Finally, the electromechanical coupled properties of the most promising composites were tested, allowing us to propose a formulation as a stretchable electrode
Dufay, Thibault. "Etude de couches minces piézoélectriques flexibles pour la récupération d’énergie vibratoire." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4048/document.
Full textNew methods for energy generation based on the ambient energy harvesting are required for autonomous sensors development and their applications in the “smartcities”. In this context, N-air-J project aims to realize micro-generators based on flexible piezoelectric films, able to harvest energy from the breeze. The work presented in this thesis is about the deposition of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin layer on aluminium thin foil. Structural, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric characterizations were realized. The generator optimization is focused on the PZT transfer from aluminium to polymer substrate. The technological process has been developed for the transfer. The use of an insulating and elastic substrate is very interesting for the realization of an interdigitated (IDE) electrode configuration. Energy harvesting properties of the two configurations, PZT/Al and PZT/polymer, were tested. Energy densities were found similar to those of more rigid structures presented in the literature. The use of the IDE confirms its great interest by delivering a voltage of several tens of volts.An analytical model was developed to study the behaviour of the piezoelectric beam used in this work. Experimental studies quantify the influence of air friction on the beam vibratory behaviour. Fluid-structure interaction simulation has demonstrated the possibility for improving the deformations of several beams in a generators network
Gusarov, Boris. "PVDF polymères piézoélectriques : caractérisation et application pour la récupération d’énergie thermique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT091/document.
Full textThis work deals with the characterization of piezoelectric polymers PVDF and its composites with shape memory alloys, for thermal energy harvesting applications. First, we discuss current advancements on energy harvesting technologies as well as their economical interests. Typical values of energy that can be generated are given together with energies typically needed for applications.Particular attention is given to the functioning principles of pyroelectric and piezoelectric materials. PVDF and shape memory alloy NiTiCu are also introduced.Custom characterization techniques are introduced to characterize PVDF piezoelectric properties relevant to generator applications and to evaluate its suitability for thermal energy harvesting. Since PVDF is a very flexible material, four-point bending, tube bending and a tensile machine experiments are used to study its piezoelectric response in quasi-static mode, as well as changes in piezoelectric properties with increased strain. Self-discharge measurements under various applied electric fields, temperatures and strains are performed to study the stability of material.A concept of composite energy harvesting, utilizing two materials of different families, is introduced. Here, we propose the coupling of piezo-/pyroelectric material and shape memory alloy. The pure pyroelectric voltage is combined with generated piezoelectric voltage, induced by shape memory alloy transformation, to increase the total energy generated by the system during heating. The proof of concept is shown first for ceramic PZT-based semi-flexible material and then for fully flexible PVDF.Finally, a power management circuit was designed and integrated with the PVDF energy harvester. High generated voltage peaks at heating are lowered by a two-step buck converter to a useful stable output voltage. Output energy are used to power a wireless emission card. Thus, a complete power generation chain from temperature variations to data emission is presented.The results of this work concern a wide range of applications, especially modern autonomous wireless sensors and Internet of Things objects, with low profile, high mechanical flexibility and low maintenance costs
Itani, Khaled. "Récupération d’énergie pour système intégré moteur roue, application au véhicule électrique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLN025/document.
Full textThe thesis will address the quantification of power flow going through the different energy static and dynamic conversion systems to attain the chemical / electrostatic / mechanical storage elements during a hybrid regenerative brutal braking of a front-wheel driven electric vehicle. The electric vehicle is equipped by two integrated wheel-motors independent sets. The control of the converters and electrical machines is also treated. The problematic concerns the brutal regenerative braking case imposing high electrical and mechanical constraints on energy conversion and storage elements. The simulation tool adopted is Matlab/Simulink®. A detailed model of the used electric vehicle has been developed in order to be able to simulate the vehicle behavior with respect to the braking forces distribution delivered by the repartition and quantification of braking forces system. A study of the kinematics and dynamics of the vehicle according to different road types will be also considered. This study will be used retrospectively in the formulation of the braking forces distribution laws. The motors used are interior permanent magnet synchronous type. The objective is to ensure high electrical braking torque at high driving speeds of the vehicle. To this end, the optimal control of these motors will be based on a new current references generation method assuming then a high regenerative torque and therefore an improvement in the recovered energy. The hybrid storage system includes a Li-Ion battery and supercapacitors cells to reduce stress on the battery and to extend its life. The power structure of the system will be analyzed as well as the 3-level DC/DC converter interfacing the ultracapacitor with the DC bus proposed control system. A braking resistor controlled by a pseudo- cascaded controller will also be integrated to reduce, if necessary, the constraints on the battery. The evaluation and distribution of braking forces on the four wheels depending on road conditions are key elements for the stability of the vehicle during braking. The method of distribution and quantification of braking forces proposed should maintain this stability , meet international standards and take advantage of the presence of wheel motors in the front of the vehicle to maximize the energy recovered. The work has been extended to include a comparative study with a system containing a kinetic energy storage element as a secondary energy source for a braking and traction vehicle operation. The thesis is the starting point of a research collaboration between IFSTTAR / Satie and the Electrical Engineering Department of Cnam- Liban, associated center of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers ( CNAM ), Paris, France
Eddiai, Adil. "Caractérisation et modélisation des polymères électro-actifs : Application à la récupération d’énergie." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0029/document.
Full textThe concept of energy harvesting generally relates to the process of using ambient energy, which is converted, primarily (but not exclusively) into electrical energy in order to power small and autonomous electronic devices. Recent trends in both industrial and research fields have focused on electro-active polymers for electromechanical energy conversion. This interest is explained by many advantages such as high productivity, high flexibility, and processability. The purpose of this research work is to explore the potential of electro-active polymers for application of mechanical energy harvesting. At first, a synthesis of the composite based on polyurethane (PU) and P (VDF-TrFE-CFE) was performed, followed by electrical and mechanical characterization of these polymers and composites in order to evaluate their intrinsic parameters. The second part of this thesis concerns electromechanical characterization of these polymers. An electromechanical analytic modeling is detailed in order to determine the physical behavior of electrostrictive polymers and the variations of intrinsic parameters. This modeling is validated by a series of tests using a test bench. The last part of this work consists to evaluate the electromechanical performance of electrostrictive polymers for the mechanical energy harvesting. Two new techniques are tested in order to maximize the density of energy recovered. As well as a comparison against those classic has been performed. Excellent potential of these techniques for energy harvesting has been demonstrated. The second point is about the study of the electromechanical conversion efficiency for scavenging mechanical energy using spectral analysis FFT. It was shown that this method allows predicting the energy efficiency of our polymers, in accordance with the results predicted by the model. The last point focuses on improving the efficiency of electromechanical conversion by using cellular polypropylene electrets to ensure better energy efficiency
El, Fatnani Fatima Zahra. "Récupération d’énergie issue des variations temporelles de la température par effet pyroélectrique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI088/document.
Full textThis experimental thesis focuses on the energy harvesting for micro-generators and au- tonomy of electronic devices with low consumption. This work proposes the possibilities of har- vesting thermal energy by pyroelectric effect. The thermal energy to be converted is thermal fluc- tuations. We proposed two main techniques to generate electricity by pyroelectric ceramic. The first one focuses on the harvesting of infrared radiation associated with the SSHI technique. Ori- ginally, the SSHI technique was developed in the case of the piezoelectric energy harvesting, but we applied it in the case of pyroelectricity and which allowed us to maximize the harvested power by a factor of 2. The second proposed technique concerns the harvesting of thermal fluctuations resulting from convective movements originating inside a fluid in the Rayleigh-Bernard configu- ration. We have carried out several studies to increase the convective transfer in order to improve the pyroelectricresponse and maximize the harvested power. In the case of natural convection, the choice of a suitable fluid and the optimization of the control parameters of the Rayleigh-Bernard configuration are essential steps in order to achieve better heat transfer by convection. In the case of forced convection, it has been studied the advantage of dispersing copper nanoparticles in a pure fluid to increase the convective transfer. With this nanofluid, the pyroelectric response was maximized by a factor of 10
Gasnier, Pierre. "Circuit de récupération d’énergie mécanique pour l’alimentation de capteurs communicants sans fil." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT029/document.
Full textNo matter what its purpose is, economic or environmental, energy harvesting is a relevant solution to replaceor to get rid of primary batteries. This thesis is part of a collaborative laboratory between the CEA and Oxylane(Decathlon) and its aim is the design of a power management circuit which harvests mechanical energy fromhuman movements during sport practice in order to power aWireless Sensor Node (WSN). The electronic circuitwhich has been developed in this work recovers energy from piezoelectric harvesters, extracts and conditionsit thanks to an efficient energy extraction technique and to an appropriate power circuit. In response to therandom behavior of human body which supplies an intermittent and irregular energy, the Flyback topology andthe Synchronous Electric Charge Extraction technique (SECE) are employed. The energy harvester is dischargedat its maximum voltage through a coupled-inductor and two MOSFETs transistors. This work proposes a newextraction technique, derived from SECE : MS-SECE ("Multi-Shot Synchronous Electric Charge Extraction")transfers the energy in several magnetic discharges which decreases the resistive losses or the size of the magneticcomponent. In order to satisfy the size constraints aimed by Oxylane, an integrated circuit, fabricated in theAMS 0,35 μm CMOS technology, implements the MS-SECE autonomously. This very low power (1 μW) ASICcontrols the power circuit and a couple of external components. This way, the electrical energy is efficientlyconverted towards a buffer capacitor under 3V. Furthermore, thanks to its two operating modes (passive/nonoptimizedand active/optimized) successively employed, the circuit self-starts and works without battery orinitial energy. The complete system is compatible with a large variety of piezoelectric harvesters, especiallywhen their output voltages are large (>50V). Finally, it enables the complete autonomy of a WSN consumingaround 100 μW
Wei, Jie. "Circuits de récupération d’énergie très basse puissance pour transducteurs à capacité variable." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS220.
Full textThe mechanic vibration energy harvesting using variable capacitance transducers leads to the study of complex nonlinear systems but has very promising application perspectives. Our work focused on the study of a new family of interface circuits for capacitive transducers. Among all the advantages, these circuits are achievable with high efficiencies at very low power, typically a few tens of nanowatts average power, which distinguishes them from the solutions presented in the state of the art. Moreover, the circuits studied in this thesis do not contain any magnetic components, which is a considerable asset in terms of miniaturization and integration and also allows compatibility with magnetic resonance imaging. The various structures which constitute the family of circuits proposed make it possible to satisfy various constraints imposed by the capacitive transducer, in particular, the ratio of the maximum and minimum capacities Cmax / Cmin. For a given output voltage, the voltage applied to the capacitive transducer can be varied by using different circuits or by using a single circuit whose topology is modified by the operation of an electronic switch. In order to describe the overall behavior of the studied systems, the electromechanical coupling of the transducer is taken into account in the developed theoretical models. The studied circuits have been validated experimentally with two capacitive transducers of different structure. In practice, the output of these circuits is close to 80% for converted powers as low as the hundred nanowatts
Mousselmal, Hadj Daoud. "Conception de dispositifs piézoélectriques de récupération d’énergie utilisant des structures multidirectionnelles et nanostructurés." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0124.
Full textThis thesis work focuses on the development of new piezoelectric energy recovery systems from environmental mechanical vibration. The goal is to provide solutions to some strong constraints on the miniaturization of these systems, their integration in MEMS technology. The 2 major lines followed in this work are: (i) the nanostructuring by porosification silicon substrate. This method allows to create functionalized areas having local properties of density and lower rigidity than those of the silicon substrate. This allows on the one hand to improve the overall electromechanical coupling coefficient of the structure and, secondly, to maintain the resonant frequency of the operational mode in a low frequency range (< 1KHz) compatible with the spectrum of Many conventional vibratory sources. A series of finite element modeling of a type converter (beam with seismic mass) established the optimum dimensional parameters of nanostructured area. The effectiveness of this localized nanostructuring method was then evaluated experimentally on silicon membranes. It was observed a reduction of the resonance frequency of the fundamental mode, while minimizing losses by a judicious choice of the location and the width of the porous zone. (Ii) The development of recovery devices multidirectional sensitivity. These devices allow to recover energy regardless of the direction of the external load. They use 3 different eigenmodes bending each solicited by a particular component (ax, ay and az) vector solicitation characteristic acceleration. These devices based on a planar structure type double orthogonal beams with central seismic mass can be easily integrated and can be broken down to centimeter scale at the millimeter scale using in this case the MEMS technologies. A simple analytical model was first updated energy mechanisms that enable a constant amount of energy when the device is subjected to a bias vector in any direction. The optimization of the electromechanical coupling coefficient of each functional mode, and the adjustment of their resonance frequency were obtained using a finite element model. All these theoretical results has been experimentally validated using centimeter prototypes
Morassi, Martina. "Croissance de nanofils InGaN pour les dispositifs de récupération d’énergie photovoltaïques et piézoélectriques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS249.
Full textIII-nitride materials are excellent semiconductors presenting several interesting properties for photovoltaic and piezoelectric applications. At the same time, the epitaxial growth of these materials in the form of nanowires (NW) is even more interesting, because binary and heterostructured III-N NWs have a higher crystalline quality compared to the 2D and bulk counterparts. In these contexts, this work focuses on the plasma-assisted MBE (PA-MBE) growth of InGaN / GaN NWs and their characterization. Three main topics are addressed: the growth of axial InGaN heterostructures by PA-MBE, their optical characterization, and the study of the selective area growth (SAG) of GaN NWs on transferred graphene. These studies allowed me to obtain a rational control on the growth mode of InGaN heterostructures in a wide range of In contents (up to ~ 40%) and morphologies, to study their axial band edge profile, useful for the optimal design of the photovoltaic structure, and to demonstrate for the first time in the literature, that the SAG of GaN NWs on patterned mono-layer graphene is a possible and very promising strategy to improve their homogeneity. Also, preliminary tests have shown that the piezoelectric conversion capacity of GaN NWs can be improved by about 35% when integrating an In-rich InGaN insertion into their volume.All these results constitute a decisive step in the control and the comprehension of the properties of these nanostructures, and establish very encouraging perspectives for their integration in novel and efficient photovoltaic and piezoelectric nano-generators
Lagarenne, Denis. "Récupération d’énergie par les régénérateurs de chaleur des fours de verrerie : expérimentation, modélisation, optimisation." Lyon, INSA, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ISAL0052.
Full text[This study deals with energy recovery in high temperature regenerators of glass industry. Experiments are performed in real conditions, on an full industrial scale regenerator , specially designed and built for this stud. The measurements allow on investigation of the whole s stem and an original local description of the heat exchanger. Different methods are used to calculate the thermal performance of the regenerator The heat transfer mechanisms are analysed with some mix convection phenomenon. A new transient thermal simulation has been developed. The model is justified by the experiments. A new geometry of heat transfer surface is proposed to optimize the energy recovered. ]
Kharrat, Ines. "Modélisation et réalisation d’un système de récupération d’énergie imprimé : caractérisation hyperfréquence des matériaux papiers utilisés." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT106/document.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis is part of microwave energy harvesting theme, applied to supply electrochromic displays for anti-counterfeiting applications. This study focuses on the design, optimization and implementation of rectennas (rectifying antennas) printed on cellulosic substrates with industrial printing techniques.Characterization of dielectric materials (paper) and conductors has been developed. The combination between the transmission line technique and the resonant cavity allowed the characterization of a flexible and copper free substrate over a wideband (500 MHz to 3 GHz). Dielectric losses of paper are too high to perform HF circuits. A wise choice of the substrate and of the optimization technique for circuit design enables performant rectennas.Two compact rectennas were developed in microstrip technology at 2.45 GHz, optimized and printed with flexography method using a single layer of conductive ink. The rectennas do not contain vias or HF side filter or DC side filter. The first rectenna was printed on corrugated paper. The output DC voltage across the display reaches 0.5 V for a power level at the input of the rectenna of -10 dBm. The second rectenna is a 3D rectenna, printed on flexible 100 µm thick plastic substrate. A DC voltage of 1 V was measured across the display when getting near a Smartphone on Wi-Fi mode. The rectennas are suitable for both near field and far field
Diab, Daher. "Capteur acoustique sphérique autonome : étude du dispositif de récupération d'énergie vibratoire." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0037/document.
Full textA new spherical autonomous acoustic sensor is proposed. It is intended to be immersed in a liquid or pasty medium to measure some physical properties of the medium and should harvest ambient energy to ensure its autonomy. The sensor is composed of two Plexiglas half-spherical shells and a PZ26 piezoelectric ring clamped between the two shells. This structure can be used as well as in exciter or sensor. A simulation model of vibrational energy harvesting has been developed considering only two modes of vibration: thickness and radial modes. For each mode, the ring behavior is described by an equivalent electromechanical circuit connecting the mechanical ports (forces and velocities) to the electrical port (voltage and current). This choice is guided by the possibility to combine the electromechanical part with the electronics that process the energy directly in a Spice based simulator. To validate this approach, a finite elements simulation was realized and compared to the electromechanical circuit results. Resonance frequencies were also verified experimentally with an impedance analyzer. All these verifications give results in very good agreement with the proposed electromechanical model, as well as in terms of resonant frequencies, harvested voltage and power. Finally several experimental investigations are presented with a prototype of spherical sensor. These validations show the adequacy of the predictions with the experimental results. Finally, a test of the harvesting circuit is done in real situation
Lafarge, Barbara. "Modélisation, simulation et mise en œuvre d'un système de récupération d'énergie : application à un amortisseur semi-actif autonome." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0023/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study and the development of energy harvesters integrated in an automobile suspension, for example to supply either a microcontroller or sensors, or to perform an health check of parts or render semi-active the shock absorber within a suspension of an autonomous vehicle according to the level of energy available. Given the types of displacement available in the suspension, it is natural to move towards electromagnetic techniques for energy recovery related to large displacements and to piezoelectric techniques for vibrations. However, the use of such systems is complex and a number of technical issues need to be addressed to implement them. First, a perfect knowledge of piezoelectric and electromagnetic conversion techniques is required. To this end, the Bond Graph language is used and successfully applied to the entire suspension system as well as energy harvesters because of its ability to translate physical effects and energy exchanges into multiphysics systems. Furthermore, simulation / experiment confrontations are carried out in the laboratory on each of the piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesters, to ensure the proper functioning of these systems during their integration into a real vehicle. Thus, defects of different nature such as the magnetic force deforming the translation movement of the damper, the poor conduction of the magnetic field lines or the damage of the piezoelectric material during repeated tests, are analyzed in the first demonstrators in order to be corrected. Finally, a global model of automobile suspension simultaneously integrating the two subsystems of energy recovery is studied. To complete this analysis, a modeling of the circuit of restitution and energy storage is also proposed and allows a qualitative and quantitative study of the performances of piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy recovery systems. The results from these models are used to design energy recovery systems that best fit the automotive field. To conclude, road tests with the piezoelectric energy harvesters demonstrate the validity of the theoretical analysis and the feasibility of the techniques developed
Gusarova, Elena. "Dispositifs souples pour la récupération d’énergie à base de matériaux organiques piezoélectriques P(VDF-TrFE) imprimés." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT139/document.
Full textThis work aims to study innovative solutions for energy harvesting applicable toautonomous wireless sensors for IoT (Internet of Things). It is focused on flexiblepiezoelectric composite materials and a multi-physical approach. The objective is to harvestenergy via strain-induced phenomena from both mechanical and thermal sources, andparticularly sources neglected so far (slow and low). The main idea is the hybridization ofdifferent functional materials with the core of the system being screen printed piezo/pyroelectricmicrogenerators, mandatory to generate electrical charges. The originality of thiswork is to realize large area flexible energy harvesting systems by using ink-basedpiezoelectric copolymers of polyvinylidene fluoride P(VDF-TrFE). This material is veryflexible and durable which makes it attractive for applications in systems with complexshapes. Another benefit of P(VDF-TrFE) is that it does not need to be pre-stretched as PVDFand it is now available in inks for printable electronics which can simplify and reduce theprice of the fabrication process.We first describe the fabrication process of the screen printed P(VDF-TrFE)microgenerators, followed by ferroelectric and piezoelectric characterizations. For thispurpose we have developed optimized methods in open-circuit conditions adapted for flexiblesystems tested and validated on commercial bulk PVDF. The last step was to realize a lowprofile thermal flexible energy harvester prototype (no radiator). It was done by hybridizationof the fabricated microgenerators and foils of shape memory NiTi-based alloy, which is afunctional material sensitive to a given temperature threshold.The key outcomes of this work are: 1) the successful deposition of multilayers ofP(VDF-TrFE) and organic PEDOT:PSS electrode, 2) dielectric, ferroelectric and directpiezoelectric constants reported as a function of film thickness, and 3) the g31 direct voltagecoefficient, measured for the first time, and showing the record value of 0.15 V·m/N. Also,we have demonstrated that in open-circuit conditions, the microgenerators can produce auseful strain-induced voltage of 10 V with an energy density close to 500 μJ/cm3, these valuesbeing limited by the experimental set-up.The concept of thermal energy harvesting composite based on thin film screen printedP(VDF-TrFE) microgenerators was realized and demonstrated to be effective. We concludewith a functional prototype of flexible energy harvester, able to detect non-continuous slowthermal events and producing 37 V (corresponding to 95 μJ) at 65 ºC
Guigue, Sébastien. "Développement, intégration et prototypage d'un noeud-capteur autonome à récupération d’énergie pour réseaux de capteurs sans fil." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0082.
Full textThere has been an upsurge in the number of connected devices in the IoT(Internetof Things) context. The multiplication of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) lead toan increase of the number of batteries and of waste generated. In a context of green electronics, the development of self-sustained circuits supplied with energy harvesting has to be managed.Chapter I will give an overview of wireless sensor networks, including a brief history these systems, the different fields of application, the challenges and some possible solutions to overcome these issues.Chapter II will present the design of a custom Microcontroller Unit (MCU) which runs the WSN with a minimum power consumption. The architecture of the microcontroller,the instruction set, the interfacing and all the design choices will be presented.Chapter III describes the design of a Wake-Up Radio (WuRx), an always-on circuit which switches on the WSN when a request is sent. The choice for the architecture of each block Will be explained, while detailing the different aspects of each block.The blocks areas follows : An envelope detector for data reception ;A comparator for data demodulation ; An oscillator to provide a clock for the system ; A correlator to compare the received message with a reference,; A current source to provide temperature robustness.Chapter IV provides an analysis of the entire wireless sensor node. An estimation of the node autonomy is presented and a comparison with a node designed with market components is presented. Perspectives of improvement for future works will also be presented
Talbourdet, Anaëlle. "Structures textiles piézoélectriques à base de PVDF pour la conversion d’énergie mécanique en énergie électrique." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I067.
Full textThis study is part of the Autonotex project and aims to develop a connected and autonomous energy textile. The textile is intended for the manufacture of medical sheets monitoring patients and professional underwear. The main objective is to overcome the traditional batteries in smart textiles and develop a textile that will use the movements of the human body as a battery to power sensors placed strategically on clothing. To meet this challenge, the Autonotex project is focused in part on the development of new piezoelectric fibers. These materials generate a high electrical potential when subjected to mechanical stresses. In this new context, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer can be used to produce multi-filaments by melt spinning process. This polymer is known for its piezoelectric property linked its crystalline forms. The first issue of the PhD subject is to optimize this phase during the process of production of the filaments. Subsequently, two strategies were considered. In a first case, the 100% PVDF filaments are used for the production of textile fabrics which, once instrumented by electrodes, generate an electrical output voltage. A first prototype of a piezoelectric fabric coupled to electrodes by 3D-printing allows checking the feasibility of the plan. The second strategy was to develop a tri-component filament formed by the piezoelectric polymer and two layers of conducting polymer composites acting as external/internal electrodes
Varga, Liviu Octavian. "Réseaux de capteurs sans fils multi-sauts à récupération d’énergie : routage et couche liaison de bas rapport cyclique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAM064/document.
Full textThe goal of the thesis is to enable IPv6 harvested and autonomous wireless sensor networks with very low duty-cycle. It is part of an industrial project, GreenNet, hosted by STMicroelectronics with the goal of being a pioneer in the Internet of Things. The new platform differentiates from its existing competitors by a small size, which implies small battery capacity. However, a photovoltaic cell is capable of recharging the battery even under low light conditions. On top of this, we aim at nodes that sleep for very long periods. Hence, the existing solutions were not completely suited for ourneeds.The thesis proposes to analyze the possible challenges that one can meet while developing a harvested low-duty cycle platform. The most important contribution of this work is that we implement and evaluate the performance of our solutions on real hardware platforms in conditions very close to real-life.In this dissertation, we first of all develop and implement a basic solution based on the IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled standard. We choose the synchronized mode because it allows nodes to reach duty-cycles as low as 0.01%. A more difficult step was to bring multi-hop: we design new a routing scheme inside our network, and a time based access for routers and devices to eliminate interferences as much as possible. The routing scheme is meant to be simple and efficient.We go even further to optimize the total time the nodes are on: we proposed to shut down coordinators before their standardized end of slot when there is no communication. Devices that do not need to send data can skip beacons and only need to wake up to synchronize their clock or to send data. In the same time we solve the problem of multicast for long sleeping nodes by converting these packets into unicast traffic. We also improved the duty-cycle of routers that do no have associated devices by forcing them to beacon slower, as long as they do not have any associated devices.To improve the network performance we also propose a backward compatible multichannel solution. Such a scheme is useful when a link between two nodes achieve very bad performance on a certain channel but better results on a different frequency.All the solutions presented above and discussed in the dissertation were implemented and tested on the GreenNet platform. We also realized measurements of the nodes efficiency while in harvested conditions and showed that it is possible to handle harvested routers, when there is enough available light
Haboubi, Walid. "Développements de circuits Rectennae bi-polarisation, bi-bande pour la récupération et conversion d’énergie électromagnétique à faible niveau." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1089/document.
Full textImproving energy autonomy of communication systems constitutes one of the major concerns for their massive deployment in our environment. We want to make these electronic devices (sensors and sensor networks) completely autonomous, avoiding the embedded energy sources that require replacement operations or periodic charging. Among the available energy sources that can be harvested, there are electromagnetic waves. The device that can capture this energy and convert it into useful DC power is called Rectenna (Rectifying antenna), combining antenna with diode-based rectifier. In recent few years, rectennas have reached a significant number of papers in the literature. The main challenge consists in improving performances in term of efficiency, in an attempt to overcome the electromagnetic wave attenuation and the low available field level. According to this context, this PhD work supported by the ANR project REC-EM has taken place. In this study, we have developed, designed and characterized planar structures that have interesting properties:- In term of orthogonal polarizations, so energy harvesting becomes feasable regardless the arbitrary orientation of the incident wave on the rectenna. A dual-circularly polarized rectenna at 2.45 GHz with dual-access will be set up to overcome the 3 dB power loss in the case of linearly-polarized incident wave with unknown orientation.- In term of multiple resonances, so the amount of total RF power collected by the antenna can be increased and consequently the converted DC power level can also be improved. A dual-frequency rectenna (1.8 and 2.45 GHz) with single access will be designed, as well as a rectenna based upon a dual-frequency antenna array.- In term of size compactness by avoiding the use of the HF filter between the antenna and the rectifier for all developed rectenna structures during this work. In all cases, it will be necessary to define the most suitable rectifier topology to each antenna and select, if it is appropriated, the optimum DC recombination technique to overcome the effects of RF power imbalance that may occur between the different antenna accesses. Besides, single-diode circuits will be designed and fulfilled for each structure. Finally, we will miniaturize the dual-circularly polarized dual-access antenna, and exploit it to power a LCD display temperature sensor. To enhance the DC voltage level required to activate the sensor, a DC-DC converter is inserted between the rectenna and the sensor. Such energy management device should be able to operate under low delivered DC power. Two converters will be used. The first one is developed by Ampere Lab at Ecole Centrale de Lyon and SATIE Lab at ENS Cachan. This converter was the subject of another dissertation also supported by the ANR under the REC-EM project
Wague, Baba. "Matériaux sans plomb micro structurés pour la récupération d'énergie." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEC003/document.
Full textWith the development of ultra-low-power integrated circuits, the need to reduce operating costs for embedded electronic devices, and since used batteries pose a threat to the environment, the concept of energy harvesting has gained a new relevance. Energy harvesting covers the scavenging of many lost ambient energy sources and their conversion into electrical energy. A broad range of energy harvesting devices has been developed to scavenge energy from mechanical vibrations. A common configuration consists of a spring-mass system with a piezoelectric material in parallel with the spring to convert some of the mechanical energy during oscillations into electrical power. So far the most used material for piezoelectric energy harvesting is the Lead Zirconate Titanate (PbZr1-xTixO3) (PZT). PZT is the reference material for MEMS (MechanoElectroMechanicalSystems) applications in the field of energy harvesting. Lead-based piezoelectric materials such as PZT and lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) offer incomparable piezoelectric coupling factors to other materials. However, despite its excellent electrical properties (dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric), PZT and other Lead based materials should be replaced shortly by leadfree compounds, due to environmental issues. Our work aims at developing lead-free high performance vibration energy-harvesting. We focus on the fabrication and characterization of aluminum nitride (AlN), Barium titanate BaTiO3 (BTO) and Bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 (BFO) devices for energy harvesting. PZT (as a reference because it’s high piezoelectric coefficients), BTO, BFO and AlN have been deposited using sputtering methods, leading to high homogeneous, large scale thin films with a precisely controlled thickness. The deposition of 300nm-thick films by sputtering or spin coating was performed on SrTiO3 (STO) substrate with SrRuO3 (SRO) bottom electrode, which is the reference substrate for the functional oxides (PZT, BTO and BFO), and platinum coated silicon substrate, which is the classic industrial template. Whatever the piezoelectric materials, we obtained epitaxial films on STO substrate and textured films on silicon substrate. Structural, electrical and piezoelectric measurements on the BTO, AlN and PZT films show that they have good physical properties in agreement with the literature
Lu, Yingxian. "Récolteuses d’énergie cinétique électrostatique (e-REC) à basse fréquence pour applications de communication RFID et électronique portable." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1077/document.
Full textA growing number of portable and wearable electronics results in an increasing demand of sustainable and localized power supply module of small size and weight, and offering high output power. As a promising choice for the power supply, Kinetic energy harvesters (KEHs), transforming the ambient vibrations or motions into electrical energy, are studied intensively in recent yeas. The performance of the miniature KEHs available in literature are generaly confined by their sized. The ambient vibrations are usually abundant in low frequency, which is also a major factor restricting the output power of the KEH. In order to enhance the power output, we should improve the energy conversion efficiency, which is related to the transduction principle. This work presents the improvement of the output power of low frequency electrostatic KEHs through impact-coupled mechanical frequency up conversion mechanism, and proposes a predictive numerical model of the prototype which considers the squeeze film air damping effect and the impacts in the prototype. A prototype is proposed with improved geometry of capacitive module reducing the air damping force. Alternative approaches to adjust the KEHs to varied applications are proposed, including a fully flexible KEH designed for wearable electronics, and a 2-D low frequency KEH that is sensible to vibrations along two orthogonal directions. In addition, a fully energy-autonomous RFID tag system implementing the low frequency KEH as the power supply module and a semi-passive RFID communication module is presented
Clementi, Giacomo. "LiNbO3 films : intégration pour la récupération de l'énergie piézoélectrique et pyroélectrique." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCD057.
Full textThis thesis is a part of the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network (ITN) ENHANCE project (Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters for Self-Powered Automotive Sensors: from Advanced Lead-Free Materials to Smart Systems), which is related to energy harvesting for automotive applications, specifically for vibrational and thermal harvesting for self-powered sensors. In this thesis, we investigated lead-free LiNbO3 piezoelectric material as transducer for energy harvesting applications, with special focus regarding its optimized material properties and electronic interface.We explored all the possible routes of micro-fabrication for LiNbO3 films, with top-down or bottom-up approaches, in order to achieve high quality LiNbO3 films. We presented both PIMOCVD films which can be grown textured on silicon substrates, and thick films from single crystal LiNbO3 Au-Au bonded to silicon or metal. We optimized the coupling and electro-mechanical properties of the LiNbO3 transducers by finite element simulations and orientation study. Eventually, we demonstrated experimentally that LiNbO3 (YXl)/128° is the best orientation for vibrational energy harvesting applications. Finally, we attained a normalized power density of 371.2 µW.cm^-3.g^-2.Hz^-1 by using the proposed composite structure vibrating at resonance frequency, that is among best values even compared to lead-based (and other lead-free) materials commercially available.Furthermore, we fulfilled the objective to provide rectified output voltage in 1-3 V range from Pb-free harvesters, achieving for systems of compact dimensions (< 1 cm^3), a piezoelectric figure of merit of 26.6 GJ/m^3 with considerable mechanical quality factor (> 100), and operational frequencies in the range of 10-500 Hz available in vehicles
Nour, Eddine Ali. "Modélisation et optimisation d’un système de récupération d’énergie à l’échappement des moteurs de navires en utilisant la thermoélectricité (effet Seebeck)." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0029/document.
Full textThermoelectric energy (TE) harvesting (Seebeck effect)is a promising solution for waste heat recovery onboard ocean-going ships. On one hand, the marine Diesel engines reach around 400-450°C temperature at the turbocharger exhaust, corresponding to around 200-300°C on the hot side thermoelectric module (TEM)temperature, which is interesting according to recent studies on intermediate temperatures TE materials. In addition, seawater is available in abundance at low temperature, and represents an excellent heat sink. On the other hand, engine fuel consumption accounts today almost 50 % of ship operational costs; hence, a slight reduction of fuel consumption generates significant financial savings over the year.The objective of the Thesis is to understand and analyze the operation of a thermoelectric heat exchanger, especially in the presence of pulsations and to optimize the thermoelectric generator (TEG). Several test campaigns leading to different thermal and electrical measurement have been conducted. The campaigns were set up on three different test benches designed and fabricated during the thesis. The aim of these tests was to optimize the type of TEM’s and heat exchangers for Diesel engine application by investigating it’s the performances on engine operating points. In a second step, the effects of exhaust gas composition and pulsation flow on the TEG performances were investigated. A simulation model was developed to model the operation of a TEG. Tests were conducted to calibrate the simulation model
Maaroufi, Seifeddine. "Conception et réalisation d’un banc pour l’étude de fiabilité des micros dispositifs piézoélectriques de récupération d’énergie dédiés aux implants cardiaques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS187/document.
Full textWithin the framework of this PhD we present the design and realization of a bench dedicated to the study of the reliability of piezoelectric structures and more precisely micro-devices of energy harvesting for the new generation of active and autonomous medical implants. The structures studied are in the form of a free-clamped piezoelectric bimorph having a seismic mass at their tip. A good understanding of the aging of the materials and of the mechanical and electrical failure modes is essential for this type of system where the life of the patient implanted by this device is directly involved. To study the reliability and durability of the active part of the harvester, we propose to establish a new accelerated aging methodology via a dedicated test bench where the environment and stimuli can be controlled accurately over a large period of time. An electromechanical characterization of the structures is periodically carried out by the extraction of a series of indicators (blocking force, stiffness, tension in harmonic regime) within the bench throughout the aging process. Therefore it is possible to identify the different potential failure modes and to study their impact on the proper functioning of the system
Hampikian, Zélia. "De la distribution aux synergies ? : Circulations locales d’énergie et transformations des processus de mise en réseau de la ville." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1001/document.
Full textWithin the framework of the ongoing energy transition objectives, energy circulations at the infra-urban level are increasingly promoted. For instance, local, national and transnational stakeholders suggest the reuse of heat currently being wasted by diverse human activities (industries, data centres, wastewaters …). Alternatively, distributed energy sharing between different urban functions (residential, services, retail …) at the urban block or district scale is promoted. In short, several forms of connections through energy exchange between urban activities are encouraged and examples of those are multiplying.The thesis offers to capture those connections as new forms of urban networks that supersede or overlap a century-old network model based on techno-economic efficiency, socio-economic and socio-spatial solidarity and consumptions growth. It aims at understanding what these local circulations change to the co-construction of cities and energy networks.To do so, the approach combines the results of two different strands of work. On the one side, urban and sociotechnical studies of networked infrastructures allow to understand the reconfigurations of those systems. On the other side, industrial ecology works analyse the dynamics that lead to material circulations between human activities. The articulation of their results makes it possible to grasp the considered object in its social, technical and metabolic dimensions, that is, in a sociomaterial perspective.The analysis is mainly based on three French case studies of which the emergence, running and evolution are investigated: industrial waste heat reuse in the heat network of the city of Dunkirk, heat extraction from a data center to be distributes the in a district of Marne-la-Vallée and energy sharing in the La Confluence district in Lyon. More broadly, suggested or implemented reconfigurations of the organisation of energy provision are reviewed.The results of the study are threefold. First, these new forms of urban network are not solely motivated by techno-economic efficiency. The interests of the stakeholders all come into alignment with an objective of optimization of energy flows uses: from techno-economic efficiency, the goal becomes metabolic efficiency. Second, the networks formed by those circulations are unstable, in particular because of the uncertainties that regard short and long term availability of energy flows. Hence, they do not reproduce the solidarities that emerge from conventional large and stable networks. Third, to reduce those instabilities, actors suggest evolutions that aim at reducing their dependencies on uncertain flows. These evolutions all result in the growth of the network, but do not follow an objective of universalisation. On the contrary, an important spatial selection is operated, according to the perceived materiality of flows by actors. Instead of leading to new consumptions in a supply rationale, the logic becomes one of existing flows integration.To sum up, the thesis shows a “metabolic turn” in the process of networking the urban through energy circulations. While infrastructures extension has long been at the centre of networks construction, pre-existing produced and consumed flows can now become the primary motivation of building connections
Nesser, Hussein. "Fabrication et caractérisation des MEMS composite pour la récupération d'énergie mécanique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0269/document.
Full textRecent advances in the field of organic MEMS have generated interest in the substitution of inorganic microbeams by organic ones for various applications. Until now, the use of electrostrictive materials is limited to the MEMS operating mostly in static mode. The electrostrictive response of organic MEMS is presented here for the first time in dynamic mode. One of the originality of this work is to produce a micro-mechanical energy harvester fabricated in an all-organic approach. In this thesis, strain sensitive nanocomposite materials based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are used for mechanical vibratory energy harvesting with an electrostrictive transducer. With an acceleration of 1 g of the microcantilever base, actuation at the first resonant mode (≈ 17 Hz) generates an electrical power density of 8.15 μW/cm3
Zhou, Yuwei. "Contribution à la récupération de l'énergie électromagnétique ambiante pour les objets communicants autonomes." Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=1662e015-4123-47ef-a212-53bb99182204.
Full textThe research works of this thesis are focused on the ambient electromagnetic energy harvesting to improve the life time of wireless autonomous devices. The waves produced by cellular telephones, Wireless Internet and also radio and television transmissions may be captured and rectified to produce a continuous voltage able to supply mobile phones, environment data sensors, computers, etc. Broadband or multiband antennas, combined to a high frequency rectifying circuits with Schottky diodes must be optimized for the reception and rectifying of a very low level electromagnetic power (about a few micro watts per cm2). In this thesis, an important optimization work is done in frequency domain and especially in power domain. The high frequency circuit simulator ADS and high frequency electromagnetic simulator HFSS, are used to design the rectenna. The obtained conversion efficiencies place our laboratory in the international state of the art in electromagnetic energy harvesting
Serairi, Linda. "Elaboration et conception des dispositifs de la récupération d’énergie à base de nanofils de ZnO et de microfibres de PVDF-TrFE." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1189/document.
Full textDevelopment of renewable energy can not only compensate for the lack of fossil energy in the future, but also save our planet by reducing CO2 emission pollution. Piezoelectric materials have the ability to convert environmental mechanical movements into electrical energy. In this thesis, two types of piezoelectric materials have been studied for energy harvesting: ZnO nanowires and PVDF-TrFE microfibers. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to realize the low cost energy harvesting devices for self-powered sensors.Over the past decade, ZnO nanowires had attracted a great interest in the research field due to their multifunctionality with a great potential in the various applications (energy harvesting by piezoelectric and photovoltaic effect, bio & chemical sensors, water & air purification by photocatalytic effect ...). PVDF-TrFE is also an attractive polymer in energy harvesting due to its piezoelectric properties, high mechanical flexibility, and also for its low cost.In this work, two synthesis methods have been used to obtain the piezoelectric micro- & nanomaterials: Hydrothermal for the ZnO nanowire arrays and Electrospinning for the PVDF-TrFE microfibers. The synthesis conditions have been optimized in order to obtain the suitable samples for the applications. Then, two types of energy harvesting devices were manufactured. First, we realized the microgenerators (MGs) based on the PVDF-TrFE microfibers deposited on the Kapton substrate. These flexible MGs based on the direct piezoelectric effect allowing the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy at low frequency of the order of hertz. The second type of nanogenerators (NGs) is based on ZnO nanowire array on the silicon substrate. The energy harvesting tests were carried out in a frequency range of a few hundred hertz for the aeronautical application
Monthéard, Romain. "Récupération d'énergie aéroacoustique et thermique pour capteurs sans fil embarqués sur avion." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAT0026/document.
Full textThis work adresses the issue of energy autonomy within wirelesssensor networks embedded in aircrafts, which may be solved throughambient energy harvesting and storage. In a first study, we develop a demonstratorbased on thermal gradients energy harvesting, which is designedto supply power to a structural health monitoring system implementednear the engine zone. Thereafter, we introduce a capacitive storagearchitecture which self-adapts to its own state of charge, aiming at improvingits performance in terms of startup time, the energy utilization ratioand under some conditions, the energy transfer. Finally, we report the resultsof a prospective study on aeroacoustic energy harvesting appliedto the relative wind. It is shown that this method exhibits an interestingpotential in terms of generated power, then we introduce the design andthe realization of an optimized energy management circuit, allowing ourtechnique to supply power to a wireless temperature sensor
Durand-Estèbe, Paul. "Systèmes de récupération d'énergie pour l'alimentation de capteurs autonomes pour l'aéronautique." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0033/document.
Full textThis work deals with energy harvesting and storage to power aircraft embedded wireless sensors. First, we discuss the issue of powering wireless sensors in an aircraft and we present a state of the art of the various energy harvesting and storage technologies that could be used. Then, through the design and construction of two harvesters, we show the possibilities offered by this technology and we explain the design constraints imposed by the application to get a reliable and robust power supply. The first harvester is a photovoltaic power supply located on the upper surface of an A321’s wing supplying a wireless sensors belt nearby. The systems provides 2 watts to the load, works with cloudy weather and is highly resistant to negative temperature (-50°C) and low pressure (200hPa) that are met at aircraft cruising altitude. The second harvester is a thermoelectric power supply located in an A380 pylon supplying a structural health monitoring system. The harvester is highly resistant to high temperature (300°C) and severe vibrations of the installation area and manages to generate the required energy to supply the structural health monitoring sensors. Mechanical and electronic design steps and choices that led to both harvesters are detailed and discussed
Nesser, Hussein. "Fabrication et caractérisation des MEMS composite pour la récupération d'énergie mécanique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0269.
Full textRecent advances in the field of organic MEMS have generated interest in the substitution of inorganic microbeams by organic ones for various applications. Until now, the use of electrostrictive materials is limited to the MEMS operating mostly in static mode. The electrostrictive response of organic MEMS is presented here for the first time in dynamic mode. One of the originality of this work is to produce a micro-mechanical energy harvester fabricated in an all-organic approach. In this thesis, strain sensitive nanocomposite materials based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are used for mechanical vibratory energy harvesting with an electrostrictive transducer. With an acceleration of 1 g of the microcantilever base, actuation at the first resonant mode (≈ 17 Hz) generates an electrical power density of 8.15 μW/cm3
Zielinski, Mateusz. "Système distribué actif sans fil basse consommation pour l'amortissement des vibrations." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0029/document.
Full textFor centuries we have used vehicles equipped with the vibration suspension systems. These systems are used to provide comfort and safety. Nowadays we are implementing the active systems which can be adapted according to the real-time requirements. These types of systems are used to damp vibrations and to provide noise and vibration insulation. In the thesis we present a new approach of an adaptive system for automotive applications. We assume that a porting of a centralized system in a distributed system can improve its effectiveness. We offer a wireless sensor network for damping vibration in automotive applications. A network sensor is able to measure the vibrations, damp the vibrations and energy harvesting from vibrations by using a single piezoelectric element (Serial-SSHI method). We validate the network of nodes on a mechanical structure. The measurements are compared with finite element simulations. The results of measurements and simulations confirm the choice of solutions. The network node provides designed functionality with acceptable efficiency. We also validate the energy harvesting and the vibration measurements. The outcome of the work confirm a local effect of vibrations damping and a global effect (the designed Wireless Sensor Network provides a supplementary damping action)
Huguet, Thomas. "Vers une meilleure exploitation des dispositifs de récupération d’énergie vibratoire bistables : Analyse et utilisation de comportements originaux pour améliorer la bande passante." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI113/document.
Full textThis thesis concerns vibratory energy harvesting in order to propose an alternative to conventional batteries for the power supply of autonomous wireless systems. This would improve their compactness (less stored energy), their resistance to harsh environments (high temperature) and reduce their need for maintenance. This study focuses in particular on bistable oscillating generators, which are interesting for their large useful frequency range compared to that offered by linear generators (limited to the resonance zone). This thesis is divided into four main parts. The first presents the construction of the mathematical model to predict the different behaviors of the bistable generator (these behaviors can coexist over certain frequency ranges) including the study of stability to small disturbances. This model highlights original behaviors for energy recovery: subharmonic behaviors whose frequency range allows increasing the overall generator bandwidth. In order to improve the accuracy of the model, a semi-analytical criterion is then added: the stability robustness criterion which characterizes the sensitivity of the different behaviors to external disturbances (the more robust a behavior, the easier to maintain over time). The model obtained and the experimental prototype show a wide frequency range on which the interesting behaviors (high orbits) and the undesirable behaviors (low orbits) coexist. The third part of this thesis therefore presents different strategies for jumping from low to high orbits by playing directly on the generator parameters. Finally, the fourth and last part focuses on the influence of the AC-DC interface circuit between the bistable generator and the load for future integration
Ben, Achour Mohamed Aymen. "Etude des propriétés piézoélectriques du polymère biosourcé PLA pour la récupération d'énergie vibratoire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPHF0025.
Full textThe potentiality of PLA films produced by extrusion and uniaxial stretching by MDO of industrial grades has been investigated for the energy harvesting by piezoelectric transformation. A piezoelectric coefficient characterization technique suitable for polymer films was tested and validated on a commercial PVDF piezoelectric film. It was then used to evaluate the d14 coefficient of PLA films. A study on the effect of structural parameters of the PLAs on their piezoelectric behaviour was carried out. An energy recovery test bench based on the application of dynamic tensile strains was used to assess the capability of PLAs to convert mechanical vibrations into electrical energy. A comparison with commercial PVDF was carried out. An equivalent electro-mechanical model was developed and made it possible to describe the evolution of power as a function of mechanical stress conditions for different grades of PLA as well as for PVDF. This model, was used to predict the effect of the variation of the various intrinsic parameters (mechanical and piezoelectric qualities of polymers) and extrinsic (characteristics of the vibratory source and electrical impedance matching). Finally, for future applications, we evaluated the potentiality of PLA (in film or textile form) for applications as a dynamic deformation, dynamic force and shock sensor and also for ultrasonic emission and reception
Huet, Florian. "Développement de structures hybrides électromécaniques pour micro-sources d'énergie : générateurs piézoélectriques linéaires et non linéaires." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAA029/document.
Full textThe implementation of wireless sensor nodes in industrial installations, transport or building is a potential route to increase the performances of these systems.By a proper supervision and exploitation of the collected information (temperature, vibratory level, humidity, etc.) the reliability and the energy performances can be increased. With the regular reduction of the power requirements for new generations of wireless sensors nodes, a strong scientific interest to develop autonomous power supply has raised.In this framework, a specific research topic appeared about ten years ago: ambient energy harvesting.The present work investigates the performances of an original micro-generator architecture for vibration energy harvesting: the “Hybrid Fluid Diaphragm” (HFD).The concept of HFD consists in encapsulating an incompressible fluid between two flexible membranes. The fluid behaves as an inertial mass which leads to a resonant frequency suitable for ambient vibrations whose spectrum is usually lower than a few hundred Hertz.These membranes are made of P(VDF-TrFE), a piezoelectric polymer, and are designed to ensure the optimal conversion of the mechanical solicitations (flexion/stretch) into electrical energy.A multiphysic modeling which integrates the fluid, the mechanical and the electric coupled behaviors is proposed.The realization and the characterization of two HFD's generators are detailed.A first prototype implements single layer piezoelectric membranes, whereas a second one uses optimized double layer membranes.The generated power appears to be sufficient to consider the power supply of wireless sensor nodes operating in intermittent transmitting mode. The very simple geometry of the proposed generators is favorable to their integration in realistic applications
Sainthuile, Thomas. "Récupération d'Energie Vibratoire pour Systèmes de Contrôle Santé Intégré de Structures Aéronautiques." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VALE0036/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to develop a self-powered Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system for aeronautical applications. This system has to be fully autonomous and has to be able to carry out SHM tasks such as damage detection and location. The energetic autonomy of the system is provided by a vibrational energy harvesting technology using bonded SHM piezoelectric transducers. In this document,an analytical model of the energy harvesting process has been proposed. This model, validated by the Finite Element Method (FEM), allows the optimization of the energy harvesting system by determining the ideal type of transducers as well as their optimal dimensions and locations. Then, this model has been applied to a configuration aiming to be more representative of the in-flight vibrations experienced by a structure. Good agreement has been found between the analytical simulation and the experimental measurements. A power of 1.67mW has been harvested and the wideband capability of the transducers has been verified. Afterwards, the possibility of using the vibrational energy harvesting technology to control composite structures on assembly line has been investigated. For this case study, a transducer strategically located nearby an available power supply generates Lamb waves throughout the structure to tackle the absence of natural vibration. The remaining sensors, spread all over the structure, convertthe mechanical vibrations into electrical power. Using this technology, a power of 7.36mW has been harvested. Finally, this SHM system has also been able to detect a tool drop on the composite structure and to light simultaneously and autonomously a light-emitting diode (LED) simulating the consumption required to transmit the information wirelessly
Chrir, Anass. "Dépôt de couches épaisses piézoélectriques par dépôt d’aérosol (ADM) : Maîtrise du procédé, résolution des défis post-recuit, et démonstration d’application en récupération d’énergie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LIMO0101.
Full textThis thesis explores the fabrication of lead-free piezoelectric thick films using the Aerosol Deposition Method (ADM) for energy harvesting applications. The work initially focused on the deposition of thick BaTiO3 (BT) layers, with a mastering of the deposition parameters. Films over 100 µm thick were successfully deposited onto Kovar® but lacked ferro/piezoelectric properties due to the grain size effect. Heat treatments above 800 °C restored these properties, thanks to annealing-induced grain growth. The addition of Li2CO3 (BT-Li) reduced the annealing temperature required to restore the functional properties to 650°C, while improving them at 800 and 900°C. Nevertheless, Kovar® substrates showed oxidation after annealing for all temperature and atmosphere conditions. Hence, stainless steel (SUS) substrates were used successfully for BT andBT-Li films, leading to improvements after annealing. Above 900°C, lithium insertion into the BT lattice hardened the ferroelectric behavior, and reduced the piezoelectric response. NBT-6BT films were also deposited onto SUS sheets, showing promising properties after annealing. An innovative aspect of this thesis was the exploration of the co-deposition of ceramic-polymer composites (CPC), making it possible to obtain films with ferro/piezoelectric properties without annealing. These films were deposited onto Kovar®, polyimide and silicon, paving the way for applications on all types of substrates, including temperature-sensitive ones such as polymers. Finally, energy recovery demonstrators were fabricated with BT, NBT-6BT and CPC layers, all validating energy harvesting potential, including non-annealed CPC demonstrators
Sridi, Mohamed. "Développement d'un système d'alimentation d'un noeud de capteur sans fils à partir d'un récupérateur piézoélectrique pour des applications dans l'automobile." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6732.
Full textZaraket, Elie. "Réalisation d’une 'méta-peau' récupératrice d’énergie électromagnétique pour des applications WBAN." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025BORD0035.
Full textRecent advancements in remote healthcare and biomedical technologies are rapidly accelerating the development of flexible, wearable devices for continuous health monitoring. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) market is projected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 38.5% between 2024 and 2032, with Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) serving as a critical driver of this growth. Thus far, the expansion of IoT devices has faced challenges in designing wearable, miniaturized, and biocompatible prototypes with power-autonomous operation for physiological sensors. Therefore, this thesis aims to develop a wearable Energy-Harvesting (EH) system, in the form of a skin-applied device, designed for monitoring physiological conditions. The primary challenge of this research is the impact of the human body on the antenna system's performance when positioned directly on the skin. The body absorbs part of the radiation, which significantly reduces the efficiency of the EH system. In this context, Artificial Magnetic Conductors (AMC)s present a promising solution as reflectors for low-profile antennas, in the GSM and WiFi bands. By leveraging their inherent zero-phase reflection properties, AMCs improve antenna performance while eliminating the need for a bulky quarter-wave backplane. The real-world tests of the dual-band AMC-backed antenna showed minimal performance distortion for WBAN applications. Finally, the integration of a designed RF-to-DC converter enables the rectenna to function as an autonomous wearable energy harvester, providing a rectified voltage of 1V at approximately -17.5 dBm, suitable for powering certain physiological sensors
Hinchet, Ronan. "Electromechanical study of semiconductor piezoelectric nanowires. Application to mechanical sensors and energy harvesters." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT013/document.
Full textSmart systems are the combined result of different advances in microelectronics leading to an increase in computing power, lower energy consumption, the addition of new features, means of communication and especially its integration and application into our daily lives. The evolution of the field of smart systems is promising, and the expectations are high in many fields: Industry, transport, infrastructure and environment monitoring as well as housing, consumer electronics, health care services but also defense and space applications. Nowadays, the integration of more and more functions in smart systems is leading to a looming energy issue where the autonomy of such smart systems is beginning to be the main issue. Therefore there is a growing need for autonomous sensors and power sources. Developing energy harvesters and self-powered sensors is one way to address this energy issue. Among the technologies studied, piezoelectricity has the advantage to be compatible with the MEMS industry, it generates high voltages and it has a high direct coupling between the mechanic and electric physics. Among the piezoelectric materials, semiconductor piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) could be a promising option as they exhibit improved piezoelectric properties and higher maximum flexion.Among the different piezoelectric NWs, ZnO and GaN NWs are the most studied, their piezoelectric properties are more than doubled at the nanoscale. They have the advantage of being IC compatible and reasonably synthesizable by top-down and bottom-up approaches. Especially we studied the hydrothermal growth of ZnO NWs. In order to use them we studied the behavior of ZnO NWs. We performed analytical study and FEM simulations of a ZnO NW under bending. This study explains the piezoelectric potential distribution as a function of the force and is used to extract the scaling rules. We have also developed mechanical AFM characterization of the young modulus of ZnO and GaN NWs. Following we perform piezoelectric AFM characterization of these NWs, verifying the behavior under bending stresses. Once physics understood, we discuss limitation of our piezoelectric NWs models and a more realistic model is developed, closer to the experimental configurations. Using this model we evaluated the use of ZnO NW for force and displacement sensors by measuring the potential generated, and from experiments, the use of GaN NW for force sensor by measuring the current through the NW. But energy harvesting is also necessary to address the energy issue and we deeper investigate this solution. To fully understand the problematic we study the state of the art of nanogenerator (NG) and their potential architectures. We analyze their advantages and disadvantages in order to define a reference NG structure. After analytical study of this structure giving the basis for a deeper understanding of its operation and challenges, FEM simulations are used to define optimization routes for a NG working in compression or in bending. The fabrication of prototypes and theirs preliminary characterization is finally presented
Adami, Salah-Eddine. "Optimisation de la récupération d'énergie dans les applications de rectenna." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967525.
Full textFaye, Mathieu Coumba. "Etude de systèmes basse consommation avec récupération d'énergie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0634.
Full textNear field RFID technologies use to embark loop antennas large enough to provide the amount of energy needed by the all the circuits they are interfaced with. Reducing the size of those antennas facilitates their integration into small sized objects and opens up the possibility of new applications. However, it also reduces the energy transfer capability of the system. In order to keep the same functionalities with this size reduction trend, it is clear that each important part of the integrated circuit need to have a higher efficiency. Although an overall optimization, ensuring an optimal contribution of each of all the parts of the system, is more fitting. In addition to this energy drop, the current applications create an increasing need of high data volume exchange and high data rates. The main objectives of thesis work are the optimization of the power transfer capabilities of 13.56MHz passive RF systems and the improvement of the communication circuits. A thorough study, to identify the key factors in RF power transfer, have been led. The ultimate goal being the design of an optimized system. For the communication aspect a discrete PLL, based on injection locking and gradient descent algorithm, was studied and designed. Thus introducing a new method of carrier recovery in this field. This PLL provides a synchronous clock to the system during OOK modulation and also a sine shaped clock for quadrature demodulation. This method was successfully tested on ASK and PSK modulated signals.Two chip have been design and manufactured, using STMicroelectronics 130nm technology for the power recovery system and UMC 55nm technology for the clock and data recovery system
Boughaleb, Jihane. "Développement et intégration d'un récupérateur d’énergie thermique à base de bilames thermiques et de matériaux piézoélectriques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI114/document.
Full textThe development of energy harvesting systems is linked to the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) more specifically to the proliferation of Wireless Sensor Networks that should respond to the growing needs for monitoring data in domains as diverse as the industry, the urban environments, the home or even the human body. Recent progress in the CMOS technology have enabled to remove some of the technical obstacles to the deployment of these smart and autonomous devices, specifically thanks to the improvements of the performances of microelectronic components, the design of ultra-low-power circuits and even the creation of wireless communication standards well adapted to the needs of wireless sensors. Given the availability of ambient energy sources like mechanical, thermal, light etc., energy harvesters are becoming reliable alternatives to batteries in order to extend the autonomy of these sensors. Consequently, various technologies of generators have been developed to harvest different kind of energies in function of their availability. The present work is a contribution to the development of a thermal energy harvester based on bimetallic strips heat engine and piezoelectric membranes. This type of technology developed by STMicroelectronics is intended to be a low cost alternative to thermoelectric generators exploiting the seebeck effect to convert heat into electricity. Based on this working principle, many harvesters both at the micro and macro scale have been fabricated. This thesis deals with the development of macroscopic energy harvesters whose first proofs of concept were established in a previous thesis. An important part of this manuscript deals with the thermal optimization of this energy harvester both in static and dynamic modes. Once the thermal properties improved, various piezoelectric materials were tested and compared to find the most adapted ones to our application and the same work is realized to choose the best device’s architecture. The integration of the energy harvester is then realized and wireless sensor node applications are demonstrated using various communication protocols and sensors. SPICE modeling of the system is also made and coupled with simulations of power management circuits developed by CEA’s design team. Finally, alternative ways to exploit wasted heat and vibrations are proposed through the development of piezoelectric bimetals and dual energy harvesters able to harvest thermal energy and mechanical energy at the same time: piezoelectric bimetals are realized either by direct deposition of piezoelectric composites or piezoelectric thin films onto bimetals. In the case of the dual energy harvester, piezoelectric cantilever beams were designed and simulated to vibrate at low frequencies (between 50Hz and 125Hz)
Kalaagi, Mohammed. "Métasurfaces pour la récupération d'énergie électromagnétique et le transfert d'énergie sans fil dans l'environnement ferroviaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUI049.
Full textThe interest for electric energy power supply to different components in the railway infrastructure, has become an interesting research topic with the gain of popularity for railway systems. To develop a smart, reliable, safe and autonomous railway system, specially with the rise of different technologies such as Internet of things (IoT) devices and wireless sensor nodes (WSN), electric power supply is needed for such that devices are implemented in a reliable and autonomous manner. Energy harvesting and wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies can be a key element for power supply to such devices, to build a sufficient and convenient system. A high level of EM energy has been shown to exist up to the microwave region and which can have a high potential for EM energy harvesting.The aim of this work is to develop novel concepts based on metasurfaces, to enhance the potential and performance of EM energy harvesting and WPT technologies which can be compatible for the application in the railway environment. The main challenge is to design an efficient and compact device specially at low MHz frequencies where conventional rectenna systems can be insufficient.We first propose a novel concept to enhance the efficiency of EM conventional or off-the-shelf commercialized rectenna systems. It is based on the focusing of the ambient EM waves in an area where it can be harvested by a rectenna system. The design of focusing metasurface based on the hyperboloidal profile of the generalized phase law is proposed: the incident ambient EM energy in the far-field, is concentrated at a point known as the focal point at a given distance from the metasurface design. The metasurface designed is simulated and experimental validations in both near field and far field are proposed. Measurements have been carried in the anechoic chamber to validate the concept using a commercialized rectenna system and the focusing metasurface design at 900 MHz. The results have shown that, when implementing the rectenna system along side the focusing metasurface, the received power is enhanced by a factor of 5. Field tests were then conducted: the system was then implemented in the railway environment in the presence of a GSM-R base station, where the results have shown that, when implementing the metasurface along side the rectenna device, -20 dBm of received power was achieved which can be sufficent to wake up low-input-power devices such as wireless sensors, whereas the rectenna device (commercial energy harvester) alone showed poor results of received power around -40 dBm.An alternative solution for wireless electric power supply in the railway system is WPT. However, one of the main challenges for such technologies in this case can be line of sight with mobilty issues: better tracking and wider detection angle of the fed device is required. In this case, the design of multi-angle retrodirective metasurfaces based on different concepts such as cascading of various metamaterial super-cell designs, and surface impedance modulation are proposed. These designs can be implemented along side the fed device (IoT or WSN), in order to enhance the localization and tracking of the fed device beyond the common line-of-signt limitations reaching extreme oblique incident angles. Other solutions for efficiency enhancement and miniaturization for EM energy harvesting systems based on absorbing metasurfaces are proposed at low microwave frequencies
Hanani, Zouhair. "Conception de composite flexible céramique sans plomb/biopolymère pour des applications de stockage et de récupération d'énergie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0288.
Full textThe existing energy storage and harvesting devices suffer from the moderate performances, low flexibility and the use of toxic compounds. This is how ceramic/polymer nanocomposite approach is highly promising for high-efficiency energy storage and harvesting applications, due to the high dielectric constant of the ceramic and the high breakdown strength, the flexibility and the ease of processing of the polymer. This thesis focuses on designing ceramic (BCZT)/polymer (PLA) nanocomposites for these applications. First, controlled syntheses of BCZT ceramics with different particle sizes, size distributions and shapes were performed and discussed. The effects of grain size and grain shape of BCZT ceramics on the dielectric properties were studied. It was found that the BCZT ceramic with near-spherical particles elaborated by low-temperature hydrothermal processing at 160 °C revealed enhanced dielectric and ferroelectric properties compared to the BCZT ceramics synthesized by other methods. Second, BCZT near-spherical particles BCZT nanorods and HZTO nanowires were embedded in the biodegradable PLA polymer matrix. The effects of the ceramic shape, arrangement, dielectric constant and aspect ratio on the dielectric constant of the nanocomposite were explored using the effective dielectric constant of the nanocomposite models. It was found that for improving the dielectric properties of the composite, it is important to control the ceramic fillers geometry rather the use of high-k ceramics. Afterwards, the energy storage properties of PLA-based nanocomposites were evaluated by D−E hysteresis loops, and high-energy storage performances were obtained in the nanocomposites based on rod-like fillers. The energy harvesting aspect was investigated by designing a bio-flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (BF-PNG) based on BCZT/PLA nanocomposite film to convert the ambient mechanical energy to electrical energy. This BF-PNG could generate open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of 14.4 V and 0.55 µA, respectively, and large power density of 7.54 mW/cm3 at a low resistive load of 3.5 MΩ, under gentle finger tapping. The feasibility of the BF-PNG was tested by driving commercial electronics (charging capacitors and lighting an LED). Accordingly, this work demonstrates that BCZT lead-free ceramic in combination with PLA biopolymer can lead to flexible nanocomposite with enhanced energy storage and energy harvesting performances for application in self-powered devices