Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Line congruences'

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Geradenkongruenzen des projektiv abgeschlossenen dreidimensionalen euklidischen Raumes differentialgeometrisch untersucht. Nach J. PLÜCKER lassen sich Geraden in gleicher Weise als Grundelemente eines Geradenraumes auffassen wie die Punkte in einem Punktraum. Unter Beachtung dieser Überlegung scheint eine "natürliche" Behandlung der Geradenkongruenzen interessant und sinnvoll. Sie bildet den Gegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertation. Ein besonderes Augenmerk richtet sich dabei auf die Frage nach "kleinsten" Geradenkongruenzen ("Minimalkongruenzen") in der Geradenmenge des reellen projektiv abgeschlossenen dreidimensionalen euklidischen Raumes. Dahinter verbirgt sich eine gewisse Analogiebildung in der Liniengeometrie, die der klassischen Differentialgeometrie entstammt. Die Geradenkongruenzen bilden hierbei das liniengeometrische Analogon zu den Flächen des dreidimensionalen (Punkt-)Raumes. Das Wort "Kleinste" stellt im Geradenraum einen Bezug zu den Minimalflächen in der Differentialgeometrie her. Nun gestatten diese Fragestellungen in der Liniengeometrie eine anschauliche Interpretation, sobald man ein Punktmodell des Geradenraumes vorliegen hat. Einparametrige Geradenmannigfaltigkeiten (Regelflächen) lassen sich darin als Kurven und Geradenkongruenzen als zweidimensionale Flächen auffassen. Die vierparametrige Geradenmenge des reellen projektiven dreidimensionalen Raumes ist in diesem Modell eine Quadrik vom Index 2 in einem reellen projektiven fünfdimensionalen Raum, die so genannte KLEINsche Hyperquadrik. Der Modellwechsel wird durch die KLEINsche Abbildung vollzogen
In the available work line congruences of the projectively extended three-dimensional euclidean space will be analysed. Following to J. PLÜCKER lines can be seen as basic elements of an line space like in the same way points in a point-space. Taking this fact in consideration a "natural" handling with line congruences might be interesting and reasonable. A special detail in the thesis is the question to minimal congruences in the set of lines of the projectively extended euclidean three-space. It can also be seen as an analogous problem in the geometry of lines which can be find in the differential geometry of surfaces. In this case the line congruences are similar to the surfaces of the three-dimensional (point-)space. The phrase "minimal" means in the line space the connection to the minimal surfaces in the differential geometry. These questions offer in line geometry demonstrative interpretation possibilities if a point-model in the line space exists. One-parameter manifolds of lines (rule surfaces) can be seen in this ambiance as curves and line congruences as two dimensional surfaces. The four-parametric set of lines in the projectively extended three-dimensional euclidian space is in this model a quadric of the index 2 in a real projective five-dimensional space, the so called KLEIN-quadric. The changing of the model is managed by the KLEIN-mapping

Ce travail de recherche doctorale étudie l’influence de la stimulation tactile de l’interface lors de l’évaluation en ligne du produit. A travers un plan d’expériences composé d’une étude exploratoire au design de recherche mixte et de trois expérimentations, nous cherchons à identifier, dans un premier temps, l’effet de l’absence d’interaction directe avec le produit (étude exploratoire) puis nous testons l’effet du type de test de produits sur la préférence d’achat du consommateur (i.e. physique vs. virtuel) (étude 1). Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudions l’effet de la stimulation tactile directe de l’interface sur la perception de similarité du test et l’influence de cette dernière sur l’évaluation du produit. En particulier, nous testons deux effets: celui de la congruence entre la stimulation tactile de l’interface et la texture du produit (étude 2) puis celui de la familiarité des textures (étude 3). D’une part, nous montrons que le consommateur est à la recherche d’interaction sensorielle lors de son interaction virtuelle avec les produits, ce qui lui permet de considérer cette expérience virtuelle comme plus réaliste, notamment au niveau sensoriel (étude exploratoire). Nous montrons également que le consommateur préfère l’expérience virtuelle du produit malgré le manque significatif d’interactions sensorielles, notamment tactiles (étude 1). D’autre part, nous montrons que l’interaction des textures entre l’interface et le produit influence négativement la similarité perçue du test (étude 2) tandis que, lorsque les textures ne sont pas familières, l’interaction des textures influence positivement la similarité perçue (étude 3). A partir de ces résultats, nous concluons que le consommateur est à la recherche de stimulation tactile lors de son expérience virtuelle avec le produit afin de satisfaire son besoin de toucher et d’enrichir son expérience sensorielle en ligne. En particulier, l’effet positif de l’interaction des textures, lorsque la stimulation n’est pas familière, sur la similarité perçue du test suggère que les consommateurs considèrent l’information tactile comme suffisante pour percevoir une similarité sensorielle à celle obtenue en magasin
Our doctoral research examines the influence of tactile stimulation in online product evaluation. With an exploratory study and three experiments, we aim at identifying the effect of the absence of direct product touch (exploratory study), and then concentrate on the effect of the type of product testing on the consumer’s preference for purchasing (physical vs. virtual) (study 1). Next, we look at the influence of the interface tactile stimulation on the perceived product test similarity, of which the latter positively influences the online product evaluation. In particular, we test two types of effect: the congruence (study 2) and the familiarity of the textures (study 3). On the one hand, our results show that consumers are seeking a higher sensory input into online environments while interacting with products, especially from a tactile perspective (exploratory study). Results also highlight that consumers prefer the online product experience, even though they regret the absence of products' tactile sensations (study 1). On the other hand, we demonstrate that the interaction between the interface's direct tactile stimulation and the product's texture negatively influence the perceived similarity of product testing when textures fit, whereas when the textures are unfamiliar, the interaction of texture positively influences the perceived similarity of product testing. From these results, we conclude that consumers are in need of tactile input into virtual product experiences to satisfy their need for touch, and enhance their online sensory experiences. Notably, the positive effect of the interaction of textures, in an unfamiliar tactile stimulation, suggests that consumers consider the direct tactile stimulation as not being sufficient enough to provide useful information, but they assimilate it to a real product testing from a tactile perspective

To investigate major evolutionary trends and the importance of fossil data we need to be confident that both phylogenetic trees and fossil dates are reliable. Indices of stratigraphic congruence provide a way to quantify the fit between the fossil record and phylogeny, but appear to be subject to a number of putative biases. I used both simulated data and a large sample of empirical trees to determine the effect of these biases on the most widely used indices of stratigraphic congruence to determine. The GER* (the modified gap excess ratio) was the least sensitive and therefore recommended for use. I found that stratigraphic congruence varied significantly across higher taxa (for example, arthropods were less stratigraphically congruent than tetrapods), and also throughout the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), closely following the taxonomic composition of my sample. I focussed on data quality and in particular taxon sampling, homoplasy and tree support to investigate general trends across taxonomic groups. A novel script was developed to automatically carry out continuous taxon jackknifing to investigate the effect of taxon sampling on the stability of phylogenetic trees. While this is a computationally intensive process, I found that measures of homoplasy and support (which are much easier to calculate) could serve as partial indicators of whether a tree was likely to be sensitive to taxon sampling. There was no major variation in taxon sampling trends across higher taxa. A modified version of this script was then used to look at particular cases of conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses to determine how easy it would be to get a data set to generate a constraint topology with only small changes to the taxon sample. In almost every case, it required maximal removal of taxa from the data set in order to match the constraint topology, indicating that there were very different phylogenetic signals in the different data sets. The extent of trends across taxonomic groups and through time is variable. Although stratigraphic congruence varies significantly between groups and throughout the Phanerozoic, measures of homoplasy and support do not appear to be taxon dependent. Taxon sampling is an important consideration when designing phylogenetic analyses: denser taxon sampling can have a positive influence on estimates of phylogenetic accuracy and perturbations of the taxon sample can result in radically different evolutionary relationships.

Si le but de la reconstruction phylogénétique est d'avoir une idée des relations de parenté réelles entre les êtres vivants, il est bon de ne pas se contenter d'un simple arbre obtenu par l'analyse combinée d'un ensemble de données. En effet, même des clades robustes apparaissant dans un tel arbre peuvent ne pas être fiables. La confiance dans une affirmation phylogénétique ne peut émerger qu'après une comparaison de résultats obtenus par des données indépendantes.
Dans un premier temps, la présente thèse propose de mesurer la fiabilité d'un clade à partir d'un indice de répétition prenant en compte le nombre d'occurrences obtenues pour ce clade sur un ensemble d'analyses de données indépendantes, c'est-à-dire peu susceptibles de donner lieu aux mêmes biais de reconstruction. Plus un clade est obtenu un nombre élevé de fois de cette façon, plus il peut être considéré comme fiable. Il est également tenu compte de la présence ou non de clades eux-mêmes répétés et incompatibles avec le clade d'intérêt. Plus un clade est contredit par un clade possédant un grand nombre d'occurrences, moins il doit être considéré comme fiable.
Dans une deuxième partie, l'indice de répétition est calculé à partir d'une série d'analyses mettant en jeu environ 200 taxons et basées sur quatre marqueurs nucléaires: Rhodopsine, MLL4, IRBP et RNF213 (ce dernier étant utilisé ici pour la première fois). Ces marqueurs sont analysés suivant des méthodes probabilistes, séparément et en combinaisons de 2, 3 ou 4, ce qui permet de bénéficier des avantages de l'analyse combinée tout en ayant des séries de résultats indépendants à comparer.
Les résultats de l'analyse de fiabilité sont ensuite synthétisés sous forme d'arbres incluant en priorité les clades les plus fiables, suivant des méthodes gérant de plusieurs façons les différences d'échantillonnages taxinomiques entre les jeux de données.
Les arbres de synthèse obtenus permettent de préciser la structure de la phylogénie des téléostéens acanthomorphes (Actinopterygii : Teleostei). De nouveaux clades fiables sont identifiés à plusieurs niveaux de résolution, et de nouveaux taxons sont placés dans la phylogénie des téléostéens acanthomorphes.

Two experiments are presented in this dissertation to investigate the effect a schema may have on mnemonic discrimination. We developed stimuli composed of a foreground item on a background that was either schematically congruent or incongruent. For the encoding phase of both experiments, these stimuli were presented to 98 participants, who were tasked with determining the congruency of each foreground-background pair. Next, the two experiments diverged for the retrieval phase, where participants were presented with either the same object as before (Target) or one that was similar (Lure). Forty-six participants in Experiment 1 saw stimuli with the same background as initially presented during the retrieval phase. For Experiment 2, fifty-two participants saw the foreground item presented only on a white background. Behavioral, eye tracking, and whole-brain, high-resolution fMRI data were acquired for both experiments and both phases of the task. We found memory discriminability (d-prime) scores were larger for incongruent stimuli when target-lure pairs were less similar and only when the background was present during retrieval. Critically, we found evidence of recognition in the hippocampal subregions as opposed to lure detection. These findings support the notion of a congruency benefit due to the "generate-and-recognize" model and an incongruency benefit due to increased initial attention.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.
Title from title screen (viewed 28 March 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 2007; thesis submitted 2006. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

Are there vestiges or elements of African traditional cultural beliefs and practices that affect the psychological and spiritual well-being of African Christian students in Tangaza University College (TUC)? If there are, how best can pastoral carers work with the affected students to help them deal with the issues and regain congruence? These questions, arising out of our practice in the Student Life Ministry in TUC, are the puzzles I set out this study to try to resolve. Our experience was that some of the students were presenting issues in counselling and spiritual direction emanating from unresolved conflict between their African backgrounds and the Christian faith. Observation was that the issues did not surface easily and when they did the carers were not sure how best to help the clients. I thus felt a need to find out what cultural issues affect the students, how the issues manifest in their lives and how best the pastoral care team could work with those affected to help the issues surface and be resolved. This is an original research designed as an inductive case study and to collect data, a multi-dimensional approach including focus discussion groups with students and members of the SLM, depth interviews with SLM members, selection of some vignettes of counselling and spiritual direction and practitioner observation - were used. The main finding is that there indeed are elements of African beliefs and practices that impinge on the psychological and spiritual wellbeing of some of the African Christian students in TUC. However, not all the students experience such dissonance as some have developed a synthesis between their two world views. Those who have not are embarrassed about and reticent in disclosing the issues thus the need for the pastoral carers to help them to integrate their traditional culture with their Christian faith. Clinical experience has shown that by combining two counselling models – the Rogerian Person-centred and Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, underpinned in a dialogical, theological paradigm, counsellors and spiritual guides can help the affected students not only to talk about the issues but also to work through them to re-gain equilibrium and enjoy greater fullness of life.

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This present study had as objective to identify the correlations between religiosity, meaning of life and values in religious people. This research also verified the congruence between personal values and perceived values of religious intituition and the influence of this congruence causes at meaning of life in religious people. To do this research, we used the Viktor Frankl s Logotherapy, the Value Funcionalist Theory and the religiosity, by Religious Atitude Scale, of Aquino. This research was divided in two studies. 196 people, both sex, partipated of first study. 54 people was male (24,6%) and 142 female (72,4%). The mean age was 32, being the youngest 18 years old and the oldest 73 years old. The research had as inclusion criteria the participants belong to any religion. Most of the respondants were of evangelic religions, corresponding to 61,7% of respondentes. We used the Religious Attitude Scale, the Basic Values Questionnaire and the Purpose in life Test as intruments for data collection of this research. four dimensions were extracted from the EAR-20: Religious Knowledge, religious corporeality, religious sentiment, and religious behavior. We identified positive correlations between religious knowledge, religious sentiment and religious behavior dimensions and meaning of life as well as positive correlations between the interacional subfunction and the religious feeling and religious corporeality dimensions. It was concluded that greater religious orientation is a way to find the meaning of life. Participated in the second study 209 people, of both sexes, being 144 (67%) female and 70 (32.6%) male. The average age of participants was 29 years, with 18 years old the youngest participant and the oldest 65 years old. The majority (n = 130) reported to belong to the Catholic religion, with 66 participants belonging to the Evangelical religion, 16 and Spiritualists 2 people reported belonging to other religions. The congruence of personal values and religion values regarding normative and suprapersonal subfunctions positively influences the feeling of accomplishment of meaning in religious people. Religious people that also to have a greater sense of accomplishment meaning to give more importance to personal values consistent with the interactional subfunction that those who perceive the same values as most important to their religion.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar as correlações entre a religiosidade, sentido de vida e valores em pessoas religiosas. Esta pesquisa também verificou o índice de congruência entre os valores pessoais e os valores percebidos da instituição religiosa e qual a influencia que a congruência entre os valores exercem sobre o sentido de vida em pessoas religiosas. Para realizar esta pesquisa utilizou como aporte teórico a Logoterapia de Viktor Frankl, a Teoria Funcionalista dos Valores Humanos e a religiosidade, por meio da Escala de Atitude Religiosa, de Aquino. Esta pesquisa foi dividida em dois estudos. Participaram do primeiro estudo 196 pessoas de ambos os sexos, sendo 54 do sexo masculino (24,6%) e 142 do sexo feminino (72,4%). A idade média foi de 32 anos, sendo o participante mais jovem 18 anos e o mais velho com 73. A pesquisa teve como critério de inclusão os participantes da pesquisa pertencerem a alguma religião. A maioria dos sujeitos entrevistados era de religião evangélica, correspondendo a 61,7% dos entrevistados.. Utilizou-se a Escala de Atitude Religiosa, o Questionário dos Valores Básicos e o Purpose in Life test como instrumentos de coleta de dados desta pesquisa. Quatro dimensões foram extraídas a partir da EAR-20: Conhecimento Religioso, corporeidade religiosa, sentimento religioso e comportamento religioso. Identificou-se correlações positivas entre as dimensões conhecimento religioso, sentimento religioso e comportamento religioso e sentido de vida, assim como correlações positivas entre a subfunção interacional e as dimensões sentimento religioso e corporeidade religiosa. Concluiu-se que uma maior orientação religiosa é uma forma de encontro de sentido da vida. Participaram do segundo estudo 209 pessoas, de ambos os sexos, sendo 144 (67%) do sexo feminino e 70 (32,6%) do sexo masculino. A idade média entre os participantes foi de 29 anos, tendo 18 anos o participante mais jovem e 65 anos o mais velho. A maioria (n=130) declararam pertencer a religião Católica, sendo 66 dos participantes pertencentes à religião Evangélica, 16 Espíritas e 2 pessoas relataram pertencer a outras religiões. A congruência dos valores pessoais e da religião referentes às subfunções normativa e suprapessoal influencia positivamente no sentimento de realização de sentido em pessoas religiosas. As pessoas religiosas também tem um maior sentimento de realização de sentido ao darem mais importância aos valores pessoais condizentes com a subfunção interacionais que aqueles que percebem os mesmos valores como mais importantes para a suas religião.

The aim of this study is to examine how syntactically condensed structures are translated from English to Swedish in a non-fiction text. The analysis covers nominalisations and non-finite ing- and ed-clauses functioning as adverbials. The method for analysis is mainly quantitative, but in order to discuss why certain translation strategies are favoured, a qualitative analysis is also included. The results show that both obligatory and optional structural changes occur in the target text. These changes are induced by both grammatical and preferential differences between the source and target languages. As a result, the target text is often more explicit than the source text. While the most frequent translation strategy for ing-clauses is forming finite main clauses, subordinate clauses are the most frequently used correspondences for ed-clauses. Other strategies include coordination and prepositional phrases. Explicitation occurs by adding features such as finiteness and subordinating conjunctions in the target text structures. In contrast to the translation of non-finite clauses, the most commonly used correspondence when translating nominalisations is noun phrases identical to those in the source text. The second most frequent strategy is paraphrased noun phrases. Together, these two nominal strategies cover approximately two thirds of the translations. Clausal structures, which are generally more explicit, are more than three times less frequent, which opposes the idea of verbal preference in Swedish. When clausal translations are used, however, it is mainly due to the complexity of the noun phrase in which the nominalisation occurs.

This dissertation synthesizes previous research and develops a model for the study of strategic development, strategic congruence and management control. The model is used to analyze a longitudinal case study of the Swedish engineering company Atlas Copco. Employing contingency theory, the study confirms that long-term survival of a company requires adaption to contingencies. Three levels of strategy are examined: corporate, business and functional. Previous research suggests that consistency between these levels (strategic congruence) is necessary for a company to be competitive. The dissertation challenges this proposition by using a life-cycle perspective and analyzes strategic congruence in the different phases of a life cycle. It also studies management control from a life-cycle perspective. In this context, two types of management control are examined: formal and informal. From a longitudinal perspective, the study further discusses how these types interact during organizational life cycles. The dissertation shows that strategic development is more complex than previous studies have indicated. It is a long, complex and non-linear process, the results of which cannot always be predicted. Previous models for strategy and management control are based on simple relationships and rarely take into account the fact that companies often go through different phases of strategic development. The case study shows that strategic incongruence may occur at times during organizational life cycles. Furthermore, the use of management control varies over time. In the maturity phase, formal control is in focus, while the use of informal control has a bigger role in both the introduction and decline phases. Research on strategy and management control has intensified in recent years. Still there is a gap regarding the coordination of complex corporate structures. The present study contributes with further knowledge on how companies manage long-term strategic development. Few studies deal with more than two levels of strategy. Moreover, the present study addresses the need to understand strategic congruence from a life-cycle perspective. This is particularly relevant in practice, when management in large companies face difficult issues for which they expect business research to assist them in the decision-making process.

Nous avons exploré dans la présente étude la diversité de la flore fermentaire indigène libanaise de Saccharomyces cerevisiae en collectant des échantillons de moûts de raisins en cours de fermentations naturelles de diverses localités dispersées sur le territoire libanais. Une grande diversité moléculaire de la flore libanaise a été mise en évidence, que ce soit entre différentes localités géographiques, au sein des caves ou au sein des fermentations naturelles. En dépit de cette diversité, plusieurs cas de dominance et de pérennité de souches ont été observés dans les caves vinicoles où les fermentations semblent être conduites par des lignées de souches apparentées. Une telle parenté a aussi été observée dans des zones géographiques restreintes, mais plus la zone s'élargissait moins apparente était la parenté entre souches. La flore libanaise, en dépit de sa diversité, pourrait être dotée d'une certaine spécificité en comparaison aux autres flores vinicoles. L'influence du milieu de fermentation sur la parenté des isolats semble en outre plus importante que l'effet géographique. Nous avons aussi évalué les méthodes moléculaires utilisées pour l'exploration de la diversité ; deux méthodes déjà mises au point auparavant (amplifications de séquences entre deux éléments delta et de loci microsatellites) et une nouvelle méthode que nous avons testé, le MLST. Les deux premières méthodes se sont avérées très utiles pour le typage vu la grande variabilité de leurs marqueurs et par conséquent leur grande capacité de discrimination. Par contre le schéma MLST a montré une capacité de discrimination inférieure à celle des deux autres méthodes. Il pourrait néanmoins être amélioré par l'utilisation de loci plus variables. Mais contrairement aux deux autres méthodes, le MLST est apparu plus utile pour l'inférence des relations phylogéniques, particulièrement pour les souches peu apparentées. La diversité phénotypique accompagnant la diversité moléculaire a été examinée elle aussi en vue d'une potentielle sélection de souches et pour envisager son éventuelle congruence avec la diversité moléculaire. Les souches étudiées de S. cerevisiae ont présenté des capacités fermentaires différentes ce qui pourrait être exploité pour pousser la sélection entamée dans cette étude en vue de futures utilisations oenologiques, notamment dans l'industrie vinicole libanaise. La diversité phénotypique qui a accompagné la diversité moléculaire a montré une certaine congruence avec elle. Cette congruence a été particulièrement reliée à la production élevée d'acétaldéhyde de certains profils moléculaires et elle pourrait éventuellement aider à prédire la production d'acétaldéhyde pour certaines souches.

Un design de recherche des études quantitatives et transversales a été utilisé pour collecter les données à partir d’un échantillon déterminé de 957 employés et managers travaillant dans les organisations publiques (gouvernement), privées et semi-gouvernementales situées dans la province de Punjab au Pakistan. Les échelles de Likert allant de 1 jusqu'à 7 ont été utilisées pour mesurer les différentes variables de l’étude. Les données ont été collectées par l’administration de questionnaires par le chercheur lui-même ou à travers les contacts dans les organisations sélectionnées avec un taux de réponse de 81%. Les deux analyses séparées AFE et AFC (utilisées pour mesurer les variables du modèle) ont été appliquées sur des échantillons différents. Les résultats démontrent que les variables indépendantes modératrices ou dépendantes disposent de propriétés psychométriques très satisfaisantes. Nous avons testé nos hypothèses de recherche à l’aide de MANOVA et de l’analyse discriminante. Les analyses ont révélé que les variables indépendantes suivantes: la congruence de l’ancre de carrière, la congruence du profil professionnel dominant, la nature du travail (permanent /contractuel), le soutien organisationnel perçue, les opportunités de carrières perçues dans l’organisation, la multiplicité des ancres de carrière dominantes et la complémentarité des ancres de carrière dominantes multiples ont un effet direct sur les variables dépendantes: l’intention de quitter, succès de carrière, l’engagement organisationnel, la performance et la satisfaction au travail. Egalement, les effets directs des contraintes dans la vie privée (CVP) sur l’intention de quitter et l’engagement organisationnel, et ceux des opportunités alternatives de l’emploi sur l’intention de quitter se sont avérés significatifs. Cependant la variable Type de l’ancre de carrière (par exemple, basée sur le talent, sur les besoins et sur les valeurs) n’a pas eu d’effet significatif sur aucunes des variables dépendantes.Les effets de l’interaction entre la congruence des ancres de carrière et la congruence du profil professionnel dominant ont été significatifs démontrant que la congruence du profil professionnel dominant modère les effets de la congruence de l’ancre de carrière sur les variables dépendantes comme le succès de carrière subjectif, l’engagement organisationnel, la performance perçue et la satisfaction au travail mais n’a pas eu d’effet sur l’intention de quitter. De la même façon, les effets de l’interaction entre les opportunités de carrières perçues dans l’organisation et la congruence de l’ancre de carrière se sont avérés aussi significatifs. Les résultats démontrent que le profil professionnel dominant (PPD) modère les effets de la congruence de l’ancre de carrière sur l’intention de quitter et la performance au travail mais pas sur le succès de carrière, l’engagement organisationnel et la satisfaction au travail.A cet effet, les preuves ont été fournies en faveur de l’objectif clé de cette recherche qui visait à démontrer les effets significatifs directs de la congruence de l’ancre de carrière et de la congruence du profil professionnel dominant sur l’intention de quitter, le succès de carrière, l’engagement organisationnel, la performance et la satisfaction au travail. L’analyse confirme aussi le rôle modérateur de la congruence du profil professionnel dominant sur la relation entre la congruence de l’ancre de carrière et toutes les variables dépendantes sauf l’intention de quitter. Cette thèse prend en considération toutes les contributions académiques et les implications managériales des recherches présentées ainsi que leurs limites. Un certain nombre des suggestions pour les futures recherches a été proposé à la fin de cette étude
A quantitative and cross-sectional survey research design was used to collect data from a purposive sample of 957 employees and managers working in the public (governmental), private and semi-governmental organizations located in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The research instruments used to measure different variables involved in the study were all seven point Likert type rating scales with response categories ranging from 1 to 7. The data were collected by administering survey questionnaires either by the researcher himself or through the contacts in the organizations selected at a response rate of 81%. The separate EFAs and CFAs of the scales (used to measure the variables included in the research model) were performed on different samples. The results demonstrated that our scales of independent, moderating and outcome variables possessed very good psychometric properties.We tested our research hypotheses through MANOVA and discriminant analysis. The analyses revealed that the independent variables of career anchor congruence, dominant occupational profile congruence, nature of job (permanent/contractual), perceived organizational and supervisor support, perceived career opportunities in the organization, multiplicity of dominant career anchors and complementarity of multiple dominant career anchors, all had significant direct effects on the dependent variables of turnover intentions, career success,organizational commitment, work performance and job satisfaction. The direct effects of personal life constraints (PCOs) on turnover intentions and organizational commitment; and that of alternative job opportunities on turnover intentions were also found to be significant. It was, however, found that the variable Type of Career Anchor (i.e. talent-based, need-based or value-based) had no significant effect on any of the outcome variables.The interaction effects of career anchor congruence and dominant occupational profile congruence was significant showing that DOP-congruence moderated the effects of career anchor congruence on the outcome variables of subjective career success, organizational commitment, perceived work performance and job satisfaction but not on the turnover intentions. Similarly the interaction effects of ‘perceived career opportunities in the organization’ and ‘career anchor congruence’ was also significant. It demonstrated that ‘PCOs’ moderated the effects of ‘career anchor congruence’ on turnover intentions and work performance but not on the career success, organizational commitment and job satisfaction.The significance of interaction between personal life constraints (PLCs) and ‘career anchor congruence’ proved that PLCs moderated the effects of career anchor congruence on the turnover intentions, organizational commitment, perceived work performance and job satisfaction but not on the subjective career success of employees. Conversely the insignificant interaction effects of both Alternative Job Opportunities (AJOs) and perceived organizational and supervisor support (POSS) with ‘career anchor congruence’ showed that both AJOs and POSS did not moderate the effects of career anchor congruence on employees’ outcome variables.So, evidence was found in favor of the key objective of the research that both career anchor congruence and dominant occupational profile congruence have significant direct effects on employees’ turnover intentions, career success, organizational commitment, work performance and job satisfaction. The analysis also demonstrated support for the role of dominant occupational profile congruence as a moderating variable in the relationship between career anchor congruence and outcome variables except turnover intentions of the employees. This thesis makes full consideration of the academic contributions and managerial implications of the research presented whilst also considering its limitations

Discrete Differential Geometry (DDG) concerns discrete counterparts of notions and methods in differential geometry. This thesis deals with a core subject in DDG, discrete curvature theories on various types of polyhedral surfaces that are practically important for free-form architecture, sunlight-redirecting shading systems, and face recognition. Modeled as polyhedral surfaces, the shapes of free-form structures may have to satisfy different geometric or physical constraints. We study a combination of geometry and physics – the discrete surfaces that can stand on their own, as well as having proper shapes for the manufacture. These proper shapes, known as circular and conical meshes, are closely related to discrete principal curvatures. We study curvature theories that make such surfaces possible. Shading systems of freeform building skins are new types of energy-saving structures that can re-direct the sunlight. From these systems, discrete line congruences across polyhedral surfaces can be abstracted. We develop a new curvature theory for polyhedral surfaces equipped with normal congruences – a particular type of congruences defined by linear interpolation of vertex normals. The main results are a discussion of various definitions of normality, a detailed study of the geometry of such congruences, and a concept of curvatures and shape operators associated with the faces of a triangle mesh. These curvatures are compatible with both normal congruences and the Steiner formula. In addition to architecture, we consider the role of discrete curvatures in face recognition. We use geometric measure theory to introduce the notion of asymptotic cones associated with a singular subspace of a Riemannian manifold, which is an extension of the classical notion of asymptotic directions. We get a simple expression of these cones for polyhedral surfaces, as well as convergence and approximation theorems. We use the asymptotic cones as facial descriptors and demonstrate the practicability and accuracy of their applications in face recognition.

The emergence of freeform architecture provides interesting geometric challenges with regards to the design and manufacturing of large-scale structures. To design these architectural structures, we have to consider two types of constraints. First, aesthetic constraints are important because the buildings have to be visually impressive. Sec- ond, functional constraints are important for the performance of a building and its e cient construction. This thesis contributes to the area of architectural geometry. Specifically, we are interested in the geometric rationalization of freeform architec- ture with the goal of combining aesthetic and functional constraints and construction requirements. Aesthetic requirements typically come from designers and architects. To obtain visually pleasing structures, they favor smoothness of the building shape, but also smoothness of the visible patterns on the surface. Functional requirements typically come from the engineers involved in the construction process. For exam- ple, covering freeform structures using planar panels is much cheaper than using non-planar ones. Further, constructed buildings have to be stable and should not collapse. In this thesis, we explore the geometric rationalization of freeform archi- tecture using four specific example problems inspired by real life applications. We achieve our results by developing optimization algorithms and a theoretical study of the underlying geometrical structure of the problems. The four example problems are the following: (1) The design of shading and lighting systems which are torsion-free structures with planar beams based on quad meshes. They satisfy the functionality requirements of preventing light from going inside a building as shad- ing systems or reflecting light into a building as lighting systems. (2) The Design of freeform honeycomb structures that are constructed based on hex-dominant meshes with a planar beam mounted along each edge. The beams intersect without torsion at each node and create identical angles between any two neighbors. (3) The design of polyhedral patterns on freeform surfaces, which are aesthetic designs created by planar panels. (4) The design of space frame structures that are statically-sound and material-e cient structures constructed by connected beams. Rationalization of cross sections of beams aims at minimizing production cost and ensuring force equilibrium as a functional constraint.

碩士
大葉大學
事業經營研究所碩士在職專班
95
The purpose of this study is to acquire more understandings on how the home-stay managers’ investment to be influenced by the life-style congruence between themselves to the tavern and their customers’ to the tavern. This study is based on the analyzing result of questionnaires survey, consists 38 samples out of 50 of home-stays managers and 380 out of the 500 customers. The effective response rate of the survey is 60.0%. The results of this study indicate that the life-style congruence between the managers and that of their customers has impacted the managers’ investment for sure. The lower life-style congruence between managers and their taverns indicates to a higher managers’ investment, which is a negative relationship. On the other hand, the higher life-style congruence between customers and the tavern also shows a higher investment from the managers, which is a positive relationship. This result verifies the hypothesis of this study that the life-style congruence between customers and the home-stay managers causes higher manager investment. The other findings and management suggestions will be included in the study as well.

碩士
大葉大學
事業經營研究所碩士在職專班
95
This study empirically examines the impact of home-stay Managers’ and Consumers’ lift-style congruence on customer satisfaction. The purposes of this study are 1. to expand the epistemology of consumer’s satisfaction. And 2. to discuss whether that the lift-style difference between managers and consumers will create the moderating effects, and 3. to provide the theory basis for home-stay managers. The analytical approach of methodology is applied to analyze the parsimonious relationship by the questionnaires survey. The samples used for this study consisted of consumers and managers from Taiwan. Of the 1100 surveys distributed, 483 were returned. Deducting 131 questionnaires that contained missing data and were unsuitable, 352 were accepted as valid samples; therefore, an effective response rate of 32.0% was presented. Results indicate that 1.the life-style appeared from home-stay usually are the manager’s favor life-style. 2. In the life-style appeared from home-stay and Consumers’ lift-style congruence, that the higher and lower degree of life-style congruence causes lower degree of consumer’s satisfaction. The middle life-style congruence causes higher degree of consumer’s satisfaction. Base on 1 and 2 drew the conclusions 3. In home-stay Managers’ and Consumers’ life-style congruence, the higher and lower degree of life-style congruence, should causes lower degree of consumer’s satisfaction. The middle life-style congruence should causes higher degree of consumer’s satisfaction. The managerial implications of the findings are discussed and recommendations for future researches are suggested.

碩士
大葉大學
事業經營研究所碩士在職專班
95
This study empirically examines the impact on home-stay Managers’ and Consumers’ lift-style congruence on customer’s purchasing intention. The purposes of this study are to expand the epistemology of consumer’s purchasing intention, to discuss whether the difference between managers and consumers will create the moderating effects of life-style and to provide the theory basis for home-stay managers. The analytical approach of methodology is applied to analyze the parsimonious relationship by the questionnaires survey. The samples used for this study consisted of consumers and managers from Taiwan. Of the 1100 surveys distributed, 483 were returned. Deducting 131 questionnaires that contained missing data and were unsuitable, 352 were accepted as valid samples; therefore, an effective response rate of 32.0% was presented. Results indicate that 1.the life-style presents by home-stay Managers is usually the one they prefer. 2. The congruence of life-style between customer and home-style manager displays parabolic relationship with the consumer’s purchasing intention. Based on 1 and 2, we infer that congruence degree between customer and manager should present the parabolic relationship with customer is allover congruence or inconsistency, the consumer’s purchasing intention is lower; however, if parts of them are congruous, it shows higher intention. The material supports the part of this supposition, and the study also provides the suggestion against application of the follow-on research and management.

博士
長榮大學
經營管理研究所
107
Based on existing research addressing political skill and social network, this study explores the congruence effects of the political skill of principals and teachers on workers’ life satisfaction, and the resulting effect on teachers’ job performance and affective commitment. A mixed-methods approach was employed in this study. First, a survey method was applied by using four instruments to collect school principals’ and teachers’ political skill, life satisfaction, affective commitment, and teachers’ job performance, respectively. Using polynomial regressions and 3D response surface analysis on 112 principals and 536 teachers dyads. Secondly, in the part of interview, 3 principals and 6 teachers were selected purposefully to gather the qualitative data through interviews. Finally, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the collected data will be further analysed through corresponding analytic techniques. The research results are as follows: 1. Teachers' political skill was significantly positive correlation with teachers' life satisfaction, affective commitment, and teachers’ job performance. Principals' political skill was significantly positive correlation with teachers' affective commitment and job performance. Teachers' life satisfaction was significantly positive correlation with affective commitment and job performance. Teachers' affective commitment was significantly positive correlation with teachers' job performance. 2. There were positive effect of principal-teacher political skill congruence and incongruence on teachers' life satisfaction, affective commitment and job performance. Further, teachers' life satisfaction mediate the relationship between principal-teacher political skill and work outcomes (affective commitment and job performance). 3. The qualitative findings were correspondent with the quantitative findings, where there were dynamic interactions among principal-teacher political skill with teachers' life satisfaction, affective commitment and job performance.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
文化產業學系暨藝文產業設計與經營碩士班
98
Recently the overseas chain-like business model introduces Taiwan which changes the people to expend the state and the consumption habit fast. The Starbucks brand image is the brightest in the coffee chain stores. It provides the high quality service, so the price is higher than any other coffee brand. Only the customers still covered many different tribal groups. Their self-image equally is also bright with the Starbucks brand image. Both have had the purchase and the expense behavior identically because of the self-image congruence linked degree trend which is consistent. This research carries on the convenience sample investigation in view of the Taipei five Starbucks retail sales' consumers which attempts to induce the brand image Starbucks itself to announce and discusses the consumer to its approval; Also analyzes the Starbucks consumer's life style value degree, then inspects the Starbucks brand image and the consumer's life style influence and the self-image congruence degree. This research total provides 362 questionnaires and recycles 350 effectively. This research conclusion is as follows, the Starbucks five main brand images are quality pursue, popular fashion, leisure manner, interpersonal communication and self-innovation. The consumers to Starbucks “quality pursue” the approval is highest, “leisure manner” the approval is lowest. In Starbucks consumer's life style most takes the factor is “the leisure manner”. The expense tribal group is by feminine, 25~29 years old, the student, the high school record, the month income medium condition as main force. Besides, it discovered the Starbucks accompanying cards and the extreme consumers are not intensely related. The population statistic variable, the consumer behavior and the life style then reach the remarkable difference. Also consumers who expend the time interval are not fixed whose expense frequency is high. Finally, the brand image and life style are the intensity relations and moderate related. The brand image and the different variable consumer's life style are being related. The research provides some proposals to the Starbucks. Starbucks should insist pursues the high quality service, and continues the Starbucks accompanying card users’ consumer behavior investigation. Simultaneously it should aims at the remarkable differences to formulate the different marketing strategies, and may establish the consumers who expend time interval that is not fixed is goal marketing tribal group.

碩士
國防管理學院
資源管理研究所
89
The high-tech knowledge-based industry has been the thriving trend of industrial development on Taiwan in recent years. Human resources characterized by intelligence-oriented and knowledge-based quality have become the key to competitiveness of an industry. High-tech industries, as a result, are making every effort to ensure the access to these quality personnel by promising handsome pays and shares of benefits. Traditional industries, by contrast, are confronted with a tremendous crisis caused by the loss of talents. They must, without hesitation, be engaged themselves with the task about how to keep the calibers within their working fields. It is suggested that, with a view to having individuals willing to stay and contribute, and to sustaining competitive advantages, these industries have to improve the quality of their working life. To do this, they have to elevate efficiencies of the individuals by exploring and understanding culture and value of their units. This study reports that quality of working life can deliver impact on work value congruence to a certain degree. The index of work value congruence, on the other hand, can create significant negative effect on the individuals’ orientation of their working identity, ideologies of their organizations, loyalty to their own organizations, willingness to help their colleges, and civic behavior demanded by the organizations. Further analysis of this study shows that the effect of willingness to stay at an organization comes directly from an individual’s assessment of working-life quality. Basic civic behavior including self-respect, willingness to share, and the attitude to differentiate the public and public domains also has an immediate effect on an individual’s recognition of working-life quality. It is also expected that work value congruence may serve as a dependent variable. It can be an interface to clarify the meaning of working life quality, directly or indirectly produce effects on efficiencies, and provide a reference for value-system cultivation.

碩士
大葉大學
休閒事業管理學系碩士班
106
The study aimed to explore the relationships among idol worship, self-congruence and life satisfaction of junior high school students and compare the differences and distributions of different demographic variables on idol worship, self-congruence, and life satisfaction. According to the purposes above, a questionnaire survey was conducted to collect samples from the junior high school students in Changhua County by stratified convenience sampling. A total of 486 questionaires were distributed and 392 valid questionaires were retrieved. All the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent sample T test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. The major findings of this research were concluded as follows: 1. There were significant differences among idol worship, self-congruence, and life satisfaction in students of different genders and those who had different favorite idols. 2. There were significant differences on self-congruence in students of different family status, and there were also significant differences on the domain of ideal self in students of different parental attainments. 3. There were significant differences on life satisfaction in students of different grades. 4. Idol worship was positively correlated with self-congruence and it was also positively correlated with life satisfaction. The domains of true self and ideal self were respectively positively correlated with life satisfaction. 5. Idol worship can significantly predict life satisfaction.The domains of entertainment-social and true self also can significantly predict life satisfaction, which could explain 19.0％ of the total variances. Based on the results, some related suggestions were provided for parents, teachers, schools, education authorities and the future researchers who might be interested in this issue.

碩士
中原大學
心理學研究所
106
The congruency effect in the Stroop task is the performance gap between congruent and incongruent trials. congruency effect’s size will be affected by the proportion of congruent trials. The situation where the proportion congruency is high has a greater congruency effect than the situation where the proportion congruency is low. The proportion congruency can be divided into two levels, the proportion of list-wide proportion congruency and item-specific proportion congruency. The list-wide proportion congruency is the total proportion of congruent trials in the experiment, and the item-specific proportion congruency is the proportion of congruent trials in the total number of times that a particular item (for example, a certain color) appears. The proportion congruency effect caused by the list-wide proportion congruency is considered to originate from the proactive control in the dual mechanisms of control, which is a goal-relevant and actively maintained control mechanism. The proportion congruency effect caused by the item-specific proportion congruency is considered to correspond to reactive control, which is a late correction mechanism that responses immediately to high-level interference events. Both proactive control and reactive control have supporting evidence, but the relationship between them has not yet been fully understood. Therefore, this study explores whether the two are interdependent or independent by manipulating the proportion of list-wide proportion congruency and the proportion of items in the Stroop task. Both proportion congruency were manipulated in same experiment and it was found that both of them have a proportion congruency effect. However, there is no interaction between the two proportion congruency effects. Therefore, the experimental results support that the list-wide proportion congruency and item-specific proportion congruency in the Stroop task are operations independently. But it doesn’t fit dual mechanisms of control very well.

碩士
玄奘大學
應用心理學系碩士在職專班
101
The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between spouse with underage children congruence in decision- making in different life situations and marital adjustment. In addition, we examine the comparisons among couples in different stages of the family life cycle. The purposive sampling method is used to conduct surveys with structured questionnaires among spouses with underage children and have full-time work in counties of Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli and Taichung City. 240 pairs of participants returned valid responses for further analysis. The major findings are as follows: 1.Spousal congruence of subjectivity correlates positively with the “Conflicting Severity” of marital adjustment correlation, while negatively with “Marriage Satisfaction .” 2.The disparity in spousal congruence of subjectivity could predict the results of marital adjustment：Husband’s disparity in congruence of subjectivity impacts on his own result of marital adjustment；Wife’s marital adjustment is not only affected by herself, but also by his husband’s disparity in congruence of subjectivity. 3.Spousal congruence of objectivity should have no significant correlation with marital adjustment. 4.For spouses in different stages of the family life cycle, the comparison between their congruence and marital adjustment do not vary markedly. Finally, based on the findings and limitations, the study provides several suggestions for individuals and spouses, as well as future studies.

Text in English with abstracts and keywords in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu. Translated titles in Afrikaans and isiZulu supplied.
The research focused on individual–organisational career path congruence and the development of an integrated measure (I-PIA-M) constituting individual variables (i.e. career anchor preferences, career interests and abilities) which are recognised as influencing individuals’ perceptions of fit with the organisation. The research adopted a mixed-methods approach: (1) principles and constructs of person–environment (P-E) fit were applied, both to develop the I-PIA-M and empirically test the measure for reliability and validity; and (2) a qualitative study (career intervention) was conducted in which the empirically tested measure was applied in a career counselling context, to assess and guide career path congruence in an authentic work setting. The quantitative study involved a randomly selected sample (N = 270) of predominantly working adults in the economic and management sciences fields. The qualitative study involved five respondents in a career construction interview, along with the administration of the empirically tested I-PIA-M measure. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the multi-dimensionality of the I-PIA-M, and the reliability and construct validity of the scale. The results showed that race and gender significantly explain individuals’ self-perceived career anchor preferences and career interests, but not their self-perceived abilities. Age did not significantly explain individuals’ self-perceived career anchor preferences, career interests or abilities. The qualitative study corroborated the multi-directionality of individuals’ career paths and the notion of guiding person–organisation career path congruence by means of the I-PIA-M. The research contributed to career psychology and career counselling practice through the empirical testing and application of the I-PIA-M in the contemporary work context. Various limitations and recommendations for further research were also highlighted in this thesis.
Die navorsing het gefokus op individuele-organisatoriese-loopbaankongruensie en die ontwikkeling van 'n geïntegreerde maatstaf (I-PIA-M) bestaande uit individuele veranderlikes (bv loopbaanankervoorkeure, loopbaanbelangstellings en vermoëns) wat erken word as faktore wat individue se persepsies van passing met die organisasie beïnvloed. Die navorsing het 'n gemengdemetode-benadering gevolg: (1) beginsels en konstrukte van persoon-omgewing is toegepas om sowel die I-PIA-M te ontwikkel en die maatstaf empiries vir betroubaarheid en geldigheid te toets; en (2) 'n kwalitatiewe studie (loopbaanintervensie) is onderneem waarin die empiries getoetsde maatstaf in 'n loopbaanberadingskonteks gebruik is om die loopbaanpadkongruensie in 'n outentieke werksituasie te evalueer en te lei. Die kwantitatiewe studie het 'n ewekansig geselekteerde steekproef (N = 270) van oorwegend werkende volwassenes op die terrein van ekonomiese en bestuurswetenskappe betrek. Die kwalitatiewe studie het vyf respondent in 'n loopbaankonstruksie-onderhoud betrek, saam met die aanwending van die empiries getoetste I-PIA-M maatstaf. Verkennende faktoranalise en bevestigende faktoranalise het die multidimensionele aard van die I-PIA-M bevestig, en die betroubaarheid en konstrukgeldigheid van die skaal. Die resultate het getoon dat ras en geslag beduidend individue se self-vermeende loopbaanankervoorkeure en loopbaanbelangstellings verklaar, maar nie hul self-vermeende vermoëns nie. Ouderdom het nie beduidend individue se self-vermeende loopbaanankervoorkeure, loopbaanbelangstellings of vermoëns verklaar nie. Die kwalitatiewe studie het die multidireksionele aard van individue se loopbaanpaaie en die idee dat persoon–organisasie-loopbaanpadkongruensie deur middel van die I-PIA-M gerig word, gestaaf. Die navorsing het tot loopbaansielkunde en loopbaanberadingspraktyk bygedra deur die empiriese toetsing en toepassing van die I-PIA-M in die kontemporêre werkkonteks. Verskeie beperkings en aanbevelings vir verdere navorsing is ook in hierdie tesis uitgelig.
Ucwaningo lugxile kuhlelo olufanayo lobizo lomsebenzi olulandelwa umuntu ngamunye–yinhlangano kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwendlela ehlangene yokwakha izimpawu zomuntu ezahlukahlukene (I-PIA-M) (zona yilezi ukwenyulwa kobizo lomsebenzi oluyinsika, ubizo oluthandayo lomsebenzi kanye namakhono okwenza umsebenzi) ezithathwa njengalezo ezinomthelela phezu kwemiqondo yomuntu ohambelana ncimishi nenhlangano. Ucwaningo lwamukela ingxubevange yezindlela zokwenza ucwaningo: (1) imigomo kanye nezakhiwo zesizinda somuntu (P-E) zisetshenziswe, kabili, ukwakha i I-PIA-M kanye nokuhlolwa ngendlela ephathekayo izinga lokwethembeka kanye nokulunga; kanye; kanye (2) nocwaningo olusebenzisa amagama lwenziwa, lapho isinyathelo sokuhlola esiphathekayo sasetshenziswa kuhlelo ngaphansi kwesizinda sokululekwa ngokobizo lomsebenzi, ukuhlola ikhono kanye nokukhombisa umfundi indlela yobizo lomsebenzi ehambisana naye angayilandela ngaphansi kwesimo sangempela somsebenzi. . Lesi sifundo socwaningo besixuba isampuli yokukhethwa ngokungahleliwe kwabantu abadala (N = 270) abasebenzayo emikhakheni yezesayensi yezomnotho kanye nezokuphata. Uhlelo locwaningo olusebenzisa amagama luye lwaxuba abaphenduli abahlanu kunhlololwazi lokuzakhela ubizo lomsebenzi, kanye nokuqhutshwa kwesinyathelo sokuhlolwa okuphathekayo kohlelo lwe-I-PIA-M. -. Uhlelo lokuhluza oluvumbululayo kanye nohlelo lokuhluza oluqinisekisayo aye aqinisekisa ukwehlukahluka kwe-I-PIA-M ngokwezigaba, nokwethembeka kanye nohlelo lwesakhiwo esifanele sobukhulu. Imiphumela iye yakhombisa ukuthi ubuhlanga kanye nobulili zichaza kahle kakhulu ubizo lomsebenzi olukhethwa, ubizo lomsebenzi othandwayo noma amakhono omsebenzi athandwayo, kodwa hayi ngokuzikhethela komuntu ngokwamakhono anawo. Unyaka awuzange ucacise kahle ukwenyula ubizo lomsebenzi, ukuthanda ubizo lomsebenzi kanye namakhono omsebenzi ngokuzazi komuntu ngokwakhe. Unyaka, ubuhlanga kanye namaqembu obulili akhombise umehluko omkhulu mayelana nobizo lwemisebenzi abalwenyulayo, ubizo lwemisebenzi abayithandayo kanye namakhono omsebenzi abawaqondayo ngokuzazi kwabo. Ucwaningo olususelwa kumagama lusekela uhlelo lwezindlela eziningi lwezindlela zobizo lomsebenzi ezilandelwa ngabantunkanye nombono wokuholela umuntu-inhlangano endleleni efanayo yobizo lomsebenzi ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-I-PIA-M. Ucwaningo luye lwaba negalelo kusayikholoji kanye nasemisebenzini wokweluleka ngokobizo lomsebenzi ngokusebenzisa uhlelo oluphathekayo lokuhlola kanye nokusetshenziswa kohlelo lwe-I-PIA-M kwisimo sanamuhla sasemsebenzini. Kuye kwavezwa imingcele eyahlukahlukene kanye nezinqumo ezimayelana nokwenza olunye ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kuye kwavezwa kule thesisi.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
Ph. D. (Psychology)

This research involved an examination of Beck's congruency hypothesis (1983). There were three studies, each examining an assumption that underpins the congruency hypothesis. There were two groups of participants: 61 remitted depressives and 61 university student controls, who were followed for a 1-year period. The first study stemmed from Blatt's theory that interpersonal and achievement-oriented personality styles are independent and enduring, arising from different early childhood experiences. It investigated individuals' perceptions of the parenting style they had experienced in the first 16 years of their life and how these related to their current personality style. Overall, an achievement-oriented personality style (self-criticism) was predicted by maternal protectiveness in the university student sample and by a lack of maternal warmth in the clinical sample. No relationship between perceptions of early parenting and an interpersonal personality (dependency) was found. The second study comprised two parts. The first examined the stability of personality over the 1-year examination period. This was seen as an important test. For personality to be a vulnerability factor or diathesis in terms of the congruency hypothesis, it must be stable over time. The second part of this study investigated whether any significant changes in personality over time were predicted by recent negative life events that had been experienced. The results showed that all of the personality constructs investigated (sociotropy, autonomy (solitude, independence), dependency, self-criticism) were stable over the 6-month period. However, during the 12-month period, there was a significant decrease in mean scores on sociotropy for the university students group and a significant decrease in mean scores on sociotropy and dependency for the remitted depressives group. For the remitted depressives group, change in dependency was predicted by stress resulting from negative life events as rated by an independent research team (objective stress) but not by participants' own ratings of the stressfulness of these events (subjective stress). In research testing the congruency hypothesis, life events are routinely classified as being either sociotropic or autonomous. The third study investigated the validity of this practice. The results of this study demonstrated only partial support for the a priori procedure for classifying events in this way. Across samples (university students and remitted depressives) and measures (self-reported and interview measures of life events), participants did not consistently rate events as sociotropic or autonomous in line with their own personality styles. Throughout the research, many of the methodological shortfalls that were identified as being present in prior research on the congruency hypothesis were addressed. Notably, comparisons were made between the different samples (student versus clinical) and measures (self-report versus interview) used. The results of the current research differed depending on the choice of sample and the type of measures used. For example, in some instances, significant results were found only when the stressfulness of an event was rated by the research team (objective stress) rather than by the participants themselves (subjective stress). However, it is subjective stress that is most commonly used in previous research on the congruency hypothesis. This choice could well contribute to the many non-significant results found in this area of study. These and other methodological issues are taken into account, examined, discussed, and recommendations for future research are made.