Journal articles: 'Line Following Robot'

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Saw, Khin Khin, and Lae Yin Mon. "Design and Construction of Line Following Robot using Arduino." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (June 30, 2019): 939–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23977.

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Vo Nhu, Thanh. "Development of restaurant serving robot using line following approach." Journal of Science and Technology Issue on Information and Communications Technology 17, no. 12.1 (December 31, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/jst-ud2019-087.

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As the era of industrial revolution 4.0 is coming, most of robots are developed to replace the human works and services. However, in Vietnam, putting robots in service industry such as waiter robot serving in restaurants is still very limited. This study presents the initial development of restaurant serving robot using line following approach. The robot is designed by referring to the survey on the size and appearance requirements at a restaurant. Robot is programmed to come to a specific table by mapping data. Based on the line reading algorithm implemented on microcontroller PIC18F4550, the robot follows the line marked on the floor to move to the desired table position and returns to the service counter after completing the task. There are ultrasonic sensors on the robot that can detect the obstacle to help the robot stop and output warning signal. The robot also can output some simple voices to customers in English, Korean and Vietnamese such as "Welcome", “Please enjoy your food"...

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Võ Như, Thành. "Development of restaurant serving robot using line following approach." Journal of Science and Technology Issue on Information and Communications Technology 17, no. 12.1 (December 31, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/jst-ud2019-087e.

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As the era of industrial revolution 4.0 is coming, most of robots are developed to replace the human works and services. However, in Vietnam, putting robots in service industry such as waiter robot serving in restaurants is still very limited. This study presents the initial development of restaurant serving robot using line following approach. The robot is designed by referring to the survey on the size and appearance requirements at a restaurant. Robot is programmed to come to a specific table by mapping data. Based on the line reading algorithm implemented on microcontroller PIC18F4550, the robot follows the line marked on the floor to move to the desired table position and returns to the service counter after completing the task. There are ultrasonic sensors on the robot that can detect the obstacle to help the robot stop and output warning signal. The robot also can output some simple voices to customers in English, Korean and Vietnamese such as "Welcome", “Please enjoy your food"...

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Salisu, Abubakar, Aminu Bugaje, and A. B. Shallah. "LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT WITH HIGH RADIATION MATERIAL DETECTION CAPABILITY." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 4 (June 13, 2021): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0404-482.

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Advancement in technology have led to a rapid development in the design and manufacturing of robots, enabling them to provide human capabilities without the inherent shortcoming associated with human capabilities; such as boredom, fear, inefficiency etc. A mobile robot that can sense and observe the line drawn on the floor is the Line Follower Robot. The direction is usually predefined and can be either visible on a white surface with a high contrast colour like a black line or invisible like a magnetic field. Hence, with its Infrared Ray (IR) sensors mounted under the robot, this sort of robot can feel the line. Then, the information is conveyed by specific transition buses to the processor. The processor will determine the right commands and then send them to the driver, and the line follower robot will then follow the direction. Therefore, this paper focuses on the design of a mobile line following robot for detecting the high radiation level of a sample farmland and display on a 7-segment display by the aid of sensors to navigate through grid. The mobile line following robot must move through the squares and detect the high radiation levels and at the end provides us with information on the number of squares and detected high radiation levels. The robot's area of operation is limited to six squares each of dimension 60cm×60 cm. Silver coloured square spots with dimensions of 5 cm by 5 cm made of foil paper are used to indicate a high radiation level

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Ho, Tang Swee, Goh Chok How, Yeong Che Fai, Tey Wei Kang, and Eileen Su Lee Ming. "Vision Recognition on Line Pattern Following Behavior on POB-Bot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 432 (September 2013): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.432.453.

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Robust development in the industries had lead to the fast development of the robots and sensors. Mobile robot is able to replace human power for many things due to its low cost and high accuracy. Types of navigation of the mobile robot had been in the research for past decades, the simplest and straight forward method of mobile robot navigation will be line following. Line following basically allows the robot to move along the predefined line. This paper is proposing a novel method of line following for more functions for mobile robot. 12 patterns have been defined to perform different functions. POB-Bot has been used to recognize these patterns using its POB-Eye. The result shows that the accuracy of the POB-Eye is promisingly high for simple pattern.

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Abdulhamid, Mohanad, and Muindi Mutheke. "Design of Digital Control System for Line Following Robot." Technological Engineering 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teen-2018-0018.

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Abstract Design of mobile robots has become an increasingly growing trend in the technology of modern times. They are very attractive engineering systems, not only because of many interesting theoretical aspects concerning kinematics, intelligent behavior and autonomy, but also because of applicability in many human activities. A typical example is the line following robot (LFR). In order for a LFR to function effectively, it must demonstrate excellent line tracking control. This is achieved by having accurate and responsive control algorithms as well as high precision color sensor systems. This paper proposes a system to show that good line tracking performance can be achieved with moderately simple digital control algorithms. The platform used is a differentially driven wheeled robot constructed using the Lego Mindstorms components. The simulation models are presented and analyzed using MATLAB Simulink. The main programming environment is the EV3 Software.

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prakash, M. Surya, K. Ajay Vignesh, J. Shyamsunthar, K. Raman, J. Senthil Raju, and N. Raju. "Computer Vision Assisted Line Following Robot." Procedia Engineering 38 (2012): 1764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.06.215.

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Matczak, Grzegorz, and Przemyslaw Mazurek. "History Dependent Viterbi Algorithm for Navigation Purposes of Line Following Robot." Image Processing & Communications 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipc-2015-0039.

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Abstract Line following robots are applied in numerous applications and the best performance could be obtained if the forward looking camera is applied. Variable light and line conditions influence the line estimation and quality of the robot navigation. Proposed History Dependent Viterbi Algorithm and Viterbi Algorithm are compared. Obtained results using Monte Carlo tests show improved performance of the proposed algorithm for assumed model.

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Kelemen, Michal, Daniel John Colville, Tatiana Kelemenová, Ivan Virgala, and Ľubica Miková. "Educational Model of Line Follower Robot LINA 2010." Solid State Phenomena 220-221 (January 2015): 989–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.989.

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The paper deals with an educational model of line following robot LINA 2010. The model of the robot has been designed at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Kosice and is currently used in the educational process. The students also attend competition for the best designed algorithm for the robot, which helps with broadening skills and experience in this field of study.

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Rafika, Ageng Setiani, Asep Saifudin, and Jesus Gregory. "PENGHANCUR MUSUH DENGAN ROBOT ARTILLERY LINE FOLLOWING BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLLER AT89S52." ICIT Journal 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2019): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/icit.v5i2.430.

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Pada era teknologi yang berkembang dewasa ini. Dalam dunia robotik, banyak sekali dibuat bermacam-macam robot yang berguna untuk mempermudah pekerjaan manusia. Robot tersebut digunakan untuk meringankan serta membantu pekerjaan manusia mulai dalam bidang perindustrian, militer, hingga dalam kehidupan rumah tangga sehari-hari. Dengan pesatnya perkembangan politik dunia yang sangat signifikan saat ini, dimana setiap negara ingin memperluas wilayah kekuasaan dengan melakukan invasi ke negara-negara lemah. Sebagai wujud cinta tanah air maka kiranya kita wajib menjaga pertahanan dan keamanan demi mewujudkan suasana yang aman dan damai di negara kita maka penulis mencoba mengimplementasikan masalah itu dengan menciptakan suatu robot otomatis yang dapat membantu khususnya bidang militer untuk menjaga perbatasan negara kita. Prinsip kerja dari robot yang dibuat ini yaitu dengan scanning daerah yang telah di berikan line following dan bila ada benda asing maka robot akan membidik kemudian menembak untuk menghancurkan objek dalam hal ini yaitu musuh yang menyelinap, yang kemudian robot akan menyingkirkan bangkai objek agar jalannya robot tidak terganggu dan meneruskan pengamanan. Sebagai pusat control dalam hal ini digunakan Microcontroller AT89S52 sehingga robot ini dapat berjalan secara otomatis, sesuai program yang telah dimasukkan dalam chip tersebut. Kata Kunci Teknologi, robot, Microcontroller.

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Keerthana, V., C. Kiruthiga, P. Kiruthika, V. Sowmiya, and R. Manikadan. "NAVIGATION OF MOBILE ROBOT- ALGORITHM FOR PATH PLANNING & COLLISION AVOIDANCE- A REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i1.2017.1735.

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The ﬁeld of autonomous mobile robotics has recently gained many researchers’ interests. Due to the speciﬁc needs required by various applications of mobile robot systems, especially in navigation, designing a real time obstacle avoidance and path following robot system has become the backbone of controlling robots in unknown environments. The main objective of our project is applications based mobile robot systems, especially in navigation, designing real time obstacle avoidance and path following robot system has become the backbone of controlling robots in unknown environments. The main objective behind using the obstacle avoidance approach is to obtain a collision-free trajectory from the starting point to the target in monitoring environments. The ability of the robot to follow a path, detects obstacles, and navigates around them to avoid collision. It also shows that the robot has been successfully following very congested curves and has avoided any obstacle that emerged on its path. Motion planning that allows the robot to reach its target without colliding with any obstacles that may exist in its path. To avoid collision in the mobile robot environment, providing a path planning& line following approach. Line following, path planning, collision avoidance, back propagation, improved memory, detecting long distance obstacles. Cheap and economical than the former one. Also work with back propagation technique.

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Rokonuzzaman, Mohammad, Shah Muhammad Ferdous, Enaiyat Ghani Ovy, and Md Ashraful Hoque. "Smooth Track-Keeping and Real Time Obstacle Detection Algorithm and its PID Controller Implementation for an Automated Wheeled Line Following Robot." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 1966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.1966.

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Line following automated robots is extensively used in industries for smooth running of production. This paper presents a simple and effective solution for path tracking problem for a wheeled automated mobile robot which can be used for material handling in industries. A PID controller has been used for controlling the robot which is capable of moving safely by smooth track-keeping in partially structured environment without any collision with static or moving objects. The purpose of the project is to build a mobile robot which will provide fast, smooth, accurate and safe movement in any given line or track. A straight or wavy line would be simple to follow whereas aT-junction, 90 degree bends, acute angle bends and grid junctions would be difficult to navigate through. This is due to the physical kinematics constraints which are limited to motor response, position and turning radius of the robot. A line sensor configuration has been proposed to improve the navigation reliability of the mobile robot which uses differential drive system. A dynamic algorithm has been developed for detecting and following a specified line which ensures the reliable and safe movement of the robot.

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Wen, Yu Juan, and Zhe Liu. "Development of Embedded Intelligent Line-Following Robot Based on Image Processing." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.346.

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Aiming at dealing with the problems of traditional inspection robot, such as low accuracy of path identification, an embedded intelligent inspection robot based on image processing is developed. With uCOSs efficient real-time control ability and image processing technology, the robot can follow the line automatically. The experiment showed that the intelligent robot can identify the path accurately and adjust the direction and speed quickly

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Anang Lubis, Mohammad Agustinus Saputra, Indrazno Sirajuddin, and Muhamad Rifa'i. "AUTONOMOUS HOVER DAN STEERING LINE FOLLOWING ” ROBOT HYBRID” PADA ABU ROBOCON 2016 DENGAN METODE PID." Jurnal Elektronika dan Otomasi Industri 3, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elkolind.v3i3.89.

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Robot Hybrid ini merupakan robot pengikuti garis dan beroperasi secara otomatis. Sistem yang digunakan dalam menjalakan robot hybrid menggunakan sistem hover dan steering line following. Sistem hover pada robot hybrid digunakan untuk mengatur kecepatan secara konstan dengan menggunakan motor brushless.Motor Brushless memiliki torsi yang kuat dan rpm yang tinggi berfungsi sebagai penggerak pada robot hybrid. Dalam menentukan dan menghitung kecepatan robot digunakan sensor rotary encoder.Sistem steering digunakanmengedalikan pergerakan robot hybrid dalam lintasan garis untuk belok kanan, belok kiri, dan lurus.Line following ini menggunakan sensor photodiode yang berfungsi sebagai pembacaan garis. Sistem steering dalam robot hybrid diguankan komponen berupa actuator motor servo. Percobaan pada robot hybrid ini menggunkan 2 kontrol PID yaitu pada hover dalam mengontrol kecepatan yang konstan dan steering line following menggunakan tuning Ziegler Nichols orde 2. Hasil dari tuning PID menggunakan Ziegler Nichols orde 2 didapatkan nilai konstanta PID yaitu Hover Kp=8,296 ,Ki=5,11, Kd=8,65 dan line following Kp=1,8, Ki=0,15, Kd=5,256, pada praktiknya line following tidak didapatkan hasil yang maksimal sehingga dicari lagi parameter PID dengan menggunakan trial and error yaitu PID line following Kp=0,8, Ki=0,15, Kd=0,07. Implementasi hasil dari tuning Ziegler Nichols dan trial and error pada hover dan steering line following mendapatkan settling time 33s pada sistem hover dan settling time 18s line following. dalam mengikuti garis sesuai set-point jalur lintasan serta kecepatan yang konstan pada robot hybrid.

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Chaidir, Ali Rizal, Gamma Aditya Rahardi, and Khairul Anam. "Mobile robot navigation based on line landmarks using the Braitenberg controller and image processing." Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Komputer 8, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jtsiskom.2020.13643.

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Line following and lane tracking are robotic navigation techniques that use lines as a guide. The techniques can be applied to mobile robots in the industry. This research applied the Braitenberg controller and image processing to control and obtain line information around the mobile robot. The robot was implemented using Arduino Uno as a controller. A webcam was connected to a computer that performs image processing using canny edge detection and sends the data to the robot controller via serial communication. The robot can navigate on the side of the line, and the success rate of the system is 100 % at a turn of 135 ° and 80 % at a turn of 90 °.

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NAGAI, Isaku, and Keigo WATANABE. "Smartphone-based Mobile Robot for Line Following Without Lines." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2019 (2019): 2P1—A07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2019.2p1-a07.

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Widiastuti, Anita Puput, Totok Winarno, and Sidik Nurcahyo. "Implementasi Prototype Robot Line Following Untuk Pengantar Barang Pada Area Berbahaya Dengan Kontrol PID." Jurnal Elektronika dan Otomasi Industri 3, no. 3 (November 25, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elkolind.v3i3.90.

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Robot line following pengantar barang di area berbahaya merupakan sebuah robot yang berfungsi mengantar barang dari satu tempat ketempat lain pada area yang dianggap berbahaya secara otomatis. Tujuannya untuk meminimalisir angka kecelakaan kerja pada area yang dianggap berbahaya. Komponen utama dari alat ini terdiri dari kamera berjenis webcam dikendalikan oleh beaglebone black yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi garis pada lintasan dan mikrokontroller Atmega16 untuk mengontrol seluruh pergerakan motor berdasarkan pembacaan sensor. Robot line following ini menghasilkan robot dapat mengantarkan barang menuju tempat tujuan dengan mengikuti lintasan berupa garis berwarna hitam, merah, hijau dan biru. Dengan demikian secara keseluruhan pada robot line following pengantar barang dapat berfungsi dengan baik.Robot ini menggunakan metode thresholding untuk webcam yaitu mengubah citra asli ke citra biner dan moment untuk menentukan titik tengah (central of gravity) dari lintasan. Robot ini juga menggunakan kontrol PID untuk mengontrol motor. Metode PID yang dipakai dalam robot ini adalah metode Tuning Ziegler – Nichols. Dari hasil pengujian pada sistem line following, di dapatkan nilai parameter PID dengan metode Tuning Ziegler – Nichols masih belum stabil sehingga digunakan metode trial and error dengan mengacu pada metode Tuning Ziegler – Nichols. Di dapatkan nilai PID adalah Kp = 2, Ki = 0,1 Kd = 0,1 mampu menjaga kestabilan pada garis/line dengan baik namun terdapat error steady state 0,5% dan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk stabil yaitu 3s.

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Aboueela, Ahmad, Asharf Hafez, and Tarek Elewa. "Vision Enhancement of Line Following Robot in Variable Lighting Environments." Scientific Journal of October 6 University 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/sjou.2014.32954.

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AKIHIRA, Shogo, Hiroyuki INOUE, Hitoshi SORI, Hiroyuki HATTA, and Yasuhiro ANDO. "2P1-B09 Weeding Robot Control for Rice Plant Line Following." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2015 (2015): _2P1—B09_1—_2P1—B09_2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2015._2p1-b09_1.

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Toumpa, Alexia, Alexandros Kouris, Fotios Dimeas, and Nikos Aspragathos. "Control of a line following robot based on FSM estimation." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 22 (2018): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.11.573.

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Wu, Zai-Gen, Chao-Yi Lin, Hao-Wei Chang, and Po Ting Lin. "Inline Inspection with an Industrial Robot (IIIR) for Mass-Customization Production Line." Sensors 20, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 3008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113008.

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Robots are essential for the rapid development of Industry 4.0. In order to truly achieve autonomous robot control in customizable production lines, robots need to be accurate enough and capable of recognizing the geometry and orientation of an arbitrarily shaped object. This paper presents a method of inline inspection with an industrial robot (IIIR) for mass-customization production lines. A 3D scanner was used to capture the geometry and orientation of the object to be inspected. As the object entered the working range of the robot, the end effector moved along with the object and the camera installed at the end effector performed the requested optical inspections. The detailed information about the developed methodology was introduced in this paper. The experiments showed there was a relative movement between the moving object and the following camera and the speed was around 0.34 mm per second (worst case was around 0.94 mm per second). For a camera of 60 frames per second, the relative moving speed between the object and the camera was around 6 micron (around 16 micron for the worst case), which was stable enough for most industrial production inspections.

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Febtriko, Anip, and Wita Yulianti. "Application Of The Concept And Monitoring Of Robot Line Follwer As a Prototype Of Pekanbaru Trans Metro Bus Towards The Revolution Industry 4.0 (Penerapan Konsep Dan Monitoring Robot Line Follwer Sebagai Prototipe Bus Trans Metro Pekanbaru Menuju Era Revo." Jurnal KomtekInfo 6, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35134/komtekinfo.v6i2.50.

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Public transportation is a major part of developing an advanced and modern city. Progress in public transportation is needed to be planned and realized to deal with the development of the city together with population and economic growth. The use of the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus transportation is not in line with the development and progress of the City of Pekanbaru, which wants to be a smart city, where the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) needs to be realized in building smart cities and currently the use of the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus in Pekanbaru is still becoming a problem. it needs to be resolved like the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus lane which still uses a shared lane which causes congestion and lack of good trafic regulations. Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus transportation is still weak in terms of arrival and departure times. Trans metro Pekanbaru has not yet been integrated in a system that can be monitored centrally through the application of an application system based on the Global Positioning System (GPS). To overcome this problem, it is necessary to have the Trans Metro Pekanbaru bus transportation in the form of a prototype line follower robot which is a solution to overcome this problem. The purpose of this research is to make the line follower robot as a trans-metro silmulation bus for Pekanbaru become a smart city that is able to serve and facilitate the public's need for public transportation towards the industrial revolution 4.0. Line follower robot is a robot that works by following a line in the form of a road such as a traf ic lane, where the robot works using photodiode sensors and ultrasonic sensors as proximity sensors so that it stops automatically at every stop or place where passengers rise and fall. Line follower robots are automatically controlled so programming code and fuzzy algorithms are needed. Line follower robots are also equipped with Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) to determine passenger conditions.

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Nordin, Peter, and Wolfgang Banzhaf. "An On-Line Method to Evolve Behavior and to Control a Miniature Robot in Real Time with Genetic Programming." Adaptive Behavior 5, no. 2 (January 1997): 107–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105971239700500201.

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We present a novel evolutionary approach to robotic control of a real robot based on genetic programming (GP). Our approach uses GP techniques that manipulate machine code to evolve control programs for robots. This variant of GP has several advantages over a conventional GP system, such as higher speed, lower memory requirements, and better real-time properties. Previous attempts to apply GP in robotics use simulations to evaluate control programs and have difficulties with learning tasks involving a real robot. We present an on-line control method that is evaluated in two different physical environments and applied to two tasks—obstacle avoidance and object following—using the Khepera robot platform. The results show fast learning and good generalization.

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Al Tahtawi, Adnan Rafi, Yoyo Somantri, and Erik Haritman. "Design and Implementation of PID Control-based FSM Algorithm on Line Following Robot." Jurnal Teknologi Rekayasa 1, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31544/jtera.v1.i1.2016.23-30.

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Finite State Machine (FSM) is a control system methodology that describes system’s behavior using three things, namely: state, event, and action. On a program, the system would be in one active state. The system can switch or move to another state if it gets a certain input or event. In this paper, FSM based on Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller algorithm will be implemented on line follower robot. PID controller is one of system control methods that many used recently. FSM based on PID controller is implemented to keep robot tracking the line trajectory as well. The test result shows that designed algorithm can work well and can be used as a based algorithm of this robot.Keywords: algorithm, Finite State Machine (FSM), Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), robot, line follower

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Castillo, Oscar, Prometeo Cortés-Antonio, Patricia Melin, and Fevrier Valdez. "Type-2 fuzzy control for line following using line detection images." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 5 (November 19, 2020): 6089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-189081.

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This work presents a comparative analysis of Type-1 and Type-2 fuzzy controllers to drive an omnidirectional mobile robot in line-following tasks using line detection images. Image processing uses a Prewitt filter for edge detection and determines the error from the line location. The control systems are tested using four different paths from the Robotino® SIM simulator. Also, two different strategies in the design and implementation of the controllers are presented. In the first one, a PD controller scheme is extended by using a fuzzy system to have adaptive parameters P and D, additionally, Type-2 Fuzzy sets are used to give robustness to the controller. In the second case, a Fuzzy controller is designed to compute in a direct way the control variables and it is extended to Type-2 Fuzzy controller. Finally, experimental results and comparative analysis are presented for the five control schemes by comparing the running time and the standard deviation to measure the robustness of the control systems.

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Ishikawa, Yuki, Jooseop Yun, Junji Satake, and Jun Miura. "1P1-B13 On-line Path Planning for a Person Following Robot." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2009 (2009): _1P1—B13_1—_1P1—B13_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2009._1p1-b13_1.

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MATCZAK, Grzegorz. "Line Following Robot with Real-Time Viterbi Track-Before-Detect Algorithm." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2017.01.17.

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Ibrahim, Dogan, and Tayseer Alshanableh. "An undergraduate fuzzy logic control lab using a line following robot." Computer Applications in Engineering Education 19, no. 4 (April 27, 2009): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cae.20347.

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Hwang, Yunn Lin, Jung Kuang Cheng, and Van Thuan Truong. "Dynamic Analysis and Control of Industrial Robotic Manipulators." Applied Mechanics and Materials 883 (July 2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.883.30.

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Robot simulation has developed quickly in recent decades. Along with the development of computer science, a lot of simulation soft-wares have been created to perform many purposes such as studying kinematic, dynamic, and off-line program to avoid obstacle on manipulator robots. The main objective of this study is therefore to analyze kinematic, dynamic characteristics of an R-R robotic manipulator in order to control this robot. Newton-Euler method was used to calculate the torque acting on each joint of the robot. Then, a numerical model of the robot was established by a multi-body dynamics software to compare with the results obtained by Newton-Euler theory. After that, a feed-forward control system was created by RecurDyn/CoLink to control the end-effector of the robot following a desired trajectory. The results showed that this research can be used for efficient simulation of structural kinematics, dynamics as well as control of the real manipulator robot with the robot structure in a virtual environment.

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Khairullah, Yousif, Ali Marhoon, Mofeed Rashid, and Abdulmuttalib Rashid. "Multi Robot System Dynamics and Path Tracking." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 16, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.16.2.8.

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The Leader detecting and following are one of the main challenges in designing a leader-follower multi-robot system, in addition to the challenge of achieving the formation between the robots, while tracking the leader. The biological system is one of the main sources of inspiration for understanding and designing such multi-robot systems, especially, the aggregations that follow an external stimulus such as light. In this paper, a multi-robot system in which the robots are following a spotlight is designed based on the behavior of the Artemia aggregations. Three models are designed: kinematic and two dynamic models. The kinematic model reveals the light attraction behavior of the Artemia aggregations. The dynamic model will be derived based on the newton equation of forces and its parameters are evaluated by two methods: first, a direct method based on the physical structure of the robot and, second, the Least Square Parameter Estimation method. Several experiments are implemented in order to check the success of the three proposed systems and compare their performance. The experiments are divided into three scenarios of simulation according to three paths: the straight line, circle, zigzag path. The V-Rep software has been used for the simulation and the results appeared the success of the proposed system and the high performance of tracking the spotlight and achieving the flock formation, especially the dynamic models.

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Kaliukhovich, Dzmitry, Vladimir Golovko, and Andreas Paczynski. "Control Algorithms for the Mobile Robot “MAX” on a Task of Line Following Provided by Intelligent Image Processing." Solid State Phenomena 147-149 (January 2009): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.147-149.35.

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In the paper, we present the mobile robot “MAX” developed at the Systems Engineering Laboratory, Hochschule Ravensburg-Weingarten, which serves as a mock-up of an automated guided vehicle intended for transportation of materials, and connection between different parts of a production line in industry. The subject of the paper is autonomous robot motion along a specified track formed with a one-colored insulation tape marked on the surface, on which the robot moves. The paper focuses on track detection provided by real-time processing of the video stream from an installed on the front of the robot web-camera that is the key feature of this work. In the paper, brief overview on the construction of the mobile robot “MAX” is introduced, the task of line following and motion criteria are formulated, some approaches to track detection and its presentation with mean points are proposed. Three motion control algorithms which are ensued are also presented and verified with experiments on the mobile robot “MAX” to show their real appropriateness.

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Coelho, Heitor. "The robot take-over: Reflections on the meaning of automated education." education policy analysis archives 26 (September 17, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3863.

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With education technology pointing to an ever-increasing automation of educational activities, a few enthusiasts go so far as to predict the replacement of teachers by robots. The present paper intends to take such declarations as a provocation, encouraging us to question our understanding of educational practices. That this possibility is even considered says much about how we understand education and effectively educate, greatly instigating our inquiries about that which is ever the subject of education, i.e., the human being. To follow this line of questioning, the exposition will proceed thus: there will firstly be a rough outline of what is a “robot”, and what, if anything, distinguishes it from any other machine, beginning with the origin of the word, in fiction, and with considerations on machinery and automation relying on a few of Karl Marx’s insights. Following that, a few attempts to define real-life robots and robot-like machinery used in Information and Communication Technology will be seen, leading to a brief foray on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Finally, the last part will have recourse to Hannah Arendt’s theory of action in an effort to reflect on the meaning of the hopes for and attempts at an automated education.

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., Anirudh Nath. "IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROL TO REDUCE WOBBLING IN A LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 02, no. 10 (October 25, 2013): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2013.0210083.

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Xiaoling Wu, Yichao Li, Zusheng Zhang, Jianjun Li, Ruxu Du, and Huawei Fu. "An Improved Hardware Design and Navigation Optimization Algorithm for Line Following Robot." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 8, no. 5 (March 15, 2013): 903–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol8.issue5.105.

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NISHIOKA, Ryouta, Hidenori KAWAMURA, Masahito YAMAMOTO, Toshihiko TAKAYA, and Azuma OHUCHI. "2A2-A08 Development of Line Following Control System for Indoor Blimp Robot." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2007 (2007): _2A2—A08_1—_2A2—A08_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2007._2a2-a08_1.

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Phutane, Tejas. "A Stateflow based Approach for Simulation of Line Following Maze Solver Robot." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33883.

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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "SIMULASI DESAIN SKEMA ROBOT LINE FOLLOWER PENYIRAM TANAMAN MENGGUNAKAN SIMULATOR SOFTWARE PROTEUS 8." PETIR 10, no. 2 (November 16, 2018): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/petir.v10i2.26.

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The problem of high wages of labor today is very consideration to do things that routine work done every day, as well as watering plants, for this case, need a solution to the problem, that is by making a robot to do it. Robot Line Follower Sprinkler Plants or the next one will be shortened to LFPT Robot, the goal to do the work routinely watering the plant by way of the robot is running while watering the plants on the track. The LFPT Robot Characteristics of the robot will run following a specified black line, with the help of two IR sensors on the front of the robot for running, as well as an IR sensor on the left and right side of the LFPT Robot to detect the presence of plants. If the sensor on the left and right side of the robot detects a black line, the LFPT Robot will stop and will direct the water hose to the left and right then the robot will do the watering. This study uses a series of IR sensors to detect black lines. The LFPT Robot works will follow a black line, and will stop when the sensors on the left and right sides of the robot detect a black line. The results obtained a design of an LFPT Robot, which can be simulated directly by using Proteus 8 Software Simulator.

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Atali, Gokhan, Zeynep Garip, Sinan Serdar Ozkan, and Durmuş Karayel. "Path Planning of Mobile Robots Based on QR Code." Academic Perspective Procedia 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.01.01.9.

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The place and importance of mobile robots in today's industry is increasing day by day. The use of mobile robots for industrial purposes such as sorting, moving and placing is no longer a preference but a necessity. With methods such as line, magnetic field, infrared ray or image tracking, positioning of mobile robots and path planning are possible. The use of these methods depends on the application fields. The industry started with mobile line following robot&rsquo;s application at the beginning, gradually they have been developing day by day, and pursuits for different methods. If the topic examined under the heading of Industry 4.0, it is necessary to equip mobile robots with innovative technologies. The need for mobile robots that can provide fast, effective and practical solutions is being investigated by academics and commercial product developers.In this study, it is aimed to carry out a QR code based study on path planning of industrial mobile robots with distributed mobility. For this purpose, coordinates of the mobile robot work area are represented by QR labels and prepared in the form of a matrix. This way, developed path planning algorithm can be evaluated as a derivative of existing algorithms.

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Apsley, Judith. "An Autonomous Line-Following Robot Project as a Training Tool for Project Work." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 50, no. 3 (July 2013): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.50.3.4.

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TAKI, Yasuyoshi, Kiho SAKAI, Katsuki SAWADA, Jun-ichiro YUJI, and Kazutake KOZONO. "1A2-B06 Design of Line Following Robot Competition with Obstacles as Idea Training." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2009 (2009): _1A2—B06_1—_1A2—B06_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2009._1a2-b06_1.

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Roy, Abhishek, and Mathew Mithra Noel. "Design of a high-speed line following robot that smoothly follows tight curves." Computers & Electrical Engineering 56 (November 2016): 732–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2015.06.014.

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FAHMIZAL, FAHMIZAL, BUDI BAYU MURTI, DONNY BUDI PRATAMA, and AFRIZAL MAYUB. "Kendali Logika Fuzzy pada Car Like Mobile Robot (CLMR) Penjejak Garis." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 6, no. 3 (October 18, 2018): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v6i3.451.

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ABSTRAKMakalah ini memaparkan perancangan sistem kendali logika fuzzy untuk mengatur kecepatan dan arah sudut steering pada car like mobile robot (CLMR) dengan menggunakan metode Ackermann steering. CLMR penjejak garis dirancang menggunakan 16 buah photodiode, dan terdapat 7 buah membership fuzzfikasi dari pembacaan error dan last error sehingga terbentuk 49 aturan. Untuk menguji perfoma kendali fuzzy pada sistem CLMR dalam mengikuti lintasan garis maka dilakukan pengujian dengan bentuk lintasan berupa garis lurus dan berbelok serta zig-zag dalam satu lintasan putar. Proses variasi nilai keanggotaan fuzzifikasi masukan dan defuzzifikasi keluaran dilakukan sebanyak lima kali. Dari hasil pengujian diperoleh bahwa kendali logika fuzzy yang diaplikasikan pada sistem mampu membuat pergerakan CLMR sukses mengikuti lintasan uji selama 9,38 detik lebih baik 0,53 detik dari kendali PID. Selanjutnya, hasil rancangan sistem CLMR ini merupakan sebuah prototipe self-driving car.Kata kunci: car like mobile robot, robot penjejak garis, fuzzy, self-driving car ABSTRACTThis paper describes the design of a fuzzy logic control system to adjust the speed and direction of the angle of the steering on the car like mobile robot (CLMR) using the Ackermann steering method. CLMR line tracking is designed using 16 photodiode pieces, and there are 7 fuzzfication membership from reading error and last error so that 49 rules are formed. To test the fuzzy control performance on the CLMR system in following the line trajectory, it was tested with the form of a straight line and a turn and a zigzag in a rotary track. The process of varying input membership fuzzification values and output defuzzification is done five times. From the test results, it was found that the fuzzy logic control applied to the system was able to make CLMR movement successfully followed the test path for 9.38 seconds better than 0.53 seconds of PID control. Furthermore, the results of the CLMR system design are a prototype self-driving car.Keywords: car like mobile robot, line tracking robot, fuzzy, self-driving car

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Chesi, Graziano, Domenico Prattichizzo, and Antonio Vicino. "Straight Line Path-Planning in Visual Servoing." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 129, no. 4 (February 5, 2007): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2745882.

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This paper deals with visual servoing for 6-degree-of-freedom robot manipulators, and considers the problem of establishing whether and how it is possible to reach the desired location while keeping all features in the field of view and following a straight line in the Euclidean space. A path-planning technique based on a parametrization of the camera path through polynomials is proposed, which overcomes existing methods dealing with this problem. The generated image trajectory can be tracked by using an image-based visual servoing controller.

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GABRIELY, YOAV, and ELON RIMON. "COMPETITIVE COMPLEXITY OF MOBILE ROBOT ON-LINE MOTION PLANNING PROBLEMS." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 20, no. 03 (June 2010): 255–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195910003293.

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This paper classifies common mobile robot on-line motion planning problems according to their competitive complexity. The competitiveness of an on-line algorithm measures its worst case performance relative to the optimal off-line solution to the problem. Competitiveness usually means constant relative performance. This paper generalizes competitiveness to any functional relationship between on-line performance and optimal off-line solution. The constants in the functional relationship must be scalable and may depend only upon on-line information. Given an on-line task, its competitive complexity class is a pair of lower and upper bounds on the competitive performance of all on-line algorithms for the task, such that the two bounds satisfy the same functional relationship. The paper classifies the following on-line motion planning problems into competitive classes: area coverage, navigation to a target, and on-line search for an optimal path. In particular, it is shown that navigation to a target whose position is either apriori known or recognized upon arrival belongs to a quadratic competitive complexity class. The hardest on-line problem involves navigation in unknown variable traversibility environments. Under certain restriction on traversibility, this last problem belongs to an exponential competitive complexity class.

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Suryowinoto, Andy, and Martian Wijayanto. "The prototype of A Forklift Robot Based on AGV System and Android Wireless Controlled for Stacked Shelves." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (IJAIR) 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/ijair.v2i1.2621.

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The paper aims to build a prototype of an automatic forklift robot that can collect and place goods in the stacking shelves, that are monitored remotely using an Android-based device. The method used is AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) on this forklift robot prototype to adjust its positions, by following a line that preset trajectory for stacking shelf positions, where this forklift robot can collect and place goods. The robot navigation system uses a photodiode for the line follower system, and for storage of goods, it uses the proximity sensors detecting the presence of goods on miniature stacking goods and decide where it can store a good or not on that designated cell of the stacking shelf. The miniature of stacking shelves is two by three cells. The control of the robot has two input controllers. One is on a robot itself. The other was on handheld based on Android operating systems, which control remotely using the wireless system with Bluetooth protocol. The results of the discussion on paper, the forklift robot could manage the task given as the predefined line to a followed parameter of stacking shelves with two by three-stack configuration for collect and place goods into their positions, the average time for the robot to collecting and placing goods on stacking from standing still position to stacking shelf then back to the robot origin position. It resulted in the shortest processing time around 43 seconds and the longest time around 45,3 seconds from the start position to stacking shelf position.

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Hert, Susan, and Vladimir Lumelsky. "Planar Curve Routing for Tethered-Robot Motion Planning." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 07, no. 03 (June 1997): 225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195997000156.

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The following problem appears in robotics. A number of small, circular robots live in a common planar workspace. Each is attached by a flexible cable of finite length to a point on the boundary of this workspace. Each robot has a target point in the workspace it must reach. When a robot has reached its target, its cable will have been dragged out into the workspace and possibly pushed and bent by other robots. The cables remain taut at all times and may not overlap, but may bend around other robots. When only the target points are specified for the robots, their motion can produce arbitrarily complex cable configurations. The more complex a cable configuration is, the more restrictive it is to the motion of the robots. To keep restrictions on the robots' motions at a minimum, it is necessary to specify, in addition to the target points, a configuration of the cables that is as simple as possible but allows all robots to reach their targets. The problem of finding the simplest cable configuration for a given set of target points is shown to reduce to the problem of finding a minimal set of nonintersecting routes in a Euclidean graph whose nodes are the robots' cable line. That no set of edges can intersect any other set of edges is an unusual characteristic of this graph problem. This consideration leads to interesting geometric analysis used to determine which relative placements of the graph edges represent overlapping cable lines. An algorithm is suggested that uses an exhaustive search method with pruning to find a set of nonintersecting routes in the graph that is minimal according to a chosen criterion. The algorithm has been implemented and tested; examples of its performance are given.

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Chevalier, Pauline, Valentina Vasco, Cesco Willemse, Davide De Tommaso, Vadim Tikhanoff, Ugo Pattacini, and Agnieszka Wykowska. "Upper limb exercise with physical and virtual robots: Visual sensitivity affects task performance." Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjbr-2021-0014.

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Abstract We investigated the influence of visual sensitivity on the performance of an imitation task with the robot R1 in its virtual and physical forms. Virtual and physical embodiments offer different sensory experience to the users. As all individuals respond differently to their sensory environment, their sensory sensitivity may play a role in the interaction with a robot. Investigating how sensory sensitivity can influence the interactions appears to be a helpful tool to evaluate and design such interactions. Here we asked 16 participants to perform an imitation task, with a virtual and a physical robot under conditions of full and occluded visibility, and to report the strategy they used to perform this task. We asked them to complete the Sensory Perception Quotient questionnaire. Sensory sensitivity in vision predicted the participants’ performance in imitating the robot’s upper limb movements. From the self-report questionnaire, we observed that the participants relied more on visual sensory cues to perform the task with the physical robot than on the virtual robot. From these results, we propose that a physical embodiment enables the user to invest a lower cognitive effort when performing an imitation task over a virtual embodiment. The results presented here are encouraging that following this line of research is suitable to improve and evaluate the effects of the physical and virtual embodiment of robots for applications in healthy and clinical settings.

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Umar, Siti Nur Hanisah, Elmi Abu Bakar, Mohd Shukri Soaid, and Zahurin Samad. "Study on multi tasks of line following differential wheeled mobile robot for in-class project." International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control 21, no. 1 (2014): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmic.2014.059392.

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Cheema, Sachmanik Singh, and Sumit Budhiraja. "An Improved Technique for Vision Based Path Tracking Robot." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 4986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.4986.

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This paper describes a simple algorithm for tracking path for a line following robot (black line on white background) with the information related to steering decision obtained from the images of the path by processing the images using MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox. The images are captured using MATLAB Image Acquisition Toolbox by triggering frames from a video in real time and applying the algorithm on these frames. This approach provides an improvement to the infrared sensor based robots, which tend to give random values due to unavailability of adequate light, are not independent of the shape of the path as there is no information of the path ahead, and shape and width of the path is also a deciding factor for sensor separation. This approach is inspired from the human vision of determining the deviation of the path by having knowledge of the path ahead by comparing the orientation of the path. This is a simple computational technique working on the pixel information of the image in comparison to other complex mathematical techniques available. The algorithm has been verified using a recorded video and correct deviation of the path has been observed.

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Teng, Tey Wee, Prabakaran Veerajagadheswar, Balakrishnan Ramalingam, Jia Yin, Rajesh Elara Mohan, and Braulio Félix Gómez. "Vision Based Wall Following Framework: A Case Study With HSR Robot for Cleaning Application." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 3298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113298.

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Periodic cleaning of all frequently touched social areas such as walls, doors, locks, handles, windows has become the first line of defense against all infectious diseases. Among those, cleaning of large wall areas manually is always tedious, time-consuming, and astounding task. Although numerous cleaning companies are interested in deploying robotic cleaning solutions, they are mostly not addressing wall cleaning. To this end, we are proposing a new vision-based wall following framework that acts as an add-on for any professional robotic platform to perform wall cleaning. The proposed framework uses Deep Learning (DL) framework to visually detect, classify, and segment the wall/floor surface and instructs the robot to wall follow to execute the cleaning task. Also, we summarized the system architecture of Toyota Human Support Robot (HSR), which has been used as our testing platform. We evaluated the performance of the proposed framework on HSR robot under various defined scenarios. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed framework could successfully classify and segment the wall/floor surface and also detect the obstacle on wall and floor with high detection accuracy and demonstrates a robust behavior of wall following.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Line Following Robot'

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