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1
A N, Venkateswarlu, Tulasi Ram, S. S, and Sangameswara Raju.P. "Alleviation of VAr Impact on Critical Loading Margin with Redispatch in Deregulated Power Systems." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.8 (2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.8.11534.
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The stability management under deregulated environment has become typical task to the system due to random nature of load pattern and generation schedules. In addition, the regular uncertainties in system operation like line outage, generator outage or change in loading level are also causing to change in stability as well as security margins significantly. In order to manage transmission system security, the system operator can go for redispatch as a short term solution. In this article, an attempt is made to clear reactive power loading (VAr) impact on voltage instability margin or Critical Loading Margin (CLM). An Interior Point –Optimal Power Flow (IP-OPF) is applied to make system secured under (N-1) line contingencies. Using this secured schedule, the CLM is computed using Continuous Power Flow (CPF) for the two operating scenarios i.e., without VAr and with VAr loading on the system. The case study is simulated on IEEE 14-bus test network and outcome is validating that, the redispatch can also be apt for CLM enhancement even under contingencies as short term solution for stability management in real time.
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Haghighat, Hossein. "Loading margin calculation with line switching: A decomposition method." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 64 (January 2015): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.019.
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Sun, Yu, and Xiu Li Wang. "Extreme Weather Loading Risk Model of Overhead Transmission Line." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 2005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.2005.
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Power grid suffers tremendous economic loss in extreme ice disaster weather, suggesting that it lacks immediate precautionary system. On the basis of the standards of Q/GDW179-2008 and IEC60826-2003, the curve of transmission line design loads is built up. In view of ransom character for load-strength of transmission line, according to load-strength interference theory, a short-term wind and ice loading risk model is established, which is a time-dependent wind and ice loading model, and can be calculated unreliability probability and fault rate, showing risks about cluster fault and common fault. Furthermore, wind and ice loads are divided into five states, which show risk margin of loads. It also can provide precautionary information for operator, and can present risk measurement on time scale.
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Ikeli, Ndubuisi Hyginus, Chinemezu Ashigwuike Evans, and Ibitoye Alabi Isaac. "Comparative Study and Performance Analysis of PSO, ABC, BFO and Cuckoo Search Optimization Techniques on UPFC Device for Voltage Stability Margin Improvement." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 6 (2022): 1371–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6856386.
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This paper investigates the enhancement of voltage stability margin using UPFCdevice tuned with PSO, ABC, BFO and Cuckoo Search techniqueson Nigerian 330KV 56-bus practical network. In order to have avoltage stable power system it is goodto keep voltages within the acceptable limits. This is achieved using continuation power flow embedded in Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT).The optimal location and tuning of the UPFC device is determined using line stability index and the met – heuristics techniques. The effects of UPFC on voltage stability margin are examined. The results so obtained for tuning PSO, ABC, BFO and Cuckoo Search with UPFC device are compared to know the technique that yields the best loading parameter for Nigerian 56- bus power system for voltage stability margin enhancement. It is found thatUPFC tuned with Cuckoo Search outperforms the other techniques in terms of the increased loading parameter of the Nigerian power system which gives room for voltage stability margin improvement.The tuned UPFC device has provedbeyond reasonable doubt that it can improve voltagestability margin of the entire Nigerian 330KV Network.
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B, Vivekanadam. "Analysis of Voltage Stability Index under Stressed Operating Conditions in Bus Power Systems." December 2020 2, no. 4 (2021): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2020.4.001.
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In stressed operating conditions, several types of voltage stability indices (VSI) are used for the assessment of voltage stability at specific operating points. The performance of various available VSIs are compared in this paper. The one generation unit tripped effects, single line to ground (SLG) fault and inductive loading variations occur in combinational format with such operating conditions. Voltage collapse occurs in the lines or nodes due to the stressed operating conditions (SOC). SLG fault, loading effects, power margin, line continency ranking, and line number are some of the performance parameters of VSI analysed in this paper. For utilization of reactive power compensation, the proper location can be chosen with the help of critical line and node analysis (CLNA) that makes use of VSIs. For any SOC, accurate voltage instability prediction is performed using VSI as per the simulation results. Under voltage collapse due to multiple causes, the voltage stability assessment of any specific line can be performed using this information.
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Kushwaha, Pawan Kumar, and Chayan Bhattacharjee. "A Research on Selection of Appropriate Stability Index under Adverse System Conditions for the Assessment of Voltage Stability of an IEEE 14 Bus Power System." European Journal of Electrical Engineering 22, no. 6 (2020): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ejee.220605.
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For voltage stability assessment at a given operating point, various types of voltage stability indices (VSIs) have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, the voltage stability assessment of an IEEE-14 bus system is done for performance comparison of different types of VSIs available, under certain critical and practical stressed operating conditions (SOCs). The performance comparison of various VSIs under the considered SOCs is not reported in the literature. Such SOCs include the combinational occurrence of – variation in inductive loading, single line to ground (SLG) fault and effect of one generation unit tripped. These SOCs are the prime cause of voltage collapse of any node/line. The results show the performance of various VSIs with respect to line number, contingency ranking of the line, power margin, effects of loading and SLG fault. These VSIs are also instrumental in critical line and node analysis (CLNA) which is useful in the choice of proper location for reactive power compensation required. The simulated results provide the best performing VSI for accurate prediction of voltage instability under any considered SOC. This information is essential for voltage stability assessment of a particular line under multiple causes of voltage collapse.
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Nikkhah, Saman, Arman Alahyari, Adib Allahham, and Khaled Alawasa. "Optimal Integration of Hybrid Energy Systems: A Security-Constrained Network Topology Reconfiguration." Energies 16, no. 6 (2023): 2780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062780.
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The integration of distributed energy resources, such as wind farms (WFs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), into distribution networks can lower the economic cost of power generation. However, it is essential to consider operational constraints, including loading margin, which ensures the security line contingency. This study aims to develop a comprehensive hourly distribution network reconfiguration (HDNR) model to minimize the economic cost for the power generation company. The model considers the optimal allocation of WFs and ESSs in terms of capacity and location, as well as the hourly status of the distribution network switches, based on security constraints. The proposed model is applied to an IEEE 33-bus distribution test system, and the capacities and locations of WFs and ESSs are determined. The impacts of security constraints on the optimal capacities and locations of WFs and ESSs, and the hourly configuration of the distribution network, are analyzed based on two case studies. In Case Study I, the model is solved with HDNR conditions, while Case Study II is solved without these restrictions, for comparison purposes. The results show that the optimal allocation of WFs and ESSs is affected by security constraints when HDNR is considered and highlight the crucial role of security constraints under contingency conditions, such as line outages. In the test system, three WFs and two ESSs are optimally allocated, with changes in capacity and location as the loading margin varies.
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Araga, Idris A., and A. E. Airoboman. "Enhancement of voltage stability in an interconnected network using unified power flow controller." Journal of Advances in Science and Engineering 4, no. 1 (2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37121/jase.v4i1.141.
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In this paper, the optimal placement of Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) in a large-scale transmission network in order to improve the loadability margin was considered. In other to achieve this aim, the Line Stability Factor (LQP) as a technique for the optimal location of UPFC in the IEEE 14-bus network and 56-bus Nigerian national grid was adopted. The power injection model for the UPFC was employed to secure improvements in the loading margin of the IEEE 14-bus network and 56-bus Nigerian national grid system. Continuation power flow was used to assess the effect of UPFC on the loadability margin. Steady-state simulations using Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) on MATLAB was applied to determine the effectiveness of placing UPFC between bus 13 and bus 14 in the IEEE 14-bus network and between bus 44 (Ikot-Ekpene) and bus 56 (Odukpani) in the 56-bus Nigerian national grid system. The results showed that the loadability margin increased by 8.52 % after UPFC was optimally placed in the IEEE 14-bus network and increased by 195.5 % after UPFC was optimally placed in the 56-bus Nigerian national grid system. Thus, these enhance the voltage stability of both network and utilizing the network efficiently.
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Stoeva, Daniela, Galena Mateeva, Danimir Jevremovic, Ana Jevremović, Branka Trifkovic, and Dimitar Filtchev. "Mechanical Resistance of Implant-Supported Crowns with Abutments Exhibiting Different Margin Designs." Applied Sciences 15, no. 9 (2025): 5193. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15095193.
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Background: Modern dentistry demands accurate finish line designs for abutments. CAD/CAM systems enable the fabrication of thin prosthetic structures to fulfill this requirement. The aim of this study is to research the mechanical resistance of customized implant abutments with different types of marginal design in laboratory environment. The null hypothesis is there is no difference in fatigue loading and compression strength in custom implant abutments with chamfer or vertical marginal design. Methods: The study model includes 60 specimens of implant suprastructures, organized into four test groups, by the margin design and used material: Group A—suprastructures, made of monolithic zirconia implant crown and titanium custom abutment with vertical marginal design; Group B—suprastructures, monolithic lithium disilicate implant crown and titanium custom abutment with vertical marginal design; Group C—suprastructures, made of monolithic zirconia implant crown and titanium custom abutment with chamfer marginal design; and Group D—suprastructures, made of monolithic lithium disilicate implant crown and titanium custom abutment with chamfer marginal design. All samples were subjected to fatigue loading test in chewing Simulator CS-4 (SD-Mechatronik, Westerham, Germany) for 1250,000 cycles, at a frequency of 2 Hz. The specimens, which survived, was conducted to compressive strength test in universal testing machine Instron M 1185 (Instron, Norwood, MA, USA). Results: The results analysis highlighted Group A as the most resistant to compressive forces (4411 MPa). Group D was with lowest values (1864 MPa)—twice than Group A. Group B (3314 MPa) had lower results than Group A, but higher than Groups C (3130 MPa) and D. Conclusion: Compression strength significantly depends on the choice of marginal design of implant abutments. Vertical margin design has better performance, that chamfer one.
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Pan, Chin-Yun, Ting-Hsun Lan, Pao-Hsin Liu, and Wan-Ru Fu. "Comparison of Different Cervical Finish Lines of All-Ceramic Crowns on Primary Molars in Finite Element Analysis." Materials 13, no. 5 (2020): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051094.
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This study aimed to conduct a stress analysis of four types of cervical finish lines in posterior all-ceramic crowns on the primary roots of molar teeth. Four different types of finish lines (shoulder 0.5 mm, feather-edged, chamfer 0.6 mm, and mini chamfer 0.4 mm) and two all-ceramic crown materials (zirconia and lithium disilicate) were used to construct eight finite element primary tooth models with full-coverage crowns. A load of 200 N was applied at two different loading angles (0° and 15°) so as to mimic children’s masticatory force and occlusal tendency. The maximum stress distribution from the three-dimensional finite element models was determined, and the main effect of each factor (loading type, material, and finish line types) was evaluated in terms of the stress values for all of the models. The results indicated that the loading type (90.25%) was the main factor influencing the maximum stress value of the primary root, and that the feather-edged margin showed the highest stress value (p = 0.002). In conclusion, shoulder and chamfer types of finish lines with a 0.4–0.6 mm thickness are recommended for deciduous tooth preparation, according to the biomechanical analysis.
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Jabir, G., G. A. Bakare, and Y. S. Haruna. "Optimal Deployment of Unified Power Flow Controller on Nigerian 330 kV Grid Using Artificial Bee Colony." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science VIII, no. VIII (2023): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2023.8803.
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Transmission line power loss minimization and voltage profile improvement are challenging problems in modern power systems due to continuous increase in load demand. In this paper, an optimal location and sizing of unified power flow controller (UPFC) to improve the performance of the updated 54-bus 330 kV Nigerian network was presented. Here, the maximum power loss bus was identified to be the most favorable location for fixing the UPFC under different loading conditions; slightly underloaded (90%), normal loading (100%) and slightly over loaded (110%). The optimum location was determined using the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. The work was implemented in MATLAB® 2021b environment and its performance was evaluated based on the simulation results obtained. The simulation results revealed that, ABC proved to be robust based on the facts that all the voltage profile that violate ± 5% tolerance margin of the nominal voltage criteria were kept within the acceptable limit after the UPFC optimal deployment. Moreover, the proposed approach also recorded significant reduction in the overall active and reactive power loss in the entire network with a minimum percentage average active power loss reduction of 45.3% under different loading conditions.
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M, Sinan, Sivakumar W M, and Anguraja R. "Power System Voltage Stability analysis with Renewable power Integration." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 6 (2021): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f8828.0410621.
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The purpose of this research is to find the loading limit of a power system before hitting voltage instability and to assess the margin to voltage instability of a system consisting of a wind farm. An index called Bus Apparent Power Difference Criterion (BSDC) is used to find maximum loadable point. The measure depends on the way that in the region of the voltage collapse no extra apparent power can be delivered to the affected bus. The analysis is performed combination of wind power injection at different wind speeds and line outages in the network. In the feasibility and siting studies of wind farms the steady state analysis with network contingencies give the utility or the developer a sense of network condition upon the injection of power in the network. However, the extent of voltage stability impacted due to load growth in the system is not assessed. The research paper makes way to assess the impact on voltage stability margin with obtaining the maximum loadable point of the system and assessing the best suited bus to integrate a wind farm into the system.
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Sinan, Muhiuddeen, M. Sivakumar W, and R. Anguraja. "Power System Voltage Stability analysis with Renewable power Integration." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 10, no. 6 (2021): 114–17. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.F8828.0410621.
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The purpose of this research is to find the loading limit of a power system before hitting voltage instability and to assess the margin to voltage instability of a system consisting of a wind farm. An index called Bus Apparent Power Difference Criterion (BSDC) is used to find maximum loadable point. The measure depends on the way that in the region of the voltage collapse no extra apparent power can be delivered to the affected bus. The analysis is performed combination of wind power injection at different wind speeds and line outages in the network. In the feasibility and siting studies of wind farms the steady state analysis with network contingencies give the utility or the developer a sense of network condition upon the injection of power in the network. However, the extent of voltage stability impacted due to load growth in the system is not assessed. The research paper makes way to assess the impact on voltage stability margin with obtaining the maximum loadable point of the system and assessing the best suited bus to integrate a wind farm into the system.
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Kawase, Motoyuki, and Aldo Rona. "Effect of a Recirculating Type Casing Treatment on a Highly Loaded Axial Compressor Rotor." International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 4, no. 1 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp4010005.
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The tip leakage flow over the blades of an axial compressor rotor adversely affects the axial rotor efficiency and can determine the onset of tip leakage stall. The performance of a new casing treatment concept in the shape of an axisymmetric recirculation channel is explored by steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) realizable k-ε modelling on the NASA Rotor 37 test case. The modelling exposed a number of attractive features. The casing treatment increased the stall margin at no penalty to the rotor isentropic efficiency over the rotor operating line. A recirculation in the casing channel self-activated and self-adjusted with the rotor loading to provide more passive flow control at higher rotor loading conditions. The nozzle-shaped recirculation channel outflow opposed the tip leakage jet, re-located the casing surface flow interface further downstream, and reduced the rotor blade tip incidence angle. This combination of features makes the new casing treatment particularly attractive for applications to high thrust-to-weight ratio engines, typical of high-performance jet aircraft.
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Madyastha, Venkatesh Kattigari, Vijaysai Prasad, and Venkatram Mahendraker. "Reduced order model monitoring and control of a membrane bioreactor system via delayed measurements." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 8 (2011): 1675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.437.
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Activated sludge treatment is one of the most widely used processes for wastewater treatment (WWT). These systems are built with sufficient design margin to allow changes in loading and process conditions. This is necessary and prudent to overcome limitations in measurement, monitoring and controlling of WWT process parameters at the desired frequency. Online sensors for mixed liquor suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, phosphorus, and other parameters available today are limited in application due to high cost and low reliability. Hence, many of the parameters are measured off-line when needed. This paper provides a framework to estimate parameters on-line using limited and delayed measurements. The proposed approach is based on the design of a Bayesian filter such as an extended Kalman filter (EKF), which measures and controls membrane bioreactor system using limited and delayed measurements. The objective is to estimate the states and parameters with limited and delayed measurements. Simulations show the efficacy of the proposed approach.
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Yu, Wei, Yan Zheng, and Yongqiang Zhang. "Carbon Emission Reduction by Echelon Utilization of Retired Vehicle Power Batteries in Energy Storage Power Stations." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 8 (2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13080144.
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With the enhancement of environmental awareness, China has put forward new carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets. Electric vehicles can effectively reduce carbon emissions in the use stage, and some retired power batteries can also be used in echelon, so as to replace the production and use of new batteries. How to calculate the reduction of carbon emission by the echelon utilization of retired power batteries in energy storage power stations is a problem worthy of attention. This research proposes a specific analysis process, to analyze how to select the appropriate battery type and capacity margin. Taking the BYD power battery as an example, in line with the different battery system structures of new batteries and retired batteries used in energy storage power stations, emissions at various stages in different life cycles were calculated; following this in carbon emission, reduction, by the echelon utilization of the retired power battery, was obtained. Finally, the overall carbon emissions that might be reduced by echelon utilization in the future were calculated according to the BYD’s battery loading volume and China’s total power battery loading volume in 2021. This research provides a quantitative analysis idea for the carbon emission reduction of power battery echelon utilization. Using this method could improve the process of echelon utilization, optimize the supply chain of power batteries, drive the development of the new-energy vehicle industry, and explore new business models, so as to achieve the environmental protection goal of carbon neutrality.
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Baleboina, Guru Mohan, and Mageshvaran Rudramoorthy. "Stability analysis of power system under n-1 contingency condition." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 13, no. 4 (2024): 2940–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v13i4.6133.
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Several voltage stability indices (VSIs) have been developed to assess the potential for voltage collapse. However, certain indexes are computationally costly. Meanwhile, some have been noted to underperform across various conditions. This work proposes a novel line index called the super voltage stability index (SVSI) to calculate the system's voltage stability margin (VSM). The suggested approach is based on the transmission system's two bus systems. The reactive power loss and N-1 contingency conditions to voltage sensitivity is a unique calculation approach used in this study to identify voltage instability. Day to day, the demand for electric power is being increased due to incessant increments in technology and population growth. Therefore, the power system networks are under pressure. The operational conditions of transmission system networks are affected at this point, which may result in voltage collapse. Regular monitoring of power supply is essential to avert voltage collapse. The effectiveness of the suggested index has been assessed using the IEEE 5 and 30-bus systems across diverse operating scenarios, including variations in active and reactive power loading as well as single line losses. The findings indicate that SVSI provides a more reliable indication of the proximity to voltage collapse when compared to conventional line VSIs.
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Abdullah, Govand, and Jwan Raafat. "PV and QV analysis for finding the optimum location of FACTS device to investigate the effectiveness in KR power system using PSS/E." Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences 10, no. 1 (2023): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/sjes.10164.
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This paper presents the effect of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) device in power system for power flow and voltage stability analysis. The stability of power system is most important evaluation that is needed to be considered under various contingency states. This paper presented Power-Voltage (PV) and Reactive power-Voltage (QV) analysis which have been widely used in steady state of power system in normal operating condition and gives important details about the loading of the system and voltage stability. The shunt and series compensation can be used to increase the voltage and flow in the power system. Kurdistan Region Power System (KRPS) used to verify the effectiveness and performance of STATCOM in power system. PSS/E proposed as power system software for KRPS. The result shows that the proposed Full Newton Raphson (FNR) method spends less execution time and the optimum placement for STATCOM for enhancing static voltage stability margin and improves the power transmission capability of the line is the 'weakest bus' of the system.
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Luo, Jing, Yufan Guo, Zhen Liu, Qicheng Hu, Md Ahatasamul Hoque, and Asif Ahmed. "Enhancing Deep Line Segment Detection and Performance Evaluation for Wood: A Deep Learning Approach with Experiment-Based, Domain-Specific Implementations." Forests 15, no. 8 (2024): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15081393.
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In recent decades, wood structures have gained significant attention for their ecological benefits and architectural versatility. The performance of wood, a popular construction material, often depends on the integrity of its connections. This study focuses on bolted glulam timber connections, which are strong but prone to cracks that pose structural health challenges. Traditional crack evaluation methods are manual, time-consuming, and error-prone. To address these issues, this research proposes a two-stage performance evaluation method. In the first stage, an innovative approach called ‘Enhanced Deep Line Segment Detection’ (Deep LSD), a non-supervised machine learning technique, is used for crack detection without relying on large, annotated datasets, thus enhancing efficiency and adaptability. In the second stage, cyclic loading assays simulate varying damage stages to collect data and establish a correlation between crack states and connection damage. The Park and Ang damage model is employed within this framework to assess the extent of damage. The efficacy of enhanced deep LSD is confirmed by comparing detected crack areas with ground truth measurements, yielding a high R-squared value of 0.98 and a minimal error margin of 1.41. Additionally, a damage index based on the Chinese standard (GB/T 24335-2009) is used to classify damage across different connection groups, ensuring robustness and alignment with established practices.
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Abubakar, P., A. Iorkar, A. A. Adedeji, J. I. Aguwa, and U. N. Wilson. "Structural reliability-based assessment of Nigerian Anogeissus schimperi timber bridge beam in shear and bearing forces." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 4 (2021): 1011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.6.
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This research investigates the reliability of Anogeissus schimperi timber specie grown in North Western Nigeria as a bridge beam in shear and bearing forces. Specimens for laboratory tests were prepared using the timber specie in accordance with BS 373 (1957). Tests were carried out to determine the physical and mechanical properties at 12% moisture content in line with BS 5268 (2002). Statistical analysis was carried out using strength properties obtained and the specie was classified to strength class D60, confirmed to be Hardwood. Anogeissus schimperi timber bridge beam was designed in accordance to BS5268 (2002), using deterministicapproach. While, reliability analysis to confirm the safety level of the timber bridge beam designed was carried out using constant failure rate model in accordance with Jimoh, (2018). Sensitivity analysis to ascertain the safety margin of a simply supported timber bridge beam subjected to Shear and bearing by varying the span, depth, width and live load was carried out. Results of reliability analysis showed that Anogeissus schimperi met the minimum reliability index of 0.5 under ultimate state of loading in Shear and bearing. Safety index was found to be directly proportional to the depth and width but inversely proportional to the span and live loadof the timber bridge beam during Sensitivity Analysis. The result confirmed that Anogeissus schimperi specie from north western Nigeria at 400mm depth, 150mm breadth and 5000mm span under ultimate limit state loading in Shear and bearing can be used as a reliable timber bridge beam material.
 Keywords: Bridge Beam, Nigerian Anogeissus schimperi Reliability, Structural Material, Timber, Ultimate Limit State.
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Artanti, Anif Nur, Fea Prihapsara, Nugraha Mas'ud, and Dian Eka Ermawati. "Optimization of the Proportion of Surfactant, Co-Surfactant, and Candlenut Oil for Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Secang Heartwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Methanolic Extract." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 17, no. 1 (2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.17.1.39054.124-131.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">This study aimed to determine the optimum proportion of hazelnut oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants for SNEDDS of Secang Heartwood using the simplex lattice design (SLD) method using the Design-Expert software. The SNEDDS formula was prepared using Tween 80 and Croduret 50 ss as surfactants, propylene glycol as cosurfactant, and candlenut oil based on physical stability parameters: formula transmittance (%), separation phase, and emulsification time. The optimum SNEDDS formula was compared with the predictive value [p&gt; 0.05] provided by the SLD; then extract the loading dose, accelerated stability test, analysis of particle size, and zeta potential. The optimum proportion of Tween 80-Croduret 50 ss, propylene glycol, and hazelnut oil, based on the SLD, was 62.43%; 22.57%; and 15.0%. The results showed that the transmittance was 93.2%; emulsification time was 74.67 seconds, and; separation phase was 0.89. The SLD's predictive values of the transmittance percentage, emulsification time, and separation phase were 94.98%, 78.97 seconds, 0.84, respectively. The results of the one-sample <em>t</em>-test statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the observative and predictive results. SNEDDS was found capable of loading 25.0 mg of secang heartwood methanolic extract in each system, with a particle size of 23.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.142, and zeta potential of +20.8 mV.</p>
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Piper, David J. W., and Adam Macdonald. "Timing and position of Late Wisconsinan ice-margins on the upper slope seaward of Laurentian Channel." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 55, no. 2 (2004): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008298ar.
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Abstract At the last glacial maximum, the major ice outlet through Laurentian Channel terminated on the upper continental slope. A 10 km square area of the upper slope has been investigated in detail, using airgun and boomer seismic reflection profiles and piston cores. Sediment failure during the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake resulted in exposure at the seabed of Last Glacial Maximum sediments that are normally buried beneath tens of metres of younger strata. Ice-margin acoustic and lithofacies are interpreted using criteria developed on the continental shelf and chronology is provided by AMS radiocarbon dates on in situ mollusc shells. Seismic data show a morainal ridge at 500 mbsl (mbsl = metres below (present) sea level) corresponding to the Last Glacial Maximum ice grounding line. A change in thermal regime of the ice or a subglacial meltwater outburst, at 16.5 ± 0.15 ka (radiocarbon years, -0.4 ka marine reservoir correction applied), resulted in release of sediment-laden meltwater that eroded gullies on the continental slope. This erosion surface is immediately overlain by a prominent stony diamict that extends to about 700 mbsl and may represent till deposition from a glacial surge. The ice margin then retreated upslope by 16.3 ka, probably to the prominent moraine at 380 mbsl at the lip of the Laurentian Channel. Evidence from mud turbidites on Laurentian Fan suggests that this ice marginal position may have persisted until about 14.2 ka. Ice then retreated rapidly northwards up Laurentian Channel, synchronous with Heinrich Event 1 at about 14 ka. Younger proglacial sediment on the upper continental slope slumped at about 12 ka, probably as a result of loading by a late-ice advance across St. Pierre Bank.
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Adewuyi, Oludamilare Bode, Komla A. Folly, David T. O. Oyedokun, and Emmanuel Idowu Ogunwole. "Power System Voltage Stability Margin Estimation Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Enhanced with Particle Swarm Optimization." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (2022): 15448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215448.
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In the current era of e-mobility and for the planning of sustainable grid infrastructures, developing new efficient tools for real-time grid performance monitoring is essential. Thus, this paper presents the prediction of the voltage stability margin (VSM) of power systems by the critical boundary index (CBI) approach using the machine learning technique. Prediction models are based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and its enhanced model with particle swarm optimization (PSO). Standalone ANFIS and PSO-ANFIS models are implemented using the fuzzy ‘c-means’ clustering method (FCM) to predict the expected values of CBI as a veritable tool for measuring the VSM of power systems under different loading conditions. Six vital power system parameters, including the transmission line and bus parameters, the power injection, and the system voltage derived from load flow analysis, are used as the ANFIS model implementation input. The performances of the two ANFIS models on the standard IEEE 30-bus and the Nigerian 28-bus systems are evaluated using error and regression analysis metrics. The performance metrics are the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (R) analyses. For the IEEE 30-bus system, RMSE is estimated to be 0.5833 for standalone ANFIS and 0.1795 for PSO-ANFIS; MAPE is estimated to be 13.6002% for ANFIS and 5.5876% for PSO-ANFIS; and R is estimated to be 0.9518 and 0.9829 for ANFIS and PSO-ANFIS, respectively. For the NIGERIAN 28-bus system, the RMSE values for ANFIS and PSO-ANFIS are 5.5024 and 2.3247, respectively; MAPE is 19.9504% and 8.1705% for both ANFIS and PSO-ANFIS variants, respectively, and the R is estimated to be 0.9277 for ANFIS and 0.9519 for ANFIS-PSO, respectively. Thus, the PSO-ANFIS model shows a superior performance for both test cases, as indicated by the percentage reduction in prediction error, although at the cost of a higher simulation time.
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England, John. "The late Quaternary history of Greely Fiord and its tributaries, west-central Ellesmere Island." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 2 (1990): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-025.
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Moraines and meltwater channels mark the limit of the last glaciation that interfingered with the sea around the perimeter of Greely Fiord and its tributaries. The extent of this ice advance was dictated predominantly by its proximity to the sea. Consequently, the large tidewater glaciers at the fiord heads today were so constrained by calving that they advanced only 5–10 km. Similarly, grounding-line deposits from widespread plateau ice caps also terminate just below marine limit. The most extensive outlet glaciers, which advanced 20–35 km beyond present margins, are simply those that had access to the most extensive terrain above marine limit, i.e., the northwest margin of the Agassiz Ice Cap.Forty-one new 14C dates are presented. The onset of the last ice advance must predate marine shells collected from sediments overlying a former grounding line when sea level was 122 m higher than present. At this site, the lowermost shells collected from glaciomarine silts dated 38 070 ± 410 BP, whereas a surface sample 13 m above them dated 22 900 ± 190 BP. Although both dates may be minimum estimates, they are nonetheless associated with an ice margin that retreated only a few kilometres by 7850 BP, suggesting the maintenance of the glacioisostatic loading (and relative sea level) during the interim. Nearby, shells in growth position overlying bedrock confirm that relative sea level was > 83 m asl by 38 010 ± 410 BP (minimum age). These marine deposits lie outside the last ice limit and are not overlain by glacigenic sediments.Distal to the last ice limit, Greely Fiord was occupied by the full glacial sea, whose limit is marked by discontinuous beaches and wave-cut benches. The full glacial sea rises from 116 m north of Greely Fiord to a maximum elevation of 148 m bordering its south shore from which it descends to 112 m asl near the head of Cañon Fiord. Numerous 14C dates on shells collected within 8 m of marine limit show that the full glacial sea remained stable from at least 8400 to 7400 BP. Several other shell samples collected ~20 m below marine limit are much older (> 22 000 BP). The position of relative sea level between ca. 8000 and > 22 000 BP is uncertain; however, stratigraphic evidence for an intervening regression has not been found.The modest extent of the last ice limit encircling Greely Fiord, together with its occupancy by the full glacial sea, is fully compatible with the paleogeography previously reported from northeast Ellesmere Island and northwest Greenland. Furthermore, this data base provides a reinterpretation of a 500 km transect previously reported along west-central Ellesmere Island to the south and affirms that the Innuitian Ice Sheet, defined sensu stricto for the last glaciation, is supplanted by the full glacial Innuitian Sea, which penetrated the Queen Elizabeth Islands, constraining the last ice limit.
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Ramkumar, Madhu A., and Chandrika Sudhendra. "Novel Ultra Wide Band Polarisation Independent Capacitive Jaumann Radar Absorber." Defence Science Journal 68, no. 1 (2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.68.12025.
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<p style="margin-bottom: 0.14in; line-height: 115%;" align="justify">An ultra wide band (UWB), reduced thickness four layers capacitive jaumann absorber (CJA) with measured reflectivity of -15 dB (minimum) from 2 GHz to 19 GHz is presented in this paper. The novel CJA is designed and implemented by modifying the jaumann absorber (JA) design. The crucial impedance matching layers of CJA are designed by conceptualizing hexagonal resistive grid on dielectric substrates. Reduced thickness of 24.8 mm is realised by capacitive loading of hexagonal resistive grids with hexagonal resistive patches. Absorption performance of CJA is verified by full wave analysis using high frequency structural simulator software. Polarisation independent absorption performance is realised. Absorption of 96.5 per cent (minimum) is achieved with variation in angles of incidence from 0° to 30°. Resistive capacitive layers of CJA are developed as electrically thin printed circuit boards and integrated with alternating low loss, low density foam dielectric spacers backed by metallic conducting plane. Size of panel CJA is 280 mm × 280 mm. Fabricated panel CJA is evaluated for radar cross section (RCS) performance in microwave anechoic chamber. Matching results are obtained in simulation and measurements. The reduced thickness, low weight, UWB CJA finds application in RCS reduction of air vehicles/unmanned air vehicle. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>
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Liu, Mingjun, Zhenjiu Zhang, Zhuoming Liang, et al. "New Insights into Flow for a Low-Bypass-Ratio Transonic Fan with Optimized Rotor." Energies 16, no. 21 (2023): 7230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16217230.
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In this paper, a three-dimensional aerodynamics optimization system is built and applied to optimize a rotor blade to balance the conflicts between stall margin, total pressure ratio, adiabatic efficiency, and mass flow rate for the high-loading and transonic-flow fan. A novel flow diagnostic method based on vorticity dynamics theory is utilized to analyze the reasons for the improvement in aerodynamic performance in the optimized transonic fan. In the established aerodynamic optimization method, use the blade profile camber line curvature and its leading edge metal angle as the optimization variables, which are optimized by modifying the coordinates of their control points and introducing a genetic algorithm. Finally, the vorticity dynamics parameters, such as the boundary vorticity flux (BVF), azimuthal vorticity and skin-friction lines are used to diagnose the key flow features in the optimized and baseline fan passage. The results indicate that, by controlling skillfully the blade camber line curvature in the optimization improves the aerodynamic performance of the fan stage, increasing the total pressure ratio by 1.90% while increasing the mass flow rate and adiabatic efficiency by 5.82% and 4.45%, respectively. The formulas from the vorticity dynamics diagnosis method indicate a close link between the aerodynamic performance and vorticity dynamic parameters for the axial fan/compressor passage flow, and that both azimuthal vorticity and boundary vorticity flux have significant influence on fan stage performance. Moreover, the boundary layer separation flow on the rotor blade surface is accompanied by a spike of entropy and static pressure, and their derivative/gradient also suffer drastic changes under the effect of shock waves. Detailed flow information can be obtained about the on-wall with high accuracy based on the vorticity dynamics diagnosis method, which provides researchers with a novel method for the turbomachinery aerodynamic design and analysis in the aero-engine engineering development field.
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Agrawal, Anjali, Seema N. Pandey, Laxmi Srivastava, Pratima Walde, R. K. Saket, and Baseem Khan. "Multiobjective Salp Swarm Algorithm Approach for Transmission Congestion Management." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (December 7, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8256908.
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In the newly emerged electric supply industry, the profit maximizing tendency of market participants has developed the problem of transmission congestion as the most crucial issue. This paper proposes a multiobjective salp swarm algorithm (MOSSA) approach for transmission congestion management (CM), implementing demand side management activities. For this, demand response (DR) and distributed generation (DG) have been employed. For willingly reducing the demand, demand response has been called by providing appropriate financial incentives that supports in releasing the congestion over critical lines. Distributed generation implementing wind plant as renewable independent power producer (RIPP) has also been included in order to reduce the load curtailment of responsive customers to manage transmission congestion. The proposed incentive-based demand response and distributed generation approach of CM, has been framed with various strategies employing different thermal limits over transmission lines and has resulted into significant reduction in congestion and in-turn improvement of transmission reliability margin. Diversity has been obtained in multiobjective optimization by taking two and three objective functions, respectively (minimization of overall operational cost, CO2 emission, and line loading). The by-products of the proposed algorithm for multiobjective optimization are minimized demand reduction, optimum size, and location of DG. To examine the proposed approach, it has been implemented on IEEE 30-bus system and a bigger power system IEEE 118-bus system; as well as the proposed technique of MOSSA has been compared and found better than reported methods and two other meta heuristic algorithms (multiobjective modified sperm swarm optimization and multiobjective adoptive rat swarm optimization).
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Habib, Syed Rashid, Abdul Sadekh Ansari, Salwa Omar Bajunaid, Abdullah Alshahrani, and Muhammad Qasim Javed. "Evaluation of Film Thickness of Crown Disclosing Agents and Their Comparison with Cement Film Thickness after Final Cementation." European Journal of Dentistry 14, no. 02 (2020): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708560.
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Abstract Objective Verification of the accuracy of crown fit before final cementation is imperative. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the film thickness of commonly used dental crown disclosing materials and their comparison with final cement thickness. Materials and Methods One hundred fifty provisional crowns (Protemp) were fabricated on standardized resin dies and divided into five groups (N = 150; n = 30) based on five disclosing agents: A = Fit-Checker auto-mix; B = Okklu-top; C = Express; D = Fit-Checker hand-mix; E = Coltene PSI, and Final cement = Relyx U200. Crowns were loaded with test materials, tried over dies under load (50N), and later cemented under same load. Film thickness (µm) was recorded between crown margin and the finish line of die after loading with test material and final cementation using a digital microscope. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, Tukey’s and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results Significant variations were found between the film thicknesses of the five disclosing agents (p = 0.019). Group-A showed the lowest (131.67 ± 101.10 μm), while group-B (295.00 ± 263.88 μm) showed the highest film thickness (p = 0.011). Film thicknesses after cementation were similar for groups (p = 0.957). Significant difference was observed for group-B disclosing agent versus final cement (p = 0.010). The lowest mean difference between the film thicknesses of the disclosing agent and final cementation of 13.1 μm was revealed for group-A. Conclusions Variations in the film thicknesses of the tested disclosing agents were found. Fit-Checker auto-mix was found with minimal film thickness and satisfied the requirements as the disclosing agent, while Okklu-top aerosol spray did not.
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Faiz, Aunowar Mohammad, and Jacqueline Lukose. "Optimization of Series Compensation in Transmission Networks Using Artificial Neural Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 8 (2019): 3443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8306.
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To respond to the ever-increasing power demand of load centers, power is transmitted at extrahigh voltages. However, an increase in power transfer level should be supported by an enhanced level of security. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices present an economical and efficient alternative to consider for achieving higher power transfer level with enhanced security instead of introducing new transmission facilities, to maintain a large stability margin of power in transmission line. This project aims to optimize the level of series compensation in transmission networks using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Series compensation enables higher level of power to be transferred by reducing (reactive) losses. Among the series FACTS controllers, Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) has been chosen to be optimized on an SMIB system. Lead-Lag (LL) based TCSC remain the controller of choice due to the favorable performance to cost ratio. Nevertheless, modeling the highly non-linear power system with a linear controller, limits the system’s performance during adversities. ANN being non-linear per se and possessing high generalization capabilities, offers more versatility in modeling the power system. Indeed, an ANN based TCSC was designed and the performance during contingencies was compared to that of the LL based TCSC. As expected, the ANN based TCSC demonstrated a damping capability twice as fast and offering the SMIB system with a higher robustness as well as better resistance to fault condition. To increase the accuracy and reliability of the proposed controller, the investigation can be performed on a multi-machine system with different loading conditions as well as determining the optimal location of the TCSC module.
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Ford, Chris, Tarek Qasim, Mark B. Bush, et al. "Margin failures in crown-like brittle structures: Off-axis loading." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 85B, no. 1 (2008): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30911.
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Muniz Pichel, Leonardo, and Christopher A. L. Jackson. "The enigma of the Albian Gap: spatial variability and the competition between salt expulsion and extension." Journal of the Geological Society 177, no. 6 (2020): 1129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-055.
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The Albian Gap is a uniquely large (up to 65 km wide and >450 km long), enigmatic salt-related structure in the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil. It is located near the basin margin and trends NE (i.e. subparallel to the Brazilian coastline). The gap is characterized by a near-complete absence of Albian strata above depleted Aptian salt. Its most remarkable feature is an equivalently large, equally enigmatic, basinward-dipping, supra-salt rollover that contains a post-Albian sedimentary succession that is up to 9 km thick. Owing to its unique geometry, size and counter-regional aspect, the origin and evolution of the Albian Gap has been the centre of debate for >25 years. This debate revolves around two competing models; that is, did it form as a result of thin-skinned (i.e. supra-salt) extension, or progradational loading and salt expulsion? The extension-driven model states that the Albian Gap (and overlying rollover) formed as a result of post-Albian gravity-driven extension accommodated by slip on a large, counter-regional, listric normal fault (the Cabo Frio Fault). Conversely, the expulsion-driven hypothesis states that the Albian Gap was established earlier, during the Albian, and that post-Albian deformation was controlled by differential loading, vertical subsidence and basinward salt expulsion in the absence of significant lateral extension. This study utilizes a large (c. 76 000 km2), dense (4–8 km line spacing), depth-migrated, 2D seismic dataset that fully covers and thus permits, for the first time, a detailed, quasi-3D structural analysis of the entire Albian Gap. In this study we focus on (1) the evolution of base-salt relief and the original salt thickness variations and (2) the geometry of the post-Albian rollover, and its related faults and salt structures. To constrain the kinematics of the Albian Gap, and how this relates to the evolution of the base-salt relief, we also apply novel structural restoration workflows that incorporate flexural isostasy, in addition to a detailed, sequential reconstruction of the intra-gap rollover sequences. Our results show that the geometry and kinematics of the Albian Gap vary along-strike, and that both post-Albian extension and expulsion play a significant role in its evolution. Basinward-dipping growth wedges, salt rollers and listric normal faults record extension, whereas sigmoidal wedges, halokinetic sequences and upturned near-diapir flaps, the latter two associated with large diapirs bounding the downdip edge of the gap, record basinward salt expulsion and inflation. Where the Albian Gap is relatively wide (>50 km), these processes alternate and operate at approximately equal proportions. Our results are consistent with the amount of basinward translation inferred from the analysis of ramp–syncline basins located downdip on the São Paulo Plateau. Our results seemingly reconcile one of the longest-running debates in salt tectonics, as well as having more general implications for understanding the regional kinematics and dynamics of salt-related structures in other salt basins, in particular the controls on the development of large, counter-regional faults.Supplementary material: Uninterpreted versions of the seismic sections are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5023088
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Dawood, Sarmad Dawood Salman, and Mohammad Yazdi Harmin. "Structural Responses of a Conceptual Microsatellite Structure Incorporating Perforation Patterns to Dynamic Launch Loads." Aerospace 9, no. 8 (2022): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9080448.
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Satellite systems undergo several operational phases during their service life, including the assembly phase, ground transportation phase, the launch phase, and the in-orbit operation phase. Among these phases, the one that imposes the highest level of loadings on the satellite is the launch phase. This phase involves a number of highly dynamic loads, all being imposed upon the satellite simultaneously. Investigation of the responses of the structural subsystem of a satellite to these loadings, namely its maximum deformations and maximum von Mises stresses, is critical if a reasonably high level of confidence is to be achieved. This confidence is in terms of ensuring that no material yielding develops in the structure as a result of the imposed launch loadings. In an earlier work, the structural subsystem of a conceptual microsatellite was designed, employing aluminum 6061 alloy as its material. It was then modified through introducing sets of parametrically defined geometric patterns as perforation patterns to remove material, towards reducing the structure’s total mass, as an alternative to employing composite materials. That effort led to a mass reduction percentage of 23.15%. The current work’s research effort focused on computing the responses of the perforated structure to three of the dynamic launch loads that are imposed upon satellites while being launched, namely quasi-static, random, and shock loads. These responses were then compared to those of the baseline, unperforated, version of the same structure. The values of these loads were taken from the relevant sources, with the values being nominal, and represented the loads that any satellite must qualify for before it can be accepted by the provider for inclusion in a launcher. After imposing these load values upon the structural design it was found that the structural responses indicated that the structure would successfully survive these loads without developing stresses that would lead to material yielding failure. This was deduced from computing the yield margins of safety for each loading case, and all margin values were positive, indicating that the structure, at its current development stage, did have sufficient capacity to withstand these loads without material yielding. This reinforced the conclusion of the earlier work, namely that the perforation concept did have sufficient merit to be further developed towards being implemented in future satellite designs.
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Saleeby, Jason B. "Age and tectonic setting of the Duke Island ultramafic intrusion, southeast Alaska." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 3 (1992): 506–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-044.
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Concordant U–Pb zircon ages on hornblende–plagioclase pegmatites and a related granophyre from marginal and roof zones of the Duke Island ultramafic intrusion, and from leucoquartz diorite internal to hornblende–clinopyroxenite of nearby Mary Island cluster between 108 and 111 Ma. Sm–Nd mineral and bulk-rock data from pegmatite and granophyre zircon samples and from wehrlites and clinopyroxenites of the main Duke Island cumulate sequence are consistent with the consanguinity of the ultramafic cumulates and the zircon-bearing feldspathic rocks, and with an Early Cretaceous igneous age for the intrusion. Wall rocks for the intrusion consist of Ordovician–Silurian amphibolite- and greenschist-grade metamorphosed plutonic, volcanic, and minor sedimentary rocks and crosscutting Late Triassic gabbro–diorite of the Alexander terrane.The Duke Island ultramafic intrusion formed as a northwest-trending elongate funnel-shaped stratiform body commensurate with extensional brittle–ductile faulting in its roof and adjacent wall rocks. Intrusion occurred in a basinal setting within the Gravina volcanic arc along the Cordilleran continental margin. During the latter phases of intrusive activity the Gravina basin began to close by regional thrust faulting, which in the Duke Island region was west-northwest directed. The intrusion may have still had local intercumulate liquid upon initiation of thrust faulting. It responded first by open folding with incipient crystal plasticity. Once completely solidified, the intrusion behaved like a large "augen" with ductile deformation concentrated along its margins and within quartzo-feldspathic and micaceous members of its wall-rock complex. Much of the intrusion's northern margin behaved as a ductile shear zone serving as a tear fault between thrust plates to the northeast and an oblique thrust complex that roots beneath the southwest margin of the intrusion. The intrusion may thus be tectonically transported relative to its original underpinnings. North-trending high-angle faults and parallel fracture cleavage also cut the intrusion in response to axial loading as a result of its initial elongate shape and orientation relative to the thrust kinematics.
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Park, S. H., K. Y. Ahn, and B. Y. Lee. "Dynamic analysis and structural design of links in an air circuit breaker to enhance fatigue life." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 219, no. 1 (2005): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440605x8270.
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A systematic method as applied to an air circuit breaker (ACB) system is proposed to analyse the links of the spring-actuated linkage under repetitive impact loading. A fatigue life equation applicable to the links is presented on the basis of the fatigue test. The result obtained from the multi-body dynamic analysis is compared with that from the experiment. For the explicit finite element analysis of the links, the impact loading obtained from the dynamic analysis of the ACB system is used as the initial conditions. To enhance the fatigue life of a weak link, two modified designs are proposed and their maximum stresses are reduced very much compared with that of the original design. Considering a safety margin, one modified design satisfies the required specification of the fatigue life. The proposed approach in this work can be efficiently used in designing stable and reliable links of the ACB and in analysing a similar spring-actuated linkage system.
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Roy, S., S. Grigory, M. Smith, M. F. Kanninen, and M. Anderson. "Numerical Simulations of Full-Scale Corroded Pipe Tests With Combined Loading." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 119, no. 4 (1997): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842330.
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The ANSI/ASME B31G guideline has been useful to pipeline operators in assessing the integrity of corroded line pipe. Because large safety margins have had to be incorporated, the guidelines can be excessively conservative, which in turn can force costly repairs and replacements that may not actually be necessary. On the other hand, because the current guidelines consider only pressure loading and neglect bending and axial compression, they could give nonconservative failure predictions when combined loading exists. Therefore, a study was initiated to develop a theoretically sound methodology for assessing the integrity of corroded line pipe subjected to combined loading. A key step in the successful application of this methodology is the development of a sophisticated three-dimensional finite element procedure that can accurately simulate full-scale pipe tests under conditions of combined loading. This paper describes thirteen full-scale failure tests on artificially corroded pipes subjected to simultaneous internal pressure, bending, and longitudinal compression and presents a detailed account of the finite element analysis procedure that was developed to simulate these tests numerically. Additional finite element analyses that were conducted to investigate the effect of key parameters on failure, and to expand the corroded pipe failure database, are also discussed.
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Marchenko, K. V. "FACTORS OF MARGIN BONE STABILITY AROUND IMPLANTS: LITERATURE REVIEW." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2022.12.
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Implant-supported dentures are increasingly used in dental practice since last century. The purpose of this review is to assess the effect of the transmucosal surface of restorations and implants on peri-implant tissues.
 Factors that affect bone loss around implants can be divided into local, systemic and social. Local factors include implant geometry, occlusal loading, and biological aspects. Biological factors include peri-implantitis, poor bone quality, surgical implant placement procedure, early implant loading, and poor osseointegration. Among other factors that can lead to bone loss, systemic factors (patient age, general condition, genetic predisposition) as well as social factors (socioeconomic status of the patient, oral hygiene, drug use) play an important role.
 The article compares and discusses the properties of different materials. The advantages, disadvantages and biomechanical concept of different implant-abutment connections are presented. The location of the connections relative to the bone level and the effect of the micro-gap between the abutment and the implant are described. The article focuses on the following issues:
 
 exposure to the material from which the implants and abutment are made, with an emphasis on titanium alloys and zirconium dioxide;
 implant systems, which are classified according to their location in relation to the level of the bone;
 type of connection between implants and abutments: external (external hexagon), internal (internal hexagon and octagon) and their modifications, such as conical (Morse taper);
 the influence of the precision of abutments to the implants` connection;
 type of fixation;
 features of transmucosal surfaces;
 biological factors around the implant-abutment joint.
 
 Scientists and manufacturers offer advanced solutions that reduce the number of complications and ensure a longer service life of implants-supported restorations. With proper procedures and the right selection of systems and tools, you can reduce bone loss and preserve soft tissue. Finding a balance between function and aesthetics in implant rehabilitation is a crucial issue.
 The use of solutions aimed at achieving the expected result in each individual patient, which allow individual consideration of the above risk factors for marginal bone loss, will probably become a standard part of the examination at the preoperative stage of treatment.
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Leman, Jon T., and Robert G. Olsen. "Bulk FDTD Simulation of Distributed Corona Effects and Overvoltage Profiles for HSIL Transmission Line Design." Energies 13, no. 10 (2020): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102474.
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Power system load growth and transmission corridor constraints are driving industry activity in the area of high surge impedance loading (HSIL). Examples include compact structure design and uprating existing transmission lines. Recent research relating electric field uniformity to transmission line capacity and critical flashover voltage underscored the need for better overvoltage data to quantify insulation margins for HSIL design. To that end, this work extends the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method with distributed corona losses to transmission lines with bundled conductors. The model was adapted for practical use in high-volume statistical transient simulation and applied to an example 500 kV line. Transients included line energization and trapped charge reclosing. Overvoltage profiles and statistical distributions were generated from 9500 simulations obtained by random breaker close timing and variation in line length and altitude. Distributed corona losses reduced 98th percentile line-to-ground switching overvoltages by 4%–14% of nominal. The estimated line-to-ground switching surge flashover probability was 54%–80% lower with corona loss. Corona had less impact on line-to-line overvoltages, but the effects were still notable. Results highlight the importance of considering detailed overvoltage profiles and accounting for corona loss attenuation when seeking to carefully quantify insulation design margins.
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Vorozhbit, E. G., and A. A. Bakhireva. "THE USE OF MARGIN ANALYSIS IN ENTERPRISES PRODUCING BEER AND SOFT DRINKS." Economics Profession Business, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb201941.
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Production of beer and soft drinks is a dynamically developing industry in the Altai territory. Broad cooperative ties contribute to the simultaneous development of wholesale and retail trade, agriculture, transport, breeding, packaging and packaging. These enterprises play an important role in the formation of the structure of consumption of alcoholic beverages, which involves replacing the consumption of strong alcohol with less strong drinks. At the same time, the industry is experiencing restrictions due to the implementation of state programs to improve the life expectancy and quality of life. The introduced restrictive measures have significantly narrowed the growth opportunities of companies, increased the importance of such tools for assessing business decisions as margin analysis. It allows us to identify the optimal proportions between variable and fixed costs, price and volume of sales, to minimize the business risk, which increases significantly in terms of reduced sales and underutilization of production capacity. In the article the margin analysis is carried out and the management decisions concerning the product range at incomplete loading of production capacities are proved. Making informed management decisions is an important factor in improving the efficiency of beer and alcohol sector enterprises with diversified production.
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Rane, Durvesh. "Remotely Operated Loading System: Design, Analysis, and Implementation." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 6 (2025): 751–55. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.72174.
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Abstract: Remotely operated systems are reshaping industrial automation by offering safer, more reliable alternatives to manual handling tasks. In this study, we present the conceptualization, structural evaluation, and practical implementation of a Remotely Operated Loading System (ROLS), developed to enhance precision and reduce physical strain during material insertion processes. The system integrates a cylindrical actuator (CYB1), a precision-aligned guide mechanism, and a springactuated mechanical latch, all controlled remotely through an RF-based interface. To ensure reliability and durability, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was carried out using ANSYS 19.2. The analysis confirmed that critical components exhibit minimal deflection, optimal stress distribution, and maintain high safety margins under expected load conditions. The system demonstrates potential for safe, repeatable operations in settings like research laboratories, compact industrial units, and military applications.
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Y. Golovina, Natalya, and Svetlana Y. Krivosheeva. "Evaluation Method of the Fatigue Life of Power Plant Pipelines." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (2018): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27656.
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The method for estimating the fatigue life of power plant pipelines based on the results of one or two tests without destruction is proposed. The proposed method uses the classical model of fatigue resistance. Weller curves for power plant pipelines are determined experimentally, the experimental data are presented. Three curves are constructed for the probability of destruction of 2%, 50%, and 98%. The proposed method uses the hypothesis of linear summation of Palmgren-Miner injuries. When developing the method, much attention is paid to the ways of schematizing the actual process of loading the pipelines. Calculation of the distribution of the total number of cycles was carried out by the “Rainflow” method and the Gusev method. The application of this method with a set of design measures provides more than fivefold margin for fatigue resistance of all pipelines of the power plant.
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Koutalos, Antonios A., Aristotelis Kourtis, Ian C. Clarke, and Evert J. Smith. "Mid-Term Results of ReCap/Magnum/Taperloc Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty with Mean Follow-Up of 7.1 Years." HIP International 27, no. 3 (2016): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/hipint.5000454.
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Introduction Despite enthusiasm for metal-on-metal bearings, disappointing short- to mid-term outcomes has all but halted the use of this bearing articulation. This review presents mid-term results for the ReCap Magnum total hip replacement. Patients and Methods This prospective study evaluated 79 ReCap/Magnum/Taperloc total hip replacements with mean follow-up of 7.1 (range 3.7-9.2) years. 43 were female and 36 male. Metal ions were measured and radiographic measurement included a ‘margin of safety’ angle to quantify risk of edge loading. When a clinical suspicion of adverse reaction to metal debris was present, patients had metal artefact reduction sequence MRI. Harris Hip Score and Oxford Hip Score evaluated functional outcome and SF-12 and EQ-5L-5D assessed quality of life at final follow-up. Results 7 hips were revised indicating 91.1% survivorship at 7.1 years. Postoperative Harris Hip Score and Oxford Hip Score significantly improved. Females and symptomatic patients predicted increased metal ions. Margin of safety correlated with postoperative Oxford Hip Score. Symptomatic hips and positive MRI showed reduced survivorship. Conclusions Compared to more traditional bearings like metal or ceramic on polyethylene the overall outcome of this ReCap/Magnum/Taperloc study cohort is modest. It is felt that further failures will occur in this group therefore cautious interpretation of the results is justified given the potential for reduced survival outcomes.
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Korba, Ahmed G., Abhishek Kumar, and Mark Barkey. "A hyper-elastic thermal aging constitutive model for rubber-like materials." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 8 (2019): 677–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244319883405.
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Different phenomenological, empirical, and micromechanical constitutive models have been proposed to describe the behavior of incompressible isotropic hyper-elastic materials. Among these models, very few have accounted for the thermal aging effect on the model constants and parameters. This article introduces a new empirical constitutive hyper-elastic model for thermally aged hyper-elastic materials. The model named “the weight function based (WFB) model” considers the effect of aging temperature and time on its parameters. The WFB model formulation can facilitate fatigue analysis and lifetime prediction of rubber-like materials under aging conditions. The WFB model in this article defines all rubber-like material properties, such as fracture stretch, strength, and stiffness, by predicting the full stress–strain curve at any aging time and temperature. The WFB model was tested on natural rubber for uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. More than 100 specimens were aged and tested uniaxially under various temperatures and aging times to extract the stress–strain behavior. The temperatures used in the test ranged from 76.7°C to 115.5°C, and the aging time ranged from 0 to 600 hours (hrs). A classical bulge test experiment was generated to extract the biaxial natural rubber material behavior. An ABAQUS finite element analysis model was created to simulate and verify the generated biaxial stress–strain curve. The proposed model represents the aging effect on the tested natural rubber under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions with an acceptable error margin of less than 10% compared to experimental data.
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Negussie, Mengistu, Teshale Woldeamanuel, and Tewodros Tefera. "Analysis of tef market chain: evidence from South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia." Acta Innovations, no. 43 (June 20, 2022): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.43.2.
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Dera is one of the potential districts in teff production. Nonetheless, there are some restraints and prospects in teff commercialization still unaccustomed. This study initiates to examine the teff market chain in the Dera district. It concentrates to synthesize the behavior, transparency, and effectiveness of teff market expending data from different sources. It involved teff producers, wholesalers, retailers, rural assemblers, cooperatives, urban assemblers and processors. The data investigation engaged expressive inferential statics & SCP model. Concerning marketing, the result indicates that producers supplied to the market via rural retailers, wholesalers and directly to consumers 57.7% of teff produced in 2017 cropping season. There are eleven marketing channels in transferring 2268 Quintals of teff from farmers to different intermediaries until reaching end buyers. The market structure of teff is weakly oligopolistic, implying that the market is not competitive. The producers' share of margin for the teff market accounts 68.96% associated with a 31.04% total gross margin. The marketing channel with more teff supplied can have a high or low marketing margin depending on the presence of value-adding market agents in the track. It implies that the channel with more teff supplied is not necessarily the channel in which the highest market margin. The marketing agents in the study area incur primary transaction costs like packing, loading and unloading, storage, transportation, communication and other personal costs. Therefore, improved bargaining power, access to accurate market information and infrastructural development are essential for a better performing teff market.
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Surlyk, Finn, and Nanna Noe Nygaard. "Sand remobilisation and intrusion in the Upper Jurassic Hareelv Formation of East Greenland." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 48 (December 31, 2001): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2001-48-10.
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An extensive Late Jurassic intrusive sandstone complex is exposed in Jameson land, East Greenland. The sandstones and the host mudstones form the Upper Oxfordian – Volgian Hareelv Formation. The formation covers an area of 55×70 km, is 200–400 m thick and consists of black basinal mudstones and highly irregular sandstone bodies, dykes and sills. Failure of shelf-margin sandbodies resulted in downslope sediment gravity flows and deposition of massive sands on the slope, at the base-of-slope and in the basin. The sands flowed in steep-sided gullies formed by retrogressive slumping of slope muds or loaded directly into the muds. Sandbodies deposited within the gullies have steep commonly stepped margins while those deposited at the downslope termination of gullies have a sheet-like geometry. All sandbodies underwent some degree of fluidization and liquefaction subsequent to burial and sand was intruded into the surrounding black mudstones. Remobilisation and intrusion took place over a long time interval ranging from almost syndepositional to relatively deep burial and primary sediment structures were lost in most cases. Sandstone dykes and sills are ubiquitous and were emplaced by all combinations of stoping and dilation. The intrusive sandbodies range in dimensions from centimetres to many hundreds of metres. The degree of post-burial remobilisation ranges from rather small-scale modifications to wholesale fluidization, liquefaction and out-of-place intrusion of the sand over tens to hundreds of metres. The Hareelv Formation was deposited during the most important Mesozoic rift event in East Greenland and the pervasive remobilisation of all sandbodies in the formation is interpreted as caused mainly by cyclic loading by seismic shocks. Additional important factors were slope shear stress, build up of pore pressure due to loading, slumping, upwards movement of pore waters expelled from the compacting muds and possibly also of biogenic and thermogenic gas. The Hareelv Formation is an excellent field analogue for deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, which have been modified by remobilisation and injection of the sands.
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Kazantseva, Nataliya, Maxim Il’inikh, Victor Kuznetsov, Yulia Koemets, Konstantin Bakhrunov, and Maxim Karabanalov. "Design and Structural Factors’ Influence on the Fatigue Life of Steel Products with Additive Manufacturing." Materials 16, no. 23 (2023): 7315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16237315.
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The influence of implant design and structural factors on fatigue life under cyclic loading was investigated. The implants were manufactured from 316L steel powder using 3D printing for medical use. A simulation model of implant deformation was built using ANSYS software. The obtained data showed that the geometry of the implant had the necessary margin of safety for osseointegration time. It was found that the stress concentration factor, which is associated with fatigue life, for an implant with a hexagon head and internal thread depends on the mechanical properties of the metal, design, and load conditions. The presence of internal threads and holes in the implant increases the stress concentration factor by more than 10 times. The number of load cycles for the failure of the implant, which was calculated by taking into account a coefficient for reducing the endurance limit, was found to be sufficient for implant osseointegration.
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Kumar, Sunil, S. K. Dash, U. P. Sharma, K. Ramadoss, Rajendra Singh, and K. K. Dwivedy. "Evaluation of Hydrouranium Anomalies in the Crystallines Along the Southwestern Margin of Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal Geological Society of India 53, no. 3 (1999): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1999/530306.
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Abstract Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, especially correlation study and factor analysis of uranium and other major ions in the groundwater of Chenchalapalle-Mulapalle area, known for its fracture controlled uranium mineralization, in the southwestern crystalline margin of Middle-Upper Proterozoic Cuddapah basin have revealed - (i) several well defined and distinct anomaly zones of &gt; 200, &gt; 500, &gt; 1000 ppb of uranium, (ii) enriching factors like TDS(Ec), HCO3-, Na+, K+, Ca+2 , Mg+2, Cl-, SO4-2 have poor to negligible influence on high uranium content and (iii) factor-3, identified as "mineralization factor" has high loading for uranium (0.948). The study on saturation indices of several uranium and other minerals indicated undersaturation for most of the aqueous uranium species, except for a few hydroxides. Particularly, schoepite (2UO3.5H2O) has low to moderate degree of supersaturation in samples from major anomalous zones. Based on the distinctive hydrogeochemical attributes and geological and structural favourability factors, the tracts in the vicinity of Varikuntapalle (VKP). Dapepalle (DPL) and Pulikunta (PLK) villages, between Chenchalapalle-Mulapalle area in the southwestern crystalline margin of Cuddapah basin, are designated as potential target areas for detailed exploration.
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Cusati, Vincenzo, Salvatore Corcione, and Vittorio Memmolo. "Potential Benefit of Structural Health Monitoring System on Civil Jet Aircraft." Sensors 22, no. 19 (2022): 7316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197316.
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Structural health monitoring represents an interesting enabling technology towards increasing aviation safety and reducing operating costs by unlocking novel maintenance approaches and procedures. However, the benefits of such a technology are limited to maintenance costs reductions by cutting or even eliminating some maintenance scheduled checks. The key limitation to move a step further in exploiting structural health monitoring technology is represented by the regulation imposed in sizing aircraft composite structures. A safety margin of 2.0 is usually applied to estimate the ultimate loading that composite structures must withstand. This limitation is imposed since physical nondestructive inspection of composite structures is really challenging or even impossible in some cases. However, a structural health monitoring system represents a viable way for a real time check for the health status of a composite structure. Thus, the introduction of structural health monitoring should help into reducing the stringent safety margin imposed by aviation regulation for a safe design of composite structures. By assuming a safety margin reduction from 2.0 to 1.75 thanks to the installation of permanently attached sensors for structural health diagnostics, this paper assesses the potential fuel savings and direct operating costs through a multidisciplinary analysis on a A220-like aircraft. According to the foreseen level of technology, addressed through the number of sensors per square meter, a DOC saving from 2% up to 5% is achievable preserving, at the same time, all the key aircraft performance.
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Thango, Bonginkosi A., and Pitshou N. Bokoro. "A Novel Approach to Predict Transformer Temperature Rise under Harmonic Load Current Conditions." Energies 15, no. 8 (2022): 2769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082769.
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In South Africa, distribution transformers (DTs) facilitating solar photovoltaic applications represent the highest percentage of total ownership cost investment for independent power producers (IPPs). One of the most indispensable variables that regulate DTs’ operational life span is the hotspot temperature. The prevailing analytical approaches designated to guesstimate the transformer thermal necessities were fathered in accordance with the conservative foundation that an electrical transformer is prone to uniform mean daily and monthly peak loads. In order to appropriately puzzle out the transformer thermal necessities, the formation of a more detailed thermal model that operates with real-time contorted cyclic loading, ambient air temperature, and the intrinsic characteristics of the transformer in-service losses is required. In the current work, various regression models are proposed for the modification of the top-oil formula and the hotspot temperature formula in the IEEE loading guide standard to replicate the real harmonic load currents (HLCs) and the fluctuating ambient air temperature (AT) on an hourly and daily basis. The proposed thermal model is examined in various transformers case studies, in which the computed outcomes produce an error margin of no more than 3% throughout all test cases when compared to the measured data.
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Arpit, A. Parikh, Atul K. Desai Dr., and Shailesh R. Gandhi Dr. "Enhancing the Life Cycle of the Jack up Structure by Applying Alternative Foundation Methodologies in Geotechnical Engineering." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) 11, no. 12 (2022): 76–86. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.G9238.11111222.
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<strong>Abstract: </strong>A jack-up structure is a bottom-mounted floating unit having an adjustable hull and movable legs. Particular jack-up structures are more susceptible to hazards under environmental loads during their operation and life cycle in the ocean. Authors' attempts here to enhance its life cycle and sustainability in shallow to deep waters by correctly accessing soil behaviour and predicting its load carrying capacity. Here the numerical analysis of the substructure has been attempted. Simulation of loaddeformation behavior under axial compression has been carried out for advancing research. The entire study has been carried out using three-dimensional finite element-based software Plaxis 3D A.E. 2017. The geometrical variation of substructure spud can have an inverted spud at the centre bottom from 120 0 to 180 0 has been studied for knowing behaviour under axial compression, axial tension, and lateral forces. The simulated numerical model is used to develop empirical expressions for axial capacities estimation. The numerical analysis results indicate that spud can have an inverted angle of cone 130 0 is most beneficial under the static combined vertical, moment, and horizontal loading (3D loading) in marine clay. The axial load carrying capacities in compression, tension, and lateral loading follow the same sequence in ascending order from 180 0 ,175 0 , 150 0 , 130 0 and highest in 120 0 . Stiffness and undrained shear strength of soft clay contribute more than the diameter of the spud and embedment depth in compression and tension.
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Koc, Pino. "On Experimental Determination of Poisson’s Ratio for Rock-like Materials using Digital Image Correlation." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 70, no. 5-6 (2024): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2024.966.
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This article compares the two most used strain determination experimental techniques, the strain gauges and the digital image correlation (DIC), which are used here to determine the static Poisson's ratio of rock-like materials under a compressive loading. While the strain gauge technique measures the strains on the small patch of the underlying material on the spot, where the strain gauge is applied, DIC is a novel optical full-field technique that can measure the strains over the entire region of interest of the specimen. The key research question presented in this paper and research significance is to what extent the measurement of Poisson’s ratio is improved by leveraging the richness of the full-field measurements compared to the conventional strain gauge technique. To this purpose, the hypothesis was tested through virtual experiments in which a numerical simulation of a uniaxial compression test with a cylindrical, rock-like sample was created to mimic the strain gauge and DIC measurement techniques, as well as by conducting an actual compression test on a sandstone material. In contrast to conventional strain gauges, novel optical techniques such as stereo DIC proved to be able to capture the macroscopic Poisson coefficient with higher precision, thus reducing the margin of error.