Journal articles: 'Linear axis'

1

Zhang, Hong Tao, Jian Guo Yang, Kai Guo Fan, and Yi Zhang. "Error Decoupling and Linkage-Compensation on Five-Axis NC Machine Tools." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1502.

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The mathematical model of five-axis NC machine tools was established based on the transformation matrix. A new decoupling and linkage-compensation method for five-axis NC machine tools is proposed. The error caused by linear axes and rotary axes was compensated by using the linkage-compensation approach. In the real-time error compensation process, the rotary axes error was compensated firstly, and then the linear error caused by linear axes and rotary axes was compensated. The new decoupling method can effectively compensate machining errors for five-axis NC machine tools, which was verified by simulation and actual machining.

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Zhong, Lei, Jianhua Yu, Qingzhen Bi, and Yuhan Wang. "A dynamic two-axis interpolation test with linear and rotary axes in five-axis machine tool." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106, no. 1-2 (November 19, 2019): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04609-x.

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Fan, Shu Tian, Wei Ping Yang, and Chao Jie Dong. "RTCP Function in Five-Axis Machining." Key Engineering Materials 464 (January 2011): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.464.254.

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Because of the rotate kinematics, the machining of 5-axis brings up the non-linear error. The RTCP (Rotation Tool Center Point) function can always make the interpolated point on the programming track by a real-time linear compensation of CNC system for motion of the rotary axes. Based on detailed analysis of the kinematics principle of 5-axis machine with dual rotary tables, a new design of interpolated algorithm integrated with RTCP function is presented which is simulated in MATLAB, and the result indicates that the algorithm can reduce the non-linear error effectively.

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Saragih, Agung Shamsuddin, and Tae Jo Ko. "Extracting Single Source Geometric Error Value from a Double Ballbar Measurement Error Map." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.754.

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The double ballbar (DBB) test is a well-known way to check the geometric error of axis interaction. The DBB test captures actual data from multiple error origins. Here, we define the DBB measurement result as the sinusoid error map model plus noise. Using this concept, we extract a single source geometric error value from the DBB error map by LS fitting. We considered the “noise” as mix error from other sources. To ensure the quality of a numerical fitting, we used a sinusoid model of each geometric error that was generated by simulation of axis movement based on homogeneous transformation matrices (HTMs) as general best-fit curve. To verify the proposed method, we extract a well-known geometric error of linear axes and compare it with the result from a commercial measurement system. This method is applicable to both a full circle and a truncated DBB test path. Then, we use the method to estimate the geometric error of axis interaction between linear and rotary axes in a five-axis machine. A sequence of DBB tests is arranged based on linear-linear and linear-rotary simultaneous motions. The tests contain seven DBB test runs with two setups, and are able to identify eleven geometry errors of interaction of axes in less time, and with less human “intervention” error.

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Shimizu, Yuki, Taiji Maruyama, So Ito, and Wei Gao. "A Three-Axis Angle Sensor with a Linear Encoder Scale Reflector." Applied Mechanics and Materials 870 (September 2017): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.870.141.

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This paper presents a design study of an optical three-axis angle sensor for measurement of angular error motions of long-stroke precision linear stages. The three-axis angle sensor, which is based on a laser autocollimation method, can detect angular motions about the XYZ-axes simultaneously by using zeroth-and first-order diffraction beams from a diffraction grating mounted on a measuring target as a reflector. In this paper, an optical sensor head is designed in such a way that the three-axis angle sensor shares a diffraction grating with an optical sensor head of a linear encoder, which is already installed in a stage system. The optical sensor head of the three-axis angle sensor is designed in a size of smaller than 50 mm × 30 mm × 30 mm so that the sensor head can be compatible with the linear encoder. Details of the optical configuration designed for the sensor head, and some results of experiments are reported.

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Zhong, Lijun, Zhang Li, Xiaohu Zhang, Yang Shang, and Qifeng Yu. "High accuracy linear method for axis measurement." Optical Engineering 59, no. 02 (February 8, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.59.2.024101.

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Wu, Dong Xu, Guo Li, Bo Wang, Zheng Qiao, and Lei Lv. "Fabrication of Microstructured Surfaces by Five-Axis Ultra Precision Machine Tool." Key Engineering Materials 625 (August 2014): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.625.187.

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In this paper, a five-axis ultra precision machine tool for fabrication of microstructured surfaces is presented. This machine consists of two rotary axes (C&B) and three linear axes (X&Y&Z). High precision aerostatic bearing and torque motor are adopted in C axis (main spindle) and B axis. X axis and Z axis use the hydrostatic guideway and are driven by linear motors. Y axis is driven by torque motor and precision ball screw. This machine is able to realize multiple processing methods, including ultra precision diamond turning, ultra precision milling, fly-cutting, fast tool servo and slow tool servo diamond turning.Furthermore, a large number of experiment researches are carried out. Some typical microstructure surfaces are manufactured, for sinusoidal grid surface, the surface roughness Ra is 11.9nm, which is machined by slow tool servo diamond turning. Micro pyramid array surface is fabricated by using fly-cutting, which performs well both in the profile accuracy and the repeatability. These experiment researches prove that this ultra precision machine is superior in accuracy and system reliability.

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Takayama, Naoshi, Hidehito Ota, Kensuke Ueda, and Yoshimi Takeuchi. "Development of Table-on-Table-Type Five-Axis Machining Center: New Structure and Basic Characteristics." International Journal of Automation Technology 5, no. 2 (March 5, 2011): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2011.p0247.

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The demand for five-axis machining centers has been increasing rapidly, as companies seek “intensive processes” and “high accuracy.” However, it is generally more difficult for five-axis machining centers to achieve the same or higher accuracy than three-axis machining centers since it is necessary to have two more rotary feed axes besides the three linear feed ones. Many kinds of five-axis machining centers with various structures have been developed to date; an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of major five-axis machining center structures was done first. As a result of this analysis, this paper focuses on the “table-on-table type” five-axis machining center. It is capable of accuracy because of its wide range of rotation for the rotary axis and its advantages in the adjustment process of the axis. and this paper proposes a five-axis machining center which has this construction. Furthermore, a new high-speed, highaccuracy, “table-on-table type” of five-axis machining center which uses a direct-drive motor for the rotary axis and a driven center of gravity for the linear axis has been developed based on this concept, and its accuracy has been verified.

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She, Chen Hua, Kai Sheng Li, and Yueh Hsun Tsai. "Development of Five-Axis Machine Tool Cutting Simulation System with Nonorthogonal Linear Axis." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 1587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.1587.

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Five-axis machine tools with two additional rotational degrees of freedom provide more flexibility in tilting the tool axis to various orientations than conventional three-axis machine tools do, subsequently increasing the cutting efficiency and avoiding tool collision against a workpiece. Also, the risk of programming error can be avoided by simulating the five-axis Numerical Control (NC) code before real machining. This work presents a five-axis machine tool cutting simulation system with a nonorthogonal linear axis configuration. A window-based cutting system written by Borland C++ Builder and OpenGL is also developed based on the kinematics model of the proposed machine tool. Furthermore, implementing and verifying the five-axis NC code demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

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Liu, Shi Long, Shu Ming Yang, Zhuang De Jiang, Yu Kun Xu, Jin Long Wang, and Guang Tao Yuan. "Static Deformation of Precision Machine Tools for Large Scale Aspheric Components Manufacure." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1069.

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Large scale aspherical optical component plays an important role in National defense industry. It is based on the large size aspherical machine tools, so the stiffness and accuracy of the machine tools lead to the accuracy of the mirror directly. The tools consist of a turntable shaft and three linear axes including X/Y/Z axises. This paper analyzes a desirable arrangement of Y-axis linear motors so that the error of Y-axis produced indirectly can be minimized.

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Kenno, Takaaki, Ryuta Sato, Keiichi Shirase, Shigemasa Natsume, and Henny Spaan. "Identification Method of Error Motions and Geometric Errors of a Rotary Axis by R-Test." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0399.

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While evaluating the accuracy of high-precision machine tools, it is critical to reduce the error factors contributing to the measured results as much as possible. This study aims to evaluate both the error motions and geometric errors of the rotary axis without considering the influence of motion error of the linear axis. In this study, only the rotary axis is moved considering two different settings of a reference sphere, and the linear axes are not moved. The motion accuracy of the rotary axis is measured using the R-test device, both the error motions and geometric errors of the rotary axis are identified from the measurement results. Moreover, the identified geometric errors are verified for correctness via measurement with an intentional angular error. The results clarify that the proposed method can identify the error motions and geometric errors of a rotary axis correctly. The method proposed in this study can thus be effective for evaluating the motion accuracy of the rotary axis and can contribute to further improvement of the accuracy of the rotary table.

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Paige, G. D., and D. L. Tomko. "Eye movement responses to linear head motion in the squirrel monkey. I. Basic characteristics." Journal of Neurophysiology 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 1170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.65.5.1170.

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1. The purpose of this study was to quantify the response characteristics of eye movements produced by linear head oscillations in the dark (the linear vestibuloocular reflex, or LVOR). Horizontal, vertical, and torsional eye movements were measured in adult squirrel monkeys by the use of a dual scleral search-coil technique during linear oscillations (0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 Hz, 0.36 g peak acceleration) along the animals' interaural (IA), dorsoventral (DV), and nasooccipital (NO) axes. 2. Two LVOR responses, horizontal eye movements during IA-axis translation and vertical eye movements during DV-axis motion, were in a compensatory direction for head translation. Response amplitudes increased as frequency increased, whereas phase typically showed a lead. 3. Two other LVORs, torsional responses during IA-axis translation (all frequencies) and vertical responses during NO-axis oscillations (0.5 Hz), behaved differently. These two LVORs cannot be functionally compensatory for head translation because they degrade fixation on targets, and therefore image stability, by rotating the eyes off target (NO-vertical) or torting the eyes relative to the visual world (IA-torsional). Responses to NO-axis motion at frequencies greater than 0.5 Hz depended on initial eye position and fixation distance and are described in the companion paper. 4. The effect of head orientation on the LVOR was assessed by testing four head positions in 90 degrees steps around the axis of head motion for each of the three axes of translation. This was done, first, to determine whether the LVORs are responses to the "swinging vector" of gravitoinertial force during linear head motion or to head translation; and second, to quantify potential effects of static head (otolith) orientation on the LVORs. Results showed no systematic effects of head orientation on LVOR responses in the frequency bandwidth studied. This indicates that the LVORs are dependent on the direction of linear motion relative to the head (and otolith organs) but not on the swinging vector of gravitoinertial force, and that the LVORs are uninfluenced by static orientation of the head and reloading of the otoliths.

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Balakirev, F. F., Yoichi Ando, A. Passner, J. B. Betts, L. F. Schneemeyer, Kouji Segawa, and G. S. Boebinger. "Large, linear c-axis magnetoresistance in YBa2Cu3O7−δ." Physica C: Superconductivity 341-348 (November 2000): 1877–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(00)01236-3.

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14

Atakishiyev, Natig M., Shakir M. Nagiyev, Luis Edgar Vicent, and Kurt Bernardo Wolf. "Covariant discretization of axis-symmetric linear optical systems." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 2301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.17.002301.

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15

Bruzzone, Luca, and Pietro Fanghella. "Fractional-Order Control of a Micrometric Linear Axis." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/947428.

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This paper discusses the application of a particular fractional-order control scheme, the PDD1/2, to the position control of a micrometric linear axis. The PDD1/2scheme derives from the classical PD scheme with the introduction of the half-derivative term. The PD and PDD1/2schemes are compared by adopting a nondimensional approach for the sake of generality. The linear model of the closed-loop system is discussed by analysing the pole location in theσ-plane. Then, different combinations of the derivative and half-derivative terms, characterized by the same settling energy in the step response, are experimentally compared in the real mechatronic application, with nonnegligible friction effects and a position set point with trapezoidal speed law. The experimental results are coherent with the nonlinear model of the controlled system and confirm that the introduction of the half-derivative term is an interesting option for reducing the tracking error in the transient state.

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Faust, Rebecca, David Glickenstein, and Carlos Scheidegger. "DimReader: Axis lines that explain non-linear projections." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 25, no. 1 (January 2019): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2018.2865194.

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Lorenzo, E., and J. C. Miñano. "Design of one-axis tracked linear Fresnel lenses." Solar Energy 36, no. 6 (1986): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(86)90017-4.

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Cohen, A. M., H. Cuypers, and H. Sterk. "Linear Groups Generated by Reflection Tori." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 51, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 1149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-1999-051-7.

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AbstractA reflection is an invertible linear transformation of a vector space fixing a given hyperplane, its axis, vectorwise and a given complement to this hyperplane, its center, setwise. A reflection torus is a one-dimensional group generated by all reflections with fixed axis and center.In this paper we classify subgroups of general linear groups (in arbitrary dimension and defined over arbitrary fields) generated by reflection tori.

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She, Chen Hua, Kai Sheng Li, and Zhi Hao Zheng. "Special Purpose Five-Axis Machine Tool for Manufacturing a Precision Cam." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.133.

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Five-axis machining, an important processes in precision manufacturing, has been used in defense, aerospace and consumer product industries. Many combinations can be synthesized to generate various five-axis machine tool configurations, in which the linear and rotary axes are normally orthogonal. Since five-axis NC data can only be applied to a specific configuration, the portability of the NC data is inevitably limited. A special purpose five-axis machine with a nonorthogonal linear axis configuration is investigated in this research. The complete analytical equations for NC data are obtained using the homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and inverse kinematics. A window-based postprocessor system written by Borland C++ Builder was developed according to the proposed algorithm. A roller gear cam was adopted as an example to generate the NC code using the proposed postprocessor system. A trail-cut experiment conducted with this special purpose machine tool confirms the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

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Wang, Li Mei, and Hao Zheng. "Research on Contouring Control of Dual Linear Motors." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 1661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.1661.

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In dual-axis contouring motion, contouring error is a more important performance index than tracking error. Considering direct drive XY table control accuracy, the influence of load disturbance and the velocity mismatch between X and Y axis are great. As a result, the position tracking iterative learning controller based on DOB controller is adopted at single axis, it can overcome the influence of the load disturbance, and ensure the robustness of the system; For the velocity mismatch between X and Y axis, a control strategy based on hybrid error iterative learning control (HILC) and the real-time contour error model was proposed. Simulation results show that the designed control system of XY table has strong robustness, high contour accuracy and simple structure.

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Nicolescu, Florin Adrian, Georgia Cezara Avram, Andrei Mario Ivan, and Adrian Theodor Mantea. "Computer Assisted Selection of Servomotor Driving System for Linear Motion NC Axis Experimental Stand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 762 (May 2015): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.762.61.

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The paper presents the works performed by the authors in the field of structural and functional optimization numerically controlled (NC) axes. The study includes two computing applications developed by second author of the paper in a PhD thesis related on NC axes’ structural and functional optimization. The first computing application is used for calculating the total reflected inertia of a linear motion NC axis (total inertial loads' reducing on the driving motor's shaft level). The second computing application is used for both preliminary selection of the driving servomotor (by checking first the accomplishment of the kinematic criterion) and a secondary selection of the electric motor (by checking in a second stage the accomplishment of the static and dynamic criterion). By mean of both software applications optimal matching of servomotor driving system with available NC axis mechanical structure may be determined. The analyzed linear motion NC axis is part of an experimental stand (existing in the MMS department from EMTS faculty), that supplementary to the driving servomotor, includes a belt drive transmission, a ball screw - bearings assembly and a driven element guided by ball rail system.

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Suto, Katsumasa, Eiichi Aoyama, Toshiki Hirogaki, and Keiji Ogawa. "Investigation of Rotational-Axis and Linear-Axis Operation Based on Power Consumption with Desktop Five-Axis Controlled Machine Tools." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.510.

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Recently, the idea of sustainable development has become more and more important. In the previous report, we focus on downsizing industrial goods and discuss the environmental load of industrial goods. As a result, by downsizing machine tools we verified that the environmental load of mother machines in making copies of themselves could be reduced. On the other hand, we verified that the environmental load of use of the machine itself increased relatively. Thus, in desktop machine tools, we verified that reducing the environmental load of use of the machine itself would increasingly become an issue in the future. In this paper, we discuss methods of using desktop machine tools from the aspect of power consumption. As a result, we verified that in cutting along the linear-axis and rotational-axis, we have to consider back clearance after cutting.

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Bungău, Constantin, Rareş Pancu, and Traian Buidoş. "Analysis of the Linear Positioning Accuracy on Z Axis at the Horizontal Machining Centre TMA-AL-550." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.179.

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This paper presents a case study regarding use the laser XL 80 to check the linearity movement of the Z-axis to horizontal machining center, TMA-AL 550. This machining center has been upgraded to the possibility of processing to 3 CNC linear axes and 2 CNC rotary axes (up to 5 CNC simultaneous axes) and also 1 PLC axis (the index table), as well the including of the machine into to the flexible manufacturing cell. This work paper presents the linearity accuracy at machining centre on the Z axis and shows the operating correction parameters by software and the necessity of backlash adjustment between nut and ball screw, by using a performing linear laser for machine tools and research systems laboratory, that was acquired by the project RTT-5 Rotary-Tilting Tables for 5-axis Machining Center, where the authors participated. Compared with conventional methods of checking of table linearity deviations at the machining centers (checking with spirit leveling device, wire collimator, wire auto-collimator and yardstick ruler), the method by laser of unconventional determining brings the following advantages: linear resolution of 0.001 μm, method assisted by computer, in order to obtain the positioning accuracy ± 5 μm the repeatability of 5 μm/m. The measurements fall within the ISO 230-2, ASME B5-52, VDI 3441-DGQ, JIS and GB international standards, and permitting also the memorization of the measured data and the obtaining of the tabulated results, or in graphical form too, using XL 80 soft Laser, by forwarding the information to the computer.

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Liu, Hong Jun, Ai Guo Zhang, Ji Bin Zhao, Jin Shang, and Jun Liu. "Analysis and Compensation Strategy of Non-Linear Error in Five-Axis CNC Machining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4967–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4967.

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This paper presents a new strategy of analysis and compensation of non-linear error. Non-linear error is an important source of machining error in multi-axis numerical controlled machining and it is unavoidable. In view of tool positions optimization in five-axis CNC machining of complex surface, this paper presents a strategy for non-linear error compensation in five-axis machining: Firstly, non-linear error caused by the change of tool axis vector is analyzed and the non-linear error model is established, in order to get the maximum non-linear error of interpolation segment; Then, the tool position that meets the machining accuracy is obtained; Finally, Simulation and analysis of the model show that the proposed method is effective and greatly improves the geometric accuracy.

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Phillips, RD, and RH Lidtke. "Clinical determination of the linear equation for the subtalar joint axis." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 82, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-82-1-1.

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The authors present a methodology to measure the frontal plane angular and linear displacement and the transverse plane angular displacement of subtalar joint movement. This method is combined with a modification of the Kirby method for determining the transverse plane projection of the subtalar joint axis onto the plantar foot. A mathematical model is then used to construct the subtalar joint axis into a three-dimensional linear equation. Data are obtained from an in vivo series of 62 feet that indicates that within acceptable clinical errors of measurement the subtalar joint is a ginglymus type of joint that moves around a single fixed axis. Results also indicate that the subtalar joint axis is more superior and lateral to the neutral foot than any previous studies on cadaver feet have shown. Finally, the authors show that once the subtalar joint axis can be accurately located, the torque on the joint axis produced by ground reactive forces and muscular forces can be computed.

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Chen, Shao-Hsien, and Chi-Li Ji. "Level Detection Equipment for Measuring the Influence of Different Leveling Accuracies on Linear Error." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 4, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5576999.

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This study developed a level detection equipment which is used in computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool to determine the impact of leveling accuracy on rectilinear motion accuracy. When the CNC precision machine tool has accuracy deterioration under external load or internal stress, mainly caused error is leveling error, this research and development equipment can immediate to analyze and measurement. The allowable error of leveling accuracy can be obtained after experimental validation. The kinematic error relatively increases with leveling error. When the leveling accuracy is within the allowable error, the kinematic error relatively decreases. The main kinematic error items measured in this study include EXX, EBY, EAX, and EYY. The level detection equipment is developed in this study, and the fuzzy regression analysis is used for modeling. The model that has high accuracy in the test of the X -axis is R 2 = 0.9764 and P = 0.0506 , and Y -axis is R 2 = 0.9756 and P = 0.0524 . In terms of filtering, Kalman filtering is used for signal processing, the measured values and X -axis and Y -axis after filtering are improved by 94.1% and 86.2%, respectively, the repeatability of this system is about A grade capability of precision (Cp), resolution is ±0.0001°, and the stability is at least B grade capability of accuracy (Ca). This equipment has the advantages of low cost, high precision, and 2-axis measurement. This machine tool which has the straightness increases with X and Y axes’ leveling accuracy errors, when the X / Y leveling accuracy is within ±0.01 mm/m, and there is the best straightness and conforms to the ISO230 standard (Lee et al., 2020).

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Yoshida, Shigeru, Masanori Ishii, Masamichi Sudo, Kazuhiro Soeda, Toshinobu Yashiro, Hiroshi Moriyama, and Makoto Igarashi. "Effects of Linear Acceleration on Cognition of Gravitational Axis." Equilibrium Research 59, no. 2 (2000): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.59.147.

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Yu, M. K., R. S. Sloboda, and B. Murray. "Linear accelerator photon beam quality at off-axis points." Medical Physics 24, no. 2 (February 1997): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.598069.

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Yan, Guangpeng, Kaiyuan You, and Fengzhou Fang. "Three-Linear-Axis Grinding of Small Aperture Aspheric Surfaces." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 7, no. 5 (April 16, 2019): 997–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40684-019-00103-7.

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Rogers, E., and D. H. Owens. "Axis positivity and the stability of linear multipass processes." Linear Algebra and its Applications 122-124 (September 1989): 779–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3795(89)90676-9.

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Mehrjardi, Mohamad Fakhari, Hilmi Sanusi, and Mohd Alauddin Mohd. Ali. "Three-Axis Attitude Estimation Of Satellite Through Only Two-Axis Magnetometer Observations Using LKF Algorithm." Metrology and Measurement Systems 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 577–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2015-0044.

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Abstract Estimation of satellite three-axis attitude using only one sensor data presents an interesting estimation problem. A flexible and mathematically effective filter for solving the satellite three-axis attitude estimation problem using two-axis magnetometer would be a challenging option for space missions which are suffering from other attitude sensors failure. Mostly, magnetometers are employed with other attitude sensors to resolve attitude estimation. However, by designing a computationally efficient discrete Kalman filter, full attitude estimation can profit by only two-axis magnetometer observations. The method suggested solves the problem of satellite attitude estimation using linear Kalman filter (LKF). Firstly, all models are generated and then the designed scenario is developed and evaluated with simulation results. The filter can achieve 10e-3 degree attitude accuracy or better on all three axes.

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Giannopulu, Irini, and Jean-Claude Lepecq. "Linear-Vection Chronometry along Spinal and Sagittal Axes in Erect Man." Perception 27, no. 3 (March 1998): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p270363.

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The present study investigates the onset latencies for linear vection along both the spinal and the sagittal axis in erect human adults. For each axis, both directions have been investigated (upward vs downward, forward vs backward). The vection-onset latency is thought to be shortened by the decrease of the conflict between visual and vestibular afferents. Since this sensory conflict can be presumed to be more important in the horizontal sagittal axis than in the vertical spinal one, the vection-onset latencies have been hypothesised to be longer in the former case than in the latter. Additionally, since the magnitude of this sensory conflict can be presumed to be the same between the two opposite directions within each axis, the vection-onset latencies have been expected not to vary between directions within each axis. The results confirm both these hypotheses.

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Nalimov, A. G., and S. S. Stafeev. "Linear to circular polarization conversion in the sharp focus of an optical vortex." Computer Optics 45, no. 1 (February 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-778.

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We have shown that when sharply focusing a linearly polarized optical vortex with topological charge 2, in the near-axis region of the focal plane, not only does a reverse energy flow (the negative on-axis projection of the Poynting vector) occur, but also the right-handed circular polariza-tion of light. Moreover, due to spin-orbital angular momentum conversion, the on-axis polarization vector and the transverse energy flow rotate around the optical axis in the same direction (counter-clockwise). If an absorbing spherical microparticle is put in the focus on the optical axis, it will rotate around the axis and around its center of mass counterclockwise. Numerical simulation results confirms the theoretical predictions.

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Ibaraki, Soichi, and Wolfgang Knapp. "Indirect Measurement of Volumetric Accuracy for Three-Axis and Five-Axis Machine Tools: A Review." International Journal of Automation Technology 6, no. 2 (March 5, 2012): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2012.p0110.

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The volumetric accuracy of machine tools is represented by a map of position and orientation error vectors of the tool over the volume concerned. Numerical compensation for volumetric error is possible in many latest commercial CNCs for machine tools. This paper reviews indirect measurement schemes for machine tool kinematics, in which the tool center position is measured as the superposition of error motions of linear or rotary axes. Each error motion can be separately identified by best-fitting a set of measured tool center positions to the kinematic model of machine tools. Indirect measurement schemes for the kinematics of three orthogonal linear axes, as well as the fiveaxis kinematics with two rotary axes, will be reviewed.

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Paige, G. D., and D. L. Tomko. "Eye movement responses to linear head motion in the squirrel monkey. II. Visual-vestibular interactions and kinematic considerations." Journal of Neurophysiology 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 1183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.65.5.1183.

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1. Horizontal, vertical, and torsional eye movements were recorded (search coil technique) from five squirrel monkeys during horizontal linear oscillations at 0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 Hz, 0.36 g peak acceleration. Monkeys were positioned to produce linear motion in their nasooccipital (NO), interaural (IA), and dorsoventral (DV) axes. Responses of the linear vestibuloocular reflex (LVOR) were recorded in darkness and in the light with the subjects viewing a head-fixed field 22 or 9.2 cm from the eye. The latter condition provided a measure of "visual suppression" of the LVOR (VSLVOR). Responses were also recorded while monkeys viewed earth-fixed targets, which allowed visual enhancement of the LVOR (VLVOR). Vergence angle was recorded in two monkeys to assess directly the point of binocular fixation in space during linear motion. 2. Two LVOR response types, vertical responses during 0.5-Hz NO-axis translation (NO-vertical) and torsional responses at all frequencies during IA-axis oscillation (IA-torsional) could not be compensatory reflexes for head translation because they either move the eye off target (NO-vertical) or tort the eye relative to the visual world (IA-torsional), thereby degrading visual image stability. 3. Other response types are considered compensatory because they help maintain ocular fixation in space during linear head translation. These include horizontal responses to IA-axis motion (IA-horizontal), vertical responses to DV-axis translation (DV-vertical), and both horizontal and vertical responses to NO-axis oscillation (1.5 and 5 Hz). Observations focus on responses to 5-Hz oscillations, in which visual inputs are essentially ineffective in modifying the LVOR. 4. The kinematics of perfect ocular compensation during head translation indicate that the ideal ocular response is governed by the motion of the eye relative to target position. Relevant variables include target distance, which is crucial for all axes of motion, and target eccentricity, which is important only for head motion roughly parallel to the target (NO-axis translation). Findings are compatible with predictions based on ideal kinematics. However, it is the point of binocular fixation in space, not actual target position, that governs LVOR behavior. 5. The IA-horizontal and DV-vertical LVOR is in response to head motion roughly orthogonal to the line of sight. Responses under all stimulus conditions (LVOR, VSLVOR, and VLVOR) behaved similarly at 5 Hz, and were modulated linearly with vergence [in meter angles (MA), the reciprocal of binocular fixation distance].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Shiou, Fang Jung, Chao Jung Chen, Wen Sheng Chien, and Huay Chung Liou. "Research on a Long Travel Nanopositioning Air Bearing Stage with the Linear Motors." Key Engineering Materials 613 (May 2014): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.613.70.

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The objective of this research is to develop a PC-based closed-loop nanopositioning system using the dual-frame two-axis drive single mobile independent framework. The stage body was supported by an air bearing on a granite base to reduce the frictional force. The developed stage was driven by the PC-Based interface of ANCA 5DX CNC controller, for the precision motion control of the linear motors. The laser scales were used as the feedback sensors so that the closed loop control of the developed system was possible. Based on the test results, the designed closed loop nanopositioning system was capable of precision positioning within the travel of 100 mm along X-axis and Y-axis. The Z-direction stage stability of the developed system was 20 nm, the maximum yaw error of the stage moving along X-axis was about 3.77 arc-seconds, and the maximum pitch error of the stage moving along Y-axis was about 1.04 arc-seconds, based on the test results. By utilizing the PC-Based interface of ANCA 5DX CNC controller based closed-loop PID control system, the positioning capability of X-axis and Y-axis was about 20 nm. Performing the circular test with radius of 20 mm, the deviation of circular positioning test was about 223 nm. Based on the tracing speed test results, the standard deviation along X-axis and Y-axis was 5 nm under tracing speed of 0.05 mm/min.

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Tadakuma, Kenjiro, Riichiro Tadakuma, Kazuki Terada, Aiguo Ming, and Makoto Shimojo. "Mechanism of Linear Load-Sensitive Continuously Variable Transmission with Spherical Driving Unit." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 25, no. 6 (December 20, 2013): 1079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2013.p1079.

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This paper describes a linear load-sensitive continuously variable transmission (CVT) with a spherical driving unit. This CVT mechanismconsists of a spherical drive, drive axis, motor housing, fixed bracket, and a linear sliding plate. It continuously changes the reduction ratio by changing the inclination angle of the active rotational axis. Additionally, this linear mechanism ensures load-sensitive functioning by changing the inclination of the active rotational axis in response to the load. We have developed a linear load-sensitive CVT and confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism.

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Cowin, S. C., and M. M. Mehrabadi. "Anisotropic Symmetries of Linear Elasticity." Applied Mechanics Reviews 48, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 247–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3005102.

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The objective of this paper is to present a development of the anisotropic symmetries of linear elasticity theory based on the use of a single symmetry element, the plane of mirror symmetry. In this presentation the thirteen distinct planes of mirror symmetry are catalogued. Traditional presentations of the anisotropic elastic symmetries involve all the crystallographic symmetry elements which include the center of symmetry, the n-fold rotation axis and the n-fold inversion axis as well as the plane of mirror symmetry. It is shown that the crystal system symmetry groups, as opposed to the crystal class symmetry groups, of the elastic crystallographic symmetries can be generated by the appropriate combinations of the orthogonal transformations corresponding to each of the thirteen distinct planes of mirror symmetry. It is also shown that the restrictions on the elastic coefficients appearing in Hooke’s law follow in a simple and straightforward fashion from orthogonal transformations based on a small subset of the small catalogue of planes of mirror symmetry.

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SUTO, Katsumasa, Toshiki HIROGAKI, and Eiichi AOYAMA. "E14 Optimum Operation of Rotational-axis and Linear-axis based on Power Consumption with a Desktop Five-axis Controlled Machining Center." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2010.8 (2010): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2010.8.289.

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Shen, Bin, Dang Jin Qi, Liu Qun Fan, and Zhi Hao Zhu. "Direct Interpolation of Tool Orientation in 5-Axis Milling." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.402.

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By circumference milling with 5-axis machine or machining center has quite the machining efficiency and the surface quality of the products been improved. But when inclined inside surface of cavity is circumference milled with the default linear interpolation of rotation angle algorithm, it results in a serious non-linear error, which takes on over cutting or under cutting, e.g. the inclined plane will be over milled by the machine with dual swivel-head machining center. In order to resolve this problem, the direct interpolation algorithm of tool orientation is developed after analyzing the algorithm of linear interpolation of rotation angles and its non-linear error is. The algorithm is reported and tested with the object of a machine with AB-axis swivel head. The testing results proved that it can resolve the problem of non-linear error.

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Nicolescu, Florin Adrian, Georgia Cezara Avram, Andrei Mario Ivan, and Adrian Theodor Mantea. "Brushless Servomotor’s Thermal Behavior Computer Assisted Evaluation for a Linear Motion NC Axis Experimental Stand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 762 (May 2015): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.762.21.

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The paper presents works carried out by the authors in the field of NC axes’ structural and functional optimization. This paper includes the results obtained by using a MathCAD application (developed in the doctoral thesis of the second author) for the servomotor's thermal behavior computer assisted evaluation. The analyzed servomotor is included in the driving system of a linear motion NC axis experimental testing stand, (existing in MMS department from EMTS Faculty). The NC axis of the experimental stand integrates a FAGOR brushless servomotor, a 1:1 ratio belt drive intermediary transmission, a ball screw - bearings assembly (lead screw - ball nut - bearings) and a driven element guided through a ball rail system. The MathCAD application was developed in order to perform specific calculation for servomotor's thermal energy dissipation and maximum operating temperature evaluation, and allows to perform the assisted final check and optimum selection of the electrical driving servomotors based on these results. The paper presents, through some screenshots from running the MathCAD application, the computer assisted evaluation procedure and results of the brushless servomotor's thermal behavior analysis corresponding to analyzed NC axis (included in the experimental stand).

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Gao, Wei, Shinji Sato, Yasumasa Sakurai, and Satoshi Kiyono. "Design of a Precision Linear-Rotary Positioning Actuator." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 18, no. 6 (December 20, 2006): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2006.p0803.

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We designed a prototype linear-rotary (Z-θ) dual-axis actuator for precision positioning in which an aluminum rotor (moving element) moves along and rotates around the axis (Z) of a ceramic cylinder (drive rod). The Z-θ actuator consists of a Z-piezoelectric actuator (Z-PZT) (maximum stroke: 12µm) for linear Z-motion, two θ-piezoelectric actuators (θ-PZTs) (maximum stroke: 9.1µm) for rotational θ-motion, a drive rod, and a rotor. θ-PZTs are attached to the drive rod via a clamp. The rotor’s inner side contacts the drive rod with a certain friction. Z-axis positioning uses a smooth impact drive to achieve a long stroke by applying periodic saw-toothed voltage to the Z-PZT. Sinusoidal voltage is applied to θ-PZTs for rotary positioning, not based on a smooth impact drive. The prototype actuator stroke along the Z-axis, limited by the drive rod length, is 10mm and rotary motion is unrestricted. Positioning resolution is a few nanometers and maximum speed in the Z-direction is approximately 2.4mm/s. The maximum revolution speed is 50rpm.

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Grigorova, Veneta. "Thermodynamical Behaviour of PdSe₂ while Subjected Isothermally to High Pressure - Axial Level Analysis." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.277.

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We study thermodynamically the behaviour of PdSe2 while subjected to high pressure under isothermal conditions. The present paper continues the study started in [1]. Here we present the results of the axial calculations and analyses. Specific lengths, linear adjusted Gibbs free energy changes and linear adjusted entropy generations were studied along each spatial axis separately. We found that the first-order transition from PdS2 structure type to pyrite one at 20oC is accompanied by saltatory contraction of a and b specific lengths and respective saltatory expansion of c specific length. Under 300oC all specific lengths contract saltatory. In the transition point under 20oC PdSe2 gains saltatory stability along a and b axis and looses along c one, respectively. Besides, the loose along c axis is bigger than the gains along a and b ones. Under 300oC the transition is accompanied by slight gain of stability along all three spatial axes. Plateaux duration affects the stability of PdSe2 strongly under higher temperature.

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Lo, Yuan Hung, Jihan Zhou, Arjun Rana, Drew Morrill, Christian Gentry, Bjoern Enders, Young-Sang Yu, et al. "X-ray linear dichroic ptychography." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 3 (January 12, 2021): e2019068118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019068118.

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Biominerals such as seashells, coral skeletons, bone, and tooth enamel are optically anisotropic crystalline materials with unique nanoscale and microscale organization that translates into exceptional macroscopic mechanical properties, providing inspiration for engineering new and superior biomimetic structures. Using Seriatopora aculeata coral skeleton as a model, here, we experimentally demonstrate X-ray linear dichroic ptychography and map the c-axis orientations of the aragonite (CaCO3) crystals. Linear dichroic phase imaging at the oxygen K-edge energy shows strong polarization-dependent contrast and reveals the presence of both narrow (<35°) and wide (>35°) c-axis angular spread in the coral samples. These X-ray ptychography results are corroborated by four-dimensional (4D) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) on the same samples. Evidence of co-oriented, but disconnected, corallite subdomains indicates jagged crystal boundaries consistent with formation by amorphous nanoparticle attachment. We expect that the combination of X-ray linear dichroic ptychography and 4D STEM could be an important multimodal tool to study nano-crystallites, interfaces, nucleation, and mineral growth of optically anisotropic materials at multiple length scales.

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Foss, O. A., J. Klaksvik, P. Benum, and S. Anda. "Pelvic rotations: a pelvic phantom study." Acta Radiologica 48, no. 6 (July 2007): 650–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850701326941.

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Background: Radiographic measurements made on standard pelvic radiographs are commonly used in studying conditions related to the hip joints. Effects caused by variations in pelvic orientation may be a source of error in comparing measurements between sequential radiographs. Purpose: To define and characterize parameters able to measure rotational differences separately around two axes and altered radiographic focusing along two axes when sequential standard anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs are compared. Material and Methods: A pelvic phantom was constructed based on direct three-dimensional measurements of five defined landmarks in a pelvic model. Two ratios, the vertical and transversal rotation ratios, were defined using radiographs of the phantom. The phantom was radiographed in 33 different orientations and with 16 different radiographic focuses using a specially constructed tilt table. On each radiograph, measurements were made and the two rotation ratios were calculated using a measurement program. Results: Linear correlations between pelvic rotations around one axis and the corresponding rotation ratio were found with almost no influence of simultaneous rotation around the other axis. Also, linear correlations were found between altered radiographic focusing along one axis and the non-corresponding rotation ratio. Conclusion: Rotational differences around two axes or altered radiographic focusing along two axes can be measured independently. Effects caused by rotations cannot be distinguished from effects caused by altered radiographic focusing.

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Landolfi, Marco, Egidio Landi Degl’Innocenti, Maurizio Landi Degl’Innocenti, Jean-Louis Leroy, and Stefano Bagnulo. "Broadband Linear Polarization in Ap Stars." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 138 (1993): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100020662.

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AbstractBroadband linear polarization in the spectra of Ap stars is believed to be due to differential saturation between σ and π Zeeman components in spectral lines. This mechanism has been known for a long time to be the main agent of a similar phenomenon observed in sunspots. Since this phenomenon has been carefully calibrated in the solar case, it can be confidently used to deduce the magnetic field of Ap stars.Given the magnetic configuration of a rotating star, it is possible to deduce the broadband polarization at any phase. Calculations performed for the oblique dipole model show that the resulting polarization diagrams are very sensitive to the values of i (the angle between the rotation axis and the line of sight) and β (the angle between the rotation and magnetic axes). The dependence on i and β is such that the four-fold ambiguity typical of the circular polarization observations ((i,β), (β,i), (π-i,π-β), (π-β,π-i)) can be removed.

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Merfeld, D. M., K. A. Polutchko, and K. Schultz. "Perceptual responses to linear acceleration after spaceflight: human neurovestibular studies on SLS-2." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.58.

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Perceptual responses of four astronauts were measured before and after a 14-day Spacelab Life Sciences-2 mission during interaural (y-axis) and rostrocaudal (z-axis) linear acceleration to measure adaptive changes in perceptual responses to inertial cues. In one test, subjects used a joystick to null a pseudorandom velocity disturbance. Postflight, two of three subjects showed a significantly enhanced ability to null linear self-motion in the y-axis and z-axis orientations. In another test, the subjects used a joystick to indicate their direction of motion during a series of low-acceleration steps. The postflight responses of three of the four subjects showed a significant increase in the response latency for both y-axis and z-axis orientations. In a third test, subjects were asked to track a stationary but unseen target with their eyes while they translated linearly in the dark. No significant changes were observed in the postflight responses. The observed changes, when present, may be due to a reinterpretation of inertial cues that are functionally adaptive for the microgravity environment but are not optimal for responses on Earth.

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She, Chen Hua, Wen Yuh Jywe, and Jheng Jie Huang. "Measuring Path without Tool Center Point Function for B-Type Five-Axis Machine Tool." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.493.

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Five-axis machine tools with three linear axes and two rotary axes can produce complex products with free-form surfaces requiring a high degree of precision. However, motion errors of each axis and its assembly error are accumulated in the positioning error of the cutting tool relative to a workpiece. There are many devices reported in the literature on the identification of kinematic errors based on the measurement of the motion error. According to the measurement paths in the ISO draft, ISO/CD 10791-6, the kinematic tests can be applicable to different configurations of five-axis machine tools. However, the advanced controller with tool center point (TCP) function is required while performing kinematic tests. This paper proposed the methodology of generating measurement path without TCP function for B-type five-axis machine tool. The developed module can transform the measuring path into an NC program used for lower hand controller. Verification using VERICUT solid cutting simulation software demonstrated the veracity of the generated five-axis NC code. The proposed methodology is applicable in a wide range of five-axis machine tool configurations; however, further testing with actual measuring applications will be required for further verification.

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Lin, Tzu Kuan, and Alan C. Lin. "Conversion CL Data to NC Data Using an Instinctive Method for Non-Orthogonal Table-Type 5 Axis Machines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.232.

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Since different types of 5-axis milling machines have their own unique rotation mechanisms, the solutions developed to generate numerical control (NC) data are traditionally targeted toward specific mechanisms and are obtained via specific methods, normally resulting in complex algorithms. In order to resolve this problem, this paper proposes an instinctive method to convert cutter location (CL) data to NC data for non-orthogonal table-type 5 axis machines. The rotational angles of the two rotational axes can be easily derived from the tool-orientation vector, and the coordinates of the three linear axes in the NC data can be easily derived from the rotational angles and coordinates of tool position. Even more, this method enables the development of a generic algorithm for the rotation mechanism of any 5-axis CNC milling machine.

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Koike, Ryuichiro, Sho Sakaino, and Toshiaki Tsuji. "Hysteresis Compensation in Force/Torque Sensors Using Time Series Information." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 4259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194259.

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The purpose of this study is to compensate for the hysteresis in a six-axis force sensor using signal processing, thereby achieving high-precision force sensing. Although mathematical models of hysteresis exist, many of these are one-axis models and the modeling is difficult if they are expanded to multiple axes. Therefore, this study attempts to resolve this problem through machine learning. Since hysteresis is dependent on the previous history, this study investigates the effect of using time series information in machine learning. Experimental results indicate that the performance is improved by including time series information in the linear regression process generally utilized to calibrate six-axis force sensors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Linear axis'

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