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Journal articles on the topic 'Linear encoders'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Yang, Fan, Xinji Lu, Artūras Kilikevičius, and Donatas Gurauskis. "Methods for Reducing Subdivision Error within One Signal Period of Single-Field Scanning Absolute Linear Encoder." Sensors 23, no. 2 (2023): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020865.

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Optical encoders are widely used in accurate displacement measurement and motion-control technologies. Based on different measurement methods, optical encoders can be divided into absolute and incremental optical encoders. Absolute linear encoders are commonly used in advanced computer numerical control (CNC) machines. The subdivision error within one signal period (SDE) of the absolute linear encoder is vital to the positioning accuracy and low velocity control of CNC machines. In our paper, we study the working principle of the absolute linear encoder. We proposed two methods for reducing th

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2

Gurauskis, Donatas, Krzysztof Przystupa, Artūras Kilikevičius, et al. "Development and Experimental Research of Different Mechanical Designs of an Optical Linear Encoder’s Reading Head." Sensors 22, no. 8 (2022): 2977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082977.

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Optical linear encoders are widely used in manufacturing. They are accurate and have a relatively high resolution and good repeatability. However, there are a lot of side effects, which have an inevitable impact on the performance of an encoder. In general, the majority of these effects could be minimized by the appropriate design of an encoder’s reading head. This paper discusses the working principle of and commonly occurring errors in optical linear encoders. Three different mechanical designs are developed and implemented in the experimental reading head of the linear encoder in order to e

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Paredes, Ferran, Cristian Herrojo, and Ferran Martín. "Position Sensors for Industrial Applications Based on Electromagnetic Encoders." Sensors 21, no. 8 (2021): 2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082738.

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Optical and magnetic linear/rotary encoders are well-known systems traditionally used in industry for the accurate measurement of linear/angular displacements and velocities. Recently, a different approach for the implementation of linear/rotary encoders has been proposed. Such an approach uses electromagnetic signals, and the working principle of these electromagnetic encoders is very similar to the one of optical encoders, i.e., pulse counting. Specifically, a transmission line based structure fed by a harmonic signal tuned to a certain frequency, the stator, is perturbed by encoder motion.

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Wesel, R. D., Xueting Liu, J. M. Cioffi, and C. Komninakis. "Constellation labeling for linear encoders." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 47, no. 6 (2001): 2417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.945255.

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5

Alejandre, I., and M. Artes. "Thermal non-linear behaviour in optical linear encoders." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 46, no. 12-13 (2006): 1319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2005.10.010.

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6

Chen, Shuangshuang, and Wei Guo. "Auto-Encoders in Deep Learning—A Review with New Perspectives." Mathematics 11, no. 8 (2023): 1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11081777.

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Deep learning, which is a subfield of machine learning, has opened a new era for the development of neural networks. The auto-encoder is a key component of deep structure, which can be used to realize transfer learning and plays an important role in both unsupervised learning and non-linear feature extraction. By highlighting the contributions and challenges of recent research papers, this work aims to review state-of-the-art auto-encoder algorithms. Firstly, we introduce the basic auto-encoder as well as its basic concept and structure. Secondly, we present a comprehensive summarization of di

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7

Lu, Xinji, Fan Yang, and Artūras Kilikevičius. "A Method for Reducing Sub-Divisional Errors in Open-Type Optical Linear Encoders with Angle Shift Pattern Main Scale." Mathematics 12, no. 3 (2024): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12030474.

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In this research, a novel approach is presented to enhance the precision of open-type optical linear encoders, focusing on reducing subdivisional errors (SDEs). Optical linear encoders are crucial in high-precision machinery. The overall error in optical linear encoders encompasses baseline error, SDE, and position noise. This study concentrates on mitigating SDEs, which are recurrent errors within each pitch period and arise from various contributing factors. A novel method is introduced to improve the quality of sinusoidal signals in open-type optical linear encoders by incorporating special

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8

Yang, Shengtian, Thomas Honold, Yan Chen, Zhaoyang Zhang, and Peiliang Qiu. "Constructing Linear Encoders With Good Spectra." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 60, no. 10 (2014): 5950–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2014.2341560.

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9

Geng, Liming, Guohua Cao, Chunmin Shang, and Hongchang Ding. "Absolute Photoelectric Encoder Based on Position-Sensitive Detector Sensor." Electronics 13, no. 8 (2024): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081446.

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In response to the engineering, miniaturization, and high measurement accuracy requirements of encoders, this paper proposes a new type of absolute photoelectric encoder based on a position-sensitive detector (PSD). It breaks the traditional encoder’s code track design and adopts a continuous and transparent code track design, which has the advantages of small volume, high angle measurement accuracy, and easy engineering. The research content of this article mainly includes the design of a new code disk, decoding circuit, linear light source, and calibration method. The experimental results sh

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10

Jovanović, Jelena, Dragan Denić, and Uglješa Jovanović. "An Improved Linearization Circuit Used for Optical Rotary Encoders." Measurement Science Review 17, no. 5 (2017): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2017-0029.

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Abstract Optical rotary encoders generate nonlinear sine and cosine signals in response to a change of angular position that is being measured. Due to the nonlinear shape of encoder output signals, encoder sensitivity to very small changes of angular position is low, causing a poor measurement accuracy level. To improve the optical encoder sensitivity and to increase its accuracy, an improved linearization circuit based on pseudo-linear signal generation and its further linearization with the two-stage piecewise linear analog-to-digital converter is presented in this paper. The proposed linear

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11

Dong, L. X., A. Subramanian, B. J. Nelson, and Y. Sun. "Nanotube Encoders." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 1363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.1363.

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Linear encoders for nanoscale position sensing based on vertical arrays of single multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are investigated from experimental, theoretical, and design perspectives. Vertically aligned single MWNTs are realized using a combination of e-beam lithography and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) growth. Field emission properties of the array are investigated inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a 3-DOF nanorobotic manipulator with nanometer resolution functioning as a scanning anode. Lateral position of the scanning anode is sensed fro

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12

Karim, Ahmad M., Hilal Kaya, Mehmet Serdar Güzel, Mehmet R. Tolun, Fatih V. Çelebi, and Alok Mishra. "A Novel Framework Using Deep Auto-Encoders Based Linear Model for Data Classification." Sensors 20, no. 21 (2020): 6378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216378.

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This paper proposes a novel data classification framework, combining sparse auto-encoders (SAEs) and a post-processing system consisting of a linear system model relying on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. All the sensitive and high-level features are extracted by using the first auto-encoder which is wired to the second auto-encoder, followed by a Softmax function layer to classify the extracted features obtained from the second layer. The two auto-encoders and the Softmax classifier are stacked in order to be trained in a supervised approach using the well-known backpropagation a

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13

Gurauskis, Donatas, Artūras Kilikevičius, and Sergejus Borodinas. "Experimental Investigation of Linear Encoder’s Subdivisional Errors under Different Scanning Speeds." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051766.

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Optical encoders are widely used in applications requiring precise displacement measurement and fluent motion control. To reach high positioning accuracy and repeatability, and to create a more stable speed-control loop, essential attention must be directed to the subdivisional error (SDE) of the used encoder. This error influences the interpolation process and restricts the ability to achieve a high resolution. The SDE could be caused by various factors, such as the particular design of the reading head and the optical scanning principle, quality of the measuring scale, any kind of relative o

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14

Merino, S., A. Retolaza, and I. Lizuain. "Linear optical encoders manufactured by imprint lithography." Microelectronic Engineering 83, no. 4-9 (2006): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2006.01.018.

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15

Alejandre, I., and M. Artes. "REAL THERMAL COEFFICIENT IN OPTICAL LINEAR ENCODERS." Experimental Techniques 28, no. 4 (2004): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2004.tb00172.x.

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16

Lee, Jin-Fuw, Wean-Shun Tsay, and William van Altena. "Laser Interferometer Measurement System on the Yale PDS 2020G." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 109 (1986): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900076634.

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We have installed a dual-axis laser interferometer system on the Yale PDS 2020G microdensitometer to replace the linear encoders. Various diagnostic tests show that the laser interferometer is a superior encoder system for the PDS with a positional accuarcy of about 0.3 micron.

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17

Ye, Guo Yong, Yong Sheng Shi, Lei Yin, et al. "Analysis of Quadrature Phase-Shift Error Caused by Angular Misalignment in Moiré Linear Encoders." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 1863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.1863.

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The influence of quadrature phase shift caused by angular misalignment on the measurement accuracy of two moiré linear encoders is analyzed. A mathematical model of quadrature phase-shift error is derived. The model is employed to analyze the quadrature phase-shift error in lateral-moiré-fringe-based and Vernier-moiré-fringe-based linear encoders respectively, and comparisons are carried out. The results show the nonlinearity of the quadrature phase-shift error and the relative insensitivity of the Vernier-moiré-fringe-based linear encoders to the angular misalignment.

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18

Chand, Praneel. "Integrating an electronic compass for position tracking on a wheeled tricycle mobile robot." Drone Systems and Applications 10, no. 1 (2022): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/dsa-2021-0049.

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Dead-reckoning via encoders on wheeled-mobile robots is a simple but inaccurate method to estimate position. The major drawback of encoders is wheel slippage errors that accumulate over time. This problem is often addressed by using additional sensors such as compass, gyroscope, or GPS. This paper details the integration and effectiveness of a relatively low-cost solution using an electronic compass to reduce positioning error on a wheeled tricycle mobile robot. A customised Visual Studio program has been developed to adjust the settings of the electronic compass and integrate it with the Visu

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19

Zhao, Lei, Kai Cheng, Shijin Chen, Hui Ding, and Liang Zhao. "An approach to investigate moiré patterns of a reflective linear encoder with application to accuracy improvement of a machine tool." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 3 (2018): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405417752506.

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The accuracy of a machine tool is based on the direct position feedback from its built-in encoders which accurately measure displacements of motion axes by moiré patterns. However, the posture of an encoder is altered by errors from the machine tool, resulting in six geometric deviations. A comprehensive analysis and scientific understanding on the influences of these deviations on moiré patterns are necessary. To investigate the influences, a simulation model of a reflective encoder is constructed to obtain moiré patterns, and four new methods are developed to identify characteristic paramete

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20

Özdemir, Okan Bilge, Alper Koz, and Yasemin Yardımcı Çetin. "Non-linear hyperspectral unmixing with 3D convolutional encoders." International Journal of Remote Sensing 43, no. 9 (2022): 3236–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2022.2088258.

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21

Igarashi, S., T. Nonaka, F. Sato, T. Sato, and H. Matsuki. "Fundamental Study on Developing Eddy Current Linear Encoders." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 35, no. 2 (2011): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/msjmag.1102r008.

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22

Johannesson, R., and Z. x. Wan. "A linear algebra approach to minimal convolutional encoders." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 39, no. 4 (1993): 1219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.243440.

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23

Alejandre, I., and M. Artes. "Machine tool errors caused by optical linear encoders." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 218, no. 1 (2004): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440504772830255.

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24

Yamaguchi, Ichirou. "Linear and rotary encoders using eletronic speckle correlation." Optical Engineering 30, no. 12 (1991): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.56023.

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25

Bhaskarrao, Nandapurkar Kishor, Chandrika Sreekantan Anoop, and Pranab Kumar Dutta. "A Linear Direct-Digital Converter for Sinusoidal Encoders." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 68, no. 7 (2019): 2570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2018.2865050.

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26

Lu, Xinji, Artūras Kilikevičius, Fan Yang, and Donatas Gurauskis. "A Method to Improve Mounting Tolerance of Open-Type Optical Linear Encoder." Sensors 23, no. 4 (2023): 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041987.

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Accuracy becomes progressively important in the wake of development in advanced industrial equipment. A key position sensor to such a quest is the optical linear encoder. Occasionally, inappropriate mounting can cause errors greater than the accuracy grade of the optical linear encoder itself, especially for open-type optical linear encoders, where the mounting distance between the reading head and main scale must be accurately controlled. This paper analyzes the diffraction fields of a traditional scanning reticle made by amplitude grating and a newly designed combined grating; the latter sho

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27

Gurauskis, Donatas, Artūras Kilikevičius, and Albinas Kasparaitis. "Thermal and Geometric Error Compensation Approach for an Optical Linear Encoder." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020360.

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Linear displacement measuring systems, like optical encoders, are widely used in various precise positioning applications to form a full closed-loop control system. Thus, the performance of the machine and the quality of its technological process are highly dependent on the accuracy of the linear encoder used. Thermoelastic deformation caused by a various thermal sources and the changing ambient temperature are important factors that introduce errors in an encoder reading. This work presents an experimental realization of the real-time geometric and thermal error compensation of the optical li

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Gurauskis, Donatas, Artūras Kilikevičius, and Albinas Kasparaitis. "Thermal and Geometric Error Compensation Approach for an Optical Linear Encoder." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020360.

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Linear displacement measuring systems, like optical encoders, are widely used in various precise positioning applications to form a full closed-loop control system. Thus, the performance of the machine and the quality of its technological process are highly dependent on the accuracy of the linear encoder used. Thermoelastic deformation caused by a various thermal sources and the changing ambient temperature are important factors that introduce errors in an encoder reading. This work presents an experimental realization of the real-time geometric and thermal error compensation of the optical li

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Theunissen, Carl Daniel, Steven Martin Bradshaw, Lidia Auret, and Tobias Muller Louw. "One-Dimensional Convolutional Auto-Encoder for Predicting Furnace Blowback Events from Multivariate Time Series Process Data—A Case Study." Minerals 11, no. 10 (2021): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11101106.

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Modern industrial mining and mineral processing applications are characterized by large volumes of historical process data. Hazardous events occurring in these processes compromise process safety and therefore overall viability. These events are recorded in historical data and are often preceded by characteristic patterns. Reconstruction-based data-driven models are trained to reconstruct the characteristic patterns of hazardous event-preceding process data with minimal residuals, facilitating effective event prediction based on reconstruction residuals. This investigation evaluated one-dimens

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Huang, Yatao, Zihan Su, Di Chang, Yunke Sun, and Jiubin Tan. "Error Analysis of an Economical On-Site Calibration System for Linear Optical Encoders." Metrology 4, no. 1 (2024): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metrology4010009.

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A calibration system was designed to evaluate the accuracy of linear optical encoders at the micron level in a fast and economical manner. The system uses a commercial interferometer and motor stage as the calibrator and moving platform. Error analysis is necessary to prove the effectiveness and identify areas for optimization. A fixture was designed for the scale and interferometer target to meet the Abbe principle. A five-degree-of-freedom manual stage was utilized to adjust the reading head in optimal or suboptimal working conditions, such as working distance, offset, and angular misalignme

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31

Savu, Tom. "Data Processing for Ship Screw Propellers Measurements." Materials Science Forum 957 (June 2019): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.957.239.

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A data acquisition system was developed for measuring standardised ship propeller’s parameters. The hardware consists of two linear and one rotary encoder, all sending the data to a counter/timer data acquisition board. The software is first aligning the different coordinates systems of the propeller and of the three encoders . Data processing is initially performed for compensating the effects of different encoders’ resolutions. There are then computed the blade profile’s length and the coordinates of the points belonging to the blades’ reference lines, together with the local pitch variation

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Paredes, Ferran, Cristian Herrojo, and Ferran Martín. "3D-Printed Quasi-Absolute Electromagnetic Encoders for Chipless-RFID and Motion Control Applications." Electronics 10, no. 10 (2021): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10101154.

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This paper presents electromagnetic encoders useful for chipless-RFID and motion control applications. The encoders consist in a pair of linear chains of rectangular apertures implemented by means of 3D printing. One of these chains is periodic and acts as a clock, whereas the other chain contains an identification (ID) code. With these two aperture chains, the ID code can be synchronously read, so that the relative velocity between the tag and the reader is irrelevant. Additionally, it is shown in the paper that by properly designing the reader, it is possible to determine the motion directio

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Han, Chan Sik, HyungWon Kim, and Keon Myung Lee. "Reevaluating the Potential of a Vanilla Transformer Encoder for Unsupervised Time-Series Anomaly Detection in Sensor Applications." Sensors 25, no. 8 (2025): 2510. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082510.

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Sensors generate extensive time-series data across various domains, and effective methods for detecting anomalies in such data are still in high demand. Unsupervised time-series anomaly detection provides practical approaches to addressing the challenges of collecting anomalous data. For effective anomaly detection, a range of deep-learning-based models have been explored to handle temporal patterns inherent in time-series data. In particular, Transformer encoders have gained significant attention due to their ability to efficiently capture temporal dependencies. Various studies have attempted

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Ayoub, Shahnawaz, Yonis Gulzar, Faheem Ahmad Reegu, and Sherzod Turaev. "Generating Image Captions Using Bahdanau Attention Mechanism and Transfer Learning." Symmetry 14, no. 12 (2022): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14122681.

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Automatic image caption prediction is a challenging task in natural language processing. Most of the researchers have used the convolutional neural network as an encoder and decoder. However, an accurate image caption prediction requires a model to understand the semantic relationship that exists between the various objects present in an image. The attention mechanism performs a linear combination of encoder and decoder states. It emphasizes the semantic information present in the caption with the visual information present in an image. In this paper, we incorporated the Bahdanau attention mec

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Xie, Ling-bo, Zhi-cheng Qiu, and Xian-min Zhang. "Development of a 3-PRR Precision Tracking System with Full Closed-Loop Measurement and Control." Sensors 19, no. 8 (2019): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081756.

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A 3-PRR (three links with each link consisting of a prismatic pair and two rotating pairs) parallel platform was designed for application in a vacuum environment. To meet the requirement of high tracking accuracy of the 3-PRR parallel platform, a full closed-loop control precision tracking system with laser displacement sensors and linear grating encoders was analysed and implemented. Equally-spaced laser displacement sensors and linear grating encoders were adopted not only for measurement but also for feedback control. A feed-forward control method was applied for comparison before conductin

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36

Li, Fangfang, Sergey Krivenko, and Vladimir Lukin. "TWO-STEP PROVIDING OF DESIRED QUALITY IN LOSSY IMAGE COMPRESSION BY SPIHT." RADIOELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/reks.2020.2.02.

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Image information technology has become an important perception technology considering the task of providing lossy image compression with the desired quality using certain encoders Recent researches have shown that the use of a two-step method can perform the compression in a very simple manner and with reduced compression time under the premise of providing a desired visual quality accuracy. However, different encoders have different compression algorithms. These issues involve providing the accuracy of the desired quality. This paper considers the application of the two-step method in an enc

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Vijayalakshmi, S., S. Vishnupriya, B. Sarala, et al. "Improved DASH Architecture for Quality Cloud Video Streaming in Automated Systems." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 2s (2023): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i2s.6026.

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In modern times, multimedia streaming systems that transmit video across a channel primarily use HTTP services as a delivery component. Encoding the video for all quality levels is avoided thanks to fuzzy based encoders' ability to react to network changes. Additionally, the system frequently uses packet priority assignment utilising a linear error model to enhance the dynamic nature of DASH without buffering. Based on a fuzzy encoder, the decision of video quality is made in consideration of the bandwidth available. This is a component of the MPEG DASH encoder. The Fuzzy DASH system seeks to

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Tantau, Mathias, Paul Morantz, and Paul Shore. "Position sensor for active magnetic bearing with commercial linear optical encoders." CIRP Annals 70, no. 1 (2021): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2021.04.092.

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Viejo, Guillaume, Thomas Cortier, and Adrien Peyrache. "Brain-state invariant thalamo-cortical coordination revealed by non-linear encoders." PLOS Computational Biology 14, no. 3 (2018): e1006041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006041.

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40

Song, Ju-Ho, Kyung-Chan Kim, and Soo Hyun Kim. "Reducing tilt errors in moiré linear encoders using phase-modulated grating." Review of Scientific Instruments 71, no. 6 (2000): 2296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1150445.

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Piestrak, S. J., A. Dandache, and F. Monteiro. "Designing fault-secure parallel encoders for systematic linear error correcting codes." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 52, no. 4 (2003): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tr.2003.821940.

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42

Beintema, Gerben I., Roland Toth, and Maarten Schoukens. "Non-linear State-space Model Identification from Video Data using Deep Encoders." IFAC-PapersOnLine 54, no. 7 (2021): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.08.442.

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Zhao, Guobo, Guoyong Ye, Hui Liu, et al. "Electronic Interpolation Interface Based on Linear Subdivision Method for Sinusoidal Optical Encoders." IEEE Sensors Journal 20, no. 7 (2020): 3646–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2961177.

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López, J., M. Artés, and I. Alejandre. "Analysis of optical linear encoders’ errors under vibration at different mounting conditions." Measurement 44, no. 8 (2011): 1367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2011.05.004.

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Jiang, Peng, Benchao Liu, Chuanwu Wang, Lei Chen, and Yuting Tang. "Deep Learning Joint Inversion of Electrical Data for Ahead-Prospecting in Tunneling." Advances in Civil Engineering 2023 (March 15, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5639207.

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Water inrush has become one of the bottlenecks restricting tunnel construction. Among various advanced forecasting techniques, the direct current method is more cost-effective and sensitive to water-bearing structures. It has been widely used in exploring water inrush disasters in practical engineering. Although traditional resistivity linear inversion methods are reasonably practical, they usually suffer from volume effects and cannot accurately locate the location and morphology of water-bearing bodies. Therefore, nonlinear techniques such as deep learning have recently become popular to dir

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Ashokaraj, Immanuel, Antonios Tsourdos, Peter Silson, and Brian White. "SENSOR BASED ROBOT LOCALISATION AND NAVIGATION: USING INTERVAL ANALYSIS AND NONLINEAR KALMAN FILTERS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 29, no. 2 (2005): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2005-0014.

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Multiple sensor fusion for robot localisation and navigation has attracted a lot of interest in recent years. This paper describes a sensor based navigation and localisation approach for an autonomous mobile robot using an interval analysis (IA) based adaptive mechanism for the non-linear Kalman filter namely the Extended Kalman filter (EKF). The map used for this study is two-dimensional and assumed to be known a priori. The robot is equipped with inertial sensors (INS), encoders and ultrasonic sensors. A non-linear Kalman filter is used to estimate the robots position using the inertial sens

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LU, Xinji, Fan YANG, and Artūras KILIKEVIČIUS. "Improvement of SDE for Linear Encoder with an Auto-Compensation System." Mechanics 30, no. 4 (2024): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.mech.37007.

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Abstract:

Sub-divisional errors (SDE) of linear encoders adversely affect mechanical equipment performance. Existing compensation methods often entail high costs or increased complexity. This research introduces an adaptive auto-compensation system for SDE reduction by minimize the factors of DC-offsets, deviation in amplitudes and phase disparities. The system has the advantage mitigate errors without significant additional expenses or complexity. Theoretical analysis of SDE and the experimental setup are discussed, alongside analytical data demonstrating the system's effectiveness.

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Fujisawa, Shoji. "Linear encoders applied high resolution technology which is compatible with high speed response." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 121, no. 8 (2001): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.121.887.

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Sawabe, M., F. Maeda, Y. Yamaryo, et al. "A new vacuum interferometric comparator for calibrating the fine linear encoders and scales." Precision Engineering 28, no. 3 (2004): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2003.11.007.

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Li, Qi Peng, and Ping Fang. "A Linear-Encoder-Based Displacement Sensing Approach for Cost-Sensitive Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 1095–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.1095.

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Abstract:

A new low-cost displacement sensing approach is put forward. It employs physical multiplication by using multiple linear encoders and differential grating codestrips, and the differential phase configuration is mechanically guaranteed; furthermore, a flash signal processing circuit comprising time sequence generator, counter and D/A with no microprocessors involved is also developed. Theoretical analysis is presented, and a test system using Heds-9730 as the detecting unit is built, and then experiments on an electromagnetic actuator are carried out. The measured results agreed well with the o

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