Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Linear optical properties'

In this work, ordered all-binary short-period strained InAs/GaAs superlattice quantum wells were studied as an alternative to strained ternary alloy InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells. InGaAs quantum wells QWs have been of great interest in recent years due to the great potential applications of these materials in future generations of electronic and optoelectronic devices. The all binary structures are expected to have all the advantages of their ternary counterparts, plus several additional benefits related to growth, to the elimination of alloy disorder scattering and to the presence of a higher average indium content.

In this work, the structural, electronic, and optical properties of CdS nanoparticles with sizes up to 4nm have been calculated using density-functional theory (DFT). Inaccuracies in the description of the unoccupied states of the applied density-functional based tight-binding method (DFTB) are overcome by a new SCF-DFTB method. Density-functional-based calculations employing linear-response theory have been performed on cadmium sulfide nanoparticles considering different stoichiometries, underlying crystal structures (zincblende, wurtzite, rocksalt), particle shapes (spherical, cuboctahedral, tetrahedral), and saturations (unsaturated, partly saturated, completely saturated). For saturated particles, the calculated onset excitations are strong excitonic. The quantum-confinement effect in the lowest excitation is visible as the excitation energy decreases towards the bulk band gap with increasing particle size. Dangling bonds at unsaturated surface atoms introduce trapped surface states which lie below the lowest excitations of the completely saturated particles. The molecular orbitals (MOs), that are participating in the excitonic excitations, show the shape of the angular momenta of a hydrogen atom (s, p). Zincblende- and wurtzite-derived particles show very similar spectra, whereas the spectra of rocksalt-derived particles are rather featureless. Particle shapes that confine the orbital wavefunctions strongly (tetrahedron) give rise to less pronounced spectra with lower oscillator strengths. Finally, a very good agreement of the calculated data to experimentally available spectra and excitation energies is found.

In this work, the structural, electronic, and optical properties of CdS nanoparticles with sizes up to 4nm have been calculated using density-functional theory (DFT). Inaccuracies in the description of the unoccupied states of the applied density-functional based tight-binding method (DFTB) are overcome by a new SCF-DFTB method. Density-functional-based calculations employing linear-response theory have been performed on cadmium sulfide nanoparticles considering different stoichiometries, underlying crystal structures (zincblende, wurtzite, rocksalt), particle shapes (spherical, cuboctahedral, tetrahedral), and saturations (unsaturated, partly saturated, completely saturated). For saturated particles, the calculated onset excitations are strong excitonic. The quantum-confinement effect in the lowest excitation is visible as the excitation energy decreases towards the bulk band gap with increasing particle size. Dangling bonds at unsaturated surface atoms introduce trapped surface states which lie below the lowest excitations of the completely saturated particles. The molecular orbitals (MOs), that are participating in the excitonic excitations, show the shape of the angular momenta of a hydrogen atom (s, p). Zincblende- and wurtzite-derived particles show very similar spectra, whereas the spectra of rocksalt-derived particles are rather featureless. Particle shapes that confine the orbital wavefunctions strongly (tetrahedron) give rise to less pronounced spectra with lower oscillator strengths. Finally, a very good agreement of the calculated data to experimentally available spectra and excitation energies is found.

Organic ?-conjugated solids are promising candidates for new optoelectronic materials. The large body of evidence points at their advantageous properties such as high charge-carrier mobility, large nonlinear polarizability, mechanical flexibility, simple and low cost fabrication and superior luminescence. They can be used as nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with large two-photon absorption (2PA) and as electronic components capable of generating nonlinear neutral (excitonic) and charged (polaronic) excitations. In this work, we investigate the appropriate theoretical methods used for the (a) prediction of 2PA properties for rational design of organic materials with improved NLO properties, and (b) understanding of the essential electronic excitations controlling the energy-transfer and charge-transport properties in organic optoelectronics. Accurate prediction of these electro-optical properties is helpful for structure-activity relationships useful for technological innovations. In Chapter 1 we emphasize on the potential use of the organic materials for these two applications. The 2PA process is advantageous over one-photon absorption for deep-tissue fluorescence microscopy, photodynamic therapy, microfabrication and optical data storage owing to the three-dimensional spatial selectivity and improved penetration depth in the absorbing or scattering media. The design of the NLO materials with large 2PA cross-sections may reduce the optical damage due to the use of the high intensity laser beams for excitation. The organic molecules also possess self-localized excited states which can decay radiatively or nonradiatively to form excitonic states. This suggests the use of these materials in the electroluminescent devices such as light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic cells through the processes of exciton formation or dissociation, respectively. It is therefore necessary to understand ultrafast relaxation processes required in understanding the interplay between the efficient radiative transfer between the excited states and exciton dissociation into polarons for improving the efficiency of these devices. In Chapter 2, we provide the detailed description of the various theoretical methods applied for the prediction as well as the interpretation of the optical properties of a special class of substituted PPV [poly (p-phenylene vinylene)] oligomers. In Chapter 3, we report the accuracy of different second and third order time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) formalisms in prediction of the 2PA spectra compared to the experimental measurements for donor-acceptor PPV derivatives. We recommend a posteriori Tamm-Dancoff approximation method for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2PA properties. Whereas, Agren's quadratic response methods lack the double excitations and are not suitable for the qualitative analysis of the state-specific contributions distorting the overall quality of the 2PA predictions. We trace the reasons to the artifactual excited states above the ionization threshold. We also study the effect of the basis set, geometrical constraints and the orbital exchange fraction on the 2PA excitation energies and cross-sections. Higher exchange (BMK and M05-2X) and range-separated (CAM-B3LYP) hybrid functionals are found to yield inaccurate predictions both quantitatively and qualitatively. The failure of the exchange-correlation (XC) functionals with correct asymptotic is traced to the inaccurate transition dipoles between the valence states, where functionals with low HF exchange succeed. In Chapter 4, we test the performance of different semiempirical wavefunction theory methods for the prediction of 2PA properties compared to the DFT results for the same set of molecules. The spectroscopic parameterized (ZINDO/S) method is relatively better than the general purpose parameterized (PM6) method but the accuracy is trailing behind the DFT methods. The poor performances of PM6 and ZINDO/S methods are attributed to the incorrect description of excited-to-excited state transition and 2PA energies, respectively. The different semiempirical parameterizations can at best be used for quantitative analysis of the 2PA properties. The ZINDO/S method combined with different orders of multi-reference configuration interactions provide an improved description of 2PA properties. However, the results are observed to be highly dependent on the specific choice for the active space, order of excitation and reference configurations. In Chapter 5, we present a linear response TD-DFT study to benchmark the ability of existing functional models to describe the extent of self-trapped neutral and charged excitations in PPV and its derivative MEH-PPV considered in their trans-isomeric forms. The electronic excitations in question include the lowest singlet (S1) and triplet (T1†) excitons, positive (P+) and negative (P-) polarons and the lowest triplet (T1) states. Use of the long-range-corrected DFT functional, such as LC-wPBE, is found to be crucial in order to predict the physically correct spatial localization of all the electronic excitations in agreement with experiment. The inclusion of polarizable dielectric environment play an important role for the charged states. The particle-hole symmetry is preserved for both the polymers in trans geometries. These studies indicate two distinct origins leading to self-localization of electronic excitations. Firstly, distortion of molecular geometry may create a spatially localized potential energy well where the state wavefunction self-traps. Secondly, even in the absence of geometric and vibrational dynamics, the excitation may become spatially confined due to energy stabilization caused by polarization effects from surrounding dielectric medium. In Chapter 6, we aim to separate these two fundamental sources of spatial localization. We observe the electronic localization of P+ and P- is determined by the polarization effects of the surrounding media and the character of the DFT functional. In contrast, the self-trapping of the electronic wavefunctions of S1 and T1(T1†) mostly follows their lattice distortions. Geometry relaxation plays an important role in the localization of the S1 and T1† excitons owing to the non-variational construction of the excited state wavefunction. While, mean-field calculated P+, P- and T1 states are always spatially localized even in ground state S0 geometry. Polaron P+ and P- formation is signified by the presence of the localized states for the hole or the electron deep inside the HOMO-LUMO gap of the oligomer as a result of the orbital stabilization at the LC-wPBE level. The broadening of the HOMO-LUMO band gap for the T1 exciton compared to the charged states is associated with the inverted bond length alternation observed at this level. The molecular orbital energetics are investigated to identify the relationships between state localization and the corresponding orbital structure. In Chapter 7, we investigate the effect of various conformational defects of trans and cis nature on the energetics and localization of the charged P+ and P- excitations in PPV and MEH-PPV. We observe that the extent of self-trapping for P+ and P- polarons is highly sensitive on molecular and structural conformations, and distribution of atomic charges within the polymers. The particle-hole symmetry is broken with the introduction of trans defects and inclusion of the polarizable environment in consistent with experiment. The differences in the behavior of PPV and MEH-PPV is rationalized based on their orbital energetics and atomic charge distributions. We show these isomeric defects influence the behavior and drift mobilities of the charge carriers in substituted PPVs.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Physics
Sciences
Physics

Ce travail est consacré à la synthèse de nouvelles séries de systèmes linéaires conjugués dérivés d'oligoheteroarylenevinylenes. Les oligomères de la première série sont construits par le greffage de motifs 1,3-dithiole-2-ylidene aux deux extrémités d'oligo- furylenevinylenes et -thienylenevinylenes. La caractérisation des propriétés optiques et électrochimiques montre que l'association de ces oligomères conjugués et du tetrathiafulvalène dans une structure hybride permet d'aboutir à une diminution substantielle de la différence d’énergie homo-lumo et du potentiel d'oxydation par rapport aux deux motifs constitutifs. D'autre part, l'analyse de l'influence de la longueur de l'espaceur conjugue montre que l'extension de ce dernier conduit à une diminution de l'écart homo-lumo, a une baisse du potentiel d'oxydation et a une stabilisation des états multicationiques. De plus l'étude par diffraction X des sels de cations radicaux obtenus par électrocristallisation a mis en évidence la participation des hétéroatomes de l'espaceur conjugue à la formation des colonnes de donneurs. Au cours de la seconde partie, la synthèse d'oligothienylenevinylenes a été développée. L'augmentation considérable de la solubilité obtenue par le greffage de chaines alkyle sur le cycle thiophénique a permis d'étendre la longueur de conjugaison et d'accéder aux oligothienylenevinylenes les plus longs connus jusqu'à présent. L'analyse de l'évolution des propriétés optiques et électrochimique de ces oligomères en fonction de la longueur de conjugaison montre que l'écart homo-lumo, et le potentiel d'oxydation diminuent de façon monotone sans phénomène de saturation, indiquant que le système conjugue conserve une structure plane et rigide. Parallèlement, le processus d'oxydation évolue pour passer progressivement de deux étapes monoélectroniques a un transfert biélectronique, fournissant ainsi une première mise en évidence de génération d'un état bipolaronique sur un oligomère conjugué.

In this thesis, we investigate the nonlinear optical properties of four different physical systems: tellurite glasses, castor oil, ionic liquids and colloids of gold nanoparticles. Using Zscan and I-scan techniques, it was possible to determine the values of the electronic (n2 e) and thermal (n2 t) contributions of nonlinear refractive index of these systems as well as evaluating their respective thermo-optical coefficients (dn/dT). We use the I-scan technique to characterize five tellurite glass samples with different compositions. In this experiment we employ a Ti:sapphire laser operating in the modelocked regime, tuned at , delivering pulses, with a repetition rate that was controlled by a pulse selector. These glasses presented an ultra-fast self-focusing nonlinearity. The figure of merit 810 nm 200 fs 1kHz max 0 W= Δn λα was evaluated, and the condition was obtained for four of the five studied samples, displaying the potentiality of these glasses for ultra-fast all-optical switching applications, for example. Castor oil is a natural organic compound with a wide range of applications in industry. In the nanotechnology field, this oil has been exploited as very efficient dispersant and stabilizer agent for metallic gold nanoparticles in colloidal systems. However, a lack of data in literature concerning nonlinear optical properties of this material exists. In this work, we use the Z-scan technique to measure the nonlinear optical response of castor oil for laser excitation at 514 and 810 nm. In the visible region, the measurements had been carried out in the CW regime, using an Argon laser. In the infrared region, a Ti:sapphire laser, operating in the modelocked regime, producing pulses of 200 fs, with low (1 kHz) and high (76 MHz) repetition rate was employed instead. The castor oil presented a self-defocusing nonlinear refraction for both the laser wavelengths. The influence of the electronic and thermal contributions for nonlinearity was evaluated and the results indicate that the thermal effects are the main responsible for the observed nonlinear refraction. The thermo-optical coefficient ( ) of this compound was also measured for both wavelengths. We observe that castor oil thermo-optical coefficient is approximately an order of magnitude larger for the excitation tuned at 514 nm than at 810 nm. The nonlinear optical properties of two kinds of ionic liquids, BMI.BF4 and BMI.PF6, had been investigated. These materials are organic salts that present a low melting temperature and negligible vapor pressure. Although they have interesting physical-chemistry properties, and have been used in several applications, their nonlinear optical properties had been little investigated. In this work, we use the Z-scan technique at W > 0.27 dn / dT 514 nm and . Both ionic liquids displayed high self-defocusing nonlinearity, of thermal origin. We observed that the change of anion by anion modify the optical properties of these compounds. The ionic liquids had also presented a dispersion behavior in their thermo-optical coefficients in the spectral range studied. Although thermo-optical nonlinearities are a problem for the development of ultra-fast photonic devices, they can present a nonlocal character as a consequence of the process of heat conduction. Nonlinear effects in nonlocal media have been investigated in diverse branches of the physics, in particular in phenomena such as light pulses nonlinear propagation, as well as in generation and interaction of spatial solitons. Thus, these results suggest that castor oil and ionic liquids are promising candidates for investigation of nonlinear effects in nonlocal media. In the characterization of the colloidal systems of gold nanoparticles dispersed in castor oil, we evaluate the nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption coefficient, as well as the thermo-optical coefficient in function of the filling factor f. Using Z-scan technique, for the laser excitation tuned at , we observe that the colloids presented an ultra-fast selfdefocusing refractive nonlinear response. Using the generalized Maxwell-Garnett model for composite materials it was possible to explain the behavior of the nonlinear refractive index of the colloid as a function of the filling factor, as well as estimate the value of the real part of the gold nanoparticles third-order nonlinear susceptibility. We also observe that the presence of gold nanoparticles dispersed in castor oil increased the absolute value of the linear absorption coefficient, the nonlinear refraction index of thermal origin and the thermo-optical coefficient. Our results indicate that the presence of gold nanoparticles modifies significantly local and nonlocal nonlinearities of a colloidal system. Moreover, the amount of nanoparticles is an extremely important factor for the development of new nanostructured materials aiming ultra-fast optical and nonlocal applications. 810 nm − 4 BF − 6 PF 800 nm
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
Nesta tese, investigamos as propriedades ópticas não lineares de quatro sistemas físicos distintos: vidros teluretos, óleo de mamona, líquidos iônicos e colóides de nanopartículas de ouro. Utilizando as técnicas de varredura Z (Z-scan) e varredura de intensidade (I-scan) foi possível determinar os valores das contribuições de origem eletrônica (n2e) e térmica (n2t) do índice de refração não linear dos sistemas estudados, bem como avaliar os seus respectivos coeficientes termo-ópticos (dn/dT). Usamos a técnica de varredura de intensidade para caracterizar cinco amostras de vidros teluretos com diferentes composições. Neste experimento utilizamos um laser de Titânio de Safira operando no regime modelocked, sintonizado em , emitindo pulsos de de duração, com a taxa de repetição ajustada em através de um seletor de pulsos. Os vidros apresentaram uma não linearidade auto-focalizadora ultra-rápida. A figura de mérito 810 nm 200 fs 1 kHz max 0 W= Δn λα foi avaliada, ea condição foi obtida para quatro das cinco amostras estudadas, demonstrando a potencialidade destes vidros para aplicações em chaveamento totalmente óptico ultra-rápido, por exemplo. O óleo de mamona é um composto orgânico natural com uma ampla gama de aplicações na indústria. No campo da nanotecnologia, este óleo tem sido explorado como um agente dispersante e estabilizante muito eficiente para sistemas coloidais de nanopartículas metálicas de ouro. Entretanto, existe uma carência de dados na literatura acerca das propriedades ópticas não lineares deste material. Neste trabalho, utilizamos a técnica de varredura Z para medir a resposta óptica não linear do óleo de mamona para excitações em 514 nm e 810 nm. Na região visível, as medidas foram realizadas no regime CW, utilizando um laser argônio. No infravermelho, um laser de Titânio de Safira, operando no regime modelocked, produzindo pulsos de , com baixa ( ) e alta ( ) taxa de repetição foi utilizado. O óleo de mamona apresentou uma refração não linear autodesfocalizadora, em ambos os comprimentos de onda. A influência das contribuições eletrônica e térmica para a não linearidade medida foi avaliada e os resultados obtidos indicam que os efeitos térmicos são os principais responsáveis pela refração não linear observada. O coeficiente termo-óptico (W > 0,27 200 fs 1kHz 76 MHz dn dT ) deste composto também foi medido para os dois comprimentos de onda. Observamos que o dn dT do óleo de mamona é aproximadamente uma ordem de magnitude maior para a excitação sintonizada em 514 nm que em 810 nm. As propriedades ópticas não lineares de dois tipos de líquidos iônicos, BMI.BF4 e BMI.PF6, também foram investigadas. Estes materiais são sais orgânicos que se caracterizam por apresentar uma baixa temperatura de fusão e pressão de vapor desprezível. Apesar de possuir propriedades físico-químicas interessantes, e serem usados em diversas aplicações, suas propriedades ópticas não lineares foram pouco investigadas. Neste trabalho, usamos a técnica de varredura Z para excitação em 514 nm e 810 nm. Ambos os líquidos iônicos apresentaram uma grande não linearidade auto-desfocalizadora, de origem térmica. Observamos que a mudança do ânion pelo ânion modifica as propriedades ópticas destes compostos. Os líquidos iônicos também apresentaram uma dispersão nos seus coeficientes termo-ópticos no intervalo espectral estudado. Apesar de ser um problema para o desenvolvimento de dispositivos fotônicos ultra-rápidos, não linearidades termo-ópticas podem apresentar um caráter de não localidade como uma conseqüência do processo de condução de calor. Efeitos não lineares em meios não locais vêm sendo abordados em diversos ramos da física, em particular em fenômenos de propagação não linear de pulsos de luz, e na geração e interação de sólitons espaciais. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que tanto o óleo de mamona, quanto os líquidos iônicos são candidatos promissores para investigação de efeitos não lineares não locais. Na caracterização dos sistemas coloidais de nanopartículas de ouro dispersas em óleo de mamona avaliamos o índice de refração não linear, coeficiente de absorção não linear, bem como o coeficiente termo-óptico em função do fator de preenchimento f. Fazendo uso da técnica de varredura Z, para o laser de excitação sintonizado em , observamos que os colóides apresentaram uma resposta refrativa não linear autodesfocalizadora ultra-rápida. Utilizando o modelo de Maxwell-Garnett generalizado para materiais compostos foi possível explicar o comportamento do índice de refração não linear do colóide em função do fator de preenchimento, bem como estimar o valor da parte real da susceptibilidade não linear de terceira ordem das nanopartículas de ouro. Observamos também que a presença de nanopartículas de ouro dispersas no óleo de mamona aumentou o valor absoluto do coeficiente de absorção linear, do índice refração não linear de origem térmica e do coeficiente termo-óptico. Nossos resultados indicam que a presença de nanopartículas de ouro altera significativamente as respostas não lineares locais e não locais de um sistema coloidal. Desta forma, a quantidade de nanopartículas é um fator extremamente importante para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais nanoestruturados visando aplicações ópticas tanto ultra-rápidas, quanto não locais.

Femtosecond laser has been an essential tool for nonlinear optics and materials processing at micrometer scale, in which chalcogenide and heavy metal oxide glasses have received special attention not only for their high third-order optical nonlinearities but also due to their transparency up to the infrared regions. Although metallic nanoparticles are expected to improve the optical properties of glasses, there are no enough experimental researches about their influence on the nonlinear refractive index (n2) and nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), moreover at femtosecond regime. Based on the scientific and technological interests on highly nonlinear glasses, the goal of this thesis was to apply femtosecond laser pulses in two main domains: (i) at the basis of fundamental science, to study the effect of metallic nanoparticles in the third-order nonlinear optical properties of glasses; and (ii) at the field of applied science, aiming the development of photonic devices, performed by the fabrication of 3D optical waveguides containing metallic nanoparticles. This aim was achieved through the techniques of z-scan and femtosecond laser micromachining, which provided the nonlinear optical characterization and waveguides development, respectively. First, we analyzed the third-order nonlinear optical properties of the GeO2-Bi2O3 glass containing gold nanoparticles, which promoted saturation of the absorption in the region of the surface plasmon resonance band. On the other hand, these gold nanoparticles did not affect the n2 that kept constant in the wavelength range of 480 - 1500 nm. The same features were investigated for a Pb2P2O7-WO3 matrix doped with copper nanoparticles. In contrast to the gold doped ones, these samples showed a slight enhancement of the nonlinear refractive index when the energy of the excitation approaches the surface plasmon band. We also found out that the Pb2P2O7-WO3 matrix is a good host to grow silver nanoparticles by fs-laser micromachining. Similarly, copper nanoparticles were produced in a borosilicate glass using single-step laser processing. The explanation for metallic nanoparticle formation is addressed in this thesis, as well as, its application in waveguides. Thus, we demonstrated the functionality of optical waveguides containing Cu0 or Ag0 nanoparticles. Still based on the technological interests on glasses doped with nanoparticles, we showed a single-step synthesis of silver sulfide nanoparticles in chalcogenide glass, which was carried in partnership with researches at Princeton University. The materials investigated in this PhD work are of great importance for photonics, in which the synthesis of nanoparticles, fabrication of waveguides and nonlinear optical characterization have been performed.
O laser de femtossegundos tem sido uma ferramenta essencial tanto para a óptica não-linear quanto para o processamento de materiais na escala micrométrica, na qual os vidros calcogenetos e óxidos de metais pesados têm recebido atenção especial, não apenas pelas suas elevadas não-linearidades ópticas de terceira ordem, mas também devido à sua transparência até o infravermelho. Embora seja esperado que nanopartículas metálicas melhorem as propriedades ópticas dos vidros, não existe investigações experimentais suficientes sobre a sua influência no índice de refração não linear (n2) e no coeficiente de absorção linear (β), sobretudo no regime de femtossegundos. Com base nos interesses científicos e tecnológicos de vidros altamente não-lineares, o objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar pulsos laser de femtossegundos em dois domínios principais: (i) na campo da ciência fundamental, para estudar o efeito de nanopartículas metálicas nas propriedades ópticas não lineares de terceira ordem destes materiais; e (ii) no domínio da ciência aplicada, visando o desenvolvimento de dispositivos fotônicos, realizado pelo fabricação de guias de onda tridimensionais contendo nanopartículas metálicas. Este objetivo foi alcançado através das técnicas de varredura-z e microfabricação com laser de femtossegundos, que proporcionaram a caracterização óptica não-linear e o desenvolvimento de guias de onda, respectivamente. Primeiramente, foram investigadas as propriedades ópticas não-lineares de terceira ordem do vidro GeO2-Bi2O3 contendo nanopartículas de ouro, as quais promoveram saturação da absorção na região da banda de ressonância de plásmon. Por outro lado, essas nanopartículas não afetaram o n2, que se manteve constante no intervalo de comprimento de onda 480 - 1500 nm. As mesmas características foram investigadas para uma matriz Pb2P2O7-WO3 dopada com nanopartículas de cobre. Em contraste com os vidros dopados com ouro, estas amostras apresentaram um ligeiro aumento do índice de refração não linear quando a energia de excitação está próxima da banda de ressonância de plásmon. Observou-se ainda que a matriz Pb2P2O7-WO3 é ideal para a obtenção de nanopartículas de prata através da microfabricação com laser de femtossegundos. Similarmente, nanopartículas de cobre foram produzidas em vidro de borosilicato usando somente uma varredura a laser. A explicação para a formação de nanopartículas metálicas é abordada nesta tese, bem como sua aplicação em guias de onda. Deste modo, demonstrou-se a funcionalidade de guias de onda ópticos compostos por nanopartículas de Cu0 e Ag0. Ainda com base nos interesses tecnológicos em vidros dopados com nanopartículas, demonstrou-se uma síntese de nanopartículas de sulfeto de prata em vidro calcogeneto usando o processamento de única etapa, realizada em parceria com pesquisadores da Universidade de Princeton. Os materiais investigados neste trabalho de doutorado são de grande importância para aplicações em fotônica, em que a síntese de nanopartículas, a fabricação de guias de onda e a caracterização óptica não-linear foram realizadas.

Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et l’évaluation de systèmes pi-conjugués en tant matériaux actifs pour des dispositifs opto(électroniques). Un premier chapitre décrit une série d’oligothiophènes cruciformes et leur évaluation dans des dispositifs électrochromes. Le second chapitre décrit la synthèse d’accepteurs moléculaires à base de benzodithiophène et l’analyse de leur potentialités comme matériaux accepteurs dans des cellules solaires organiques. La plus large part du travail porte sur l’analyse des relations structure-propriétés d’une série de petites molécules push-pull comportant un groupe donneur triphénylamine (TPA) relié à un groupe accepteur par un espaceur thiényl. Une première étape a consisté à remplacer l’un des cycles phényles de la TPA par des groupes aromatiques tels que p-fluorophényle, anthryle et naphtyle. Ces modifications ont peu d’influence sur les propriétés électroniques de la molécule mais induisent de large variations des propriétés de transport de charge et de conversion photovoltaïque des matériaux correspondants. Au cours d’une seconde étape l’un des groupes phényles de la TPA a été remplacé par des chaînes alkyle, perfluoroalkyle et oligo(oxyethylene). Les résultats de diffraction X, spectroscopie d’absorption et de fluorescence, génération de second harmonique et électrochimie démontrent que certaines de ces molécules présentent des propriétés d’émission contrôlées par agrégation tandis que les matériaux correspondants se réorganisent spontanément à l’état solide sous forme d’agrégats H ou J dotés de propriétés de transport de charges et de conversion photovoltaïque fortement améliorées et de propriétés d’absorption, d’émission et de génération de second harmonique mécaniquement modulables
This work deals with the design, synthesis and evaluation of molecular pi-conjugated systems as active materials for (opto)electronics devices. A short first chapter describes three X-shaped oligothiophenes, thecharacterization of their structure and properties and a first evaluation of their performances in electrochromic devices. The second chapter describes the synthesis of molecular acceptors based on a benzodithiophene and the analysis of their potentialities when combined with molecular donors in organic solar cells.The major part of the work is focused on the analysis of structure-properties relationships of a series of smallpush-pull molecules involving di- or tri-arylamine donorblocks linked to an acceptor group by a thienyl bridge. In a first step, a phenyl ring of triphenylamine (TPA) is replaced by p-fluorophenyl, anthryl and naphtyl groups.Optical and electrochemical results show that substitution has little effect at the molecular level but can markedly affect solid-state properties with in particular an improvement of charge-transport and short-circuit current density of solar cells based on these donor materials.In a second step, a phenyl ring of TPA is replaced by alkyl, perfluoroalkyl and oligo(oxyethylene) chains. Results of X-ray diffraction, absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies, second harmonic generation, and electrochemistry demonstrate that some of these molecules under go aggregation controlled photoluminescence emission wave length while the corresponding materials spontaneous lyre organize in the solid-state to form either H or Jaggregates with enhanced charge mobility, photovoltaic conversion efficiency and mechanically-induced chromism, fluorochromism and NLO-chromism

Neste trabalho, estudamos as características fotofísicas da porfirina mesotetrasulfonatofenil (TPPS4) em sua forma protonada e não protonada. Foi obtido o conjunto completo dos parâmetros fotofísicos de estados excitados da TPPS4 em solução aquosa e na presença de micelas do surfactante catiônico brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB). Os parâmetros obtidos foram: seções de choque do estado fundamental e dos excitados singleto e tripleto, tempos de vida dos estados excitados singleto e tripleto, taxas de decaimento radiativo, da conversão interna e do cruzamento intersistemas e rendimentos quânticos da fluorescência e do estado tripleto. Foram empregadas as técnicas ópticas lineares espectroscópicas de absorção UV/Vis, de fluorescência estática e resolvida no tempo, flash-fotólise e uma técnica óptica não linear Varredura-Z. Comparando os dados obtidos com os da literatura confirmamos que a técnica Varredura-Z em todos os regimes utilizados é confiável e útil para estudo das características dos estados excitados. Foi observado que a protonação afeta todos os parâmetros obtidos: aumenta todas as taxas da decaimento da energia de excitação, diminuindo assim os tempos de vida dos estados excitados, aumenta o rendimento quântico da fluorescência e diminui o do estado tripleto. Através de dois regimes da Varredura-Z: amplificação paramétrica (OPA) e de pulsos ultracurtos de luz branca (LB), foi obtido o espectro de absorção do estado singleto excitado na região de 460 a 800 nm. Foi observado que a forma da TPPS4 protonada possui uma alta absorção do estado singleto excitado na região de 460 a 620 nm. Analisando os resultados obtidos podemos concluir que a TPPS4 é um composto promissor para aplicação como limitador óptico na região espectral visível e como uma chave óptica, sendo que na forma não protonada ela será eficiente na escala de femto- a picossegundos, enquanto que na forma protonada na escala de femto- a nanossegundos. Na presença de micelas de CTAB os parâmetros obtidos estão próximos dos valores encontrados para porfirina não protonada e completamente diferente daqueles da forma protonada. Além disso, na aplicação da Varredura-Z em regime LB foi observado um efeito acumulativo, devido à dispersão temporal da luz branca (chirp). Este efeito é mais pronunciado para forma protonada, devido sua banda Q de absorção coincidir com a região de maior potência da luz branca.
In this work, we study photophysical characteristics of meso-tetrakis sulphonatophenyl porphyrin (TPPS4) in protonated and nonprotonated states. We obtained the whole set of photophysical parameters of TPPS4 excited states in homogeneous aqueous solution and in the presence of micelles from cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The parameters obtained were: ground and excited singlet and triplet states cross sections; intersystemcrossing, internal conversion and radiative rate constants; singlet and triplet states life times and fluorescence and triplet state quantum yields. The techniques employed were linear optical ones: UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, time-resolved fluorescence, flash-photolysis, and nonlinear Z-scan. We have confirmed, comparing obtained date with those from literature, that Z-scan in all its applied regimes is reliable and useful to study the excited state characteristics. It was observed that protonation affects all TPPS4 photophysical parameters: increases all rate constants of the excited energy dissipation thus reducing the excited state lifetimes, increases the fluorescence quantum yield and reduces the triplet state quantum yield. The singlet excited state absorption spectrum was obtained in the 460-800 nm region, with two Z-scan regimes: optical parametric amplification - OPA with 120-140 fs pulses and white light ultrashort pulses. It was observed that the protonated TPPS4 form possesses intense absorption of its singlet excited state in the 460-620 nm region. Basing on the obtained date analysis we can conclude that TPPS4 is promising for application as optical limiters in the visible spectral range and optical switching: in its nonprotonated form it can be effective in the range from femto- up to picoseconds while in its protonated form in the range from femto- up to nanoseconds. In the presence of CTAB micelles the TPPS4 parameters were close to those found for its nonprotonated state and completely different from the values for the protonated one. Besides, we observed an accumulative effect due to white light time dispersion (chirp), which was more pronounced for the protonated state, since its Q absorption band coincided with white light high potency region.

U  disertaciji  je  sprovedeno  teorijsko  istraživanje  fizičko-hemijskih  svojstava elektronskog podsistema molekula sumanena. Proračuni su sprovedeni u okvirima DFT i TDDFT  teorije  sa  B3LYP  funkcionalom  i  6-31Gd,  6-31Gdp i  6-31++Gdp  bazisom.  Za  sve proračune  u  okvirima  navedenog  nivoa  teorije,  korišćen  je  softverski  paket  Gaussian03. Ispitana  su:  strukturna  i  optička  (zajedno  sa  nelinearnim)  svojstva  sumanena  i  njegovih derivata dobijenih modifikovanjem sa atomima bora iazota, aromatična i inverziona svojstva svojstva  sumanena  i  njegovih  derivata,  adsorpciona  svojstva  sumanena  prema  molekulima H₂, CO, CO₂ i NH₃ i uticaj spoljašnjeg električnog polja na svojstva sumanena.Prema  dobijenim  rezultatima,  fundamentalna  fizičko-hemijska  svojstva  molekula sumanena mogu se efikasno i fino podešavati supstitucijom i disupstitucijom hetero-atomima bora  i  azota.  Dubina  i  inverziona  barijera  sumanena se  na  ovaj  način  može  menjati  u  oba smera.  Pokazalo  se  da  su  ova  dva  parametra  u  korelaciji,  s  obzirom  da inverziona  barijera skoro potpuno zavisi od dubine sumanena. Slično je i sa aromatičnim svojstvima prstenova, koja se u zavisnosti od broja uvedenih hetero-atomamenja od aromatične preko nearomatične do antiaromatične prirode. Optička svojstva su, pomenutim modifikacijama, takođe značajno poboljšana: apsorpcioni pikovi kod UV/Vis spektra se pomeraju ka vidljivoj oblasti, dok je hiperpolarizibilnost  sumanena  i  derivata  sa  jednim  atomom  bora  viša  od  referentnog molekula uree, respektivno, 9 i 49 puta.Prema dobijenim rezultatima, adsorpciona svojstva sumanena su veoma kompetitivna sa  ostalim  organskim  molekulima  kao  što  su  ugljenične  nanotube  i  fuleren  C₆₀,  usled postojanja  značajnog  dipolnog  momenta  zbog  specifične  geometrije.  Posebno  se  ističu pozitivna adsorpciona svojstva prema molekulima H₂ i CO. Dok je prvo pomenuti bitan sa energetskog  aspekta,  specifičnost  drugog  molekula  se  ogleda  u  činjenici  da  ne  može  biti adsorbovan od strane ugljeničnih nanotuba. Potencijal sumanena, posebno u oblasti organske elektronike, dodatno ističu i rezultati ispitivanja  uticaja  spoljašnjeg  električnog  polja.  Naime,  dobijeni  rezultati  ukazuju  da  se specifična  (posebno  adsorpciona)  svojstva  sumanena  mogu  dodatno  poboljšati  primenom slabog, i eksperimentalno lako ostvarljivog, električnog  polja, jer se intenzivira razdvajanje naelektrisanja.
Theoretical  investigation  of  physicochemical  properties  of  electron  subsystem  of sumanene  molecule  has  been  conducted  in  this  doctoral  work.  Calculations  are  performed within DFT and TD-DFT with B3LYP functional and 6-31Gd, 6-31Gdp i   6-31++Gdp basis sets. For all calculations, on the mentioned level of theory, Gaussian03software package was used.  Investigation  encompassed:  structural   and  optical  (including  nonlinear)  properties  of sumanene  and  its  derivatives  obtained  by  modification  with  boron  and  nitrogen  atoms, aromatic and bowl to bowl inversion properties of sumanene and its derivatives, adsorption properties of sumanene towards H₂, CO, CO₂ i NH₃ molecules and the influence of external electric field to the properties of sumanene.According to obtained results, fundamental physicochemical properties of sumanene molecule could be efficiently and finely adjusted with the monosubstitution and disubstitution with  hetero-atoms  of  boron  and  nitrogen.  Bowl  depth and  bowl  to  bowl  inversion  barrier could  be  tuned  in  both  directions.  It  was  demonstrated  that  these  two  parameters  are correlated, since bowl to bowl inversion barrier principally depends on the fourth power of bowl  depth.  Similar  situation  is  with  aromatic  nature  of  sumanene  rings,  which  change, depending  on  the  number  of  introduced  boron  and  nitrogen  atoms,  from  aromatic  through non-aromatic  towards  anti-aromatic  nature.  Thanks  to  mentioned  modifications,  optical properties  are  improved  as  well:  absorption  peaks  in  UV/Vis  spectra  shift  towards  visible area,  while  hyperpolarizabilities  of  sumanene  and  its  derivative  containing  one  boron  atom are higher than hyperpolarizability of referent molecule of urea, respectively, 9 and 49 times. Thanks  to  significant  dipole  moment  due  to  the  specific  geometry,  nvestigated  adsorption properties of sumanene are very competitive to the other  organic molecules such as carbon nanotubes and fullerene C₆₀. Positive adsorption properties of sumanene towards H₂ and CO molecules are distinguished. While the H₂ molecule is important from the energetic aspects, specificity of CO molecules is that it can’t be adsorbed by carbon nanotubes.Potential  of  sumanene,  especially  in  the  field  of  organic  electronics,  is  emphasized through the obtained results related to the investigation of the influence of external electric field.  Obtained  results  indicate  that  specific  (especially  adsorption)  properties  of  sumanene could be additionally improved by application of  weak, and experimentally easily achievable, external electric field, due to the higher charge separation. 

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In this work we present the results of L-asparagine H2O crystal growth and the study of their optical properties, linear and nonlinear, of crystal as grown and after being submitted to high doses of X-ray. Crystals were grown in aqueous solution by the method of slow evaporation of the solvent. Measurements optical absorption, Raman, thermal analysis and efficiency of second harmonic generation were carried out. The results demonstrate the good optical quality of the crystals for use in optical devices, comparable to that of KDP (KH2PO4). .
Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados do crescimento de cristais de L-Asparagina-H2O e do estudo de suas propriedades ópticas, lineares e não lineares, do cristal como é crescido e após ser submetido a altas doses de raios-X. Os cristais foram crescidos em solução aquosa pelo método de evaporação lenta do solvente. Foram realizadas medidas de absorção óptica, Raman, análise térmica e eficiências de geração de segundo harmônico. Os resultados demonstram as boas qualidades ópticas dos cristais para aplicação em dispositivos ópticos, comparáveis ao do KDP (KH2PO4).