Relevant bibliographies by topics / Linepipe

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Linepipe'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Linepipe"

1

Asahi, Hitoshi, Yasuhiro Shinohara, and Takuya Hara. "Recent Progress and Application of Bainite Steels for High Strength Linepipe up to X120." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3032–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3032.

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For the constant transmission of gas through a pipeline, steel weight decreases linearly with an increase in the strength of the linepipe irrespective of pipe size and internal pressure. Thus, high-strength large-diameter linepipe up to X120 has been developed and is now being applied to reduce pipe costs, transportation costs and construction costs. To meet the excellent weldability and low production costs required for the linepipe application of bainite produced through using Thermo-Mechanical Control Processing (TMCP) from low carbon chemistry is essential. Dual phase steel made by means of the introduction of ferrite in the bainite matrix mitigates the inferior properties of bainite. Herein, the production parameters affecting the microstructure and the properties are overviewed.
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Thewlis, G. "Weldability of X100 linepipe." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 5, no. 6 (December 2000): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136217100101538434.

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Kimura, Mitsuko. "Sour and Sweet Resistant Linepipe." Journal of the Japan Welding Society 66, no. 2 (1997): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws1943.66.108.

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IKEDA, Tomoaki, and Tetsuya FUKUBA. "Linepipe Production in Soudi Arabia." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 78, no. 1 (2009): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.78.32.

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Tagawa, Tetsuya, Satoshi Igi, Shinobu Kawaguchi, Mitsuru Ohata, and Fumiyoshi Minami. "Fractography of burst-tested linepipe." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 89 (January 2012): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2011.09.009.

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Wing-Chau, Fok. "Small scale model of linepipe." Experimental Mechanics 29, no. 3 (September 1989): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02321402.

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ISHIKAWA, Nobuyuki. "Ultra high strength Linepipe X100-X120." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 78, no. 6 (2009): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.78.545.

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Law, Michael, Thomas Gnaëpel-Herold, Vladimir Luzin, and Graham Bowie. "Neutron residual stress measurements in linepipe." Physica B: Condensed Matter 385-386 (November 2006): 900–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2006.05.196.

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Shehata, M. T. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking In Linepipe Steels." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (August 2003): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603442748.

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Ishikawa, Nobuyuki. "Ultra-high-strength linepipe X100–X120." Welding International 25, no. 9 (September 2011): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2010.527043.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Linepipe"

1

Hudson, Mark G. "Welding of X100 linepipe." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3404.

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The benefits of high strength steels in terms of reduced material volume due to enhanced mechanical performance have been known for some time. Large diameter transmission linepipe steels of minimum 690MPa ('X1OO') yield strength have been developed throughout the previous decade, and have recently become commercially available. Before these steels are used in linepipe construction projects, fimdamental work regarding their ability to be field welded required undertaking. This thesis presents data arising from girth welding experiments involving a variety of X 100 linepipe steels, welding consurnables and welding processes. Target girth weld mechanical properties thought suitable for a strain-based MOO pipeline design were proposed at the outset of the research. Optimisation of pulsed gas metal arc welding waveforms for the single and tandem wire processes, alongside the establishment of the base material properties formed an early part of the research. An extensive programme of solid wire welding consumable evaluation was then undertaken for single, tandem and dual torch narrow gap welding processes. The majority of equipment and procedures used throughout the work were as close to current field practice as possible, to minimise the time required to transfer the technology to the field situation. Work then focussed on the optimised alloy levels and welding procedure requirements for the production of full girth welds, using a variety of industry pipeline welding standards and supplemental techniques to assess the joint integrity. It has been demonstrated that, subject to careful selection of welding consumable and fairly precise control of welding process variables and parameters, there are no major problems in obtaining weld metal strength levels of at least 120 MPa above the 690 MPa specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the parent pipe. This objective has been achieved in welds made usirig all three mechanised process variants examined. The desired target properties of strength and toughness were achieved with a variety of consumables and pipe materials of different composition. Tie-in and repair procedures were also developed during the course of the research, with particular attention focussed on the application of high strength rutile flux cored ýVires. These wires attained strength levels overmatching the pipe specified minimum yield strength (690MPa), but would not reach the guaranteed overmatch level of 81 OMPa. An examination of the thermocycles associated with four mechanised narrow gap welding techniques (single, tandem, dual and dual tandem) was undertaken. The experimental technique developed allowed the solidifying weld bead to be monitored, as well as the cumulative temperature cycles experienced by the underlying layers. Succesful determination of the cooling rates, times and transformation temperatures allowed a comparative evaluation of the four processes, using an optimum weld metal composition suitable for single wire welding of X100. This led to an understanding of the metallurgical history, and its consequent effect on the associated mechanical and microstructural properties. A similar series of experiments was undertaken to examine these effects using variations in preheat with a single wire process. In most cases considerable property variations were attained for'the same weld metal chemistry, joint geometry and arc energy, highlighting the sensitivity of the process and procedure in achieving the required properties. The high cooling rates determined from the thermocycle experiments explained the microstructural and mechanical properties attainable from lean alloying levels. A series of metal cored wires, based around the same alloy as for the thermocycle experiments, was consequently manufactured to examine small changes in weld metal chemistry. The individual wires involved changes in carbon, nickel, molybdenum and chromium to examine potential property variations arising from a highly controlled narrow gap welding procedure. The results again highlighted the sensitivity of the narrow gap welding technique in generating considerable property variation within the weld metal. Tolerance ranges for specific alloying additions to attain the proposed strength levels with a single and tandem wire process were derived from the data.
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Tafteh, Reza. "Austenite decomposition in an X80 linepipe steel." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/34583.

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The final microstructure and resulting mechanical properties in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of welded linepipes are predominantly determined by austenite decomposition during cooling after welding processes. Thus, a full understanding of continuous cooling transformation of austenite is a key step toward improving the overall performance of linepipes. The main objective of the current study is to investigate the influence of cooling rate, prior austenite grain size and niobium content of austenite on austenite decomposition kinetics and the resulting microstructures for an X80 linepipe steel. To consider the significant effect of the niobium solid solution level on the transformation of austenite, two thermal histories were developed. For the first case, Nb was dissolved in solid solution prior to austenite decomposition. In contrast, the second scenario involved the formation of Nb(C,N) precipitates prior to austenite decomposition, i.e. leaving a low level of Nb in solid solution. Austenite grain growth studies were conducted to obtain grain sizes similar to those observed in the HAZ of the girth-welded steel, i.e. 5-80μm. Furthermore, employing appropriate thermal cycles, continuous cooling transformation (CCT) tests were conducted to examine the effect of niobium condition, austenite grain size and cooling rate on austenite decomposition behavior of the steel. Cooling rates varied in the range of 3−100ºC/s and dilation measurements were utilized to capture the transformation kinetics of austenite upon cooling. The resulting microstructures, which usually consist of ferrite, bainite and martensite-austenite (MA) constituents, were examined using optical microscopy. They were revealed using appropriate etchants and the corresponding phase volume fractions were subsequently measured in accordance with ASTM standards. Hardness measurements were also conducted on CCT samples.
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Carroll, Martin William. "Micromechanisms of hydrogen related fracture in linepipe steel." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281960.

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Hope, Alistair Duncan. "The work hardening and fracture behaviour of linepipe steels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386091.

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Li, Huan. "Damage and repair evolution of cold formed linepipe steel." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/671/.

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The main aim of this research is to model the internal micro damage accumulated during cold deformation and the degree of reduction of damage that can be achieved by heat treatment of linepipe steel. A set of unified viscoplastic constitutive equations was developed to simulate microstructural evolution and the effect on mechanical properties due to cold deformation followed by annealing. In addition, practical experiments have been performed to validate the constitutive equations. Firstly, the industrial motivation for the project was previewed and damage-modelling techniques were reviewed to identify the research objectives. A group of interrupted uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to study the effect of different annealing times on reducing the degree of damage and improving mechanical properties of a cold formed single phase linepipe steel. From the experimental results, it was observed that healing by subsequent annealing enables a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the deformed steel that has experienced only light damage, but has no significant effect on heavily damaged steel. Following this, a set of constitutive equations describing accumulation and annihilation of dislocations, grain size evolution, recrystallisation, plasticity induced damage and their effects on viscoplastic flow of materials was developed, for uniaxial stress conditions and by numerical integration experimental results were used to determine material constants for these equations, for the particular steel. Secondly, the constitutive equations were expanded to enable damage nucleation, growth and plastic flow to be predicted for various stress states. The constitutive equations were implemented in a commercial FE solver (ABAQUS) using the VUMAT user-subroutine. The numerical results reproduce the essential features of necking phenomena and provide a physical insight into damage evolution within a tensile testpiece under given necking conditions. Dual phase steel is of greater importance industrially, than a single phase steel, but because of the greater complexity in its microstructure, the development of microstructural constitutive equations for it is very difficult. Thus, in this work, some knowledge of damage initiation in a dual phase steel was obtained by practical investigation of microstructure. It showed that damage is due to ductile cracking characterised by the nucleation of micro-voids near the ferrite-pearlite interface. Using the mesoscopic modelling technique, by simulation, it was possible to determine likely sites for damage initiation.
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Hill, Daryl P. "The influence of non-metallic inclusions upon the properties of linepipe steels." Thesis, Aston University, 1986. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11902/.

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The principal aim of this work was to determine the role of non-metallic inclusions in the process of hydrogen stepwise cracking (SWC). Additionally, the influence of inclusions upon the notch ductility of hydrogen charged (HC) and uncharged (UN) tensile specimens was examined. To obtain a basis for experiment a series of low carbon-manganese steels were prepared by induction melting. In order to produce variations in the composition, morphology, volume fraction, size and distribution of the inclusions the steel chemistry was adjusted prior to casting by additions of deoxidiser and Ca-Si injection. Sections of each ingot were hot rolled. Metallography, image analysis, mechanical tests and hydrogen SWC tests were then carried out. The volume fraction, morphology, and shape of inclusions influenced the tensile ductility of the steels. Marked anisotropy was found in the steels containing type II MnS inclusions at all rolling temperatures, whereas the fully Ca treated steel was isotropic. It was found that several inclusion parameters (projected length PL, mean free distance MFD, nearest-neighbour distance NND) correlated with fracture strain. An increase in inclusion volume fraction and/or the dimension of inclusions on a plane parallel to the plane of fracture led to a decrease in fracture strain. The inclusion parameters did not correlate with the fracture strains for the HC tensile specimens. However, large or clusters of inclusions acted as the principal sites for crack initiation. `Fisheyes' or areas of `flat' fracture were often found on these fracture surfaces. The criteria for SWC initiation was found to be either large inclusions or clusters of inclusions. As the PL of inclusions increased the probability of large SWCs occurring increased. SWC initiation at inclusions was believed to occur at a critical concentration of hydrogen. Factors which assisted the concentration of hydrogen at inclusions were discussed. None of the proposed mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement could be identified as the single cause of SWC.
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Fatoba, Olusegun Oludare. "Experimental and modelling studies of corrosion fatigue damage in a linepipe steel." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/experimental-and-modelling-studies-of-corrosion-fatigue-damage-in-a-linepipe-steel(075ec5a1-f7a1-4b1c-b5d7-99ff3472d21d).html.

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The work is concerned with the development of a multi-stage corrosion fatigue lifetime model, with emphasis on pitting as a precursor to cracking. The model is based upon the quantitative evaluation of damage during the overall corrosion fatigue process. The fatigue response of as-received API 5L X65 linepipe steel has been investigated in terms of the evolution of damage during pit development, pit-to-crack transition and crack propagation. Micro-potentiostatic polarisation was conducted to evaluate role of stress on pit development. Crack growth rate measurements were conducted on pre-pitted specimens, which were tested in air and brine, to evaluate the initiation and propagation behaviour of cracks emanating from artificial pits. Finite element analysis was undertaken to evaluate the stress and strain distribution associated with the pits. A cellular automata finite element model was also developed for predicting corrosion fatigue damage. Pit growth rate was enhanced under stress. It was considered that the strain localisation effect of the pit facilitated strain-assisted dissolution. In air, cracks initiated predominantly from the pit mouth. FEA results indicated that this was due to localisation of strain towards the pit mouth. In corrosion fatigue, cracks tended to initiate at the pit base at low stress and at the pit mouth at higher stresses. Crack initiation lifetimes were shorter in the aggressive environment compared to air and the effect of the environment on crack initiation lifetime was lower at higher stress levels. Crack initiation lifetime for double pits generally decreased with decreasing pit-to-pit separation distance. The microstructure was observed to influence crack growth behaviour in air particularly in the early stages when cracks were short. The acceleration and retardation in crack growth were attributed to the resistance of grain boundaries to crack advance. Cracks sometimes arrested at these barriers and became non-propagating. Introduction of the environment for a short period appear to eliminate the resistance of the microstructural barriers thus promoting re-propagation of the previously arrested crack. The continued crack propagation after the removal of the environment suggests that the influence of the environment is more important in the early stages of crack growth. Crack growth rates were higher in the aggressive environment than in air. The degree of environmental enhancement of crack growth was found to be greater at lower stress levels and at short crack lengths. Oxide-induced crack closure and crack coalescence were two mechanisms that also affected crack growth behaviour.2-D cellular automata finite element simulation results, with and without stress, show good agreement agreed with experiments i.e. pit depth and pit aspect ratio increase with time. Results from 3-D cellular automata simulations of pits are also consistent with experiments. Fatigue lifetimes were significantly shorter (i) in the brine environment than in air and (ii) for specimens with double pits compared to single pits of similar depth. Fatigue strength in air was found to decrease with increasing pit depth. Corrosion fatigue lifetimes predicted based upon the developed model showed good agreement with the experimental lifetimes.
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Toloui, Morteza. "Microstructural evolution in the HAZ of X80 linepipe steel : Phase Field Modelling." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54457.

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During welding, the heat affected zone (HAZ) of X80 linepipe steel is subjected to very steep spatial variations in temperature and concentration of Nb bearing particles which results in a strongly graded microstructure. Therefore, models on the length scale of the microstructure, i.e. the so-called mesoscale, are useful to simulate microstructure evolution in the HAZ. Among mesoscale models, phase field modelling (PFM) is selected because it is based on diffusional time steps and it is a robust tool to capture complex morphologies, e.g. bainitic ferrite. A PFM is developed for austenite grain growth in 2D and 3D that is applicable to rapid heat-treatment cycles taking the pinning/dissolution effects of Nb bearing particles into account by using an effective mobility concept. In addition, a PFM is developed for the austenite decomposition to predict the simultaneous formation of polygonal ferrite and bainite. PFM is coupled with a carbon diffusion model and an effective interface mobility is introduced to implicitly account for the solute drag effect of Nb. For simplicity, the formation of carbide-free bainite is considered and a suitable anisotropy approach is proposed for the austenite-bainite interface mobility. The model is first applied to a TRIP steel in which ferrite and bainite form separately, and bainite can be considered carbide-free bainite. Then the model is applied to simulate the microstructural evolution in the HAZ of the X80 linepipe steel accounting for the thermal and microstructural gradients and validated with microstructure observations made in a weld trial.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
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Aucott, Lee Alan. "Mechanism of solidification cracking during welding of high strength steels for subsea linepipe." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33019.

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Weld solidification cracking is an important issue in fusion welding. If undetected, the cracking defects can act as stress concentration sites which lead to premature failure via fatigue, as well as offer favourable sites for hydrogen assisted cracking and stress corrosion cracking. For welded steel products such as deep sea oil and gas transportation pipes, such defects heighten the risk of catastrophic in-service failures. Such failures can lead to devastating environmental, economic, and social damage. In this thesis, a comprehensive review of literature associated with steel linepipe and solidification cracking defects is first presented. Fluid flow prior to solidification is then observed and quantified in situ using a novel synchrotron X-ray radiography approach. The flow is dynamic at velocities up to 0.52 m/s and primarily driven via Marangoni flow. The relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded linepipe are extensively characterised, with a new equation derived to assess fracture toughness based on the size and distribution of carbonitride precipitates. Weld residual stresses are measured both before and after linepipe expansion in the U-forming, O-forming and expansion process for the first time using a neutron diffraction technique. To further understand the fundamental mechanisms of solidification cracking during welding of high strength steels for subsea linepipe, a novel small-scale Varestraint test rig was developed for use in synchrotron X-ray imaging experiments and a Transvarestriant test rig utilised for industrial scale weldability tests. Solidification cracking during the welding of steel is observed in situ for the first time using a micro-radiography approach and the 3D crack network is rebuilt using a micro-tomography technique. It is proposed that solidification cracks nucleate from sub-surface cavities associated with: i) residual liquid high in solute and impurity concentration (hot cracks), ii) Ti (C,N) precipitated during solidification (that induce ductile microvoids). Solidification cracks then propagate via inter-dendritic hot tearing.
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Keegan, Neil J. "Nonmetallic inclusion modification and its effect on the final properties of a linepipe steel." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11910/.

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Five linepipe type steels were produced in order to study the effect of calcium and magnesium injection on their final properties. Two of these steels were at the extremes of the sulphide range i.e. 0.003 and 0.017% sulphur with no injection attempted; thereby, providing standards to compare with the injected steels. The oxygen level varied from 21 to 63 p.p.m. The cast ingots were controlled-rolled and isothermally rolled in order to study the deformation characteristics of the residual non-metallic inclusions. The structure and cleanliness of these steels was evaluated metallographically using the light microscope, SEM, and image analysis and the results related to their Charpy toughness and HIC resistance. Increasing sulphur levels decreased final properties of the steel. In the untreated state, with as little as 0.003% sulphur, test orientation was highly influential. Modification of sulphur bearing steels was achieved with low modifying element to sulphur ratios provided that the oxygen content was very low. Injection of calcium into steel caused interaction with oxide and sulphide inclusions which was biased toward oxide reduction relative to sulphur removal. Magnesium again reduced oxides and appeared to be linked with aluminia containing inclusions in the final product. It produced improved toughness values relative to a similar sulphur containing calcium treated steel. The results of this work could be extended to establish the mechanism of inclusion modification with magnesium additions to sulphur bearing steels.
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Books on the topic "Linepipe"

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Hill, Daryl Paul. The influence of non-metallic inclusions upon the properties of linepipe steels. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, 1986.

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2

Keegan, Neil John. Nonmetallic inclusion modification and its effect on the final properties of a linepipe steel. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, 1987.

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3

executive, Health and safety. A Test Method to Determine the Susceptibility to Cracking of Linepipe Steels in Sour Service. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 1996.

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F, Dewsnap R., and Great Britain. Dept. of Energy., eds. A Review of information on hydrogen induced cracking and sulphide stress corrosion cracking in linepipe steels: Report. London: H.M.S.O., 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Linepipe"

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Nafisi, S., M. Arafin, B. S. Amirkhiz, R. Glodowski, L. Collins, and J. Szpunar. "Effect of Vanadium Addition on Api X100 Linepipe Steel." In HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, 715–20. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119223399.ch88.

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Nafisi, S., M. Arafin, B. S. Amirkhiz, R. Glodowski, L. Collins, and J. Szpunar. "Effect of Vanadium Addition on API X100 Linepipe Steel." In HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, 715–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48767-0_88.

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Kang, Jidong, Guowu Shen, Jie Liang, Kyle Brophy, Andrew Mendonca, and James Gianetto. "Evaluation of Fracture Toughness Test Methods for Linepipe Steels." In Application of Automation Technology in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Analysis, 101–15. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp157120130074.

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Siciliano, Fulvio. "High-Strength Linepipe Steels and Physical Simulation of Production Processes." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 71–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7892-7_8.

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Kang, Ki Bong, Ju Seok Kang, Jang Yong Yoo, Dong Han Seo, In Shik Suh, and Gyu Baek An. "Development of High Strength and High Performance Linepipe and Shipbuilding Steels." In Advanced Steels, 281–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17665-4_29.

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Holden, T. M., B. M. Powell, S. R. MacEwen, and R. B. Lazor. "Axial Strains at a Girth Weld in a 914 mm Linepipe." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials II, 625–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5338-6_64.

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Banks, Kevin, and Rorisang Maubane. "Microstructure Development During Roughing and Intermediate Cooling of Thick htp Linepipe Steels." In HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, 783–89. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119223399.ch97.

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Banks, Kevin, and Rorisang Maubane. "Microstructure Development during Roughing and Intermediate Cooling of Thick HTP Linepipe Steels." In HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, 783–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48767-0_97.

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Gray, J. Malcolm, and F. Barbaro. "Evolution of Microalloyed Steels Since Microalloying ’75 with Specific Emphasis on Linepipe and Plate." In HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, 53–70. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119223399.ch5.

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Banks, K. M. "Microstructural Control and DWTT Toughness in Thick-Walled Nb-Ti-V Microalloyed Linepipe Steels." In Materials Science Forum, 303–10. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-981-4.303.

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Conference papers on the topic "Linepipe"

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Ishikawa, Nobuyuki, Mitsuhiro Okatsu, Shigeru Endo, and Joe Kondo. "Design Concept and Production of High Deformability Linepipe." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10240.

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Extensive studies to develop high deformability linepipe have been conducted. In the case of linepipes laid in seismic region or permafrost field, higher resistance to buckling against large strain induced by ground movement is required. In order to improve the deformability of pipes, two different types of microstructural control technologies were proposed, based on theoretical and analytical studies on the effect of microstructural characteristics on stress-strain behavior. Grade X65 to X100 linepipes with ferrite-bainite microstructure were manufactured by optimizing the microstructural characteristics. Grade X80 linepipe with bainitic microstructure containing dispersed fine MA constituents was also developed by applying new conceptual TMCP process. Deformability of developed linepipes with two different types of microstructure was evaluated by axial compression and bending tests, and all the developed linepipes showed superior resistance to buckling comparing with conventional pipes. Plate manufacturing technologies for producing recent high strength linepipe steel and the concept for microstructure control for improving deformability were also introduced in this paper.
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Okatsu, Mitsuhiro, Toyohisa Shinmiya, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Shigeru Endo, and Joe Kondo. "Development of High Strength Linepipe With Excellent Deformability." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67149.

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Extensive studies to develop high deformability linepipe have been conducted. In case of linepipes laid at seismic region, higher resistance to buckling against large strain induced by earthquake related ground movements are required. In order to improve the deformability of pipes, two different types of microstructural control technologies were proposed, base on theoretical and analytical studies on the effect of microstructural characteristics on stress-strain behavior. Grade X65 to X100 linepipes with ferrite-bainite microstructure were manufactured by optimizing the microstructural characteristics. Grade X80 linepipe with bainitic microstructure containing dispersed fine M-A constituents particles was also developed by applying new conceptual TMCP process. Deformability of developed linepipes with two different types of microstructure were evaluated by axial compression test, and all the developed linepipes showed superior resistance to buckling comparing with conventional pipes. Tensile properties after thermal coating of developed high deformability pipe was also investigate. It was shown that increase in yield strength by thermal strain aging was minimized and round-house type stress-strain curve was maintained for the linepipe manufactured by new conceptional TMCP process.
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Suzuki, Nobuhisa, Joe Kondo, Shigeru Endo, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Mitsuhiro Okatsu, and Junji Shimamura. "Effects of Geometric Imperfection on Bending Capacity of X80 Linepipe." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10070.

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Validation of finite element modeling to predict bending capacity of linepipes and effects of geometric imperfection on the bending capacity are presented. A bending test of an X80 linepipe was conducted to discuss the validation and investigate the effects. The geometric imperfection of the linepipe about the outside diameter, the wall thickness and the longitudinal blister of the linepipe was measured in the round. Consequently, the results obtained by FEA taking into account the geometric imperfection present good agreement with the experimental data. And the moment capacity is virtually independent of the geometric imperfection however the strain capacity of the linepipe is quite susceptible to the geometric imperfection.
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4

Zheng, Lei, Mingzhuo Bai, Bei Zhang, Tiancheng Cui, and Haishen Xu. "Research and Development of X70 Large Diameter UOE Linepipe With High Deformability for Strain-Based Design Pipeline." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90610.

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In recent years, high strength linepipe needs high longitudinal deformability to meet the requirements of strain-based design pipeline employed when passing through geologic hazard-prone regions, such as seismic areas, landslide zones, permafrost zones, etc. The geologic hazard section of the natural gas pipeline from Myanmar to China is going to utilize a strain-based design. Linepipes with high deformability are required in these areas. The microstructures with different phases and the effect of the microstructure on deformability of pipeline steel were studied. Based on a dual phase of ferrite and banite microstructure design, the X70 grade UOE linepipe with low yield-tensile strength ratio, good uniform elongation and high stress ratio were developed. Two dimensions of UOE linepipe for the strain-based design area of Myanmar-China pipeline project, which were 1016mm O.D. and 17.5mm W.T., 1016 mm O.D. and 21.0mm W.T., were industrially trial-produced. The transverse properties of the trial produced linepipes meet the requirements of X70 steel grade of API Specification 5L. And also the linepipe has good toughness, the Charpy impact energy at −5°C is more than 200J, and the shear fracture area of DWTT test is more than 85% at 0°C. The longitudinal tensile properties of the trial produced linepipe exhibit good deformability. The stress-strain curve shows a typical round-house shape, the uniform elongation u-EL% is more than 7%, the yield-tensile strength ratio is lower than 0.80, the stress ratios of Rt1.5/Rt0.5, Rt2.0/Rt1.0 and Rt5.0/Rt1.0 are more than 1.100, 1.040 and 1.088 respectively. The properties of the linepipe after aging at 200°C for 5min to simulate the coating process of the pipe were also investigated. The results show that the linepipe trial-produced has good strain-aging resistance.
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5

Ishikawa, Nobuyuki, Mitsuhiro Okatsu, Junji Shimamura, Shigeru Endo, Nobuo Shikanai, Ryuji Muraoka, Joe Kondo, and Nobuhisa Suzuki. "Material Development and Strain Capacity of Grade X100 High Strain Linepipe Produced by Heat Treatment Online Process." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64507.

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Linepipes installed in permafrost ground or seismic region, where larger strains can be expected by ground movement, are required to have sufficient strain capacity in order to prevent local buckling or girth weld fracture. On the other hand, strain capacity of linepipes usually degreases with increasing strength, and this is one of the reasons for preventing wider use of high-grade linepipe for high strain application. Furthermore, external coating is necessary for corrosion resistance of pipe, but coating heat can cause strain-aged hardening, which results in increased yield strength and Y/T. Therefore, there is a strong demand for developing high strength linepipe for a high strain application with resistance to strain-aged hardening. Extensive studies to develop Grade X100 high strain linepipe have been conducted. One of the key technologies for improving strain capacity is dual-phase microstructural control. Steel plate with the microstructure including bainite and dispersed martensite-austenite constituent (MA) can be obtained by applying accelerated cooling followed by heat treatment online process (HOP). HOP is the induction heating process that enables rapid heating of the steel plates. Variety of microstructural control, such as fine carbide precipitation and MA formation, can be utilized by this newly developed heating process. One of the significant features of the HOP process is to improve resistance to strain-aged hardening. Increase in yield strength by coating can be minimized even for the Grade X100 linepipe. Trial production of X100 high strain linepipe with the size of 36″ OD and 15mm WT was conducted by applying the HOP process. Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of developed X100 linepipe are introduced in this paper. In order to evaluate compressive strain capacity of the developed pipe, full-scale pipe bending test was carried out by using the trial X100 high strain linepipe after external coating. Full scale bending test of developed X100 linepipe demonstrated sufficient compressive strain capacity even after external coating.
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6

Murtagian, Gregorio R., Guillermo L. Fitzsimons, Juan C. González, Irina S. Kotova, and Nikoli I. Anenkov. "Arctic Linepipe With High Resistance to Crack Propagation and HIC." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1820.

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Linepipe steels for sour, arctic and offshore applications, form a class of material by themselves. These linepipes are originated in the need to fulfill several special characteristics like adequacy for induction bending, toughness requirement at very low temperature to prevent a unstable crack propagation, and hydrogen induced cracking resistance. These kind of linepipes are produced through clean steel practice, resulting in a low residuals content and a low non metallic inclusions rating. It is also very important to get a fine and uniform microstructure to guarantee good performance under sour environments, arctic and offshore conditions. In the present paper, a practical test to assess fitness for service of special linepipes is presented. Two linepipes with diameters between 219 and 273 mm and Diameter/thickness (D/t) ratios from 10 to 20, intended for arctic service were studied. While linepipe of both large Diameter and D/t (above 50), have been studied, there has been very little work done for diameters below 420 mm and D/t ratios in the range of 10–20. Full scale burst tests at −40°C and −60°C were carried out under controlled conditions. Actual crack propagation speed during burst tests at temperatures below −60°C, was tracked through an oscilloscope-computer data acquisition system. Weldability and hydrogen induced cracking performances were also studied.
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7

Igi, Satoshi, Joe Kondo, Nobuhisa Suzuki, Joe Zhou, and Da-Ming Duan. "Strain Capacity of X100 High-Strain Linepipe for Strain-Based Design Application." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64518.

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In recent years, several natural gas pipeline projects have been planned for permafrost regions. Pipelines laid in such areas are subjected to large plastic deformation as a result of ground movement due to repeated thawing and freezing of the frozen ground. Likewise, in pipeline design methods, research on application of strain-based design as an alternative to the conventional stress-based design method has begun. Much effort has been devoted to the application of strain-based design to high strength linepipe materials. In order to verify the applicability of high-strain X100 linepipe to long distance transmission, a large-scale X100 pipeline was constructed using linepipe with an OD of 42″ and wall thickness of 14.3mm. This paper presents the results of experiments and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) focusing on the strain capacity of high-strain X100 linepipes. The critical compressive strain of X100 high-strain linepipes is discussed based on the results of FEA taking into account geometric imperfections. The critical tensile strain for high-strain X100 pipelines is obtained based on a curved wide plate (CWP) tensile test using specimens taken from girth welded joints. Specifically, the effect of external coating treatment on the strain capacity of X100 high-strain linepipe is investigated. The strain capacity of the 42″ X100 pipeline is considered by comparing the tensile strain limit obtained from girth weld fracture and critical compressive strain which occurs in local buckling under pure bending deformation.
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8

Sharma, Udit, and Douglas G. Ivey. "Microstructure of Microalloyed Linepipe Steels." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-125.

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The aim of this study was to characterize the microstructure of microalloyed linepipe steels. The steels investigated were X70 (0.04 wt% C - 0.02 wt% Ti - 0.07 wt% Nb) and X80 (0.04 wt% C - 0.025 wt% Ti - 0.09 wt% Nb) steels, where the numbers refer to their specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) in ksi. This class of steels has the advantage of high strength and good toughness combined with minimal wall thickness (15.5 mm for X70 steel). These attributes result in considerable cost savings when installation of several hundreds of kilometers of pipeline is required for oil and natural gas recovery and transport. The present study focused on phase identification and quantification, distribution of alloying elements and inclusions and segregation effects. Both steels were primarily composed of a mixed ferrite structure, i.e., polygonal ferrite and acicular ferrite/bainite, with characteristic low angle grain boundaries and high dislocation densities. The proportion of acicular grains was higher for the X80 steel. Pockets of retained austenite, exhibiting a Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship (KS-OR) with the adjoining ferrite, were found in both steels. Five general classes of precipitates were identified in both steels: 1) Very large (2–10 μm) cuboidal TiN particles nucleated on inclusions; 2) large (0.1–1.0 μm) cuboidal TiN particles; 3) medium sized (30–50nm), irregular shaped Nb-Ti carbonitrides; 4) fine (<20nm), rounded precipitates of Nb carbonitrides with traces of Mo; 5) very fine dispersed precipitates (<5 nm in size). For X80 steels many of the large TiN precipitates were observed with Nb-rich carbonitrides precipitated epitaxially on them. Inclusion content and morphology were analyzed in both steels. The inclusions in X70 steels were found to be primarily CaS with significant amounts of Al, O, Ti, Fe and Mn. They were essentially spherical in shape with small elliptical distortions along the rolling direction and across the width of the plate. The morphology of the inclusions in the X80 steel was very similar, however, they showed higher Mn levels.
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9

Ishikawa, Nobuyuki, Mitsuo Kimura, Hitoshi Asahi, Mitsuru Sawamura, Tomohiko Omura, and Hirofumi Kishikawa. "Near Neutral pH SCC of Grade X80 Linepipe Steels Under Cyclic Loading." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64281.

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Susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Grade X80 linepipe steels, which were produced by recent TMCP (Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Processing) technique, controlled rolling (CR) followed by accelerated cooling process (ACC), in near neutral pH conditions was investigated, and cracking behavior was compared with conventional Grade X65 linepipe. Longitudinal strip specimens with small surface notches were cyclically loaded in the NS4 solution with cathodic polarization of −1000mV vs. SCE. No significant difference in susceptibility to SCC was found between Grades X80 and X65 linepipes, both produced by TMCP process, even under higher stress condition for X80 linepipe steel. Hydrogen permeation test reviled the strong effect of hydrogen for the cracking under the SCC test condition. Transgranular cracking and quasi-cleavage fracture were observed as an evidence of the effect of both corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement on near neutral pH SCC.
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10

Ishikawa, Nobuyuki, Shigeru Endo, Satoshi Igi, and Teruki Sadasue. "Application of Ductile Cracking Criterion to the Assessment of Girth Weld Integrity for High Strength Linepipe." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71484.

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Fracture behavior of high strength linepipes with weld defects is of great interest for the integrity of pipeline system. Especially, in the seismic or permafrost area, where large ground displacement can be expected, linepipe materials need to have sufficient resistance against brittle and ductile fracture under large deformation. Wide plate tensile test with surface flaw in the girth weld metal of X100 linepipe demonstrated that tensile limit is dominated by ductile crack initiation and its propagation. Conditions for ductile crack initiation for the base materials and girth weld joints of Grade X80 and X100 linepipes were investigated in this study. It was shown that ductile cracking occurs in the notch tip region of the wide plate specimen when notch tip equivalent plastic strain reaches the same critical value as determined by the small-scale tests. Therefore, “the equivalent plastic strain” in the critical regions can be used as a transferable parameter to predict ductile crack initiation behavior. Assessment methodology for tensile limit of high strength linepipe girth weld with respect to preventing ductile cracking was proposed. The effect of strength matching of girth weld and base metal Y/T ratio on limit remote strain as well as allowable defect size was investigated analytically. Increasing strength matching and lowering Y/T ratio of base material can lead to higher limit strain to ductile cracking of girth weld. These effects of material properties were validated by weld wide plate tensile tests. Therefore, careful selection of material properties should be important to improve resistance against ductile cracking of linepipe girth welds under large deformation field.
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Reports on the topic "Linepipe"

1

Lower, Mark D. Strain-Based Design Methodology of Large Diameter Grade X80 Linepipe. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1133475.

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