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Čespivová, Pavlína. "Změna hodnoty pozemků vyvolaná nově vznikajícími liniovými stavbami." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232578.
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This thesis aims at clarifying the relationship between the value of the plot and the optimization, modernization or construction of a new line structure, especially a large scale line structure such as a railway or a road. This thesis was written in order to determine more precisely the total amount for the purchase, rental, and setting-up of easements on the plots affected by the construction. Upon calculating the budget price all the factors affecting the value of the plot are not emphasized now. Thus, the aim is to match the budget price as closely as possible with the financial resources which were actually spent. In most cases these structures fall under the category of “structures in the public interest”, and so they comply with respective legal regulations. What is essential is the database of affected plots whose value changes depending on the change of their use, character, and attractiveness based on the respective legal regulations. The thesis attempts at obtaining as much information as possible on the behaviour of the plot owner and construction investor from a large database of affected plots, and to cover the development of the value affected by the construction both in positive and negative terms.
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Kelly, Harry James IV. "Site Lines: Building in Earth and Sky." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51254.
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At Jones Point in Alexandria, Virginia, it is easy to perceive the movements of the tides, the stars, and the sun, or to point to the markers and structures that dot the peninsula. However, the rules that govern the heavenly bodies and the intended purposes of the earthly constructions are not as readily discerned. Situated here, a marina and sailing school on the banks of the Potomac River finds order in the astronomical rhythm and man-made history of Jones Point, and they structure the significance of the site through building.
This project first aspired to re-imagine the ceiling and the floor as primary architectural elements. The floor and the ceiling became an analogy: The floor is the Earth, the ceiling is the sky. This building orders its site by unifying the diverse elements at Jones Point and allows one to find orientation in the terrestrial as well as the celestial.
It is by building that we put ourselves in relation to the world. We imbue materials and our constructions with significance. In Architecture, it is the construction of our ideals, desires, and wonder -- rendered in material -- that shelters us from the biting cold or the beating sun. We draw our stories in the sky and we build them on the earth.Master of Architecture
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Saneinejad, Abolghasem. "Non-linear analysis of infilled frames." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1801/.
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This thesis is concerned with the analysis of building frames acting compositely with infilling wall panels. The significance of the composite action is emphasized and previous work on infilled frames is reviewed. The existing methods of analysis are categorized and their analytical assumptions are highlighted. It is concluded that more accurate results may be obtained from the development of a non-linear finite element analysis. The finite element method is reviewed and new elements for representing beams, interfaces and loading are developed. Failure criteria for concrete under multiaxial stress and also failure criteria for masonry under uniaxial compression are developed. The non-linear elastoplastic behaviour of concrete is modelled using the concept of equivalent uniaxial strain and the model is extended for cracked materials. Elastoplastic models are also developed for ductile materials(steel) for secant and incremental changes of stresses and strains. These models and the newly developed elements are incorporated into the finite element analysis which is numerically implemented by a new computer program, NEPAL. A number of steel frames with concrete inf ills covering the practical range of beam, column and infill strengths and also wall panel aspect ratios, are analysed using this program. The finite element results are compared with the predictions of a range of existing methods of analysis and their limitations are discussed in detail. A new method of hand analysis is developed, based on a rational elastic and plastic analysis allowing for limited ductility of the infill and also limited deflection of the frame at the peak load. The new method is shown to be capable of providing the necessary information for design purposes with reasonable accuracy, taking into account the effects of strength and stiffness of the beams and columns, the aspect ratio for the infill, the semi-rigid joints and the condition of the frame-infill interfaces (co-efficient of friction and lack of fit). It is concluded that simple and economical design approaches can be established for frames with infilling walls.
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Aswegan, Kevin Paul. "Rational Procedure for Damage Based Serviceability Design of Steel Buildings Under Wind Loads and a Simple Linear Response History Procedure for Building Codes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51549.
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This thesis is divided into two topics: the development of a procedure for wind serviceability design of steel buildings and the development of a simple linear response history analysis for building codes.
In the United States the building codes are generally silent on the issue of serviceability. This has led to a wide variation in design practices related to service level wind loads. Chapter 2 of this thesis contains a literature review which discusses pertinent aspects of wind drift serviceability, including selecting the mean recurrence interval (MRI), mathematical modeling of the structure, and establishment of rational deformation limits. Chapter 3 contains a journal article submitted to Engineering Journal which describes the recommended procedure for damage based wind serviceability design of steel structures. The procedure uses a broad range of MRIs, bases damage measurement on shear strains, includes all sources of deformation in the model, and bases deformation limits on fragility curves.
Chapter 4 of this thesis contains a literature review which examines issues related to performing linear response history analysis. Chapter 5 contains a conference paper submitted to the Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering which serves as a position paper promoting the inclusion of a linear response history analysis procedure in future editions of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions and ASCE 7. The procedure address the following issues: selection and scaling of ground motions, the use of spectral matched ground motions, design for dependent actions, and the scaling of responses with the response modification coefficient (R) and the deflection amplification factor (Cd).Master of Science
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Castro, Izquierdo Esteban. "Optimal building heights around Bogotá's first subway line." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90091.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.27
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 33-34).
The necessity of a more efficient and clean mode of transportation, combined with the possibility to increase real estate supply in Bogotá, makes the first subway line a remarkable opportunity to redefine the city's future. In order to do so, it is fundamental to understand the potential market demand in the area. Historically, the market has not been taken into account when defining land use regulations, that is why incorporating market factors would definitely contribute to a more appropriate land use policy. The purpose of the present research is to develop a model to estimate optimal building heights that can help in calculating optimal market densities in the first subway line catchment area. Estimating potential densities would be useful not only to make better land use and regulation policy, but also to find real estate opportunities in the subway corridor.
by Esteban Castro Izquierdo.
M.C.P.
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Javed, Khalid. "Non linear seismic response of asymmetric buildings." Thesis, University of East London, 1999. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1260/.
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The study presented in this thesis is an attempt towards a better understanding of the coupled lateral-torsional response of buildings subject to seismic ground motion. Some of the problems identified in the past studies are thoroughly investigated and some new areas of study are explored. Some of these problems encountered in the literature include (a) the existence of several definitions of uncoupled torsional to lateral frequency ratio (b) an arbitrary selection of structural parameters in a parametric analysis resulting in a physically inadmissible structure and (c) the effect of nonlinearity. Because of the simplified models with either eccentricity in one direction or the ground motion applied in only one direction, the effects of a bi-directional loading have not been investigated in detail. These effects may include the relative differences in the amplitude or phase components of the individual accelerograms and their orientation with respect to the building. The phase properties of accelerograms are of particular interest and these have not received much attention in the past. Using analytical methods such as Chasle's[16] and Gerschgorin's[39] theorems, the equation of motion of a bi-eccentric system is derived and all of the existing problems regarding the definition of structural parameters and their bounds are studied in depth. To facilitate nonlinear parametric study, a paraboloid non-linear elastic stiffness model is proposed. Fourier spectral methods are used to study the frequency domain characteristics of the accelerogram pair. The difference in phase and amplitude of the component frequencies in each direction are studied for their effects on the response. For phase difference, cross-correlation function is used as a comparative statistical indicator. USA earthquake records obtained from US National Geophysical Data Centre are grouped into four soil types and the analysis is performed for each group in order to explore the soil-dependency of the aforementioned effects on the response. Computer programs are written in FORTRAN for both parametric and numerical model analyses. The latter can handle any number and orientation of columns with the assumed nonlinear stiffness properties. Newmark's and Runge-Kutta methods of numerical integration with adaptive step size control have been used to calculate parametric and the hysteretic responses of the system. The response to harmonic ground acceleration is used as a preliminary investigation into the response to actual accelerogram frequency components. The study has developed relationships for different definitions of the uncoupled torsional to lateral frequency ratio. Detailed derivation of the Equation of Motion has clarified the confusion that produced different definitions in the past studies. Graphical descriptions of the admissibility bounds on system parameters are produced. The variation in the response quantities is studied for a range of amplitude and phase contents of the applied ground acceleration. The difference in phase and amplitude in x and y ground accelerations have been found to affect the response quite significantly. More generally, the relationship of these differences to the torsional mode amplification has been observed. The effects of structural frequency and eccentricity parameters are also studied. Graphs showing the relationship between, the angle of incidence of the accelerogram with respect to the principal axis of the building, and the phase difference in the accelerogram pair, have been produced. The proposed analysis involving the bi-directional ground acceleration on a bi-eccentric system is an improvement on the current methods employed in design practice. Further work is, however, required before simplified design recommendations can be made and some proposals for future research are given at the end of this thesis.
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Hirst, Edward A. J. "Characterisation of hemp-line as a composite building material." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636516.
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Hemp-lime is a comparatively novel renewable insulation material in the construction industry. Its use was first documented in the 1980’s, however, recent increased interest and the release of popular publications has resulted in an increased need for scientific investigation into the material. The research conducted in this investigation firstly focussed on furthering the empirical characterisation of hemp-lime and its constituents with particular attention paid to minimising fabrication variables and increasing the accuracy of final specimen bulk densities. Secondly attempts were made to quantify the degree of carbon sequestration that occurs as a result of the carbonation of the lime binder. A total of 196 specimens were fabricated for the main programme of work. It has been demonstrated that the novel fabrication methodology developed and tested in this investigation allows for reliable and consistent fabrication of specimens with almost identical final bulk densities. An average intrinsic empirical variability of 0.8% was determined for hemp-lime composites. It has been shown that the values of CO2 sequestration varied between 151- 192kg/m3 for the current formulated binders and composite bulk densities being used or considered in the UK construction industry. This resulted in a minimum 100% increase above the lowest estimated sequestration value from previous investigations. Preliminary carbonation constant values for hemp-lime have been determined, however, further testing is required to establish definite values based on a wider sample of testing.
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Hessner, Victor. "Design for Spolia : Reusable structures in a linear building sector." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171707.
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Norgren, Karin. "Evaluation of Robust Model Building Tools to Improve the Efficiency of Non-linear Mixed Effect Model Building Workflows." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaci, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451801.
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Population PK models aim to describe the change in drug concentration over time for a specific population. The populations in population PK modelling often refer to subjects in a clinical trial of a potential drug candidate. Population PK models are frequently described by non-linear mixed effect (NLME) models, that including both random and fixed effect components. The fixed effect components 𝜽 (THETA) portray typical parameter values in the population while the random effects components 𝜼 (ETA) allow for the incorporation of inter-individual variability (IIV) on the typical population value. The IIVs are therefore an important element of NLME models, but the estimation of the IIVs can be time consuming and become a limiting factor for more complex models. Linear approximation of the IIV’s has been suggested as a way to reduce the estimation time whilst maintaining robustness. The aim of this project was to evaluate and compare the estimation time and robustness of the IIVs for the linear approximation of parameter estimation errors in NLME models compared to those estimated in non-linear models. Population PK NLME models were developed for two datasets of phenobarbital and moxonidine. The datasets contained different levels of complexity such as number of subjects, datapoints and route of administration. The models were developed within R-studio using the assembler and Pharmpy packages and evaluated in NONMEM 7.5. Based on the objective function values (OFVs), obtained in the model building processes, selected models were linearised using Pearl speaks NONMEM (PsN). The estimated 𝜀′𝑠 and run-time of the linearised models were compared to their non-linearized counterparts. For all the models a reduction in run-time could be observed but with a slight variation in the estimations between the linearised and non-linearised models. The biggest run time reduction was seen in the oral transit compartment models for moxonidine with a 3100-fold reduction in estimation time. The estimation time reduction displayed could more quickly provide valuable information regarding the chosen error models of more complex models and while parameters estimated may not be identical to the non-linearised models, they should be sufficient during the model building phase.
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Wood, Robert S. "At the regulatory front lines : building inspectors and new public management /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10791.
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Dimmock, Paul Simon. "Tunnelling-induced ground and building movement on the Jubilee Line extension." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272090.
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Doban, Nicolae. "Building predictive models for dynamic line rating using data science techniques." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187812.
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The traditional power systems are statically rated and sometimes renewable energy sources (RES) are curtailed in order not to exceed this static rating. The RES are curtailed because of their intermittent character and therefore, it is difficult to predict their output at specific time periods throughout the day. Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) technology can overcome this constraint by leveraging the available weather data and technical parameters of the transmission line. The main goal of the thesis is to present prediction models of Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) capacity on two days ahead and on one day ahead. The models are evaluated based on their error rate profiles. DLR provides the capability to up-rate the line(s) according to the environmental conditions and has always a much higher profile than the static rating. By implementing DLR a power utility can increase the efficiency of the power system, decrease RES curtailment and optimize their integration within the grid. DLR is mainly dependent on the weather parameters and specifically, in large wind speeds and low ambient temperature, the DLR can register the highest profile. Additionally, this is especially profitable for the wind energy producers that can both, produce more (until pitch control) and transmit more in high wind speeds periods with the same given line(s), thus increasing the energy efficiency. The DLR was calculated by employing modern Data Science and Machine Learning tools and techniques and leveraged historical weather and transmission line data provided by SMHI and Vattenfall respectively. An initial phase of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) was developed to understand data patterns and relationships between different variables, as well as to determine the most predictive variables for DLR. All the predictive models and data processing routines were built in open source R and are available on GitHub. There were three types of models built: for historical data, for one day-ahead and for two days-ahead time-horizons. The models built for both time-horizons registered a low error rate profile of 9% (for day-ahead) and 11% (for two days-ahead). As expected, the predictive models built on historical data were more accurate with an error as low as 2%-3%. In conclusion, the implemented models met the requirements set by Vattenfall of maximum error of 20% and they can be applied in the control room for that specific line. Moreover, predictive models can also be built for other lines if the required data is available. Therefore, this Master Thesis project’s findings and outcomes can be reproduced in other power lines and geographic locations in order to achieve a more efficient power system and an increased share of RES in the energy mix
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Speer, Ross Arthur. "Reusing the Orange Line : explorations of building associatively within an urban grid." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78959.
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Thesis (M. Arch)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1987.Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-181).
City grid organizations are a contextual reality. Given a dominant, all encompassing urban grid context, such as the South End area of Boston, Massachusetts and the opportunity for a small single-block sized intervention within, how does one deal with it? To what extent can the built environment, while ordering our existence, also allow association with the diversity of forms, uses, and activities around it? Furthermore, can understanding and transferring some of the underlying principles which govern the additive development of small, older, more associative urban centers, begin to provide clues which can aid us in creating richer and more associative urban environments? An alternative to methods of uniform alignment of building elements is sought. Greater multiplicity within the urban framework is desired though there are few natural landscape elements to guide the process. This thesis explores building more associatively relative to an urban grid. It attempts first to begin to understand the given site using five attributes of associative behavior: dimension, direction, registration, reciprocity and exchange. It then proposes an architectural solution which is a dynamic transformation of surrounding spatial, structural, formal, and use organizations into an organization of greater flexibility and association. The site concentrated upon in this work includes a 200 foot long vacant block area along Washington Street southeast of the comer of Massachusetts A venue, and portions of Washington Street and other streets adjacent to this vacant area. The area was initially built up around 1850. Surviving buildings are composed primarily of masonry partywall buildings. The site is a unique one, however, because of the existence of the Orange Line, a soon to be dismantled elevated rail system. Because of its mass, continuity, and noise, the Orange Line has been a barrier to the development of Washington Street and a major contributor to the decay of the area. Dismantled and introduced as an additional constituent system in a transformation process however, it now has an opportunity to contribute positively to the life of the area. Simultaneously, the Orange Line's relationship to Washington Street provides precedent for building associatively above the street zone, beyond the political limits of lotlines and city blocks.
Ross Arthur Speer.
M.Arch
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Andic, Esen. "Building a Triple-Bottom-Line Based Sustainability Performance Measurement Framework: Three Essays." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468876018.
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Liu, Fang. "Building sparse linear solver component for large scale scientific simulation and multiphysics coupling." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3378368.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Computer Science, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 9, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-10, Section: B, page: 6348. Adviser: Randall Bramley.
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Prince, Daniel Paul. "Automatic Building Change Detection Through Linear Feature Fusion and Difference of Gaussian Classification." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1480418487590701.
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Hewett, Darren Ryan. "A Fast Non-Linear, Finite Element Solver for Earthquake Response of Buildings." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5196.
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Design of buildings in earthquake regions requires that the building is made to withstand certain large earthquake magnitudes with a degree of permanent, but energy absorbing, damage. To accurately determine the behaviour of the building while damage occurs, a nonlinear analysis must be used as these effects are non-linear. These computations are often very slow as the building’s response must be calculated many times a second.
This thesis seeks to find a faster alternative to the Newmark-β and similar numerical
integration schemes commonly used in non-linear seismic structural analysis. Faster computation would enable rapid simulation thus speeding up the design process. It would also allow large Monte Carlo analyses to be done to improve research analysis and allow designers to better account for variability in materials, construction, soil site and other factors that can significantly affect response.
For the purposes of this investigation simple two node finite elements were used. The nonlinear component consists of the well-accepted Ramberg-Osgood hysteresis model. The alternative approach used in this thesis is to solve non-linear first order differential equations using a Runge-Kutta based solution. This approach, with added new computational methods, should be more efficient than directly solving the second order equation of motion with Newmark-β.
Different test cases were run to establish performance differences in a variety of potential user cases. These cases involved testing different models against both real earthquake data and synthetic input accelerations. In all test cases, the Newmark-β solution yielded the same results as the new solution, as long as a small enough time step was used. When a small time step was used and the results agreed, the new solution was much faster than the Newmark-β solution.
In particular, the new numerical solution approach was significantly faster than Newmark-β when the accuracy demanded was 1% or less. As the tolerance was tightened the advantage of the new solution increased exponentially. From this project a set of MATLAB scripts has been created that will reproduce the results given and can also be used to analyse other building models. The overall approach used is also entirely generalisable.
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Ramli, Nabilah Binti. "Analytical modelling of sound transmission in a lined duct." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/361186/.
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The focus of this thesis is on the prediction of sound attenuation through a lined duct, based on a mathematical model. Ducts with a single section as well as multi-segmented sections are discussed. The duct of interest has a rectangular cross-section as normally used for ventilation purposes. The mean flow in a ventilation duct is very low and can be neglected. In this thesis, two-dimensional analytical models are developed for sound transmission in a series of different duct configurations. Two models of the lining behaviour are considered, either locally-reacting or bulk-reacting. The models are used first to obtain the transverse and axial wavenumbers of various modes of the duct. The required finite numbers of wavenumbers are tracked using Müller’s method. The wavenumbers are traced from a very low frequency to high frequency using small frequency steps. It is found that, for a duct with a bulk-reacting lining, the number of modes with a transverse wavenumber below a particular value may exceed the corresponding number of modes in a duct with a locally-reacting lining. These additional modes are termed lining modes. The number of lining modes depends on the lining thickness. Dispersion curves are presented for both types of lining. The transmission of sound through the duct is then calculated using the mode-matching technique. The mode-matching model allows analysis of multi-modal wave propagation in the duct. The model is first developed for an infinitely long rigid duct with a finite length of lined insert. The estimation from the locally reacting model, that is widely available in the literature, is compared with the estimation from the newly developed bulk-reacting model. Although the locally reacting model often overestimates the performance of a bulk-reacting lining it is found that this is not always the case, especially for a small lining thickness and at lower frequencies where the locally reacting model may under-estimate the performance. The analytical model is then extended to a multi-segmented lining where the lined section is uniformly segmented with rigid walled sections in a periodic manner. For a bulk-reacting lining, the segmented arrangement renders the lining more similar to the behaviour of a duct with a locally-reacting lining and improves the peak attenuation. Little improvement is found in the case of a multi-segmented locally-reacting lining. The effect of duct height, lining thickness and lining flow resistivity on sound attenuation is studied using the analytical model. Experiments are presented which validate the analytical model.
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Telander, Andreas, and Jessica Fahlgren. "Building a new production line : Problems, pitfalls and how to gain social sustainability." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-11370.
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This thesis has been performed in collaboration with Volvo Cars Engine in Skövde, Sweden and Zhangjia-kou, China in order to receive a bachelor degree in automation engineering from the University of Skövde. The project focuses on analyzing the capacity of a future production line by using discrete event simulation. The production line is built in two different discrete event simulation software, FACTS analyzer and Plant Simulation. The focus of the study will be to compare the output results from the two software in order to give recommendations for which software to use in similar cases. This is done in order for Volvo Cars Corporation to have as a basis for further work in similar cases. The aim of the work is to verify the planned capacity of the new production line and to perform a leadership study with Chinese engineers in order to find out how they view the Swedish leadership and how this can be adapted to China and the Chinese culture and give recommendations for future work. The results of the capacity analysis show that the goals of parts produced can be reached for both planned capacities but also that there are potential constraints that have been identified in the system. The results of the leadership study also show that the overall approach should be slightly adapted to be better suited for the Chinese culture. The comparison of the two simulation software suggests that FACTS Analyzer is suit-able to use when less complex logic or systems are represented, however when building more complex models consisting of more complex logic Plant Simulation is more suitable.
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Emmott, Catherine. "Reading between the lines : building a Comprehensive model of participant reference in real narrative." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508104.
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This thesis looks at the mental stores created in reading real, full, narratives. It concentrates on how we utilise these stores when interpreting pronouns and other reference items. Initially we work within a traditional anaphoric framework, seeing how far this can account for how a reader establishes a link between pronoun and antecedent in real text. Character constructs, equivalent to Brown and Yule's mental representations, are later built into the model and the role of the antecedent is reconsidered. It is then argued that to understand reference in narrative we need to consider how narrative is structured. This leads us to postulate the frame, a contextual construct which monitors which characters are together in which place at what time. Contextual information is rarely specified fully in any one sentence but an awareness of it is essential for an understanding of the action. We consider how we may modify frames, switch from one frame to another and reactivate earlier frames. The frame is first used to explain examples where there is no antecedent in the near environment of a pronoun. It is then built into a model of reference which is anticipatory rather than anaphoric. The frame also leads us to consider the nature of character constructs and to postulate narrative enactors. Finally we draw a distinction between framed text and unframed text, arguing that this distinction is necessary to understand how a reader interprets reference items in real narrative examples.
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Zou, Rucong, and Hong Sun. "Building Extraction in 2D Imagery Using Hough Transform." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17597.
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The purpose of this paper is to find out whether Hough transform if it is helpful to building extraction or not. This paper is written with the intention to come up with a building extraction algorithm that captures building areas in images as accurately as possible and eliminates background interference information, allowing the extracted contour area to be slightly larger than the building area itself. The core algorithm in this paper is based on the linear feature of the building edge and it removes interference information from the background. Through the test with ZuBuD database in Matlab, we can detect images successfully. So according to this study, the Hough transform works for extracting building in 2D images.
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Florez, Laura. "Measuring sustainability perceptions of construction materials." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34845.
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As more owners seek to develop sustainable buildings, the construction industry is adapting to new requirements in order to meet owner's concerns. Material selection has been identified as an area where designers and contractors can have a significant impact on the sustainable performance of a building. Objective factors such as design considerations and cost constraints can play a role in the selection of materials. However, there may be subjective factors that could also impact the selection of materials. Building upon the potential impact of sustainability perceptions in an optimization model that can be used to help decision makers to select materials, this study defines and tests an instrument to identify and measure such perceptions. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a conceptual instrument that measures the user-based assessment of product sustainability and validates decision-maker's perceptions in order to evaluate the contribution of subjective characteristics in materials selection. A survey of design and construction students and practitioners is carried out to capture the subjective factors included in the instrument. A Factor Analysis approach is used to refine and validate the measurement instrument and predict decision-makers' sustainability appraisal due to the factors considered.
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Mahayuddin, Zainal Rasyid. "Rapid assembly lines model building based on template approach and classification of problems using the cladistics technique." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7168.
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Competition in the global economic scenario has led to the use of simulation in many areas such as manufacturing, health systems, military systems and transportation. With the importance of simulation in supporting decision making and operations, model building has been recognised as one of the crucial steps in simulation studies. However, model building is not as easy as it may seem. It can be time-consuming and expensive, and requires special training, skills and experience. This research, therefore, aims to investigate a new method to rapidly build a simulation model based on the classification of problems in assembly lines using a cladistics technique and template approach. Three objectives were established in order to achieve the aim and a four-stage research programme was developed according to these objectives. The first stage starts by developing a thorough understanding of and collecting typical problems in assembly lines. The next stage formulates the classification of problems and the main deliverable is a cladogram, a tree structure that can be used to represent the evolution of problems and their characteristics. The third stage focuses on the development of a proof-of-concept prototype based on an established classification and template approach. The prototype helps users to develop a model by providing the physical elements and specific elements required for the performance measures analysis. The prototype is then tested and validated in the final stage. The results show that the prototype developed can help to rapidly build a simulation model and reduce model development time.
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Cooke, Alan. "X-Tools: A Case Study in Building World Class Software." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605982.
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ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CaliforniaX-Tools is a collection of utilities for validation, translation, editing and report generation designed to enable the Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) community to quickly adopt the XidML 3.0 meta-data standard. This paper discusses the challenges of developing such software that meets the current and future needs of the FTI community, and meets the increasingly high quality standards expected of modern software. The paper first starts by discussing the needs of the FTI community and the specific functional requirements of software. These include the ability to fit in with legacy systems, the ability to handle many tens of thousands of parameters, support for new networked-based technologies and support for hardware from any vendor. The non-functional requirements of FTI orientated software are also described and it is suggested that the key non-functional requirements include testability, modifiability, extensibility and maintainability. Finally, as a case study, the X-Tools from ACRA CONTROL are presented. The paper discusses their design, and the tactics used to meet the functional and non-functional requirements of the FTI industry. The paper then outlines how the rigorous quality standards were met and describes the specific mechanisms used to verify the quality of the software.
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James, Timothy P. (Timothy Philip). "Applicability of linear analysis in probabilistic estimation of seismic building damage to reinforced-concrete structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73789.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 45).
As design has moved from strength based to performance based, there has been an effort to relate building response to damage. Because decision-makers typically consider human lives, property damage and cost, setting performance requirements in terms of the damage that a building is likely to sustain over time and its associated cost is more relevant to them. The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) has developed a computationally expensive methodology for estimating cumulative damage to a structure over its lifetime. This thesis shows that linear analysis produces results within an acceptable margin of error when substituted for excessively accurate non-linear, resulting in significant time savings.
by Timothy P. James.
M.Eng.
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Gallucci, Antonio. "Building a safety case for a small sized product line of Fuel Level Display Systems." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-22373.
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ISO 26262 is an international standard valid for the automotive domain. It regulates all the activities to perform for developing safety critical systems in such domain. To be compliant with ISO 26262, all the required activities have to be performed and all the required work products have to be provided. Furthermore, in addition to develop a system in a safe way, following the safety standard guidelines, the achieved safety has also to be demonstrated. This is done through a safety case, a structured argument showing that a system is acceptably safe. ISO 26262 focuses on single systems and does not contain guidelines for product lines. Product line engineering is a valid approach to systematize reuse, aimed at reducing the effort needed to develop similar systems. But, it loses its strength when dealing with safety critical systems, since it is not aligned with safety standards. Hence, when developing a safety critical product line in the automotive domain, the work products required by ISO 26262 have to be provided every time from scratch, including the safety case, for each single system of the product line. This thesis work focuses on providing an approach for building and modeling a safety case for safety critical product lines in the automotive domain. Furthermore, the considered product line engineering approach is aligned with ISO 26262, through the inclusion of safety activities in the product line development process. Giving in this way, the concrete possibility to overtake to the current limitations, reducing the effort needed to develop and certificate each single system of a safety critical product line. To illustrate the validity of the proposed approach a safety critical product line developed by Scania is used as case study.
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Ibrahim, Ahmed M. M. "Linear and nonlinear flexural stiffness models for concrete walls in high-rise buildings." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0015/NQ56563.pdf.
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Parmar, Surinder Singh. "2-D non-linear seismic analysis of one-storey eccentric precast concrete buildings." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26728.
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Investigations into the behaviour of precast buildings under earthquake loading have shown that the connections are likely to be the weakest link in a pre-cast structure, and the stability of the structure under earthquake loading depends upon the strength & stability of these connections. A 2-dimensional non-linear dynamic analysis of a one storey box-type pre-cast buildings is presented. The shear walls in the buildings are modelled by linear springs, the properties of which depend upon the connections connecting the rigid panels of the shear walls.
To check the effectiveness of the NBCC code design, computer studies have been made on a box-type building statically designed for different eccentricities. The strength of the shear walls was calculated assuming that each panel was a cantilever fixed at the base with dowel bars providing the flexural steel. To make the building survive a major earthquake, we need dowel connections that can take 5mm to 6mm elongation which can be easily accommodated. Studies have also shown that under the action of an earthquake, the response of a highly unsymmetrical building will not be very different from that of a symmetric building as long as the building is properly designed using the NBCC code provisions for earthquake loading. It has also been shown that the NBCC code design eccentricity equation is somewhat conservative in calculating the design eccentricity and that a small change in the stiffness of walls perpendicular to the direction of earthquake has little effect on the response of the structures.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Suh, Min Jae. "The Spillover Effect of Proximity to LEED-Energy Star Certified Office Buildings On Neighborhood Market Value." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73339.
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The construction industry's two main certifications are Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Energy Star. To achieve the triple bottom line of sustainability for these certifications, both certifications should make a positive impact individually as well as mutually, with their impact extending to the surrounding neighborhood. This research examined the spillover effect of LEED and/or Energy Star certified office buildings on the property values of other buildings in their neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City from an economic standpoint. The spatial analysis approach using the Geographic Information System and the statistical analysis approach based on the Hedonic Price Model and the Linear Mixed Effect Model were applied to identify the geographical distribution of LEED and/or Energy Star certified office buildings and their other buildings in their neighborhoods and analyze the impact of the former on the latter. The results were as follows: 1) There was a significant correlation between a LEED and/or Energy Star certified office building and the unit market values of its adjoining buildings through the unit market values of the certified office building, the LEED and/or Energy Star certification achievement, and the major features of LEED certification; 2) There was a varying spillover effect of the certified office building on the median unit market value of buildings depending on their proximities to a LEED and/or Energy Star certified office building. This research provides a firm foundation for further efforts to quantify the spillover effect of LEED and/or Energy Star certification on a neighborhood from an economic standpoint, thus supporting and encouraging growth in the local real estate market and benefitting not only the owners, developers, and investors of the certified office building but also the owners of neighboring buildings.Ph. D.
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Cutter, David C. "Building Line Officers into Financial Managers : an analysis of the process and reccommendations for improvement /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FCutter.pdf.
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Cutter, David C. "Building line officers into financial managers: an analysis of the process and recommendations for improvement." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1171.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedWith a FY 2004 budget of $1 14 billion, there is no question that the Department of the Navy is involved in big business. If compared to the sales revenues of the Fortune 500, the Navy would rank sixth. After having weathered a prolonged drawdown through the 1990's, Naval leadership must recapitalize its aging legacy systems. The plan to accomplish this task is the Sea Enterprise component of the Navy's Sea Power 21 strategy. In order to reach these goals, the Chief of Naval Operations needs a cadre of business-savvy line officers who can properly allocate scarce resources. The core of this group is comprised of line officers who hold the Financial Management (FM) subspecialty designator. This thesis applies a managerial control system approach to the process of filling Financial Management billets with properly qualified FM line officers. Complex and multifaceted, the process contains three distinct components: promotion, assignment and education. After examining levers of control that can be accessed by the FM community manager, this thesis identifies system weaknesses. Recommendations to solve the weaknesses include improved control and tailored incentives. The combination of control and incentives could improve the qualification rate of the Navy's FM officer positions and, ultimately, allow the Navy to meet its Sea Enterprise goals.
Commander, United States Navy
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Taylor, Graham Robert. "Building response to tunnelling-induced ground subsidence : some case histories from the Jubilee Line extension." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11499.
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Jäger, Michael. "Beyond Classical Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes : Photosensitizers as Building Blocks For Linear Donor-Photosensitizer-Acceptor Assemblies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fotokemi och molekylärvetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9555.
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This thesis describes ruthenium(II) polypyridyl-type complexes tailored for artificial photosynthesis. Inspired by Nature, the primary events in photosystem II are mimicked by donor-photosensitizer-acceptor (D-P-A) assemblies. The photosensitizer plays a key role in such processes, and the combination of structural and photophysical properties is essential to control the electron transfer steps. In the first part, the general requirements for photosensitizers are discussed. The second part deals with [Ru(bpy)3]2+-benzoquinone (Q) dyads (bpy is 2,2´-bipyridine) based on an asymmetric 5,5´-bisamide substituted bpy. Rapid electron-transfer from the excited state is observed to generate the RuIII-Q- charge separated states but preliminary results show no effect of the directionality of the amide link. In the main part, a strategy to overcome the photophysical limitations of RuII bistridentate complexes (e.g. [Ru(tpy)2]2+, tpy is 2,2´:6´,2´´-terpyridine) is explored. The prototypical [Ru(dqp)2]2+ complex (dqp is 2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine) is synthesized which displays a 3000 ns excited state lifetime at room temperature, reversible redox chemistry and high photostability. The synthesis of 4-substituted dqp is achieved via SUZUKI coupling using 8-quinoline boronic acid or ring-formation of the central pyridine. A markedly rich Ru coordination chemistry was observed, e.g. facial and meridional isomers of [Ru(dqp)2]2+. Using a chloride-free [Ru(dqp-R)(MeCN)3]2+ intermediate allows the synthesis of heteroleptic meridional [Ru(dqp-R)(dqp-R’)]2+ (R,R’ = -H, -CO2Et, -NH2, -OMe, -Br, -PhBr, …) in high yields. The meridional complexes show long-lived luminescence (450 - 5500 ns) and reversible redox chemistry. The photochemical reactivity has been investigated in typical electron-transfer reactions, e.g. in a supramolecular P-A dyad and in a multimolecular approach using biomimetic components (Mn and Fe complexes). The dqp ligand is further used to synthesize FeII, RhIII, cyclometallating RuII complexes and an aza-analogue of [Ru(dqp)2]2+ and is discussed in the final part. These complexes were prepared with the aim to further tune the redox properties while maintaining good photophysical properties.
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Matoti, Lundi. "Building a statistical linear factor model and a global minimum variance portfolio using estimated covariance matrices." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4909.
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Maio, Rui André Simões Dias. "Seismic vulnerability assessment of old building aggregates." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12839.
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Mestrado em Engenharia CivilThe present dissertation approaches the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of old stone masonry building aggregates. With this topic it is presented a review on the most recent methods and tools used for the seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings, focusing the research developed both in Italy and Portugal. Moreover, a case study of an old stone masonry building aggregate was assessed, which is located in San Pio delle Camere (Abruzzo, Italy), slightly a ected by the 6th April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. This building aggregate was modelled using the STA DATA software 3muri®. On one hand, static non-linear numerical analysis was performed to obtain capacity curves and a prediction of the damage distribution in the structure, caused by the input seismic action (hybrid method), on the other hand indirect methods were used, based on di erent vulnerability index formulations.
A presente dissertação insere-se no estudo da avaliação da vulnerabilidade sísmica de agregados de edifícios antigos de alvenaria de pedra. É feita uma revisão geral da literatura sobre os mais recentes estudos e ferramentas para a avaliação da vulnerabilidade sísmica de agregados de edifícios de alvenaria de pedra, enfatizando o trabalho de investigação desenvolvido em Itália e em Portugal nesta temática. É avaliada a vulnerabilidade sísmica de um caso de estudo de um agregado de edifícios, localizado em San Pio delle Camere (na região de Abruzzo, em Itália), afectado pelo sismo de L'Aquila e modelado com o recurso ao programa da STA DATA 3muri®. Numa primeira fase, a avaliação da vulnerabilidade sísmica do agregado foi conseguida através de uma metodologia híbrida, que estima as curvas de fragilidade com base nos deslocamentos espectrais resultantes de análises estáticas não-lineares. Posteriormente foram aplicados métodos indirectos, baseados na estimativa de um índice de vulnerabilidade, para diferentes formulações correntes.
La presente tesi di laurea magistrale si propone di contribuire allo sviluppo dello studio sulla valutazione della vulnerabilità sismica degli aggregati di edi ci in muratura di pietra. È stata fatta una ricerca e una revisione sui più recenti metodi e strumenti utilizzati per la valutazione della vulnerabilità sismica di edi ci in muratura, con particolare attenzione per la ricerca sviluppata in Italia e in Portogallo. È stato presentato il modello equivalente di un caso di studio che ha coinvolto un edi cio aggregato situato a San Pio delle Camere (Abruzzo, Italia) paese colpito dal terremoto de l'Aquila nell'aprile del 2009. Per la redazione del modello è stato utilizzato il software di STA DATA 3muri®, dove sono stati discussi l'in uenza di alcuni parametri sulla costruzione del comportamento globale e delle corrispondenti pushover curve. Sono stati anche discussi i risultati ottenuti per le curve di fragilità e le distribuzioni di danni dovuti all' azione sismica considerata. In una seconda fase sono stati applicati e discusse metodologie sempli cate basate nella valutazione dell'indice di vulnerabilità. In ne è stato fatto il confronto tra metodologie per ulteriori sviluppi della ricerca.
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Hsia, Wei-Kung 1958. "DOUBLE ANGLE CONNECTION MOMENTS (RICHARD EQUATION, PRYING FORCE, BEAM-LINE THEORY, MOMENT ROTATION CURVE)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291892.
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Islam, A. K. M. Zahidul. "Linear multimedia for form and geometry analysis : a case study of Louis I. Kahn's National Assembly Building /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422933.
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Guerrero, Lázaro Miguel Ángel. "Modelling building construction speed by using linear regression analysis, artificial neural networks and n-dimensional finite elements." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/66350.
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The estimation of the time required to construct building projects has been a topic of great interest to many researchers and practitioners. Delays are a common problem in the construction industry and may be motivated by different factors. In this context, prediction of the construction time of building projects at early project phases has been considered a key element for project success. Initially, the construction time of a building is affected by several factors related to project features, although some factors are more crucial than others. Based on these factors, for the purpose of providing proper tools to estimate construction time and minimise the subjectivity in such estimation, to date, most research works have presented parametric models which were built using linear regression analysis (LRA). Nevertheless, there is an increasing trend for using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to develop better predictive models. In order to produce the best possible predictive models and provide a clearer explanation regarding the relationships that exist between different project scope factors and the construction time of new builds, the research work presented in this thesis used two data sets and three different modelling techniques: LRA, ANNs and a new numerical methodology based on the finite element method (FEM). In particular, this thesis addressed the general assumption that nonlinear modelling techniques are likely to better represent the previously mentioned relationships than LRA. According to available data, predictor variables related to construction costs, gross floor area (GFA), number of floors, and the type of facility were selected to analyse their influence on the duration of the construction process. Additionally, and since that there is no general agreement in the literature regarding which is the most appropriate dependent variable for predicting construction time, both time and speed of construction were analysed to determine which of these offer better predictive models. In this regard, construction speed can be used as a useful and robust benchmark for comparison of contractor performance. In the case of ANNs, two different types of network architectures were tested: the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and the radial basis function (RFB). The modelling process of MLP networks was divided into five stages: (i) selection of the training methodology, (ii) data division, (iii) design of the initial network structure, (iv) network optimisation, and (v) validation of the optimised models. MLP networks were used in conjunction with two different training algorithms and five options for calibration data division. In addition, a methodology was defined to obtain optimised MLP networks with an adequate predictive performance. This methodology develops a stepwise trial and error procedure in which a basic MLP network structure, with enough consistency, is first established and subsequently this initial structure is modified at each step of the proposed optimisation process in order to achieve the best possible network configuration. This thesis also proposes a framework to evaluate the performance of predictive models which includes five different assessment criteria: (i) verification of compliance with the underlying assumptions regarding the statistical procedure used to obtain the models, (ii) checking the goodness of fit of the models to the data set used for generating them, (iii) validation of models in terms of ability to generalise, (iv) assessment of the balance existing between the ability of a model to generalise and the accuracy obtained with the calibration data, and (v) development of a sensitivity analysis to verify model stability. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was also proposed to evaluate the impact of the construction cost variability, caused by the uncertainty in its estimation, on the performance of predictive models. The results obtained with this thesis showed that construction speed is a more appropriate dependent variable than construction time to develop predictive models to estimate the construction process duration of building projects, and that such construction speed is affected more by GFA than by construction cost. Furthermore, the FEM-based numerical methodology provided better predictive models than those generated by MLP networks and LRA. In this regard, the findings of this research work support the idea that linear regression models can provide a good starting point from which to search for better predictive models using nonlinear modelling techniques. The knowledge gained from this thesis will allow for new approaches to be explored in order to better determine the relationships existing between project scope factors and the construction speed of new builds, but always taking into account that the results provided by the models proposed herein are only initial construction speed estimates at early stages of project development, when only basic information is available, and are not intended to replace detailed schedules undertaken by builders.
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Powell, James Eckhardt. "Building a Multivariable Linear Regression Model of On-road Traffic for Creation of High Resolution Emission Inventories." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3415.
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Emissions inventories are an important tool, often built by governments, and used to manage emissions. To build an inventory of urban CO2 emissions and other fossil fuel combustion products in the urban atmosphere, an inventory of on-road traffic is required. In particular, a high resolution inventory is necessary to capture the local characteristics of transport emissions. These emissions vary widely due to the local nature of the fleet, fuel, and roads.
Here we show a new model of ADT for the Portland, OR metropolitan region. The backbone is traffic counter recordings made by the Portland Bureau of Transportation at 7,767 sites over 21 years (1986-2006), augmented with PORTAL (The Portland Regional Transportation Archive Listing) freeway traffic count data. We constructed a regression model to fill in traffic network gaps using GIS data such as road class and population density. An EPA-supplied emissions factor was used to estimate transportation CO2 emissions, which is compared to several other estimates for the city's CO2 footprint.
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Bell, Kathleen Ellen. "Building a collaborative safety culture in a learning environment, Educate, equip, empower - lives on the line." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0016/MQ54547.pdf.
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Bohris, Alexander J. "Broad line NMR imaging : applications to porous building materials and new developments in stray field imaging." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298044.
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Ofluoglu, Salih. "Presenting interactive product information on the World Wide Web : the case of on-line building products." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23143.
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In spite of the increasing use of the Web as a product information source, there is not much research on how architects and other building professionals use this source, which problems they encounter, what changes they would like to see, what opportunities and challenges this emerging media holds. As yet, there has not been much research examining these issues. This study tackles these issues. It contributes to a greater understanding of the relationship between design and information, particularly electronic information. The first phase of the research involves conducting a web-based survey among mainly architectural practitioners. The primary objectives of the survey are to collect information as to how architects are using web-based building product information, and to explore the strengths and weaknesses of existing building product Web sites. The second phase of the research is to develop a prototype utilising the data collected from the survey. The prototype called Interactive product Selector (IPS) is a highly interactive Web-based environment developed using the combination of CGI/Perl, Java, JavaScript and VRML technologies. The IPS acts like a decision support system offering an intuitive user interface, visual product support, the ability to self-navigate products in three-dimensions, the means to make comparisons between different building products. The third phase is the user testing of the IPS. The system was presented to three architectural practitioners to obtain feedback. The significance of this phase was that it helped identify possible uses for the IPS and raised new issues with on-line product information in general beyond the ones addressed in the survey.
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Peterson, Viktor, and Zihao Wang. "Cross-comparison of Non-Linear Seismic Assessment Methods for Unreinforced Masonry Structures in Groningen." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289386.
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A large amount of low-rise unreinforced masonry structures (URM) can be foundin Groningen, the Netherlands. More and more induced earthquakes with shortduration have been detected in this region due to gas exploitation. Local unreinforcedmasonry (URM) buildings were initially not designed for withstanding seismicactions, so that unexpected damage may occur due to their vulnerability, raising insecurityamong residents. Existing low-rise masonry buildings in Groningen can bedivided into different categories based on their characteristics. Two types of residentialmasonry buildings that fulfil the prerequisites for performing non-linear seismicassessment are chosen to be studied in this thesis project, including the terracedhouse and the detached house.The seismic assessment of structures requires the use of both a discretization methodand a seismic assessment method. The discretization method is used to translate themechanical model into a finite element model used for the numerical analysis. Severalmethods have previously shown to be applicable for seismic assessment, but thiswork investigates the implications of using a continuum model (CM) and an equivalentframe model (EFM) approach to discretization in the general-purpose finiteelement package described in DIANA-FEA-BV (2017). The continuum model approachadopted was in a previous work by Schreppers et al. (2017) validated againstexperimental results and is as such deemed representative of the physical behaviourof the mechanical models investigated. An equivalent frame model approach to beused with DIANA is proposed in the work by Nobel (2017). The continuum modelapproach uses continuum elements with a constitutive model developed for the seismicassessment of masonry structures. This constitutive model captures both shearand flexural failure mechanisms. The equivalent frame model approach uses a combinationof numerically integrated beam elements and nodal interfaces, each witha distinct constitutive model, thus decoupling the description of the flexural andshear behaviour. This approach aims to capture the macro-behaviour at the structurallevel. The applicability of the proposed equivalent frame model approach isevaluated by how well it replicates the validated continuum model approach results.The two discretization methods described are evaluated using two types of seismicassessment methods. The first seismic assessment method used consists of first performinga quasi-static non-linear pushover analysis (NLPO) on the model. Thisresults in the pushover curve, which describes the global behaviour of the modelunder an equivalent lateral load based on the fundamental mode shape of the structure.The pushover curve is then used with the N2-method described in EN1998-1iii(2004) to assess at which peak ground acceleration (PGA) that the model reachesthe near-collapse (NC) limit state. The second seismic assessment method consistsof performing dynamic non-linear time-history analyses (NLTH). This method usesrecorded accelerograms to impose the inertial forces. The PGA for the accelerogramwhere the near-collapse limit state is reached is compared to the PGA fromthe use of the N2-method. The applicability of the pushover analysis in conjunctionwith the N2-method is evaluated by how well it replicates the PGA found from thetime-history analyses and by how well it replicates local failure mechanisms.Therefore, the main objectives of this project can be described by the following twoquestions:i. To what extent can the equivalent frame method be applicable as a properdiscretization method for pushover analyses and time-history analyses oflow-rise unreinforced masonry residential buildings in the Groningen region?ii. To what extent can the non-linear pushover method be adopted toassess the seismic behaviour of low-rise unreinforced masonry residentialbuildings in the Groningen region?The applicability of the equivalent frame model showed to vary. For describing localfailure mechanisms its applicability is poor. Further work on connecting the edgepiers to transverse walls is needed. For seismic assessment using the N2-method theapplicability of the equivalent frame model approach is sensible. The conservativedisplacement capacity counteracts the fact that it is worse at describing local unloading,which produced a larger initial equivalent stiffness of the bi-linear curvesin comparison to the continuum model. For seismic assessment using the timehistorysignals, its applicability is possible. While it could show different behaviourin terms of displacement and damping forces, it still showed a similar PGA at thenear-collapse limit state for the cases at hand.The seismic assessment of the terraced and detached houses by the N2-method issimilar to the seismic prediction by applying time-history analyses. However, thereare still some variations in the initial stiffness, force capacity and displacement capacitybetween these two assessment methods due to the assumptions and limitationsin this study. Overall, considering the pros and cons of the quasi-static pushovermethod, it is deemed applicable during the seismic assessment of the unreinforcedmasonry structures in the Groningen area.
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Di, Vincenzo Federica. "Building Information Modeling (BIM) per infrastrutture viarie: il caso del sottopasso a spinta alla linea ferroviaria Castelfranco - Bassano." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Negli ultimi anni il mondo della progettazione di opere civili ha visto la diffusione di un approccio innovativo, il Building Information Modeling un processo coordinato che agevola la gestione digitale di rappresentazioni virtuali delle caratteristiche fisiche e funzionali di un’opera. La soluzione BIM permette una perfetta condivisione delle informazioni nel processo costruttivo, dalla progettazione alla manutenzione, l’interoperabilità tra le varie figure coinvolte in un progetto e una riduzione di tempi e costi di realizzazione grazie alla possibilità di individuare e risolvere errori già in fase progettuale e non in quella esecutiva, dove eventuali modifiche in corso d’opera risultano onerose e complicate.L’obiettivo del presente elaborato consiste nell’implementazione della filosofia BIM nel processo di progettazione di infrastrutture stradali con l’intento di evidenziare i vantaggi e gli eventuali limiti emersi durante l’utilizzo dei software. Lo studio sul BIM effettuato in questo lavoro di tesi si è concentrato, in primo luogo, nel definire effettivamente cosa si intenda con il termine BIM; in particolare si sofferma l’attenzione sui concetti fondamenti dei modelli informativi, quali lo scambio di dati, l’interoperabilità ed i livelli di sviluppo. All'interno dell'elaborato viene esposto il caso di studio relativo al progetto di un sottopasso a spinta alla linea ferroviaria Castelfranco – Bassano mediante metodologia BIM. Infine si esegue il computo metrico estimativo di tutto il progetto, mediante il programma STR Vision CPM, un software utilizzato in logica BIM per il computo delle opere d’arte ed in tradizionale per il computo dei restanti materiali dell’infrastruttura.
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Huynh, Ngoc Tho. "A development process for building adaptative software architectures." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0026/document.
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Les logiciels adaptatifs sont une classe de logiciels qui peuvent modifier leur structure et comportement à l'exécution afin de s'adapter à des nouveaux contextes d'exécution. Le développement de logiciels adaptatifs a été un domaine de recherche très actif les dix dernières années. Plusieurs approches utilisent des techniques issues des lignes des produits afin de développer de tels logiciels. Ils proposent des outils, des frameworks, ou des langages pour construire des architectures logicielles adaptatives, mais ne guident pas les ingénieurs dans leur utilisation. De plus, ils supposent que tous les éléments spécifiés à la conception sont disponibles dans l'architecture pour l'adaptation, même s'ils ne seront jamais utilisés. Ces éléments inutiles peuvent être une cause de soucis lors du déploiement sur une cible dont l'espace mémoire est très contraint par exemple. Par ailleurs, le remplacement de composants à l'exécution reste une tâche complexe, elle doit assurer non seulement la validité de la nouvelle version, mais aussi préserver la terminaison correcte des transactions en cours. Pour faire face à ces problèmes, cette thèse propose un processus de développement de logiciels adaptatifs où les tâches, les rôles, et les artefacts associés sont explicites. En particulier, le processus vise la spécification d'informations nécessaires pour construire des architectures logicielles adaptatives. Le résultat d'un tel processus est une architecture logicielle adaptative qui contient seulement des éléments utiles pour l'adaptation. De plus, un mécanisme d'adaptation est proposé basé sur la gestion de transactions pour assurer une adaptation dynamique cohérente. Elle assure la terminaison correcte des transactions en cours. Nous proposons pour cela la notion de dépendance transactionnelle : dépendance entre des actions réalisées par des composants différents. Nous proposons la spécification de ces dépendances dans le modèle de variabilité, et de l'exploiter pour décider des fonctions de contrôle dans les composants de l'architecture, des fonctions qui assurent une adaptation cohérente à l'exécutionAdaptive software is a class of software which is able to modify its own internal structure and hence its behavior at runtime in response to changes in its operating environment. Adaptive software development has been an emerging research area of software engineering in the last decade. Many existing approaches use techniques issued from software product lines (SPLs) to develop adaptive software architectures. They propose tools, frameworks or languages to build adaptive software architectures but do not guide developers on the process of using them. Moreover, they suppose that all elements in the SPL specified are available in the architecture for adaptation. Therefore, the adaptive software architecture may embed unnecessary elements (components that will never be used) thus limiting the possible deployment targets. On the other hand, the components replacement at runtime remains a complex task since it must ensure the validity of the new version, in addition to preserving the correct completion of ongoing activities. To cope with these issues, this thesis proposes an adaptive software development process where tasks, roles, and associate artifacts are explicit. The process aims at specifying the necessary information for building adaptive software architectures. The result of such process is an adaptive software architecture that only contains necessary elements for adaptation. On the other hand, an adaptation mechanism is proposed based on transactions management for ensuring consistent dynamic adaptation. Such adaptation must guarantee the system state and ensure the correct completion of ongoing transactions. In particular, transactional dependencies are specified at design time in the variability model. Then, based on such dependencies, components in the architecture include the necessary mechanisms to manage transactions at runtime consistently
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Watkins, Richard. "The impact of the urban environment on the energy used for cooling buildings." Thesis, Brunel University, 2002. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5553.
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Cities are often warmer than their surroundings, and this can lead to more energy being used to cool buildings. This study looks at one city, London, and assesses the impact of the urban environment on the amount of energy used for air-conditioning. There are three main strands to the work. First, it was important to determine just how great the variation in air temperature is, and how this varies through time and through the urban space. Eighty measurement stations were established along radiating lines from the centre of London as far as rural areas. These measured the air temperature simultaneously at hourly intervals for over a year. Second, to support the main data acquisition, short-term tests within London looked at specific aspects of the urban environment that affect air temperature: the effects of vegetation in parks, and facade colour in streets. Third, the impact on energy use of the measured temperature variation was then determined by using simulation to model a standard building in different urban contexts. The mean heat island intensity was found to vary with distance from the centre of London, and with the local degree of urbanization at any given distance. The maximum intensity reached 8°C on occasion but was more usually 1-2°C in the daytime and 3-4°C at night. The proximity of areas of vegetation, such as parks, to a site was associated with cooler daytime temperatures. The annual cooling load for a standard building at the centre of London was found to be 25% more than at a rural site. However, at the most urban sites over-shadowing reduced the cooling load to 14% more than at a rural site. Heating load decreased towards the centre, but on balance total annual load (for heating and cooling) rose towards the centre to 8.5% more than rural use, and then reduced at the most overshadowed sites. The balance of the effect of urbanization on heating and cooling load depended on the level of internal gain in the building. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding the balance of the impact of urban environments on the energy used for cooling and heating buildings.
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Akah, Ebiji Anthony. "Experimental and Analytical Collapse Evaluation of an Existing Building." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437620552.
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Chaulagain, Hemchandra. "Assessment of response reduction factor of RC buildings in Kathmandu Valley using non-linear pushover analysis." Master's thesis, Purbanchal University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12681.
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Master of Engineering in EarthquakeThis study addresses the issue of response reduction factor which is used in modern codes to scale down the elastic response of the structure. The level of ductility and overstrength of RC buildings in Kathmandu valley are investigated. The ductility and overstrength factors are estimated by analyzing the buildings using non-linear pushover analysis for 12 engineered designed RC buildings of various characteristics representing a wide range of RC buildings in Kathmandu valley. Finally, the response reduction factor of RC building in Kathmandu valley is evaluated by using the relation of ductility and overstrength factor.
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Darcy, Greg. "Structural behaviour of an innovative cold-formed steel building system." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16589/.
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Cold-formed steel structures have been in service for many years and are used as shelters for both domestic and industrial purposes. To produce an economical product, manufacturers have typically based their designs on the simple portal frame concept. As there is almost a direct relationship between overall cost and the weight of steel in a portal frame structure, it is of great importance to provide a structure with the minimum amount of steel whilst providing structural adequacy. Portal frame sheds have been refined continuously for many years, with only minimal amounts of savings in steel. Therefore, to provide even greater savings in steel, an innovative building system is required. Modern Garages Australia (MGA) is one of the leading cold-formed steel shed manufacturers in Queensland. MGA has recently developed such an innovative building system that has significant economic savings when compared with portal frame structures. The MGA building system has two key differences to that of the conventional portal frame system. These differences are that the MGA system has no conventional frames or framing system, and it has no purlins or girts. This results in the MGA system being completely fabricated from thin cladding, which significantly reduces the quantity of steel. However, the key problem with this building system is that the load paths and structural behaviour are unknown, and therefore the structure cannot be analysed using conventional methods. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to first investigate the structural behaviour of this new building system and its adequacy for an ultimate design wind speed of 41 m/s using full scale testing. The next objectives were to use finite element analysis to optimise the original MGA building system so that it is adequate for an ultimate design wind speed of 41 m/s, and to develop a new improved cold-formed steel building system that has greater structural efficiency than the original MGA building system. This thesis presents the details of the innovative MGA building system, full scale test setup, testing program, finite element analysis of the MGA building system and the results. Details and results from the optimisation of the MGA building system, and the development of a new improved cold-formed steel building system are also presented. The full scale experimental investigation considered the required loadings of cross wind, longitudinal wind and live load test cases and simulated them on the test structure accurately using an innovative load simulation system. The wind loads were calculated for a 41 m/s ultimate design wind speed. Full scale test program included both non-destructive and destructive tests. The finite element analyses contained in this thesis have considered cross wind, longitudinal wind and live load cases, as well as the destructive load case of the MGA building system. A number of different model types were created and their results were compared with the experimental results. In general, two main model types were created. The first type consisted of a 'strip' of the MGA building system (Strip model) and the second modelled the full structure (Full model). Both of these model types were further divided into models which contained no contact surfaces and those which contained contact surfaces to simulate the interfaces between the various components such as the brackets and cladding. The experimental test results showed that the MGA test structure is not suitable for an ultimate design wind speed of 41 m/s. This conclusion is a result of a number of observed failures that occurred during the extensive testing program. These failures included local buckling, crushing failures, and distortional buckling of the cladding panels. Extremely large deflections were also observed. It was calculated that for the MGA building system to be adequate for the design wind speed of 41 m/s, a cladding thickness of 0.8 mm was required. This also agreed well with the finite element analysis results which concluded that a cladding thickness of 0.8 mm was required. In order to avoid the increased use of steel in the building system, a new improved cold-formed steel building system was developed and its details are provided in this thesis. A finite element model of this new improved cold-formed steel building system was created and the results showed that the new building system was able to achieve a load step equivalent to an ultimate design wind speed of 50.4 m/s and was approximately 250% stiffer than the original MGA building system, without any increase in the overall weight of the building system. It is recommended that this new improved cold-formed steel building system be further developed with the aid of finite element modelling and be tested using a similar full scale testing program that was used for the original MGA building system.
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Ndau, Lloyd. "Building designers' perception and the effect on sustainability in Malawi." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3185.
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Environmental sustainability in buildings is an important part of preserving the environment and reducing climate change. The increasing amount of physical infrastructure systems in Malawi has not been accompanied by policy-makers clearly understanding perceptions and attitudinal behaviors of building designers to promote environmental sustainability. Some building designers in Malawi might not be practicing sustainability innovations adequately, requiring more research to understand their perceptions and behaviors. The purpose of this mixed methods sequential and explanatory study was to explore how building designers' behaviors relate to the implementation of sustainability innovations in Malawi. Ajzen's theory of planned behavior explaining how attitudinal behaviors relate to individual's actions, served as the conceptual framework. The central research question investigated perceptions and attitudinal behaviors building designers hold about sustainability, and how these behaviors connect with practicing sustainability innovations. Data collection used a Likert scale questionnaire to capture behavior items. A sample of 99 individuals working in building organizations completed the questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis showed attitude behavior influenced practicing sustainability more than the subjective and perceived control behaviors. Interviews with 24 participants supported the analytical finding. Government and policy-makers were the target audience. Knowledge about behaviors toward sustainability innovations enables government and policy-makers strategize and change stakeholders' mindset to increase sustainability practices thereby impacting societal change in the construction communities.