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Edzard, Lutz Eberhard. "Polygenesis, convergence, and entropy : an alternative model of linguistic evolution applied to Semitic linguistics /." Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38925496m.
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Pang, Lee Yick. "A quantitative approach to linguistic model validation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10018475/.
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The thesis is an attempt to identify a method of statistical analysis whereby theoretical linguistic models can be validated, to some degree, via analysis of language user perception of text structure. Such a tool of validation is indispensible but has yet to be identified. There are two areas of linguistic model validation where the proposed method of analysis can make a substantial contribution: a - in validating linguistic models, qua descriptive models, as explanatory models, and b - in establishing grounds for comparison among competing and/or conflicting linguistic models in the same area of linguistic investigation. The study has a clear methodological emphasis and explores new empirical procedures of text analysis. The statistical technique for such a validation study is repertory grid analysis (Kelly 1955, Slater 1977). This technique is widely used in psychotherapy but is used for the first time in linguistic investigation. Repertory grid analysis offers two very important contributions. It is, on the one hand, one of the most rigorous quantitative methods for the study of human perception; at the same time, it allows for qualitative analysis of the data, which is very desirable in the study proposed. The area of linguistics to be studied is the signalling approach to text analysis proposed by Winter (1977, 1982) and Hoey (1979, 1983). An informal pre-pilot was first carried out to examine broad features and potential problems of the application of repertory grid analysis to the investigation planned. A proper pilot was then carried out to investigate closely the feasibility of the study. Results from the pilot indicated that the proposed approach was usable. The main study was then performed on a representative sample of a target population (i.e. a sub-population of undergraduate students in Hong Kong). Besides analyses associated with the repertory grid technique, an ANOVA design was used for the investigation of aspects within the experimental situation that may be of relevance. The independent variables include relative English language proficiency and the major academic disciplines of the experimental subjects, different methods of grid elicitation, and variation in text structure. The data were analysed first on individual perception of text structure and then on the agreement between the theoretical model and subject perception both as individuals and as a group. In the analyses, both a quantitative and a qualitative approach were used. The results of the study indicated very clearly that repertory grid analysis was able to make interesting and informative comparisons between the theoretical model and subject perception of text structure and should be a usable technique for linguistic model validation as first hypothesized. In particular, individual characteristics of perception were uncovered; and the consensus view of the sample was captured. Furthermore, the present application of repertory grid analysis also enabled a qualitative analysis of the data which threw additional light on and provided much needed details for the research. The study has important implications for linguistics. Firstly, an objective and statistically based technique for rendering linguistic models susceptible to validation procedure, so far unavailable, has now been identified. Furthermore, the study certainly helps to establish applied linguistics as an academic discipline at once independent from and contributing to theoretical linguistics.
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Hall, Jared Coleman. "A Linguistic Model for Improving Sentiment Analysis Systems." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27534.
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The value of automated sentiment analysis systems is increasing with the vast amount of consumer-generated content, allowing researchers to analyze the information readily available on the World Wide Web. Much research has been done in the field of sentiment analysis, which has improved the accuracy of sentiment analysis systems. But sentiment analysis is a challenging problem, and there are many potential areas for improvement. In this thesis, we analyze two linguistic rules, and propose algorithms for these rules to be applied in sentiment analysis systems. The first rule is regarding how a sentiment analysis system can recognize and apply the semantic orientation of opinion headings in product reviews to features discussed in the review. The second rule we propose allows the sentiment analysis system to recognize informal forms of words used in analyzed documents. Additionally, we analyze the effects of spelling mistakes in text being analyzed by sentiment analysis systems.
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Porro, Martorell Olga. "A hesitant fuzzy perceptual-based approach to model linguistic assessments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672127.
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Multiple-criteria or multiple-attribute group decision-making is a sub-field of operations research that seek to find a common and representative solution given the preferences elicited by a pre-defined group, over a set of alternatives and with respect to a set of coherent criteria (or attributes). Recently, the modelling of natural language in these processes has captured the attention of many researchers. Most of the evaluations in a group-decision making context are inherently imprecise, incomplete or vague, and therefore, experts feel more comfortable using their language rather than numerical values.
The use of hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets is one of the recent tools that enables the modelling of linguistic assessments in multiple-criteria decision-making. Nonetheless, advances in hesitant linguistic multi-attribute group decision making require the development of structures flexible enough to deal with unbalanced and multi-granular linguistic information. More tools are needed in order to really grasp the differences in the qualitative reasoning processes of each individual.
This thesis, firstly, introduces a perceptual-based distance able to capture differences between unbalanced linguistic assessments, which is based on a lattice structure of hesitant fuzzy linguistic terms. Secondly, this distance is used to define a perceptual-based centroid or central opinion which, in turn, is used to define a consensus measure or degree of agreement within the group. Thirdly, with the aim to deal with multi-perceptual group decision-making contexts, where each decision maker has its own qualitative reasoning approach, a perceptual-based transformation function and a projected algebraic structure are defined. The developed tools can deal with different multi-granularity linguistic environments.
Two applications are presented to demonstrate the utility, relevancy and feasibility of the methods. On the one hand, a specific perceptual-based classification and ranking method is introduced and applied to a real group decision making problem in an educational setting. This framework is used to classify and rank a set of secondary students according to their degree of entrepreneurial competency, which is based on real data provided by the Andorra Government. On the other hand, an extended fuzzy multi-perceptual linguistic TOPSIS is designed and applied to a real group decision making problem in the context of smart city governance. This perceptual extension is used to assess the criteria governing the strategic decision making process of energy multinational companies when deciding where to expand its sustainable services and products.El multiple-criteria o bé multi-attributte group decision-making (MCGDM / MAGDM) és una branca del camp de OR (operations research) l'objectiu del qual és buscar solucions comunes i representatives donades unes preferències d'un grup d'experts definit, sobre un conjunt d'alternatives i en relació a un conjunt coherent de criteris o atributs. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesis és contribuir específicament en l'àrea lingüística de MCGDM / MAGDM millorant les metodologies i marcs matemàtics existents amb l'objectiu de poder modelar qualsevol tipus de situació de presa de decisions en grup que impliqui multi-granularitat i raonament qualitatiu molt heterogeni entre el grup (ús d'etiquetes lingüístiques no balancejades). En concret, la tesis es basa en l'ús de l'eina dels hesitant fuzzy lingüístic term sets (HFLTSs) que fou introduïda per Rodriguez et al (2012) amb l'objectiu de permetre als experts poder donar opinions i preferències lingüístiques usant el seu llenguatge habitual (i no, números) capturant també la incertesa, ambigüitat i manca d'informació característica en aquest tipus de decisions. La majoria d'estructures matemàtiques existents basades en l'ús de HFLTSs en problemes de MCGDM/MAGDM fan la hipòtesis que tots els experts han d'expressar-se usant el mateix set d'etiquetes lingüístiques i/o bé el pes que cada expert dona a cadascuna de les etiquetes ha de ser el mateix. Aquests estructures no són suficientment flexibles per modelar situacions de GDM de multi-granularitat que també incloguin diversitat de raonament qualitatiu amb etiquetes lingüístiques no balancejades de forma simultània. En primer lloc, la present tesis desenvolupa un nou concepte, el perceptual-map, definit sobre l'estructura algebraica de HFLTSs no balancejats i introdueix una nova distància basada en aquesta mètrica. Aquesta distància és utilitzada per definir un centroide (opinió central) i una mesura de consens per a qualsevol situació de MAGDM que necessiti de l'ús d'un set d'etiquetes lingüístiques no balancejat. En segon lloc, una funció de transformació basada en el perceptual-map es defineix per tal de poder modelar simultàniament situacions lingüístiques amb multi-granularitat i poder així, realitzar operacions en un espai projectat. A nivell pràctic, la tesis presenta dos aplicacions reals per demostrar la utilitat i rellevància de les eines matemàtiques desenvolupades. D'una banda, la tesis introdueix un nou mètode de classificació i rànquing, que és aplicat en l'àmbit de l'educació. El nou mètode és utilitzat per classificar i ranquejar els alumnes de secundària de l'escola Andorrana d'acord amb el seu grau de desenvolupament de la competència emprenedora. D'altra banda, s'ha desenvolupat un nou model de TOPSIS anomenat fuzzy multi-perceptual lingüístic TOPSIS, que s'ha aplicat en el context d'avaluació de smart cities. La nova versió de TOPSIS s'ha aplicat amb èxit per avaluar els criteris que governen la decisió estratègica de localització, en el context de ciutats europees, de les multinacionals del sector energètic.
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Boussofara-Omar, Naima. "Arabic diglossic switching in Tunisia : an application of Myers-Scotton's MLF model /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Prevett, Elizabeth. "In defense of a linguistic model for reflective equilibrium in ethics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14138.
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Lai, Catherine. "A formal framework for linguistic tree query /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001594.
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Kim, Yongtaek 1968. "Event construal and its linguistic encoding: Towards an Extended Semantic Map model." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10329.
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xvi, 185 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.This dissertation investigates constructional alternation among the English verb- at , verb- away-at , and verb- away constructions. The primary purpose is to lay a fundamental conceptual framework on the interrelation between how we perceive a situation in an external world and how we construe it as an event structure in a conceptualized world to encode it linguistically. This study suggests an Extended Semantic Map (hereafter ESM) model. It presents an in-depth analysis of the three constructions, derived from the BNC (British National Corpus), and resultative constructions in Korean and Japanese. I argue that language has conceptual bases rooted in perception and cognitive construal. Construal allows one to view the same situation in a number of alternative ways. Construal is closely related to distribution of attention, which has two main patterns: focus of attention and windowing of attention. Focus of attention is mainly based on perceptual prominence. It is placed on participants and is typically encoded in the selection and arrangement of nominals. Windowing of attention operates on cognitive prominence. It is a cognitive process to segment some relation(s) out of an event structure. It is typically encoded in predicate or adverbial expressions. I further argue that any mismatch between perceptual and cognitive prominence requires overt marking. For example, the English passive construction requires the overt marking of ' be/get + past participle,' which directs an addressee's primary focus of attention to a perceptually secondary but cognitively primary patient. It also places windowing of attention on the perceptually secondary but cognitively primary Change. Windowing and focus of attention will be used to define the X- and Y-axes of the ESM. The X-axis consists of five causal relations -- Volition, Activity, Force Transfer, Change, and State, on which attention is windowed. The Y-axis is composed of four types of configuration for the semantic roles of the participants -- Agent, Agent-Location, Agent-Theme, and Theme. The ESM visually maps relations among constructions within and across languages. It illustrates how event structures can be categorized typically as either [Activity]-windowing or [Change]-windowing. Finally, it also allows us to represent cross-linguistic differences in the available constructions for construing event structures.
Committee in charge: Eric Pederson, Chairperson, Linguistics; Scott DeLancey, Member, Linguistics; Doris Payne, Member, Linguistics; Kaori Idemaru, Outside Member, East Asian Languages & Literatures
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Barber, Jessica. "Swaying the masses: The effect of argument strength and linguistic abstractness on attitudes." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1828.
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Two studies were conducted to investigate how the use of different types of language affects attitudes. Participants scrutinized arguments supporting a hypothetical toothpaste that differed in terms of argument strength (strong versus weak) and linguistic abstractness (abstract versus concrete) and subsequently evaluated the toothpaste. In addition, half of the participants in the second study were subjected to a cognitive load manipulation (i.e., rehearsing a ten-digit number) in order to limit their level of cognitive elaboration. Results indicated that strong arguments and those containing concrete descriptions led to more positive attitudes about the toothpaste, whereas weak messages comprised of abstract terms gave rise to the least favorable evaluations. These findings represent the first demonstration of the effect of language type on attitudes and suggest that future research into the functions of differential linguistic abstractness in a persuasive context will broaden our understanding of attitude change.
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Pang, Kam-yiu S., and n/a. "A partitioned narrative model of the self : its linguistic manifestations, entailments, and ramifications." University of Otago. Department of English, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070213.103815.
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Contrary to common folk and expert theory, the human self is not unitary. There is no Cartesian theatre or homunculus functioning as a metaphorical overlord. Rather, it is an abstractum gleaned from a person�s experiences-a centre of narrative gravity (Dennett 1991). Experiences are a person�s cognisance of her ventures in life from a particular unique perspective. In perspectivising her experiences, the person imputes a certain structure, order, and significance to them. Events are seen as unfolding in a certain inherently and internally coherent way characterised by causality, temporality, or intentionality, etc. In other words, a person�s self emerges out of her innumerable narrativisations of experience, as well as the different protagonist roles she plays in them. Her behaviours in different situations can be understood as different life-narratives being foregrounded, when she is faced with different stimuli different experiences/events present.
In real life, self-reflective discourse frequently alludes to a divided, partitive self, and the experiences/behaviours that it can engage in. In academic study, this concept of the divided and narrative-constructivist self is well-represented in disciplines ranging from philosophy (e.g., Dennett 1991, 2005), developmental psychology (e.g., Markus & Nurius 1986; Bruner 1990, 2001; Stern 1994), cognitive psychology (e.g., Hermans & Kempen 1993; Hermans 2002), neuropsychology (e.g. Damasio 1999), psychiatry (e.g., Feinberg 2001), to linguistics (e.g., McNeil 1996; Ochs & Capps 1996; Nair 2003). Depending on the particular theory, however, emphasis is often placed either on its divided or its narrative-constructivist nature. This thesis argues, however, that the two are coexistent and interdependent, and both are essential to the self�s ontology. Its objectives are therefore: (i) to propose a partitioned-narrative model of the self which unifies the two perspectives by positing that the partitioned-representational (Dinsmore 1991) nature of narratives entails the partitioned structure of the self; and (ii) to propose that the partitioned-narrative ontology of the self is what enables and motivates much of our self-reflective discourse and the grammatical resources for constructing that discourse. Partitioning guarantees that a part of the self, i.e., one of its narratives, can be selectively attended to, foregrounded, objectified, and hence talked about. Narrativity provides the contextual guidance and constraints for meaning-construction in such discourse. This claim is substantiated with three application cases: the use of anaphoric reflexives (I found myself smiling); various usages of proper names, including eponyms (the Shakespeare of architecture), eponymic denominal adjectives (a Herculean effort), etc.; and partitive-self constructions which explicitly profile partitioned and selectively focal narratives (That�s his hormones talking). When analysed using the proposed model, these apparently disparate behaviours turn out to share a common basis: the partitioned-narrative self.
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Parente, Fabio. "Moving through language : a behavioural and linguistic analysis of spatial mental model construction." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37620/.
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Over the past few decades, our understanding of the cognitive processes underpinning our navigational abilities has expanded considerably. Models have been constructed that attempt to explain various key aspects of our wayfinding abilities, from the selection of salient features in environments to the processes involved in updating our position with respect to those features during movement. However, there remain several key open questions. Much of the research in spatial cognition has investigated visuospatial performance on the basis of sensory input (predominantly vision, but also sound, hapsis, and kinaesthesia), and while language production has been the subject of extensive research in psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics, many aspects of language encoding remain unexplored. The research presented in this thesis aimed to explore outstanding issues in spatial language processing, tying together conceptual ends from different fields that have the potential to greatly inform each other, but focused specifically on how landmark information and spatial reference frames are encoded in mental representations characterised by different spatial reference frames. The first five experiments introduce a paradigm in which subjects encode skeletal route descriptions containing egocentric (“left/right”) or allocentric (cardinal) relational terms, while they also intentionally maintain an imagined egocentric or allocentric viewpoint. By testing participants’ spatial knowledge either in an allocentric (Experiments 1-3) or in an egocentric task (Experiments 4 and 5) this research exploits the facilitation produced by encoding-test congruence to clarify the contribution of mental imagery during spatial language processing and spatial tasks. Additionally, Experiments 1-3 adopted an eye-tracking methodology to study the allocation of attention to landmarks in descriptions and sketch maps as a function of linguistic reference frame and imagined perspective, while also recording subjective self-reports of participants’ phenomenal experiences. Key findings include evidence that egocentric and allocentric relational terms may not map directly onto egocentric and allocentric imagined perspectives, calling into question a common assumptions of psycholinguistic studies of spatial language. A novel way to establish experimental control over mental representations is presented, together with evidence that specific eye gaze patterns on landmark words or landmark regions of maps can be diagnostic of different imagined spatial perspectives. Experiments 4 and 5 adopted the same key manipulations to the study of spatial updating and bearing estimation following encoding of short, aurally-presented route descriptions. By employing two different response modes in this triangle completion task, Experiments 4 and 5 attempted to address key issues of experimental control that may have caused the conflicting results found in the literature on spatial updating during mental navigation and visuospatial imagery. The impact of encoding manipulations and of differences in response modality on embodiment and task performance were explored. Experiments 6-8 subsequently attempted to determine the developmental trajectory for the ability to discriminate between navigationally salient and non-salient landmarks, and to translate spatial relations between different reference frames. In these developmental studies, children and young adolescents were presented with videos portraying journeys through virtual environments from an egocentric perspective, and tested their ability to translate the resulting representations in order to perform allocentric spatial tasks. No clear facilitation effect of decision-point landmarks was observed or any strong indication that salient navigational features are more strongly represented in memory within the age range we tested (four to 11 years of age). Possible reasons for this are discussed in light of the relevant literature and methodological differences. Globally, the results presented indicate a functional role of imagery during language processing, pointing to the importance of introspection and accurate task analyses when interpreting behavioural results. Additionally, the study of implicit measures of attention such as eye tracking measures has the potential to improve our understanding mental representations, and of how they mediate between perception, action, and language. Lastly, these results also suggest that synergy between seemingly distinct research areas may be key in better characterising the nature of mental imagery in its different forms, and that the phenomenology of imagery content will be an essential part of this and future research.
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Schreiter, Robert J. "Identity and Communication between Locality/Contextuality and Globality/Universality - A Semiotic-Linguistic Model." Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology, 1997. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/bet,610.
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Nepal, Srijan. "Linguistic Approach to Information Extraction and Sentiment Analysis on Twitter." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342544962.
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Au, Yeung Siu Kei. "Polynomial segment model for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202005%20AU.
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McAndrew, Paula. "Investigating casual conversation: a systemic functional linguistic and social network model of analysing social reality." Australia : Macquarie University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/44619.
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"November 2001".Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Linguistics and Psychology, Dept. of Linguistics, 2002.
Bibliography: p. 285-291.
Introduction -- Language from a systemic functional perspective -- Social networks: a review of literature relevant to the Scotland Island study -- Methodology -- Analysing relational ties: a social network perspective -- A systemic functional approach to analysing social reality -- Discussion and conclusion.
This research is concerned with the study of language and the social order. Working within the systemic functional theory of language, and utilising the concept of a social network to model the social order, the primary aim is to put on display the relationship between the linguistic system and social order, between language and culture. Systemic functional grammar (Halliday, 1995; Halliday and Hasasn, 1985/9; Halliday and Matthiesen, 1997; Eggins and Slade 1997), with its emphasis on language as a social semiotic, is used to analyse the language used by a group of four women engaged in casual conversation in a small Australian island community. Here the analysis reveals how the women negotiate their social reality when speaking to each other. It shows how their social relations are shaped within a text (Hasan, 1996), and explores the notion that, despite the seemingly trivial, unconscious nature of casual interactions, power and solidarity are continually being negotiated by the participants (Halliday, 1994; Eggins and Slade, 1997). More specifically, this research examines the notion that through lexico-grammatical and semantic selections participants are able to negotiate dominant positions in interaction. Social Network analysis has been used to examine the relationship between the individual and the group. It offers a quantifiable analytical tool for describing the character of an individual's everyday social relationships (Milroy, 1987). A social network analysis is used in the present study to map the social relationships in the tight-knit network, or speech fellowship, of these women (creating a map of the context of situation in SFL terminology). Change in the social relationships and language choices is modeled by revisiting the participants 15 months later in a contextually similar environment and re-analysing the network and linguistic options. Systemic functional linguistics is then used to highlight the interdependency of language and social order. Through systematic accounts of language and the context in which it is embedded this reciprocal nature is displayed and language and social order can be seen, not as two distinct entities, but rather as one phenomena seen from two different perspectives (Halliday, 1978; Mathiessen, 1993).
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
v, 291 p. ill
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Al-Raheb, Yafa. "Speaker/hearer representation in a discourse representation theory model of presupposition : a computational-linguistic approach." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426947.
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Moffitt, Kevin Christopher. "Toward Enhancing Automated Credibility Assessment: A Model for Question Type Classification and Tools for Linguistic Analysis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145456.
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The three objectives of this dissertation were to develop a question type model for predicting linguistic features of responses to interview questions, create a tool for linguistic analysis of documents, and use lexical bundle analysis to identify linguistic differences between fraudulent and non-fraudulent financial reports. First, The Moffitt Question Type Model (MQTM) was developed to aid in predicting linguistic features of responses to questions. It focuses on three context independent features of questions: tense (past vs. present vs. future), perspective (introspective vs. extrospective), and abstractness (concrete vs. conjectural). The MQTM was tested on responses to real-world pre-polygraph examination questions in which guilty (n = 27) and innocent (n = 20) interviewees were interviewed. The responses were grouped according to question type and the linguistic cues from each groups' transcripts were compared using independent samples t-tests with the following results: future tense questions elicited more future tense words than either past or present tense questions and present tense questions elicited more present tense words than past tense questions; introspective questions elicited more cognitive process words and affective words than extrospective questions; and conjectural questions elicited more auxiliary verbs, tentativeness words, and cognitive process words than concrete questions. Second, a tool for linguistic analysis of text documents, Structured Programming for Linguistic Cue Extraction (SPLICE), was developed to help researchers and software developers compute linguistic values for dictionary-based cues and cues that require natural language processing techniques. SPLICE implements a GUI interface for researchers and an API for developers. Finally, an analysis of 560 lexical bundles detected linguistic differences between 101 fraudulent and 101 non-fraudulent 10-K filings. Phrases such as "the fair value of," and "goodwill and other intangible assets" were used at a much higher rate in fraudulent 10-Ks. A principal component analysis reduced the number of variables to 88 orthogonal components which were used in a discriminant analysis that classified the documents with 71% accuracy. Findings in this dissertation suggest the MQTM could be used to predict features of interviewee responses in most contexts and that lexical bundle analysis is a viable tool for discriminating between fraudulent and non-fraudulent text.
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Täckström, Oscar. "Predicting Linguistic Structure with Incomplete and Cross-Lingual Supervision." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-197610.
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Contemporary approaches to natural language processing are predominantly based on statistical machine learning from large amounts of text, which has been manually annotated with the linguistic structure of interest. However, such complete supervision is currently only available for the world's major languages, in a limited number of domains and for a limited range of tasks. As an alternative, this dissertation considers methods for linguistic structure prediction that can make use of incomplete and cross-lingual supervision, with the prospect of making linguistic processing tools more widely available at a lower cost. An overarching theme of this work is the use of structured discriminative latent variable models for learning with indirect and ambiguous supervision; as instantiated, these models admit rich model features while retaining efficient learning and inference properties. The first contribution to this end is a latent-variable model for fine-grained sentiment analysis with coarse-grained indirect supervision. The second is a model for cross-lingual word-cluster induction and the application thereof to cross-lingual model transfer. The third is a method for adapting multi-source discriminative cross-lingual transfer models to target languages, by means of typologically informed selective parameter sharing. The fourth is an ambiguity-aware self- and ensemble-training algorithm, which is applied to target language adaptation and relexicalization of delexicalized cross-lingual transfer parsers. The fifth is a set of sequence-labeling models that combine constraints at the level of tokens and types, and an instantiation of these models for part-of-speech tagging with incomplete cross-lingual and crowdsourced supervision. In addition to these contributions, comprehensive overviews are provided of structured prediction with no or incomplete supervision, as well as of learning in the multilingual and cross-lingual settings. Through careful empirical evaluation, it is established that the proposed methods can be used to create substantially more accurate tools for linguistic processing, compared to both unsupervised methods and to recently proposed cross-lingual methods. The empirical support for this claim is particularly strong in the latter case; our models for syntactic dependency parsing and part-of-speech tagging achieve the hitherto best published results for a wide number of target languages, in the setting where no annotated training data is available in the target language.
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Gun, Mustafa Murat. "A Fuzzy Linguistic Decision Model Approach For Selecting The Optimum Promotion Mix For Digital Products With Genetic Algorithms." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611812/index.pdf.
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Promotion is one of the four major marketing elements of the marketing mix (others are product, price and place) in implementing marketing strategy. Promotion is dealing with the ways a company communicates with its customers to persuade them to buy the product. Promotion mix covers all the different ways a company choose to communicate with its customers such as advertising, personnel selling, PR, sales promotion and others. Selecting the optimal blend of the promotion mix is a tough and critical issue for marketers and does not have a fix operative formula. The fast pace of improvements in digitization in this era led companies produce digital products. Due to their inherent characteristic of digital products, such as intangibility, promotion mix selection is a more challenging issue. In my thesis study, I proposed a framework in classifying the digital products and then apply a fuzzy linguistic decision model approach with appropriate genetic algorithms to reach an optimum promotion mix set for digital products. Optimization is targeting to justify the objectives of the company, provide a satisfying marketing performance for the companies of digital product producers and utilize their budget effectively. The proposed model is implemented on an empirical case and produced satisfactory results.
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Agualuza, Luana de Almeida. "Educação linguística como representação de inserção social: o caso da cidade de São Gonçalo - RJ." Niterói, 2018. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/5562.
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Aliança Francesa (SG), São Gonçalo, RJ
A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as representações associadas ao aprendizado de línguas estrangeiras e à inserção social, entre estudantes de cursos privados de idiomas da cidade de São Gonçalo, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este município é considerado o segundo mais populoso do estado, apresentando um baixo indicador no Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM). Este nível é calculado a partir dos critérios de saúde e longevidade da população, de seu acesso à educação, bem como de sua renda. Contudo, a partir dos anos 2000, sua região central vivenciou um crescimento exponencial no número de cursos privados de línguas estrangeiras. O quadro teórico deste estudo está baseado nos conceitos de mercado linguístico (Bourdieu, 1998, 1989), de modelo gravitacional (Calvet, 2002), de política linguística (Calvet, 2007; Cooper, 1997; Grin, 2002) e de representação linguística (Calvet, 2002; Pereira, 2012; Petitjean, 2009). A abordagem predominante nessa pesquisa é a qualitativa. Os resultados demonstram, no contexto analisado, a relação direta entre a promessa de desenvolvimento econômico da região e a proliferação de cursos de línguas. Por outro lado, a demanda real de formação linguística denota a ausência de políticas linguísticas educacionais para o ensino de línguas estrangeiras no município. Observamos que as representações linguísticas dos estudantes e as escolhas das línguas estudadas reforçam o status da língua inglesa, de acordo com o modelo gravitacional
The aim of this research is to analyse the representations associated with foreign language learning and social insertion among students of private foreign language courses in the city of São Gonçalo, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This town is considered the second most populated of the state and presents a low Human Development Index (HDI) for cities. This index is calculated by criteria regarding a given population such as health and longevity, as well as its income and access to education. Nevertheless, since 2000, the central side of the city has experienced an exponential growth in the number of private foreign language courses. The theoretical framework of this study is based on the concepts of linguistic marketplace (Bourdieu, 1998, 1989), gravitational model (Calvet, 2002b), language policy (Calvet, 2007; Cooper, 1997; Grin, 2002) and linguistic representation (Calvet, 2002a; Pereira, 2012; Petitjean, 2009), by means mainly of a qualitative research approach. The results show a close relationship between the promise of economic development and the proliferation of language courses in the region and context analysed. On the other hand, the real demand for linguistic education denotes the absence of educational linguistic policies for the teaching of foreign languages in the city. We can observe that the linguistic representations of students, as well as the choice of studied languages, reinforce the status of the English language, according to the gravitational model
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Mayer, Kaylea. "The facilitative effects of the acquisition of one linguistic structure on a second pedagogical implications of the competition model /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/436714825/viewonline.
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Nkomo, Dion. "Towards a theoretical model for LSP lexicography in Ndebele with special reference to a dictionary of linguistic and literary terms." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1954.
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Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—Stellenbosch University, 2008.This thesis discusses pertinent issues which should be taken into account in the production of LSP dictionaries in Ndebele. Special reference is made to a prospective Ndebele Linguistic and Literary Terms Dictionary, henceforth the NLLTD. The issues discussed include lexicographic planning, data collection, data processing, lemma selection, the provision of data categories and the utilisation of dictionary structures. The thesis demonstrates and emphasises the need for theoretical guidance in the execution of all lexicographic tasks. Two main theories are used to formulate a theoretical framework for this study. A general theory of lexicography developed by Herbert Ernst Wiegand is used to affirm the status of lexicography as separate from linguistics and other fields from which it draws theoretical and methodological insights. Lexicography is, according to Wiegand (1984), a scientific field concerned with the production of reference works on language. As a typical reference product, a dictionary is regarded as a utility tool with a genuine purpose. These two postulates of the general theory of lexicography enable lexicographers to carry out their tasks in a systematic and efficient way. The postulates are emphasised in the theory of lexicographic functions, which was developed by Danish lexicographers of the Aarhus School of Business, mainly under the direction of Henning Bergenholtz and Sven Tarp. Because of this, the theories are employed in a complementary way. Since lexicography is regarded by these theories as a separate discipline, it follows that the production of user-friendly dictionaries may not be guided exclusively by linguistic theories or other theories developed in disciplines with which lexicography comes into contact. It is important to reiterate this regarding terminological theories and special subject field theories in the case of LSP lexicography. The theory of lexicographic functions requires lexicographers to identify the target users of their dictionaries, and the situations in which the users may experience problems that may be addressed by means of lexicographic data. It determines dictionary typological choices, lemma selection policies, the provision of lexicographic data for individual lemmata, and the planning and utilisation of dictionary structures in a user-friendly way. The main motivation for the complementary use of the general theory of lexicography and the theory of lexicographic functions in this thesis was to ensure that efficiency is achieved on the part of the lexicographer carrying out his/her various lexicographic tasks and also on the part of the user consulting the final product. Although this is demonstrated in the thesis using the prospective NLLTD, the criticism of some published dictionaries indicates that their quality could have been improved if their production occurred under such a strong theoretical guidance. An attempt is also made to show that similar theoretical applications are definitely required in the production of LSP dictionaries other than the NLLTD in Ndebele and other languages.
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Hauff, Thomas R. "An assessment and application of the systemic linguistic model of verbal aspect in the New Testament proposed by Stanley E. Porter." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Maza, Duerto Aristides. "Effects of Combined Economic and Linguistic Backgrounds on the Adjustment Process of International Undergraduate Students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11138.
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This study had three main purposes: (a) to determine whether there is a linear relationship between international undergraduate (IU) students' adaptation and time at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), (b) to examine the effects of IU students' combined economic and linguistic backgrounds on their adaptation experience at Virginia Tech, (c) to determine the u-shaped curve model's effectiveness in explaining the adaptation experience of IU students from different backgrounds.
The findings of this study could not be used to justify either a linear or a curvilinear relationship between time and IU students' adaptation. A difference in adaptation was found between IU students with two and four years at Virginia Tech based on their linguistic background differences, but no differences were found in regard to their economic background differences. A correlation analysis suggested a relationship between adaptation and the support IU students received while at Virginia Tech. Nevertheless, the most important finding is the fact that the existing models of IU students' adaptation do not adequately explain their adaptation experience. This study suggests that future research should concentrate on determining the relationship between IU students' adaptation and the adequacy of support they received.Ph. D.
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Stadler, Kevin. "Direction and directedness in language change : an evolutionary model of selection by trend-amplification." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22980.
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Human languages are not static entities. Linguistic conventions, whose social and communicative meaning are understood by all members of a speech community, are gradually altered or replaced, whether by changing their forms, meanings, or by the loss of or introduction of altogether new distinctions. How do large speech communities go about re-negotiating arbitrary associations in the absence of centralised coordination? This thesis first provides an overview of the plethora of explanations that have been given for language change. Approaching language change in a quantitative and evolutionary framework, mathematical and computational modelling is put forward as a tool to investigate and compare these different accounts and their purported underlying mechanisms in a rigorous fashion. The central part of the thesis investigates a relatively recent addition to the pool of mechanisms that have been proposed to influence language change: I will compare previous accounts with a momentum-based selection account of language change, a replicator-neutral model where the popularity of a variant is modulated by its momentum, i.e. its change in frequency of use in the recent past. I will discuss results from a multi-agent model which show that the dynamics of a trend-amplifying mechanism like this are characteristic of language change, in particular by exhibiting spontaneously generated s-shaped transitions. I will also discuss several empirical predictions made by a momentum-based selection account which contrast with those that can be derived from other accounts of language change. Going beyond theoretical arguments for the role of trends in language change, I will go on to present fieldwork data of speakers’ awareness of ongoing syntactic changes in the Shetland dialect of Scots. Data collected using a novel questionnaire methodology show that individuals possess explicit knowledge about the direction as well as current progression of ongoing changes, even for grammatical structures which are very low in frequency. These results complement previous experimental evidence which showed that individuals both possess and make use of implicit knowledge about age-dependent usage differences during ongoing sound changes. Echoing the literature on evolutionary approaches to language change, the final part of the thesis stresses the importance of explicitly situating different pressures either in the domain of the innovation of new or else the selection of existing variants. Based on a modification of the Wright-Fisher model from population genetics, I will argue that trend-amplification selection mechanisms provide predictions that neatly match empirical facts, both in terms of the diachronic dynamics of language change, as well as in terms of the synchronic distribution of linguistic traits that we find in the world.
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Abdullah, Siti Norbaiti binti. "Machine learning approach for crude oil price prediction." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/machine-learning-approach-for-crude-oil-price-prediction(949fa2d5-1a4d-416a-8e7c-dd66da95398e).html.
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Crude oil prices impact the world economy and are thus of interest to economic experts and politicians. Oil price’s volatile behaviour, which has moulded today’s world economy, society and politics, has motivated and continues to excite researchers for further study. This volatile behaviour is predicted to prompt more new and interesting research challenges. In the present research, machine learning and computational intelligence utilising historical quantitative data, with the linguistic element of online news services, are used to predict crude oil prices via five different models: (1) the Hierarchical Conceptual (HC) model; (2) the Artificial Neural Network-Quantitative (ANN-Q) model; (3) the Linguistic model; (4) the Rule-based Expert model; and, finally, (5) the Hybridisation of Linguistic and Quantitative (LQ) model. First, to understand the behaviour of the crude oil price market, the HC model functions as a platform to retrieve information that explains the behaviour of the market. This is retrieved from Google News articles using the keyword “Crude oil price”. Through a systematic approach, price data are classified into categories that explain the crude oil price’s level of impact on the market. The price data classification distinguishes crucial behaviour information contained in the articles. These distinguished data features ranked hierarchically according to the level of impact and used as reference to discover the numeric data implemented in model (2). Model (2) is developed to validate the features retrieved in model (1). It introduces the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) technique as an alternative to conventional techniques used for forecasting the crude oil market. The BPNN technique is proven in model (2) to have produced more accurate and competitive results. Likewise, the features retrieved from model (1) are also validated and proven to cause market volatility. In model (3), a more systematic approach is introduced to extract the features from the news corpus. This approach applies a content utilisation technique to news articles and mines news sentiments by applying a fuzzy grammar fragment extraction. To extract the features from the news articles systematically, a domain-customised ‘dictionary’ containing grammar definitions is built beforehand. These retrieved features are used as the linguistic data to predict the market’s behaviour with crude oil price. A decision tree is also produced from this model which hierarchically delineates the events (i.e., the market’s rules) that made the market volatile, and later resulted in the production of model (4). Then, model (5) is built to complement the linguistic character performed in model (3) from the numeric prediction model made in model (2). To conclude, the hybridisation of these two models and the integration of models (1) to (5) in this research imitates the execution of crude oil market’s regulators in calculating their risk of actions before executing a price hedge in the market, wherein risk calculation is based on the ‘facts’ (quantitative data) and ‘rumours’ (linguistic data) collected. The hybridisation of quantitative and linguistic data in this study has shown promising accuracy outcomes, evidenced by the optimum value of directional accuracy and the minimum value of errors obtained.
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Reynolds, Rebecca K. "Idea, Energy, and Power: Sayers’s Creative Process Model and the Storytelling of Jay O’Callahan." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1418.
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This research uses an adaptation of Dorothy L. Sayers's 3-step theory of creativity to analyze the self-described creation process of contemporary storyteller Jay O'Callahan. Sayers wrote that Idea, Energy, and Power are foundational elements of the creative process. Idea is the invisible image that provides vision and unity throughout a project. The Energy is the working out of art into a medium. The Power is the connective force that binds artist to art and both to audience. (Sayers, 1987). This hermeneutical study develops subcategories within each of those 3 primary elements of creativity, then uses qualitative methods to explore connectivity to the creation process of O'Callahan. It was concluded that a high levels of correlation can be drawn between the Idea, Energy, Power model and O'Callahan's methods of story construction and delivery.
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Turek, Vojtěch. "Vícehodnotové logické systémy pro technické aplikace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228328.
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Velmi často je vyžadováno, aby automatizovaná zařízení byla jistým způsobem "inteligentní", tedy aby jejich řídicí systémy uměly emulovat rozhodovací proces. Tato diplomová práce poskytuje obecný formální popis vícehodnotových logických systémů schopných zmíněné emulace a jejich souvislost s teorií fuzzy množin. Jsou uvedeny způsoby vytváření matematických modelů založených na lingvistických datech. Dále se práce zabývá znalostními bázemi a jejich vlastnostmi. Součástí této práce je také počítačový program sloužící k tvorbě slovních modelů.
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Penton, Dave. "Linguistic data models : presentation and representation /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002875.
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Tiryakioglu, Gulay. "EFL learners' writing processes : the relationship between linguistic knowledge, composing processes and text quality." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2047.
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L'écriture est un processus complexe à la fois dans la langue première (L1) et dans une langue étrangère ou seconde (L2). Les recherches sur les processus d'écriture en langue seconde et en langue étrangère se multiplient, grâce à l'existence d'outils de recherche qui nous permettent d'examiner de plus près ce que les apprenants font réellement dans leurs langues lorsqu'ils écrivent (Hyland, 2016; Van Waes et al., 2012; Wengelin et al., 2019) ; les recherches sur les comportements d'écriture plurilingue restent cependant rares. Cette étude examine la relation entre la connaissance de la langue, les compétences en dactylographie, les processus d'écriture (fluidité d'écriture, pauses et révisions) et la qualité des textes écrits par 30 collégiens français (14-15 ans), lors de l'écriture dans leur premier (français) et deuxième (anglais) langues. Dans la seconde étude, nous avons examiné cette relation complexe au sein d'un sous-groupe de 15 élèves bilingue turcophone (14-15 ans, résidant en France) lors de l'écriture dans leur langue d'origine (turc), langue scolaire (français) et l'anglais (une langue étrangère, également apprise à l'école). La troisième étude explore cetterelation complexe entre le sous-groupe de 17 apprenants bilingues (15 apprenants turcophone et 2 apprenants arabe-français) et 13 apprenants monolingues français.Nous avons utilisé un plan d'étude à méthode mixte: une combinaison d'enregistrement des touches tapées au clavier, de questionnaires avant et après l'écriture, de textes écrits par les élèves et d'entretiens de rappel stimulé. Nos participants ont effectué trois tâches d'écriture (une tâche de copie, une tâche descriptive et une tâche narrative) dans chaque langue à l'ordinateur à l'aide de l'outil d'enregistrement des touches tapées au clavier, Inputlog (Leijten & Van Waes, 2013). L'enregistrement des touches tapées au clavier (possibilité de mesurer avec précision le comportement de frappe), qui s'est développée au cours des deux dernières décennies, permet une investigation empirique des comportements de frappe lors de l'écriture à l'ordinateur. Les données relatives aux processus d'écriture ont été analysées à partir de ces données d'Inputlog: la fluidité d'écriture a été mesurée en caractères par minute, mots par minute et la moyenne des caractères entre deux pause en rafales de pause (de 2000 millisecondes); les hésitations ont été mesurées par le nombre de pauses, la durée des pauses et leur emplacement (à l'intérieur ou entre les mots); les révisions ont été mesurées en nombre de suppressions et d'ajouts, et en rafales de révision (le nombre moyenne d’ajouts et suppressions entre deux longues pauses de 2000 millisecondes). La vitesse de frappe a été mesurée avec une tâche de copie dans chaque langue du projet; cette tâche de copie est corrigée automatiquement par Inputlog ; nous avons développé cette tâche en turc pour notre étude, et elle a été normalisée et figure maintenant comme partie intégrante du logiciel, pour d’autres utilisateurs. Pour évaluer la qualité des textes écrits par nos apprenants, une équipe d'évaluateurs a utilisé une échelle d'évaluation holistique et analytique pour juger du contenu, de l'organisation et de l'utilisation de lalangue dans les textes en L1, L2 et L3 ; nous avons ensuite comparé cette évaluation qualitative aux mesures quantitatives obtenus dans Inputlog. Nous avons également recueilli des données avec un protocole de rappel stimulé auprès d'un sous-groupe de sept scripteurs, pendant qu'ils regardaient les données enregistrées sur Inputlog se dérouler à l’écran (avec la fonction Replay); ce processus fascinant nous a permis d’obtenir des informations liées aux pensées des écrivains lors des pauses et révisions longues. Enfin, nous avons obtenu d’autres informations sur les comportements d’écriture des participants en dehors de la classe à l’aide d’un questionnaireWriting is a complex process both in the first language (L1) and in a foreign or second language (L2). Researchon second- and foreign-language writing processes is increasing, thanks to the existence of research tools thatenable us to look more closely at what language learners actually do as they write (Hyland, 2016; Van Waes etal., 2012; Wengelin et al., 2019); research on plurilingual writing behaviour remains, however, scarce. Thisstudy looks at the relationship between knowledge of language, typing skills, writing processes (writing fluency,pauses and revisions) and the quality of texts written by 30 middle school French students (14-15 years old),during writing in their first (French), and second (English) languages. In the second study, we looked at thiscomplex relationship among a sub-group of 15 middle school French-Turkish bilingual students (14-15 yearsold, residing in France) during writing in their home language (Turkish), school language (French), and English(a foreign language, also learned at school). The third study explores this complex relationship between thesubgroup of 17 bilingual learners (15 Turkish-French bilinguals and 2 Arabic-French bilinguals) and 13 Frenchmonolingual learners.We used a mixed-method study design: a combination of keystroke loggings, pre- and post-writingquestionnaires, students' written texts and stimulated recall interviews. Our participants performed three writingtasks (a copy task, a descriptive and a narrative task) in each language on the computer using the keystrokeloggingtool Inputlog (Leijten & Van Waes, 2013). Keystroke logging (the possibility of measuring precisetyping behaviour), which has developed over the past two decades, enables empirical investigation of typingbehaviour during writing. Data related to writing processes were analyzed from this Inputlog data: writingfluency was measured as characters per minute, words per minute, and mean pause-bursts (text producedbetween two pauses of 2000 milliseconds); pausing was measured as numbers of pauses, pause length, andlocation (within and between words); and revisions were measured as numbers of deletions and additions, andrevision-bursts (additions and deletions between two long pauses of 2000 milliseconds). Typing speed wasmeasured with the Inputlog copy task tool in three languages; we developed the Turkish copy task for our study,and it has been standardized and added to the Inputlog software. To assess text quality, a team of evaluatorsused both a holistic and an analytical rating scale to judge content, organization and language use in the L1, L2and L3 texts, and this qualitative assessment is compared with the quantitative Inputlog measures. We alsocollected stimulated recall protocol data from a focus group of seven writers, as they watched the keystrokelogged data unfold; this fascinating process enabled us to obtain information related to the writers’ thoughtsduring long pauses and revisions. Finally, we obtained background data on the participants’ writing behaviorsoutside the classroom with a questionnaire.Analyses of the keystroke logging data reveal important differences between L1 and L2 as well as between L1,L2 and L3 writing processes, which appear to be linked to our bilingual subjects’ linguistic backgrounds, andespecially their contact with written Turkish (Akinci, 2016). Writing processes were more fluent in French, withlonger pause-bursts, fewer pauses and revisions than writing in English and Turkish. Post-hoc comparisons ofwriting processes in the three project languages show that although there are significant differences betweenFrench and Turkish/English writing processes, English and Turkish writing processes are similar, with,however, significant fluency differences
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Meylan, Stephan Charles. "Representing Linguistic Knowledge with Probabilistic Models." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10931065.
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The use of language is one of the defining features of human cognition. Focusing here on two key features of language, productivity and robustness, I examine how basic questions regarding linguistic representation can be approached with the help of probabilistic generative language models, or PGLMs. These statistical models, which capture aspects of linguistic structure in terms of distributions over events, can serve as both the product of language learning and as prior knowledge in real-time language processing. In the first two chapters, I show how PGLMs can be used to make inferences about the nature of people's linguistic representations. In Chapter 1, I look at the representations of language learners, tracing the earliest evidence for a noun category in large developmental corpora. In Chapter 2, I evaluate broad-coverage language models reflecting contrasting assumptions about the information sources and abstractions used for in-context spoken word recognition in their ability to capture people's behavior in a large online game of “Telephone.” In Chapter 3, I show how these models can be used to examine the properties of lexicons. I use a measure derived from a probabilistic generative model of word structure to provide a novel interpretation of a longstanding linguistic universal, motivating it in terms of cognitive pressures that arise from communication. I conclude by considering the prospects for a unified, expectations-oriented account of language processing and first language learning.
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Ng, Kok Man Jeffrey. "A comparison of the language use in sports writing : soccer and golf news." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2002. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/368.
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vanCort, Tracy. "Computational Evolutionary Linguistics." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2001. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/137.
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Languages and species both evolve by a process of repeated divergences, which can be described with the branching of a phylogenetic tree or phylogeny. Taking advantage of this fact, it is possible to study language change using computational tree building techniques developed for evolutionary biology. Mathematical approaches to the construction of phylogenies fall into two major categories: character based and distance based methods. Character based methods were used in prior work in the application of phylogenetic methods to the Indo-European family of languages by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania. Discussion of the limitations of character-based models leads to a similar presentation of distance based models. We present an adaptation of these methods to linguistic data, and the phylogenies generated by applying these methods to several modern Germanic languages and Spanish. We conclude that distance based for phylogenies are useful for historical linguistic reconstruction, and that it would be useful to extend existing tree drawing methods to better model the evolutionary effects of language contact.
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Arcimavičienė, Liudmila. "Morality models through metaphors: a cross-linguistic analysis." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100517_160515-95452.
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The present study has attempted the analysis of public discourse and its moral expectations through metaphor at a contrastive level in the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics. The study deals with the identification of morality models in public discourse in English and Lithuanian. The materials of the study consist of analytical political articles extracted from the online archives of two following websites: (1) www.economist.com, (2) www.politika.lt. The collected data amounts to 415, 670 words in total. Three methods of analysis were applied to the collected data: qualitative, quantitative and contrastive. The analysis reveals that political affairs in both cultures are framed by the same conceptual metaphors. The structural composition of the conceptual metaphors has been examined in terms of the following thirteen SOURCE domains: MOTION, RELATIONSHIP, STRENGTH, HEALTH, SPORTS, WAR, ESSENCE, BUSINESS, DIRT, SENSES, WHOLENESS, THEATRE, and ANIMALS. The cross-mapping between SOURCE domains and TARGET domains is held by different epistemic correspondences, which leads to the variability of MORALITY models across the two languages, i.e. English and Lithuanian. British politics tends to be more varied in its moral expectations, which derive from three types of Morality Systems: Pragmatic, Rational and Integrated. Thus, the moral expectations governing British political discourse are based on the Complex Morality Model. By contrast, Lithuanian politics is... [to full text]Ši disertacija – tai kontrastyvinio pobūdžio lingvistinis darbas, kurio tyrimų objektas yra viešasis anglų ir lietuvių kalbų diskursas politine tema. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti, kokiais moralės modeliais vadovaujamasi Didžiosios Britanijos ir Lietuvos viešajame diskurse politine tematika, remiantis metaforos analize. Moksliniam tyrimui buvo renkami analitiniai straipsniai, kuriuose aprašomi Lietuvos (www.politika.lt) ir Didžiosios Britanijos (www.economist.com) politiniai įvykiai ketverių (Britanijos atveju) ir dvejų (Lietuvos atveju) metų laikotarpiu. Visame sinchroniniame tyrime taikomas trianguliacijos metodas, leidžiantis ištirti metaforos raišką įvairiais aspektais, derinant kokybinius (aprašomąjį, analitinį ir kognityvinį) tyrimus su kiekybiniu tyrimu. Buvo nustatyta trylika universalių metaforų: JUDĖJIMAS, JĖGA, KARAS, GYVŪNAI, SANDARA, JUSLĖS, VISUMA, SPORTAS, SVEIKATA, SANTYKIAI, PURVAS, VERSLAS ir TEATRAS. Gretinamoji analizė rodo, kad anglų kalbos metaforos skiriasi nuo lietuvių kalbos metaforų savo epistemine sandara. Anglų kalbos metaforų analizė rodo vertinimą, grindžiamą kompleksiniu moralės modeliu. Toks politinių įvykių vertinimas byloja apie progresyvią demokratinę politinę sistemą, pasižyminčią dinamiškumu, vertinimų kaita ir įvairove. Lietuvių kalbos metaforų analizės metu nustatytas vyraujantis pragmatinis metaforos moralės modelis su labai nežymiai išreikštais kitais metaforos moralės modeliais. Toks Lietuvos politinių įvykių vertinimas rodo pragmatinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Jones, Gareth James Francis. "Application of linguistic models to continuous speech recognition." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238924.
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Lee, Chia-ying (Chia-ying Jackie). "Discovering linguistic structures in speech : models and applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/93065.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 169-188).
The ability to infer linguistic structures from noisy speech streams seems to be an innate human capability. However, reproducing the same ability in machines has remained a challenging task. In this thesis, we address this task, and develop a class of probabilistic models that discover the latent linguistic structures of a language directly from acoustic signals. In particular, we explore a nonparametric Bayesian framework for automatically acquiring a phone-like inventory of a language. In addition, we integrate our phone discovery model with adaptor grammars, a nonparametric Bayesian extension of probabilistic context-free grammars, to induce hierarchical linguistic structures, including sub-word and word-like units, directly from speech signals. When tested on a variety of speech corpora containing different acoustic conditions, domains, and languages, these models consistently demonstrate an ability to learn highly meaningful linguistic structures. In addition to learning sub-word and word-like units, we apply these models to the problem of one-shot learning tasks for spoken words, and our results confirm the importance of inducing intrinsic speech structures for learning spoken words from just one or a few examples. We also show that by leveraging the linguistic units our models discover, we can automatically infer the hidden coding scheme between the written and spoken forms of a language from a transcribed speech corpus. Learning such a coding scheme enables us to develop a completely data-driven approach to creating a pronunciation dictionary for the basis of phone-based speech recognition. This approach contrasts sharply with the typical method of creating such a dictionary by human experts, which can be a time-consuming and expensive endeavor. Our experiments show that automatically derived lexicons allow us to build speech recognizers that consistently perform closely to supervised speech recognizers, which should enable more rapid development of speech recognition capability for low-resource languages.
by Chia-ying (Jackie) Lee.
Ph. D.
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Keys, Kevin Lawrence. "Hidden Markov Models in Genetics and Linguistics." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146860.
Full textAbstract:
This document provides an overview of hidden Markov Models (HMMs). It begins with some probability background, including some descriptions of algorithms used in implementing HMMs. Hidden Markov Models come from a class of systems endowed with probabilistic properties that make it useful for modeling situations in which the modeler lacks a full specification of the system in question, but has data generated by the system. This is not altogether different from a car mechanic attempting to understand an automobile motor by studying the emissions from the tailpipe and the response to acceleration, both without ever having peeked under the hood of the vehicle. To construct a theory of hidden Markov models, we first construct a theory of Markov chains; this section assumes an elementary knowledge of probability theory and univariate calculus. The subsequent two sections describe in detail two applications in particular; one in population genetics, and one in computational linguistics. This document is not meant to serve as a comprehensive text on HMMs, or on Markov models: for more technical discussion of HMMs with with many excellent examples, the reader is referred to [2].
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Casas, Manzanares Noé. "Injection of linguistic knowledge into neural text generation models." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671045.
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Language is an organic construct. It emanates from the need for communication and changes through time, influenced by multiple factors. The resulting language structures are a mix of regular syntactic and morphological constructions together with divergent irregular elements. Linguistics aims at formalizing these structures, providing a rationalization of the underlying phenomena. However, linguistic information alone is not enough to fully characterize the structures in language, as they are intrinsically tied to meaning, which constrains and modulates the applicability of the linguistic phenomena and also to context and domain.
Classical machine translation approaches, like rule-based systems, relied completely on the linguistic formalisms. Hundreds of morphological and grammatical rules were wired together to analyze input text and translate it into the target language, trying to take into account the semantic load carried by it. While this kind of processing can satisfactorily address most of the low-level language structures, many of the meaning-dependent structures failed to be analyzed correctly.
On the other hand, the dominant neural language processing systems are trained from raw textual data, handling it as a sequence of discrete tokens. These discrete tokens are normally defined looking for reusable word pieces identified statistically from data. In the whole training process, there is no explicit notion of linguistic knowledge: no morphemes, no morphological information, no relationships among words, or hierarchical groupings.This thesis aims at bridging the gap between the neural systems and linguistics-based systems, devising systems that have the flexibility and good results of the former with a base on the linguistic formalisms, with the purposes of improving quality where data alone cannot and forcing human-understandable working dynamics into the otherwise black-box neural systems. For this, we propose techniques to fuse statistical subwords with word-level linguistic information, to remove subwords altogether and rely solely on lemmas and morphological traits of the words, and to drive the text generation process on the ordering defined by syntactic dependencie. The main results of the proposed methods are the improvements in translation quality that can be obtained by injecting morphological information into NMT systems when testing on out-of-domain data for morphologically-rich languages, and the control over the generated text that can be gained by means of linking the generation order to the syntactic structure.El lenguaje es una construcción orgánica que surge de la necesidad de comunicación, y que cambia a lo largo del tiempo, influenciado por múltiples factores, resultando en estructuras del lenguaje donde se mezclan construcciones morfológicas y sintácticas regulares con otros elementos irregulares. La lingüística tiene como objetivo el formalizar estas estructuras, proponiendo interpretaciones de los fenómenos subyacentes. Sin embargo, la lingüística no es suficiente para caracterizar de manera completa las estructuras del lenguaje, ya que éstas se encuentran intrínsicamente ligadas tanto al significado -al restringir y modular éste la aplicabilidad de los fenómenos lingüísticos- como al contexto y al dominio. Las técnicas de traducción automática clásicas empleadas por los sistemas basados en reglas, se basan en formalismos lingüísticos, haciendo uso de miles de reglas morfológicas y gramaticales para analizar texto del idioma de origen y traducirlo al idioma de destino, intentando mantener la carga semántica original. Aunque este tipo de traducción procesa adecuadamente la estructuras de bajo nivel del lenguaje, muchas estructuras dependientes del significado no son analizadas correctamente. Los sistemas de procesado del lenguaje natural dominantes, en cambio, se entrenan usando texto como datos de entrada. Dicho texto se procesa como una secuencia de elementos discretos, normalmente definidos como trozos de palabras o sub-palabras, que se agrupan en una estructura de diccionario que es confecccionado estadísticamente de modo que se maximice el reuso de sus sub-palabras al codificar el texto de entrenamiento. En todo este proceso, no hay ninguna noción explícita de conocimiento lingüístico, ni morfemas, ni información morfológica, ni relaciones sintácticas entre palabras o grupos jerárquicos. El objetivo de esta tesis es hibridizar los sistemas neuronales y los sistemas basados en reglas lingüísticas, de manera que el resultado pueda mostrar la flexibilidad y buenos resultados de los primeros, pero teniendo una base lingüística que le permita tanto mejorar la calidad del texto generado en los casos en los que simplemente más datos no lo consiguen, como establer unas dinámicas de funcionamiento internas que sean entendibles por humanos, a diferencia de la naturaleza de "caja negra" de los sistemas neuronales normales. Para ello, se proponen técnicas para enriqueces las sub-palabras con información lingüística de nivel de palabra, ténicas para prescindir de las sub-palabras y basarse únicamente en el lema y los rasgos lingüísticos de las palabras, y técnicas para dirigir el orden de generación de texto mediante dependencias sintácticas. Los principales resultados de los métodos propuestos son la mejora en la calidad de traducción en sistemas neuronales a los que les inyectamos información lingüística, especialmente en escenarios de lenguas morfológicamente ricas con texto de distinto dominio, y el control directo del proceso de generación al ligarlo a las estructuras sintácticas del texto.
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Arahata, Angela Kim. "A persuasão implícita e a argumentação através dos modos narrativo e descritivo: um enfoque sistêmico-funcional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13506.
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-02The aim of this study is to examine how implicit persuasion and argumentation occurr in editorials published in the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo regarding texture: its formation through the textual modes, verification of how assessment is built, analysis of rhetorical devices and application of Toulmin s rhetorical model of argumentation. I analyze three editorials published between August and September 2010, during the months that preceded the presidential election. Because of their social relevance, texts that addressed the candidacy of Rousseff were chosen. The analysis of the editorial is organized into four parts. First text structure is classified using representational modes proposed by Reynolds (2000). Secondly, I analyze personnel (evaluative) and interactional function (roles and mode), as proposed by Halliday (1994), Martin (2000) and Thompson and Thetela (1995). Thirdly, I analyze the use of rhetorical devices like voices (WAUGH, 1995), intersubjectivity (KÄRKKÄINEN, 2006), dog whistle politics (COFFIN; O HALLORAN, 2006) and smuggling of information (LUCHJENBROERS; ALDRIDGE, 2007). Lastly, I analyze the subfunctions of argument (REYNOLDS, 2000) and validation of the arguments (TOULMIN, 1958). Besides these authors, directly related to methodology, I use as reference Kitis and Milapides (1997), about crypto-argumentation, Fowler (1987) on critical linguistics, among others. The editorial analysis showed that ASSERTIONS do not arise at the beginning of the text. In general, the first few paragraphs have PREDICTION and HYPOTHESISING. Also, the arguments rely on the descriptions and narratives and voices. Modalized and implicit evaluations are quite frequent, often under the form of smuggling of information and dog whistle and associated with the phenomenon of logogenesis to build negative Appreciations or Judgements
O objetivo do presente estudo é examinar de que forma se dá a persuasão implícita e a argumentação em editoriais publicados no jornal Folha de S. Paulo no que diz respeito à textura: sua constituição através dos modos textuais, verificação de como é feita a avaliação, análise de recursos retóricos utilizados com vistas à persuasão e aplicação da Teoria de Toulmin à garantia oferecida aos argumentos. Analiso três editoriais publicados entre agosto e setembro de 2010, nos meses que antecederam as eleições presidenciais. Por sua relevância social, foram escolhidos textos que tratassem da candidatura de Dilma Rousseff. A análise dos editoriais está organizada em quatro partes. Em primeiro lugar, trato da estrutura textual utilizando os modos representacionais propostos por Reynolds (2000). Em segundo lugar, analiso as funções pessoal (Avaliatividade) e interacional (papéis e modalidade), conforme proposto por Halliday (1994), Martin (2000) e Thompson e Thetela (1995). Em terceiro lugar, analiso a utilização de recursos retóricos como vozes (WAUGH, 1995), intersubjetividade (KÄRKKÄINEN, 2006), política do apito do cão (COFFIN; O HALLORAN, 2006) e contrabando de informação (LUCHJENBROERS; ALDRIDGE, 2007). E, por último, analiso as subfunções do argumento (VESTERGAARD, 2000) e a validação dos argumentos (TOULMIN, 1958). Além destes autores, diretamente ligados à metodologia adotada, adoto como referência Kitis e Milapides (1997), sobre crypto-argumentação; Fowler (1987), sobre linguística crítica, entre outros. A análise dos editoriais mostrou que o argumento incisivo (DECLARAÇÃO) não surge no início do texto. Em geral, os primeiros parágrafos apresentam HIPÓTESE e PREVISÃO. Os argumentos, além disso, apoiam-se nas descrições e narrações e em vozes. As avaliações modalizadas e implícitas são bastante frequentes, assumindo muitas vezes a forma de contrabando de informação e apito do cão e associados ao fenômeno da logogênese para construir Apreciações ou Julgamentos negativos
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Jarlstam, Tania. "Barns tidiga läs- och skrivundervisning : Med hjälp av Bornholmsmodellen." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-67559.
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Många förskoleklasser är ålagda att arbeta med Bornholmsmodellen för att öka den språkliga medvetenheten hos barnen. Forskning visar på att ett tidigt arbete med barns språkliga medvetenhet innan läsinlärningens start har stor betydelse för barns läsinlärning. Med Bornholmsmodellen jobbar man med språklekar för att stimulera barnens språkliga medvetenhet. Syftet med undersökningen är att ta reda på hur Bornholmsmodellen uppfattas av verksamma pedagoger inom två kommuner samt vad dessa anser finns för olika fördelar och nackdelar med metoden. Vidare så undersöks det om Bornholmsmodellen upplevs vara effektiv för barns språkliga medvetenhet och utveckling samt på vilka sätt den anses vara det. Genom arbetets gång undersöktes det även om andra metoder fanns kopplade till Bornholmsmodellen. Metoder för undersökningen har varit intervjuer med åtta informanter från två olika kommuner samt enkäter som besvarats av fyrtiotvå informanter från två olika kommuner. Undersökningen visar att Bornholmsmodellens syfte i att göra barn språkligt medvetna upplevs som framgångsrik. De flesta informanterna anser att Bornholmsmodellen saknar att ge barnen ett sammanhang i undervisningen vilket pedagoger med rätt förutsättningar från kommun och skolledning lyckas skapa genom att använda sig av andra metoder integrerat med Bornholmsmodellen.Many preschool classes are required to work with a method named Bornholm model to increase the linguistic awareness among children. Research shows that working with children's linguistic awareness in an early stage is of great importance for children's reading skills. With help from the Bornholm model, you work with language games to stimulate the children's linguistic awareness. The aim of the study was to find out how the Bornholm model are being interpreted by active teachers in two municipalities, as well as their thoughts about what different advantages and disadvantages they considered in relation to the method. Furthermore, the results will show if they feel that the method is effective for children's linguistic awareness and development and in what way they feel it is so. The study will also show whether other methods connect to the Bornholm model. Methods of investigation have been interviews with eight informants from two different municipalities as well as questionnaires answered by forty-two informants from two different municipalities. The result shows that the purpose of the Bornholm method in making children become literally aware successfully perceived. The Bornholm method lacks a context integrated in teaching situations, which educators with the right conditions from the municipality and school management succeed in creating through different methods integrated with the Bornholm model.
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Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo, and Peter Kaulicke. "Research in Andean Linguistics." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113289.
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Shiers, N. L. "Gaussian latent tree model constraints for linguistics and other applications." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/80590/.
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The relationships between languages are often modelled as phylogenetic trees whereby there is a single shared ancestral language at the root and contemporary languages appear as leaves. These can be thought of as directed acyclic graphs with hidden variables, specifically Bayesian networks. However, from a statistical perspective there is often no formal assessment of the suitability of these latent tree models. A lot of the work that seeks to address this has focused on discrete variable models. However, when observations are instead considered as functional data, the high dimensional approximations are often better considered in a Gaussian context. The high dimensional data is often inefficiently stored and so the first challenge is to project this data to a low dimension while retaining the information of interest. One approach is to use the newly developed tool named separable-canonical variate analysis to form a basis. Extending the techniques for assessing latent tree model compatibility to beyond discrete variables, the complete set of Gaussian tree constraints are derived for the first time. This set comprises equations and inequality statements in terms of correlations of observed variables. These statements must in theory be adhered to for a Gaussian latent tree model to be appropriate for a given data set. Using the separable-canonical variate analysis basis to obtain a truncated representation, the suitability of a phylogenetic tree can then be plainly assessed. However, in practice it is desirable to allow for some sampling error and as such probabilistic tools are developed alongside the theoretical derivation of Gaussian tree constraints. The proposed methodology is implemented in an in-depth study of a real linguistic data set to assess the phylogenies of five Romance languages. This application is distinctive as the data set consists of acoustic recordings, these are treated as functional data, and moreover these are then being used to compare languages in a phylogenetic context. As a consequence a wide range of theory and tools are called upon from the multivariate and functional domains, and the powerful new separable-canonical function analysis and separable-canonical variate analysis are used. Utilising the newly derived Gaussian tree constraints for hidden variable models provides a first insight into features of spoken languages that appear to be tree-compatible.
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Lodovici, Flaminia Manzano Moreira. "O idiomatismo como lugar de reflexão sobre o funcionamento da lingua." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269040.
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Orientador: Claudia Thereza Guimarães de LemosTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Este trabalho de investigação objetiva abordar a natureza da questão idiomática e a relação que, por meio dela, reclama reflexão: o jogo entre o universal do funcionamento lingüístico e as manifestações singulares de fala. A análise deixa ver que o idiomatismo é mesmo um fato de língua; resulta de um jogo combinatório no qual seu efeito de unidade se configura, e delimita-se no fluxo da fala "em ato". Não se pode propriamente prever seu sentido antes que ele se atualize numa determinada fala. A hipótese é a de que "expressões idiomáticas" se comportam como outras quaisquer no sistema: elas também estão sujeitas a operações de composição/ recomposição que renovam seu modo de fazer presença nos dizeres. Mesmo em se levando em consideração que sentidos relativos a enunciados idiomáticos podem se estabilizar no uso, o que importa é que estabilização não é sinônimo de fixidez. A investigação indica que essas "formas de significar" comportariam duplo sentido. A princípio, a tendência deste trabalho foi tomar essa característica como diferencial dos outros elementos da língua. Mas o que se impõe é reconhecer que esse é mesmo o destino de todo o dizer. Por fim, o idiomatismo exibe uma diferença, uma extravagância que parece vincular-se à sua natureza essencialmente metafórica que, por sua vez, responde pela produção de um, muitas vezes, inesperado efeito significativo
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to approach the nature of the idiomatic issue and the relation that requires reflexion: the play between the universal aspect of linguistic functioning and the unique manifestations of speech. This analysis allows you to see that idioms are actually a speech fact; they result from a combinatory play in which their unity effect is configured and bound in the speech flow in actu [en acte/in act]. Their meaning cannot be foreseen before they are materialized in a specific speech. The hypothesis is that ¿idiomatic expressions¿ behave like any others in the system: they are also subject to composition / recomposition operations which renew the manner in which they are present in the utterances. Even if we consider that senses concerning idiomatic utterances can be stabilized in usage, what really matters is that stabilization is not synonymous with immutability. Research shows that such forms of meaning attribution allow for double meaning. At first, this study was inclined to consider this as a distinguishing feature with respect to the other features of speech. But what must be acknowledged is that all utterances have the same fate. Finally, idioms show a difference, an extravagancy that seems to be linked to their essentially metaphorical nature which, in turn, is responsible for the production of a, very often, unexpected signifying effect
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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Nefdt, Ryan Mark. "The foundations of linguistics : mathematics, models, and structures." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9584.
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The philosophy of linguistics is a rich philosophical domain which encompasses various disciplines. One of the aims of this thesis is to unite theoretical linguistics, the philosophy of language, the philosophy of science (particularly mathematics and modelling) and the ontology of language. Each part of the research presented here targets separate but related goals with the unified aim of bringing greater clarity to the foundations of linguistics from a philosophical perspective. Part I is devoted to the methodology of linguistics in terms of scientific modelling. I argue against both the Conceptualist and Platonist (as well as Pluralist) interpretations of linguistic theory by means of three grades of mathematical involvement for linguistic grammars. Part II explores the specific models of syntactic and semantics by an analogy with the harder sciences. In Part III, I develop a novel account of linguistic ontology and in the process comment on the type-token distinction, the role and connection with mathematics and the nature of linguistic objects. In this research, I offer a structural realist interpretation of linguistic methodology with a nuanced structuralist picture for its ontology. This proposal is informed by historical and current work in theoretical linguistics as well as philosophical views on ontology, scientific modelling and mathematics.
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Azevedo, Regina Maria. ""Programação neurolinguística: transformação e persuasão no metamodelo"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27142/tde-01122006-173633/.
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Neste estudo apresentamos as origens da Programação Neurolingüística (PNL), seus principais fundamentos, pressupostos teóricos e objetivos; analisamos o metamodelo, sua relação com a linguagem e sua exploração por meio do processo de modelagem, a partir do enfoque presente na obra A estrutura da magia I: um livro sobre linguagem e terapia, de Richard Bandler e John Grinder, idealizadores da PNL. Examinamos as transformações obtidas mediante o processo de derivação, com base na Gramática Gerativo-Transformacional de Noam Chomsky, objetivando verificar sua relação com o metamodelo. Explorando o discurso do Sujeito submetido ao processo de modelagem, verificamos em que medida os novos conteúdos semânticos revelados pelas transformações poderiam influenciá-lo, a ponto de mudar sua visão de mundo. Para esta análise, investigamos ainda as teorias clássicas da Argumentação, em especial os conceitos de convicção e persuasão, constatando que a modelagem oferece ao Sujeito recursos para ampliar seu repertório lingüístico, apreender novos significados a partir de seus próprios enunciados e, por meio da deliberação consigo mesmo, convencer-se e persuadir-se.This study aims at presenting the origins of the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), its main ideas, theoretical presuppositions and goals. Furthermore, it will be analyzed the meta-model, its relationship with language and its exploitation through the modeling process, all based on the book The structure of magic I: a book about language and therapy, by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, the founders of NLP. Moreover, it will be examined the transformations obtained from the derivation process, based on Noam Chomsky´s Transformational-generative grammar, with the goal of verifying its relationship with the meta-model. When exploiting the subject´s discourse submitted for the process of modeling, it will be verified in which way the new semantic contents revealed by the transformations could influence that subject and made him alter his vision of the world. For this analysis, it will be investigated also the classic theories of Argumentation, especially the conviction and persuasion concepts. It will also be verified that the process of modeling can offer resources to the subject, for him to enhance his linguistic vocabulary, to learn new meanings from his own sentences and to be able to persuade and convince himself through deliberating with his inner self.
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Malmsten, Solveig. "Dativ i modern färöiska : En fallstudie i grammatisk förändring." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-253012.
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Faroese is known to lie grammatically between Icelandic and the Mainland Scandinavian languages and dialects. One example of this is that, on the one hand, Faroese is like Icelandic in having a basically intact morphological four case system. On the other hand case-marking in Faroese is linked to clause function to a greater degree than in Icelandic – but to a lesser degree than in the Mainland Scandinavian standard languages. In Scandinavian Linguistics, it has long been an axiom that in the longer term the aforementioned four case system will be reduced in all varieties of the Scandinavian languages. The present thesis investigates if, and if so how, this expected development manifests itself in Senior High School graduation essays in Faroese from the period 1940–1999. A quantitative study forms the core of the thesis. The choice between the dative and other cases is related to eight syntactic variables whose effect on the choice of case is compared using methods from the variationist framework, among others. The results are partly surprising: the dative did not reduce in frequency from the 1940s to 1990s. There certainly is a tendency, however not a statistically significant one, that the dative is more often replaced by another case in contexts where the norm is to use the dative. On the other hand it also seems to become more common for the dative to be used hypercorrectly. Furthermore, the development is not linear, in that around the middle of the investigation period, the dative is used far more according to norms than otherwise. As expected, clause function is an important variable, but by the end of the period under investigation the placement of the nominal phrase within the clause becomes a surprisingly strong factor. It also becomes more important if the phrase takes the form of a first/second-person pronominal or not. The results are theoretically interpreted in the light of, firstly, Generative Grammar, and secondly Construction Grammar. The modification of certain terms is discussed, such as lexical case in Generative Grammar or usage-based model in Construction Grammar. The conclusion is that the linguistic descriptive models of these theories can only partly cover the tendencies to change that are observed. Other parts of the results are best explained using aspects of sociolinguistics. The conclusion is that case studies on a micro-level are valuable in order to evaluate and develop theories of linguistic variation and change at a macro-level.
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Tyson, Rikita Lenise. "Good Fooling: Modality and Linguistic Action in Shakespeare's Comedies." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10453.
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This dissertation examines the role of modal verbs and rhetoric in the creation of Shakespeare's comic action. I argue that by focusing on the characters' uses of language in these plays, we can recover a sense of subjectivity and agency for Shakespeare's comic characters, instead of treating them as mere "types" swept along by the force of comic convention. Modal verbs--"can," "may," "must," "ought," and "will"--encode and enact subjectivity at the linguistic level, demonstrating a speaker's perceptions about the action of the main verb: whether a speaker thinks an action is possible or impossible, likely or unlikely, necessary or merely beneficial. Modal verbs therefore indicate an entirely different category of comic action: not just the oversized action of mistaken identity or farce, but the more subtle mental activity that underpins all subsequent action. Likewise, an examination of Shakespeare's comic rhetoric reveals that, far from being inconsequential or merely decorative, it is a force in its own right; I argue that the characters' insistence on the overt use of rhetorical devices, wordplay, and logical debate is a form of action that creates the comic world. Characters use strategies derived from logic and rhetoric in order to persuade themselves and others into positive action, achieving comic endings by verbal means.
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Silva, Marianna Lima de. "A cartilha do participante : um modelo de leitura e escrita para a redação no Enem? /." São José do Rio Preto, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182043.
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Orientador: Fernanda Correa Silveira GalliBanca: Luiz André Neves de Brito
Banca: Anna Flora Brunelli
Resumo: O Enem é um exame nacional de grande relevância, já que é, hoje, o maior processo seletivo para o ensino superior do país. Sua Prova de Redação vem chamando atenção da comunidade escolar e da sociedade em geral, por conta do baixíssimo índice de textos avaliados com nota máxima. Embora a banca de correção tenha tornando seus critérios mais exigentes, o Inep publica, anualmente, pouco antes da realização da prova, a Cartilha do Participante, material oficial cujo objetivo é "contribuir para aperfeiçoar" os estudos do aluno-participante do Exame e "tornar ainda mais transparente a metodologia de avaliação da redação e mais evidente o que se espera do participante em cada uma das competências avaliadas" (Inep, 2017), apresentando a Matriz de Referência para Redação do Enem, a Prova de Redação da edição anterior e uma amostra de textos avaliados com a nota 1.000. Com base na perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Análise do Discurso pecheuxtiana, buscamos discutir, nesta pesquisa, de que maneira a Cartilha do Participante instrui/orienta o aluno-participante do Enem a alcançar um modelo de escrita. Para isso, pretendemos (i) depreender as imagens construídas pelo Inep, na Cartilha, sobre si mesmo, seu interlocutor - o aluno-participante do Exame - e seu referente - a Redação no Enem; (ii) pontuar as concepções de leitura/leitor e escrita/escrevente que permeiam esse documento. Nosso olhar para esse material considera o processo discursivo enquanto efeito de sentidos, e não apenas a...
Abstract: Enem is a Brazilian national assessment of great relevance, since it is, nowadays, the largest college entrance exam in Brazil. Its Writing Test has been drawing attention from the school community and society in general, due to the very low index of texts evaluated with a maximum score. Although evaluation commission has made its criteria more demanding, Inep publishes, shortly before the exam, an official guidance material, Cartilha do Participante, which aims to contribute to improve the applicant's studies and to make the writing evaluation methodology even more transparent and make what is expected from the applicant in each of the evaluated competencies more evident (Inep, 2017), presenting Matriz de Referências para a Redação no Enem - the assessment instrument that gather these competencies - the Writing Test of the previous edition and a sample of texts evaluated with maximum score. Based on French branch of Discourse Analysis theoretical-methodological perspective, settled by M. Pêcheux, we aim to discuss, in this work, in which way Cartilha do Participante instructs/guides the Enem applicant-student to achieve an essay model. We intend to (i) infer the images constructed by Inep, in the book, about itself, its interlocutor - the applicant-student of Enem - and its referent - the essay in Enem; (ii) punctuate the reading/reader and writing/writer concepts that permeate this document. Our analysis to this material considers the discursive process as an effect of ...
Mestre
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Abbott, Simon. "A new model of illocutionary force." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13647.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliography.In a series of lectures delivered in the early 1950s and later compiled and released in print as How to do things with Words , J.L. Austin elaborated on the idea that the capacity of language to describe the world was, despite the pre-eminence habitually granted to it by philosophy, really just one among several capacities and that, more generally, language endows its users with the tool to perform certain kinds of acts, called illocutionary acts or, later, speech acts . Speaking, Austin argued, was really a form of action; to say something is always just as much to do something. In the course of the lectures, Austin introduced some relatively well-known theoretical ideas, such as the category of performative utterances. The final lecture describes a taxonomy of utterances according to their illocutionary force. This taxonomy has for most thinkers proven less interesting than some of the moves he makes to get there. Comparatively few thinkers (Searle is the obvious exception, and there are a few others) have shown any interest developing, applying or criticising Austin’s taxonomy. The initial isolation of the class of performative utterances, on the other hand, despite the fact that it turns out to be for Austin essentially no more than a piece of intellectual scaffolding, has provoked an ongoing debate and numerous elaborations in fields as diverse as sociology, literary criticism and gender theory, as well as analytic philosophy. This paper has three chapters. Chapter One comprises a summary of How to do things with Words, followed by a brief discussion of some issues arising from it. The summary is expository, although rather than being comprehensive it focusses on matters relevant to the following chapters. The brief discussion that closes the chapter looks at a question in analytic philosophy (whether someone who makes a promise simultaneously states that they are promising), raises the question of the precise sense in which illocutionary acts are acts at all, and how illocutionary acts are related to the existence of conventions. Chapter Two describes the work or several writers who have been influenced by Austin, and How to do things with Words in particular. John Searle was a student of Austin's and the first writer to produce a substantial critique of Austin and an elaborate the theory of speech acts. Searle's most enduring contribution is probably his taxonomy of speech acts, which became a more or less standard point of reference, in contrast to Austin's, which faded into 4 obscurity. The lack of interest in Austin's taxonomy since Searle published his is not especially surprising, since the latter is presented with a great deal more confidence. It has not been without its critics, however: anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo, for example published an influential critique of it in which she argued that it presented features of contemporary American culture as if they were universals, when in fact other cultures have completely different ways of organising speech acts (Rosaldo 1982). In this chapter I also look at Jacques Derrida's reading of Austin (Derrida 1988), which picks up on the aspects of language that Austin and Searle excluded from their theories and raises some important problems in the relationship of speech acts and personal agency to which Austin and particularly Searle seem to be committed. I then look at what the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (Bourdieu 1992) made of certain Austinian ideas in his explorations of language and power, and end with a brief outline of one way in which speech acts have been analysed by empirical researchers (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain 1984), to illustrate that a very different breakdown of the speech act may be appropriate for different purposes. Apart from Searle, the volume of whose output on the topic makes his inclusion in this chapter uncontroversial, the selection of writers presented in Chapter Two probably seems eclectic, not to mention uneven. Where for example are Kent Bach and Robert Harnish? Though Bach and Harnish are no doubt significant scholars in the field, their interest seemed to me too narrowly philosophical. I have chosen theorists who have raised questions about speech act theory at an arguably more fundamental level, pointed out gaps in its coverage or brought in insights from other disciplines. The reason for this is that Chapter Three presents a new classification of speech acts, partly as a way of re-examining the foundations of speech act theory, and partly with the aim of modifying it to extend its coverage to a greater range of communication phenomena. It is a model of illocutionary forces, instead of illocutionary acts, that aims to meet some (if not all) of the challenges to the classification of speech acts presented by the theorists covered in Chapter Two. This is done, principally, through an integration of Searle's taxonomy, modified in several important ways, with Roman Jakobson's model of the functions of language (Jakobson 1960, 1980).
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Castiglioni, Ana Claudia [UNESP]. "Dicionário enciclopédico de topônimos do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul: uma proposta de modelo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110528.
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000790958.pdf: 1896368 bytes, checksum: d365f341b715bc63e91e94c8d5c89011 (MD5)Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo mais amplo elaborar uma proposta de formato de dicionário enciclopédico toponímico e, para isso, utilizamos como corpus o repertório das unidades léxicas que designam o nome dos elementos geográficos referentes à água, ou seja, os hidrônimos. Os hidrônimos que fazem parte de nossa pesquisa se referem aos elementos hidrográficos arroio, baía, cabeceira, cabo, cachoeira, canal, catarata, corixão, corixo, córrego, foz, lago, lagoa, nascente, represa, riacho, ribeira, ribeirão, rio, riozinho, salto, sanga, vazante, volta. Esses hidrônimos foram obtidos no banco de dados do projeto Atlas Toponímico do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul – ATEMS. Para alcançar o objetivo principal da nossa pesquisa refletimos sobre o estatuto do mapa como texto fonte de pesquisa toponímica e como nele estão registrados os sintagmas toponímicos; analisamos alguns dicionários toponímicos brasileiros publicados para entender como funcionam e quais os objetivos de obras como essas; organizamos um sistema conceptual dos hidrônimos de Mato Grosso do Sul com base no amparo teórico da Terminologia, considerando as relações hierárquicas e não hierárquicas existentes entre as unidades léxicas que fazem parte de nosso corpus; propomos três modelos de microestrutura de verbetes: dois principais, um para verbetes cujas entradas designam conceitos relativos a elementos hidrográficos e a conceitos-chave do conjunto terminológico, outra para a constituição dos verbetes que têm como entradas os sintagmas toponímicos e uma terceira remissiva; organizamos um sistema de remissivas prevendo a presença de sintagmas toponímicos variantes e indicando ao consulente qual verbete deve procurar para encontrar a informação que deseja. Por fim, organizamos uma amostragem de verbetes como demonstrativo do que poderá vir a ser o dicionário. Desenvolvemos essas ações para chegar ao objetivo principal de apresentar uma proposta ...
This research has broader objective to elaborate a propose of format of toponymic encyclopedic dictionary and for that we use as corpus the repertoire of the lexical units that designate the names of the geographical features related to water, i.e. hydronym. The hydronyms that are part of our research refer to elements hydrographic stream, bay, marsh, head, cape, waterfall, canal, cataracts, corixão, corixo, stream, estuary, lake, pond, spring, dam, creek, river, stream river, little river, jump, sanga, ebb back. These hydronyms were obtained at database toponymic of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul project – ATEMS. To achieve the main objective of our research we reflect on the status of the map as text source toponymic research and how in it is recorded the toponymic syntagma; we analyze some Brazilian toponymic dictionaries already published to understand how they work and what the goals of a work like this; we organize a conceptual system of hydronym of Mato Grosso do Sul based on theoretical support of Terminology considering the hierarchical and non-hierarchical relationships between the lexical units that are part of our corpus; we propose three microstructure models of headwords: two main, one for headwords whose entries describe concepts related to hydrographic elements and key concepts of terminology and another set for the establishment of the headword that have as inputs the toponymic syntagmas, and a third remitting; we organize a system of reference foreseeing the presence of the variant toponymic syntagmas and indicating to person who is consulting the dictionary which headword he/she should look for to find the information who wants. Finally, we organize a sampling of entries as demonstration of what it could come to be the dictionary. We develop these actions to reach the main goal of presenting a proposal of model of dictionary to toponymic syntagmas, as regards the superstructure, the macrostructure and microstructure ...