Dissertations / Theses: 'Linguistic references'

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Broadus, Cassandra Ann. "Visual works of art as a stimulus for linguistic references and historical time conceptions in third grade students." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798389/.

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This study investigated the relationship between visual cues in art reproductions, simple linguistic time vocabulary and children's temporal understandings. During interview sessions, 33 third-grade students attending two suburban schools were asked to place three art postcard reproductions sets in chronological order. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded for analysis. Linguistic references used to represent historical time and visual cues within the art postcards which caused students to place art works in a particular time sequence were documented.

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Vierrether, Tanja. "Cultural and Linguistic Issues of Sitcom Dubbing: An Analysis of "Friends"." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1494865832944617.

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Padovani, Giorgia. "Dubbing: an AVT mode on Italian television. Analysis of the dubbed Italian version of BBC's Sherlock." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14204/.

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The aim of this dissertation is to introduce the concept of dubbing as a form of audiovisual translation (AVT) and the importance of linguistic and cultural factors that are involved in the process of translating for dubbing. Nowadays, AVT is one of the most interesting and thriving fields in translation studies and dubbing is the oldest AVT mode. This paper is divided into three sections: the first one presents the origins of dubbing in Italy and the comparison between dubbing and subtitling, as the two main AVT modes. The second section is dedicated to the various issues that translators face and the techniques they usually adopt when translating for dubbing. Moreover, this section illustrates the perception of dubbing by the Italian audience. Finally, the last and most crucial section focuses on the analysis of the dubbed Italian version of the TV series Sherlock compared to the original one, analysing linguistic and cultural aspects that are particularly interesting from the point of view of translation.

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Francischini, Rosangela. "Produção de textos nas series iniciais de escolarização : analise de processos de referenciação anaforica em narrativas." [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270775.

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Orientador: Ingedore G. Villaça Koch
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Tendo por referenciais teóricos o Interacionismo Social e a Lingüística Textual, este trabalho procura investigar os problemas que emergem quando da construção de cadeias anafóricas em narrativas produzidas por crianças em processo formal de escolarização séries iniciais. O corpus é composto por 15 (quinze) narrativas - 8 (oito) primeiras versões e 7 (sete) segundas versões -, produzidas a partir de um livro de estórias somente com gravuras. O procedimento adotado, inspirado no conceito de Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal, de Vygotsky, permitiu a construção de uma segunda versão das narrativas, refacção esta possibilitada por uma necessidade que se impôs à criança de refletir sobre o emprego de determinados recursos expressivos presentes na primeira versão (no nosso caso, os recursos empregados para introdução e manutenção dos personagens. Em outras palavras, na constituição de cadeias anafóricas). A análise proposta mostrou-nos que: 1.) a estratégia que consiste em empregar pronomes como formas referenciais (pessoal e possessivo, principalmente) mostrou-se a mais problemática, no sentido de que, em um número significativo de ocorrências desses pronomes, houve ou ambigüidade de referência ou impossibilidade de determinar o referente; 2.) a situação interativa mediada pela linguagem propiciou a mobilização de operações de linguagem que se materializaram em recursos expressivos mais adequados para a construção das cadeias anafóricas. Sendo assim, do ponto de vista da estruturação textual, as segundas versões das narrativas, por terem sido produzidas a partir da intervenção de um adulto mais hábil, são, indiscutivelmente, qualitativamente superiores; 3.) as crianças buscaram soluções próprias para a resolução dos problemas acima apontados. Desta forma, observamos, principalmente, as seguintes estratégias para caracterização I diferenciação dos personagens: a.) atribuição de nomes aos personagens, b.) emprego de adjetivos indicativos de cor ou gênero (masculino; feminino); c.) acréscimo de informações não constantes nas primeiras versões
Abstract: With the Social Interactionism and the Text Linguistics as theoretical references, this paper tries to investigate the problems related to the construction of anaphoric sequences in narratives produced by children in their formal process of schooling (initial grades). The corpus is composed by fifteen narratives: eight first versions and seven second versions - produced from a storybook made up with illustrations only. The procedure adopted, inspired by the concept of Zone of Proximal Development, by Vigotsky, allowed the construction of a second version of the narratives, which was made possible because the child had to look into the employment of certain expression devices present in the first version (in this case, the resources used to introduce and make reference to the characters, in other words, the devices used in the constitution of anaphoric sequences. The analysis demonstrated that: 1.) the strategy which consists of employing pronouns as reference forms (especially personal and possessive pronouns) seems to be the most troublesonie, in the sense that, when they were used, there was either ambiguity of reference or impossibility to determine the referent; 2.) the interactive situation made it possible the use of language operations, which resulted in expression devices more suitable to the construction of anaphoric sequences. Thus, from the point of view of the text structure, the second versions are undoubtedly superior in terms of quality, since they were produced from the interventions of a more experienced adult; e, 3.) the children tried, by themselves, to find solutions for the problems mentioned above. They made use of the following strategies to characterise / differentiate the characters: a) they named the characters; b) they used adjectives indicating colour or genre(masculine or feminine); c) they added information not present in the first versions
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística

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Pacheco, Lucivânia Marques [UNESP]. "A referência anafórica por encapsulamento: gramática e discurso." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110531.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o funcionamento do encapsulamento anafórico, levando em consideração as instâncias em que esse fenômeno se processa. Com base nos postulados da Gramática Discursivo Funcional, de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), este trabalho pretende mostrar que há uma instância da referenciação que se marca no Componente Gramatical e outra – a da identificação da porção textual de um encapsulamento anafórico – que se resolve no Componente Contextual, postulado conforme Hengeveld e Mackenzie (Inédito). Dialogando com dos trabalhos de Connlly (2007), Cornish (2009) e Stassi-Sé (2012), esse trabalho aponta a necessidade de uma redefinição do Componente Contextual. Essa proposta se confirma por meio da análise de ocorrências de referência por encapsulamento encontradas em textos do gênero artigo de opinião que circulam em duas revistas semanais (Veja e Caros Amigos Online). A análise dessas ocorrências aponta que o fenômeno da referenciação anafórica por encapsulamento articula propriedades de natureza sociocognitiva, discursiva, semântica e morfossintática e que algumas regularidades do seu funcionamento encontram explicação por meio dos níveis e camadas da GDF
The goal of this work is to analyze the functioning of anaphoric encapsulation, taking into account the instances in which this phenomenon takes place. Based on the postulates of Functional Discourse Grammar of Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), this study aims to show that there is an instance of referencing that is marked in grammar and another component - the identification of the textual portion of an anaphoric encapsulation - that is solved in the Contextual Component, as postulated by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (Unpublished). By means of a dialogue with the works of Connlly (2007), Cornish (2009) and Stassi-Sé (2012), this study highlights the need for a redefinition of the Contextual Component. This proposal is confirmed by the analysis of reference encapsulation occurrences found in personal opinion texts circulating in two weekly magazines (Veja and Caros Amigos Online). The analysis of those events suggests that the phenomenon of anaphoric referencing through encapsulation articulates properties of socio-cognitive, discursive, semantic and morphosyntactic nature and that some regularities of its functioning are explained through the levels and layers of the FDG

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Teixeira, Maria Luiza de Sousa [UNESP]. "A indeterminação pragmática e semântica do sujeito." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110997.

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A indeterminação da função sintática sujeito tem sido definida, de maneira geral, como um conceito semântico que envolve a noção de falta de referência. Neste trabalho, entretanto, objetivamos demonstrar que a indeterminação é um processo notadamente pragmático de diferentes formas de codificação morfossintáticas. Com base no aparato teórico da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), admite-se a referência como um conceito pragmático que está intrinsecamente relacionado ao fato de o falante poder, querer ou não querer identificar um referente. Logo, o referente é construído dentro da interação, através de práticas discursivas e cognitivas social e culturalmente situadas. É no discurso, portanto, que o falante expressa a indeterminação. Com vistas a formular um conceito de indeterminação que se centre na complexidade pragmático-semântica-sintática, a descrição dessa codificação gramatical feita neste trabalho parte de córpus formado por diferentes gêneros textuais de base argumentativa da modalidade escrita da língua portuguesa do Brasil. A partir da leitura integral dos textos analisam-se as motivações dadas pela situação comunicativa para que a indeterminação seja marcada morfossintaticamente. Além da descrição de um conjunto bastante diversificado de formas indeterminadoras em língua portuguesa, os resultados permitiram identificar diferentes tipos de indeterminação, conforme ela seja definida só para o falante, só para o ouvinte ou para ambos os interactantes, o que nos levou a propor três tipos de indeterminação do sujeito. A análise integrada dos níveis pragmático, semântico e morfossintático viabilizada pelo aparato teórico da GDF permitiu esclarecer, ainda, a relação entre indeterminação e indefinição. Embora a proposta apresentada de três possibilidades indeterminadoras (Tipo 1, Tipo 2 e Tipo 3) não vise a objetivos didáticos, são apresentadas ...
The indeterminacy of the syntactic function subject has been defined, generally, as a semantic concept involving the notion of lack of reference. In this study, however, we aimed to demonstrate that indeterminacy is a remarkably pragmatic process of different forms of morphosyntactic coding. Based on the theoretical approach of the Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008), the reference is assumed as a pragmatic concept that is intrinsically related to the fact that the speaker is able to, is willing or is not willing to, identify a referent. Thus, the referent is built into the interaction through discursive and cognitive practices which are socially and culturally situated. Thus, it is in the speech that the speaker expresses the indeterminacy. In order to formulate a concept of indeterminacy that focuses on its pragmatic, semantic and syntactic complexity, the description of the grammatical coding of indeterminacy is based on a sample of different textual genres of argumentative basis of written Brazilian Portuguese. Besides the description of a very diverse forms of indeterminacy strategies, the results showed different types of indeterminacy, as defined only to the speaker, to the listener only, or to both, which led us to propose three types of subject indeterminacy. The integrated analysis of pragmatic, semantic and morphosyntactic levels enabled by the theoretical approach of FDG also allowed the clarification of the relationship between indeterminacy and vagueness. Although this proposal has no intended didactic goals, some possible applications of this research for teaching purposes are discussed

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Nascimento, Christiane Gleice Barbosa de Farias. "Multimodalidade em narrativas de reconto de histórias: um estudo de caso de uma criança cega." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1120.

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Esta pesquisa apresenta como objeto de estudo a multimodalidade em narrativas de uma criança cega, contribuindo para entender que recursos multimodais são utilizados por essa criança para produzir sentidos em narrativas de histórias infantis, já que ela não dispõe do canal visual para representar e perceber alguns gestos. Desse modo, fundamentamo-nos na perspectiva de funcionamento multimodal da linguagem proposta por Kendon (1982), McNeill(2000), Cavalcante (2009), Ávila Nóbrega;Cavalcante (2012), Fonte (2009, 2011a, 2011b, 2011c,2012) e Fonte et al (2014) que concebem gesto e fala como sistema integrado de significação. Com base nessa perspectiva, temos como objetivo geral analisar os recursos multimodais em narrativas de reconto de histórias de uma criança cega e como objetivos específicos verificar os papéis dos recursos multimodais que a criança cega utiliza no reconto de histórias, identificar e descrever a fala, a prosódia e os gestos durante a narração das histórias. Para isso, realizamos um estudo observacional, de caráter qualitativo e do tipo estudo de caso, no qual participou uma criança cega com 9 anos de idade, que apresenta cegueira desde nascença e não possui patologias associadas a deficiência visual. Frequenta o Centro de Apoio pedagógico à Pessoa Visual (CAP) e a escola regular, cursando o 1 ano do fundamental I. Como procedimentos metodológicos, selecionamos três clássicos infantis da Disney: Chapeuzinho vermelho, Os três porquinhos e Branca de Neve. Esses contos clássicos foram apresentados em audiodescrição para a criança cega em seu ambiente domiciliar. As narrativas dos recontos das histórias foram filmadas e transcritas através do software Eudico Linguistic Annotator (ELAN). Além disso, selecionamos como categorias de análise de dados os planos do envelope multimodal: verbal, prosódico e gestual, proposto por Ávila Nóbrega (2010) e Fonte (2011). Os resultados mostraram que, ao recontar as histórias, a criança cega assumia diferentes papéis, ora de narrador, ora de personagem. Essas narrativas foram mediadas pela multimodalidade da linguagem, caracterizada por variações prosódicas como: intensidade forte e fraca, duração, pausas, velocidade de fala; além disso, usou produções verbais, ou seja, a fala propriamente dita, contemplando a estrutura narrativa e ainda gestos variados incluindo gesticulações corporais caracterizadas pelos movimentos da cabeça, ombros, mãos e pernas que contribuíram para a construção de sentido dos recontos das histórias.
This research has the multimodality in narratives of a blind child as an object of study, contributing to the understanding of which multimodal resources are used by this child to produce meaning in narrating fairy tales, for the child does not make use of the sight to represent and perceive some gestures. Thus, we base our study in a perspective that conceives language as multimodal as proposed by Kendon (1982), McNeill (2000), Cavalcante (2009), Ávila-Nóbrega; Cavalcante (2012), Fonte (2009, 2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2012) and Fonte et al (2014) comprehending that gesture and speech are an integrated system of meaning. Based on this perspective, our general aim is to analyze the multimodal resources used by a blind child in the recount of fairy tales and as our specific aims to verify the roles of such multimodal resources that the blind child makes use of in retelling the tales, and also to identify and describe the speech, prosody and gestures during the narration of the tales. For this, we carried out an observational, qualitative and case of study research, with a nine-year-old blind child, who is blind from birth but does not present pathologies associated to his/her blindness. The child goes to Centro de Apoio pedagógico à Pessoa Visual (CAP) and also to school, where he/she is at the first year of fundamental 1. For our methodology we chose three classic tales from Disney: Little Red Riding Hood, The three Little Pigs and Snow White. These three classic tales were presented to the child in audio description in the childs home. The narration and recount of the tales were recorded and transcribed with the software Eudico Linguistic Annotator (ELAN). Besides this, we selected as categories of analysis the elements in the multimodal envelope: verbal, prosodic and gestural proposed by Ávila-Nóbrega (2010) and Fonte (2011). Results show that while recounting the tales the blind child took over different roles, sometimes the narrator, sometimes the character. These narratives were mediated by the multimodality of language, characterized by prosodic variations such as: strong and weak intensity, duration, pauses, speech speed. Furthermore, the child used verbal productions, that is, the speech, contemplating not only the narrative structure but also varied gestures including body gesticulations characterized by head movements, shoulders, hands and legs that contributed to the construction of meaning in the recount of the tales.

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Silva, Alena Ciulla e. "Os processos de referÃncia e suas funÃÃes discursivas: o universo literÃrio dos contos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3101.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
A maior parte dos trabalhos sobre processos referenciais tenta relacionar formas fixas de manifestaÃÃo a determinadas funÃÃes e/ou dedica-se ao estudo de fenÃmenos especÃficos, como somente as (re)categorizaÃÃes ou encapsulamentos ou apenas o papel de determinados itens lexicais numa expressÃo. Assim, muitas explicaÃÃes e funÃÃes importantes nÃo sÃo reconhecidas ou sÃo pouco aprofundadas. Nosso objetivo, nesta pesquisa, foi o de estabelecer critÃrios que permitissem uma visÃo ampliada dos processos referenciais que nÃo apenas revelasse funÃÃes, mas tambÃm levasse em conta a mutabilidade caracterÃstica do processo de construÃÃo referencial e, portanto, suportasse constantes acrÃscimos e ajustes, conforme a observaÃÃo das diversas situaÃÃes de uso. Primeiramente, entÃo, partimos do princÃpio de que anÃfora, dÃixis e introduÃÃo referencial sÃo funÃÃes variÃveis e nÃo mutuamente excludentes que sÃo estabelecidas nas situaÃÃes discursivas. A seguir, com base em pesquisas, como as de ApothÃloz (1995a), ApothÃloz e Reichler-BÃguelin (1999), Authier-Revuz (2001), Cavalcante (2006), Koch (2004) e Maingueneau (2007), apresentamos uma lista de funÃÃes, resenhando as jÃ sugeridas e adicionando outras, compondo um quadro geral e suscetÃvel a ampliaÃÃes, em que funÃÃes e subespecificaÃÃes de funÃÃes desempenhadas por vÃrios processos referenciais podem ser contempladas. As principais funÃÃes identificadas foram as de 1) organizaÃÃo de partes do texto, 2) metadiscursividade, 3) introduÃÃo de informaÃÃes novas, 4) promoÃÃo de uma busca/ativaÃÃo da memÃria, 5) promoÃÃo de efeitos estÃtico-estilÃsticos e 6) marcaÃÃo da heterogeneidade discursiva. Uma das principais conclusÃes a que chegamos Ã a de que normalmente hÃ sobreposiÃÃo de funÃÃes, ou seja, os processos referenciais desempenham vÃrios papÃis simultaneamente. AlÃm disso, algumas relaÃÃes entre processos e funÃÃes foram delineadas, tais como: os processos referenciais anafÃricos estÃo freqÃentemente ligados Ã a) introduÃÃo de informaÃÃes novas ao promover a reformulaÃÃo de objetos jÃ mencionados e, muitas vezes, ao introduzir objetos novos e b) organizaÃÃo das partes do texto, muitas vezes associada Ã explicitaÃÃo de um viÃs argumentativo, especialmente quando se trata de um rÃtulo metadiscursivo; os processos dÃiticos cumprem freqÃentemente as funÃÃes de a) instruÃÃo para a localizaÃÃo de um referente, muitas vezes ativando uma busca na memÃria e b) estabelecimento de uma marca de heterogeneidade discursiva, em muitos casos, estreitando as relaÃÃes de colaboraÃÃo entre os falantes; e uma introduÃÃo de referentes pode, ao mesmo tempo, forjar a ativaÃÃo de conhecimentos compartilhados. Como exemplÃrio dessas funÃÃes, tomamos trechos de trinta contos brasileiros, complementando a investigaÃÃo teÃrica com uma ilustraÃÃo mais prÃtica e revelando algumas subespecificaÃÃes.
Most works concerning referential processes try to bind formal aspects to their functions. Others are interested in specific phenomena, such as (re)categorization or encapsulation or the role of specific lexical itens. Due to that, many explanations and functions fail to be revealed. Our goal is to set criteria, providing a broader notion of the referential processes, which could reveal new functions as well as allow the consideration of the mutable features of the referential construction. As a consequence, it could bear frequent adjustements and amendments, according to the observation of diverse situations. In this research, anaphora, deixis and introduction of referents are considered as variable functions and non excludent proceedings, which are completed during the discourse activities. Based on studies, such as ApothÃloz (1995a), ApothÃloz and Reichler-BÃguelin (1999), Authier-Revuz (2001), Cavalcante (2006), Koch (2004) and Maingueneau (2007), a review about functions performed by referential processes is presented, as well as many others are included. The result is a flexible list of general functions, which can be added by other general functions and are open to new specifications. The suggested functions are 1) organization of parts of text, 2) metadiscourse activities, 3) introduction of new information, 4) triggering of a memory search, 5) promotion of aesthetic/stylistic effects, and 6) establishment of a mark of discourse heterogeneity. The main conclusions include the fact that functions occur mostly overlapped, i.e., referential processes play multiple roles simultaneously. Some other relations between processes and functions were outlined, such as: anaphoric referential process are often related to a) introduction of new information, operating a transformation of an already referred object or introducing a new one and b) organization of topics, most of time associated to explicit a point of view, specially when represented by a metadiscourse label; deictic process often develop the functions of a) instruction for the recovering of a referent, many times activating a memory search and b) establishment of a mark of discourse heterogeneity, most of time strenghtening the collaboration relationship between speakers; the introduction of referents can at the same time forge the activation of shared knowledge. A set of thirty Brazilian short stories provides the investigation with practical examples and reveals some specific functions.

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Rebori, Maria Victoria. "Aspectos da reconstrução linguistica da referencia." [s.n.], 1988. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/271151.

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Orientador: Rodolfo Ilari
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta dissertação trata de alguns aspectos semânticos relacionados com o processo de referência. Especificamente trata do problema da construção linguística de referentes. Partindo de alguns exemplos de lingua portuguesa que chamaram nossa atenção quanto ao modo de apresentação dos seus referentes - caracterizados, do ponto de vista gramatical, pela construção relativa - abordamos algumas teorias do significado que apresentamos através de autores como Frege, Tarski, Davidson, Vendler, Dowty, Lewis e Lakoff. Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística

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Gasparri, Luca. "Six Pieces on Linguistic Sameness." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0091.

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Le thème général de cette thèse est l’identité linguistique: la relation qui fait que différents éléments linguistiques comptent comme "un même élément" ou comme “identiques” même s'ils sont hétérogènes d'un point de vue interne ou présentent des propriétés de surface différentes. Je traite de six questions sur ce thème.Le chapitre 1 concerne les segments phonétiques. La phonétique traditionnelle modélise la parole continue comme une concaténation de segments discrets de durées temporelles non spécifiées. Cependant, au cours des dernières années, les idéalisations segmentales de la parole ont été remises en question par des approches éliminativistes à l’égard des segments phonétiques. Le chapitre tente de justifier la phonétique segmentale face aux arguments éliminativistes.Le chapitre 2 concerne les objets phonologiques. Les énoncés phonologiques quantifient sur les phonèmes, qui sont des entités controversées. Aucune ontologie standard n'accepte de les faire figurer parmi l’“ameublement du monde”. Par conséquent, se pose la question suivante: comment les énoncés de règles phonologiques parviennent-ils à recevoir les valeurs de vérité attendues ? Le chapitre propose d'aborder la question en appliquant le non-factualisme de Stephen Yablo aux objets phonologiques.Le chapitre 3 traite du problème type-token. Il existe plusieurs théories concurrentes de la relation spécifique désignée par le prédicat “est un token de”, tel qu’on l'emploie dans le domaine linguistique. La théorie dominante est que les tokens instancient les types, mais cette thèse fait face à plusieurs difficultés conceptuelles. S'appuyant sur des travaux antérieurs de Zoltan Szabó, le chapitre propose une nouvelle approche du problème type-token, basée sur l'idée que les sons et les inscriptions du langage représentent des formes phonologiques et orthographiques.Le chapitre 4 traite du comptage de mots. Selon certains, l'identité des mot-types dépend de leur similarité en matière d'attributs structurel-fonctionnels. Selon d'autres, l'identité des mot-types dépend de leur lignée historique-causale. Les deux cadres donnent lieu à des manière différentes de compter les mots. Lequel d'entre eux est métaphysiquement adéquat ? Le chapitre propose une théorie quiétiste du comptage de mots, en soutenant qu'il n'y a pas de réponse factuelle et non-théorique à la question de “combien de mot-types existent” dans un monde ou scénario linguistique.Le chapitre 5 porte sur un problème dans la théorie de l'anaphore. On pense habituellement que l'anaphore implique la coréférence. Ce principe général, cependant, semble être contredit par des phrases où un pronom non lié hors-citation dépend d'un antécédent dans une citation. Le chapitre soutient que les phrases présentant les caractéristiques décrites ci-dessus n'invalident pas le principe général, et articule une analyse des cas problématiques axée sur la notion de "saillance".Le chapitre 6 porte sur la coréférence de jure. La coréférence de jure est un type particulier de relation de coréférence qui a attiré beaucoup d'attention dans la littérature récente. Cependant, son autonomie par rapport à d'autres variétés de coréférence (notamment la coréférence accidentelle) et ses propriétés distinctives font l'objet de controverses. Le chapitre fournit une présentation systématique des motivations sous-jacentes à l'introduction de la notion de coréférence de jure et défend une approche conservatrice de sa relation avec la grammaire de la phrase: la distinction entre coréférence accidentelle et coréférence de jure est réelle mais invisible du point de vue de la structure linguistique
The overarching theme of this dissertation is linguistic sameness: the feature by which different bits of language are able to count “as a unit” or as “the same” even if they are internally heterogeneous or exhibit different surface properties. I pursue six issues within this theme.Chapter 1 is about phonetic segments. Mainstream phonetics models continuous speech as a concatenation of discrete, letter-sized segments of unspecified temporal duration. In recent years, however, segment-based idealizations of speech have been called into question by eliminativist approaches to phonetic segments. The chapter attempts to vindicate segmental phonetics in face of the eliminativist arguments.Chapter 2 is about phonological objects. Phonological statements quantify over phonemes, which are controversial particulars. No standard ontology accepts them as part of the furniture of the world. Hence, the question arises of how phonological statements manage to exhibit their perceived distribution of truth values. The chapter proposes to address the issue by applying Stephen Yablo’s non-factualism to phonological objects.Chapter 3 is about the type-token problem. There are competing accounts of what specific relation is designated by the predicate “is a token of” as applied to the linguistic domain. The mainstream view is that tokens instantiate types, but this thesis presents several conceptual difficulties. Building on previous work by Zoltan Szabó, the chapter proposes a novel approach to the type-token problem, one based on the notion that speech sounds and inscriptions represent phonological and orthographic forms.Chapter 4 is about word counting. According to some, word type identity is established by similarity in structural-functional attributes. According to others, word type identity is established by sameness of causal-historical lineage. The two frameworks yield competing word counting policies. Which of them is metaphysically adequate? The chapter articulates a quietist take on word counting, one arguing that there is no non-theoretical fact of the matter about “how many word types exist” in any given language-infused world or scenario.Chapter 5 is about a puzzle in the theory of anaphora. Anaphoric dependency is commonly thought to entail coreference. This mainstream principle, however, appears to be violated by sentences where an off-quote unbound pronoun depends on an antecedent within closed quotation marks. The chapter argues that sentences exhibiting the described pattern do not invalidate the mainstream principle, and articulates a salience-based analysis of the problematic cases.Chapter 6 is about de jure coreference. De jure coreference is a peculiar kind of coreference relation that has attracted much attention in recent research. However, its autonomy from other varieties of coreference (most notably, accidental coreference) and its signature properties are the subject of controversy. The chapter provides a systematic presentation of the motivations underlying the introduction of de jure coreference, and defends a conservative account of its relationship to sentence grammar: the de jure vs. accidental divide is real but invisible from the standpoint of linguistic structure

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Costa, Elis Bet?nia Guedes da. "Mecanismos de coes?o referencial na produ??o escrita de alunos concluintes do ensino fundamental." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16173.

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This work aims to identify, describe and analyze the main mechanisms of reference present in the texts produced by students that are finishing their fundamental school. With this in mind, we observe 46 Portuguese classes. The class was in its 9th Fundamental level, in a public school of the Cruzeta, RN. In this period, we collected our corpus that is composed by the papers that students produced. This research has an ethnographic approach and it has as theoretical support some studies about some mechanisms of reference, specifically, the lexical repetition and anaphor. In general, we are based on the studies about cohesive mechanisms from authors as Adam (2008); Beaugrande and Dressler (1981, 1997); Koch (1999, 2004, 2005, 2008), Marcuschi (1983, 1992, 2005, 2006); Bessa Neto (1991) and Neves (2006). In the corpus, we could identify some lexical repetitions (literal, with estrutural variation), as well as, anaphors, mainly pronominal ones. Then, we can notice that most students have showed difficulties in the use of those mechanisms of reference as a strategy of textual progression
Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar, descrever, analisar e interpretar os mecanismos de referencia??o mais recorrentes nas produ??es de texto dos alunos concluintes do Ensino Fundamental. Para tanto, acompanhamos 46 aulas de L?ngua Portuguesa, em uma turma de 9? ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola estadual situada na cidade de Cruzeta, RN. Nesse per?odo, coletamos as reda??es que constituem o nosso corpus. A pesquisa segue uma abordagem etnogr?fica e teve como suporte te?rico estudos realizados sobre os mecanismos de referencia??o, em especial, a repeti??o lexical e a an?fora. De forma geral, fundamentamonos em estudos sobre os mecanismos coesivos a partir de autores como Adam (2008), Beaugrande e Dressler (1981, 1997), Koch (1999, 2004, 2005, 2008), Marcuschi (1983, 1992, 2005, 2006), Bessa Neto (1991) e Neves (2006). No corpus, foram identificadas ocorr?ncias de repeti??es lexicais (literal, com varia??o e estrutural), assim como an?foras, sendo mais frequentes as pronominais. Nesse sentido, constatamos que a maioria dos alunos apresenta dificuldades em utilizar esses mecanismos de referencia??o como estrat?gia de progress?o textual

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Al-Khawalda, Mohammad Irshaid. "Tense, aspect, and time reference with reference to Arabic." Thesis, University of Essex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339419.

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Cíceri, de Oliveira Natalia Santos [UNESP]. "Referenciação multimodal: a construção de objetos-de-discurso no jornal impresso Folha de S. Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136683.

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O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é analisar o fenômeno da referenciação, tendo em vista a relação entre verbal e não verbal, no jornal impresso. Especificamente, examinamos como se dá a elaboração de objetos-de-discurso na articulação entre dois elementos constituintes das matérias do jornal Folha de S. Paulo: a(s) fotografia(s) e uma expressão nominal tipograficamente destacada na composição da matéria. A partir da caracterização desse processo, que chamamos de (re)categorização mútua, analisamos outros processos que lhe são auxiliares e que atuam na construção referencial. Para cumprir com nossos propósitos, realizamos um recorte temático, e passamos a focalizar a referência a objetosde- discurso pertencentes à categoria figura pública. Para constituir o corpus, levamos em conta composições presentes na primeira página e em páginas internas do jornal. Demonstramos que analisar o fenômeno da referenciação no jornal impresso coloca em questão a constituição desse suporte, cuja dinâmica interfere diretamente no modo como a figura pública é representada. As análises são fundamentadas na Linguística Textual, de orientação sociocognitivo-interacional, que toma a referenciação como atividade discursiva, situada nas práticas sociais dos sujeitos e construída num contexto interacional específico (MONDADA; DUBOIS, 2003; KOCH, 2005), e na Gramática do Design Visual (KRESS; VAN LEEUWEN, 2006), cuja proposta, aliada à Semiótica Social, apresenta um modelo de descrição de textos de modalidades diferentes. Trazemos, ainda, algumas considerações de autores da comunicação, visando discutir questões relativas ao jornal impresso, como a diagramação e a tipografia. Os resultados das análises mostram que verbal e não verbal, articulados pela diagramação do jornal, operam de maneira dinâmica na construção do referente
This research aims at analyzing the referencial process, considering the relation between verbal and nonverbal elements in the newspaper. Specifically, we examine the elaboration of referents in the articulation of two elements that constitute the features of Folha de S. Paulo newspaper: the picture(s) and a highlighted noun phrase in the composition. Based on the characterization of this process called mutual (re)categorization, auxiliary processes that works in the referential construction are considered. In order to achieve our goals it was made a thematic approach focusing reference to discourse objects belonging to the category of public figure. To constitute the corpus, it was considered compositions from the newspaper front page and inside pages. It was demonstrated that analyzing the newspaper referencing brings into question the constitution of this support, which dynamic interferes directly in the way public figure is represented. The theoretical underpinnings used in this study are from social-cognitive-interactionist Textual Linguistics, that takes the referenciation as discursive activity, situated in social practices of the subjects and built in an specific interactional context (MONDADA; DUBOIS, 2003; KOCH, 2005), and from Grammar of Visual Design (KRESS; VAN LEEUWEN, 2006), which proposal, allied to Social Semiotics, present a description model of different modalities. Some considerations from authors of communication are also brought, in order to discuss issues related to the newspaper, as the layout and typography. The results point that verbal and nonverbal elements, articulated by the layout, work in a dynamic way in the referent construction

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Trappes-Lomax, Hugh R. N. "Discourse, nominality and reference : a study in applied linguistics." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19366.

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Davies, Catherine Nicola. "Over-informativeness in referential communication." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609741.

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Penna, Maria Angélica de Oliveira. "As formas nominais referenciais e suas funções na progressão textual." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270780.

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Orientador: Ingedore Grunfeld Villaça Koch
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir a função das formas nominais referenciais para a manutenção do tópico discursivo e, portanto, para a progressão textual. Toma como pressuposto básico a referenciação como "atividade discursiva" (Koch e Marcuschi) interativa e defende a tese de que, se a manutenção em estado conceptual ativo, de um dado objeto introduzido no texto, é a maior responsável pela manutenção tópica, as formas nominais referenciais terão, aí, papel privilegiado, uma vez que são grandes representantes das escolhas a que os usuários procedem por ocasião da construção de "objetos-de-discurso" (Mondada & Dubois, 1993) e conseqüente progressão de um dado texto. Serão analisadas neste estudo, portanto, algumas estratégias discursivas das quais os usuários lançam mão para cumprirem seus projetos de dizer. Desse modo, serão analisados alguns processos remissivos, quer sejam correferenciais , quer se realizem por associação ou inferenciação [portanto, de alguma forma ancorados ou no cotexto ou no contexto sociocognitivo] e também processos de categorização e recategorização de referentes que estejam ancorados apenas no conhecimento partilhado pelos interlocutores. As hipóteses que se levantam aqui encontram respaldo teórico na teoria sociocognitivista da linguagem para a qual o conhecimento partilhado pelos coenunciadores é fundamental para a construção dos sentidos, uma vez que estes são construídos colaborativamente, pois resultam de uma inserção sócio-históricocultural dos interlocutores. Para a análise, foram escolhidos artigos de opinião do jornal Folha de São Paulo e da revista Veja. A escolha por artigos opinativos se deu por pretendermos focar textos de maior teor argumentativo. Este trabalho conta com o financiamento da CAPES - CoordenaçãQ de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior.
Abstract: This work aims to discuss the function of referential nominal forms in the maintenance of the discoursive topic, and by consequence, of the textual progression. It considers referentiation as an interactive discoursive activity and defends the thesis that if the maintenance of an object introduced in the text in an active conceptual situation is most responsible by the topic maintenance, referential nominal forms will represent a vel}! important role, since theyare representatives of the language users' choices to construct "discourse objects" (Mondada & Dubois, 1993) and contribute to textual progression. In this work, we reflect on some discoursive strategies which are used by the speakers/hearers in order to accomplish their "project of saying". In this way, we analyze some remissive processes, i.e. correferential or those accomplished by association or inferenciation, and also categorization and recategorization processes of referents which are anchored' only in the knowledge shared by the interlocutors. These are the main points discussed here. The hypotheses presented here are based on the socio-cognitive theory of language, which postulates that the knowledge shared by the co-enunciators is fundamental for the production of meaning (sense), sililce they are collaborative/y constructed as a result of socio - historical and cultural insertior.1 of the interlocutors. Our corpus consists of 'opinative' articles extracted from the newsp,aper Folha de São Paulo and from the magazine Veja. TAis choice was motivated by our interest in focusing texts with major argumentative content. This work was supported by CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamentq de Pessoal de Nível Superior).
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística

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Panesar, Kulvinder. "Conversational artificial intelligence - demystifying statistical vs linguistic NLP solutions." Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18121.

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yes
This paper aims to demystify the hype and attention on chatbots and its association with conversational artificial intelligence. Both are slowly emerging as a real presence in our lives from the impressive technological developments in machine learning, deep learning and natural language understanding solutions. However, what is under the hood, and how far and to what extent can chatbots/conversational artificial intelligence solutions work – is our question. Natural language is the most easily understood knowledge representation for people, but certainly not the best for computers because of its inherent ambiguous, complex and dynamic nature. We will critique the knowledge representation of heavy statistical chatbot solutions against linguistics alternatives. In order to react intelligently to the user, natural language solutions must critically consider other factors such as context, memory, intelligent understanding, previous experience, and personalized knowledge of the user. We will delve into the spectrum of conversational interfaces and focus on a strong artificial intelligence concept. This is explored via a text based conversational software agents with a deep strategic role to hold a conversation and enable the mechanisms need to plan, and to decide what to do next, and manage the dialogue to achieve a goal. To demonstrate this, a deep linguistically aware and knowledge aware text based conversational agent (LING-CSA) presents a proof-of-concept of a non-statistical conversational AI solution.

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Segal, Gabriel Mark Aurel. "In deference to reference." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14636.

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Yang, Lixin. "An Investigation of the Semantics of Active and Inverse Systems." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278562/.

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This study surveys pronominal reference marking in active and inverse languages. Active and inverse languages have in common that they distinguish two sets of reference marking, which are referred to as Actor and Undergoer. The choice of one series of marking over another is shown to be semantically and pragmatically determined.

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McPherson, Catriona. "Reference, existence and truth in discourse." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1798.

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It is a long established and still respectable claim in the linguistic discipline that sentences containing reference to non-existent objects have no truth-value. This thesis is an attempt to provide a richer and more accurate account of the interesting relations which connect the existence or non-existence of objects and the expressions by which speakers attempt to refer to them with the range of truth-values assigned to sentences containing such expressions. After an introductory chapter whch defines the main terms used in the thesis and discusses preliminary issues, the second chapter is taken up with a critical review of the history of presupposition in linguistics. The important early theoretical contributions are surveyed and the relevant later theories discussed, particularly those analyses which acknowledge the complexities of the relationshp between failed presuppositions and truth-values . These are evaluated with respect to their empirical and theoretical adequacy and the chapter concludes with a summary of the outstanding problems. Chapter three contains a discussion of determiners focusing on the existential aspects of their meaning. An analysis of existential force as a scalar phenomenon is proposed and examples of each of the types of determiner distinguished by the proposed existential scale are examined. h the fourth chapter, questions surroundmg the nature of the existence of objects are discussed. It is proposed that different types of existence are viewed in terms of different existential locations; and that these existential locations can be modelled as possible worlds. Some preliminary questions concerning the nature of possible worlds are addressed and arguments from the linguistic and philosophcal literature in favour of viewing possible worlds as existent entities or as abstract constructs are reviewed. The chapter concludes by defending the modal realistic stance whch maintains that all possible worlds actually exist. Chapter five contains a detailed discussion of the members of the set of possible worlds and describes a rich structure whch can be imposed on the set in the form of accessibility relations of several types: counterpart relations which define inter-world proximity; temporal links whch can be used to identifL distinct temporal stages of worlds as chronological counterparts; and familiarity relations which connect individuals to sub-sets of worlds via epistemic llnks. The next chapter presents a theory of how referring expressions are interpreted by means of locating their referents in possible worlds. The processes involved in accessing worlds of all types are discussed and then a set of rules is laid out which governs the choice of referential location on the basis of the relative accessibility of competing potential reference worlds, where accessibility is determined by the structure of llnks imposed on the set. The application of the rules to a range of increasingly complex sentences is discussed. The final chapter of the thesis is concerned with the potential problems and wider implications associated with adopting the location theory of reference presented, First, it is shown that two related types of sentences, those containing deictic pronouns and names, which were problem cases for previous theories, can be accounted for. We then discuss the implications, concerning the failure of Leibniz's Law, which arise from treating all referring expressions as picking out their extensions. Finally there is a discussion of the implications of adopting the framework set out in the current thesis for the interpretation of a wider range of predicate types and further areas of research are suggested.

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Stewart, R. B. "Chilesics with special reference to lipspeaking." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356421.

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Bellenger, Peter. "A discussion of pneumatology and the the linguistic turn to practice : with reference to Kevin Vanhoozer's canonical-linguistic approach to Christian theology /." St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/865.

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Stroinska, Maria Magdalena. "Indirect reference in German mathematical discourse." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24351.

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Skopeteas, Stavros, Ines Fiedler, Sam Hellmuth, Anne Schwarz, Ruben Stoel, Gisbert Fanselow, Caroline Féry, and Manfred Krifka. "Questionnaire on information structure (OUIS): reference manual." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1241/.

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Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Information Structure 2 Grammatical Correlates of Information Structure 3 Structure of the Questionnaire 4 Experimental Tasks 5 Technicalities 6 Archiving 7 Acknowledgments Chapter 2. General Questions 1 General Information 2 Phonology 3 Morphology and Syntax Chapter 3. Experimental tasks 1 Changes (Given/New in Intransitives and Transitives) 2 Giving (Given/New in Ditransitives) 3 Visibility (Given/New, Animacy and Type/Token Reference) 4 Locations (Given/New in Locative Expressions) 5 Sequences (Given/New/Contrast in Transitives) 6 Dynamic Localization (Given/New in Dynamic Loc. Descriptions) 7 Birthday Party (Weight and Discourse Status) 8 Static Localization (Macro-Planning and Given/New in Locatives) 9 Guiding (Presentational Utterances) 10 Event Cards (All New) 11 Anima (Focus types and Animacy) 12 Contrast (Contrast in pairing events) 13 Animal Game (Broad/Narrow Focus in NP) 14 Properties (Focus on Property and Possessor) 15 Eventives (Thetic and Categorical Utterances) 16 Tell a Story (Contrast in Text) 17 Focus Cards (Selective, Restrictive, Additive, Rejective Focus) 18 Who does What (Answers to Multiple Constituent Questions) 19 Fairy Tale (Topic and Focus in Coherent Discourse) 20 Map Task (Contrastive and Selective Focus in Spontaneous Dialogue) 21 Drama (Contrastive Focus in Argumentation) 22 Events in Places (Spatial, Temporal and Complex Topics) 23 Path Descriptions (Topic Change in Narrative) 24 Groups (Partial Topic) 25 Connections (Bridging Topic) 26 Indirect (Implicational Topic) 27 Surprises (Subject-Topic Interrelation) 28 Doing (Action Given, Action Topic) 29 Influences (Question Priming) Chapter 4. Translation tasks 1 Basic Intonational Properties 2 Focus Translation 3 Topic Translation 4 Quantifiers Chapter 5. Information structure summary survey 1 Preliminaries 2 Syntax 3 Morphology 4 Prosody 5 Summary: Information structure Chapter 6. Performance of Experimental Tasks in the Field 1 Field sessions 2 Field Session Metadata 3 Informants’ Agreement

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Artstein, Ron, and Massimo Poesio. "Identifying reference to abstract objects in dialogue." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1035/.

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In two experiments, many annotators marked antecedents for discourse deixis as unconstrained regions of text. The experiments show that annotators do converge on the identity of these text regions, though much of what they do can be captured by a simple model. Demonstrative pronouns are more likely than definite descriptions to be marked with discourse antecedents. We suggest that our methodology is suitable for the systematic study of discourse deixis.

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Nonato, Rafael. "Clause chaining, switch reference and coordination." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87499.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 147-152).
In this thesis I ponder over a constellation of phenomena that revolve around switch reference and coordination, drawing mainly on their instantiation in Kisedje (Je, Brazil). I start by investigating Klsedje's case system. In this language there is a case split along the finite/non-finite axis. I argue that nominative is assigned by INFL, whereas ergative is assigned to the subject of INFL-less clauses. Importantly, the particles I take to instantiated INFL in Kisedje don't have tense semantics, but rather modal semantics. Investigating other properties of this modal INFL in Klsedje, I can determine the fine structure of its clause. This knowledge allows me to argue that the construction that has been identified elsewhere as clause chaining is actually asymmetric clausal coordination. The special properties that seem to distinguish clause chaining from asymmetric clausal coordination are argued to fall out from the structure of the clause in Kisedje. I further propose that the same type of structure is found in the other languages where asymmetric coordination has been called clause chaining. Asymmetric clausal coordination in Kisedje features morphology which indicates whether adjacent conjuncts have the same or different subjects (switch-reference marking). Important evidence for understanding how switch-reference is computed will come from the study of a deletion phenomenon that happens in the neighborhood of switch-reference markers in Kisedje. Besides isolating evidence for a direct agreement relation between switch-reference marking conjunction and the subject of one of the conjuncts, this study makes a contribution to the theory of morphology. Knowing the structure of the clause in Kisedje and the featural composition of switch-reference markers allows me to support a specific theory of switch-reference computation. Given this theory, I argue that asymmetric coordination (the kind of coordination where switch-reference is marked) instances an X-structure, whereas symmetric coordination (which can't be marked for switchreference) instances a flat structure. Such structural difference also allows me to explain other differences between symmetric and asymmetric coordination. Thesis Supervisor:
by Rafael Nonato.
Ph. D.

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Costa, Filho José Moacir Soares da. "Olá, pocoyo: a constituição da atenção conjunta infantil com o desenho animado." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6364.

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Nowadays we are exposed to a plethora of contemporary cartoons which create interaction with the audience. With that in mind, the aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between children and cartoons in order to grasp how the process of joint attention is established with the aid of the television structure of the cartoon, as well as to understand how this process of joint attention may be important to the consolidation of linguistic reference. Considering research regarding joint attention, it is a fact that this process is usually studied considering children during their language acquisition period. However, in this paper, when observing the constitution of joint attention, this process is taken as a remaining part of children s routine after they have already acquired language, since it may provide necessary elements for the consolidation of linguistic reference. Aiming at focusing on our objective, we selected the Spanish cartoon Pocoyo, addressed at preschoolers, and we collected, during fortnight filming, data of two dyads mother-children in preschool age watching the before mentioned cartoon. As theoretical support to this research, we use theories which refer both to joint attention (BRUNER, 1975, 1983; TOMASELLO, 1995, 2003, 2005, 2011) and linguistic reference (BLÜHDORN, 1999; DIESSEL, 2006), and the structure of contemporary cartoons (GUNTER & MCALEER, 1997; MACHADO, 2005; SANTOS FILHO, 2008). Analysis show that the structure of Pocoyo contributes to the constitution of joint attention in two different formats: real and virtual. Moreover, we realize that, even though children whose data were analyzed had already acquired language, the structure of joint attention may be seen as a strategy which continues to be part of the children s interactions and contributes to the consolidation of the processes of language acquisition, emphasizing linguistic reference. As a result of our analysis, we observe that the interactive structure of the cartoon provides the establishment of joint attention, a process that is constituted as a scenery to the consolidation of spatial reference.
Diante da grande quantidade de desenhos animados contemporâneos que se constituem com base na interação com o telespectador, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a relação entre criança e desenho animado buscando compreender como o processo de atenção conjunta se estabelece frente à estrutura televisiva do desenho animado, bem como compreender como o processo da atenção conjunta pode ser importante para a consolidação da referência linguística. Considerando as pesquisas sobre atenção conjunta, percebemos que esse processo geralmente é estudado com crianças no período de aquisição da linguagem. No entanto, neste trabalho, ao observarmos a constituição da atenção conjunta, consideramos que esse processo ainda está presente na rotina infantil após a inserção na linguagem, já que pode fornecer elementos necessários para a consolidação da referência linguística. Para tanto, selecionamos o desenho animado espanhol Pocoyo, dirigido a crianças em idade pré-escolar, e coletamos, através de filmagens quinzenais, dados de duas díades mãe-criança também na faixa-etária pré-escolar assistindo ao desenho mencionado. Como suporte teórico para este trabalho, utilizamos teorias referentes tanto à atenção conjunta (BRUNER, 1975, 1983; TOMASELLO, 1995, 2003, 2005, 2011) e referência linguística (BLÜHDORN, 1999; DIESSEL, 2006), quanto à estrutura dos desenhos animados contemporâneos (GUNTER & MCALEER, 1997; MACHADO, 2005; SANTOS FILHO, 2008). Em nossas análises, percebemos que a estrutura do desenho animado Pocoyo contribui para a constituição da atenção conjunta em dois diferentes formatos: real e virtual. Além disso, vemos que, embora as crianças cujos dados foram analisados já tenham adquirido linguagem, o formato da atenção conjunta se apresenta como uma estratégia que continua presente nas interações infantis e contribui para a consolidação de processos da aquisição da linguagem com ênfase no que diz respeito à referência linguística. Como resultado de nossas análises, percebemos que a estrutura interativa do desenho animado favorece o estabelecimento da atenção conjunta, um processo que se constitui como cenário para a consolidação da referência espacial.

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Al-Liheibi, Fahd M. M. "Aspects of sentence analysis in the Arabic linguistic tradition, with particular reference to ellipsis." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1494/.

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Schroeder, Kristen. "Comprehension and production of referential expressions across Autism Spectrum Conditions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668079.

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Reference is a phenomenon both fundamental to communication and inherent to every act of language use. Autism spectrum conditions (ASC) are marked by problems of both communication and language. This thesis presents three studies of production and comprehension of reference in ASC. Study 1 profiled the use of referential devices in narratives as part of a broader profiling of narrative language in ASC. Studies 2 and 3 tracked comprehension of grammatically different referential devices in a picture book task (the ‘book task’) and an interactive task which specifically tested for the comprehension of definite determiners (the ‘box task’). Study 1 investigated autism without intellectual disabilities (ASC–ID, n=18) in comparison to typically developing controls (TD, n= 18) while in studies 2 & 3 recruitment was broadened to include the entirety of the verbal spectrum, including individuals with intellectual disability (ASC–ID, n= 34; ASC+ID, n=14) as well TD (n=34) controls and a control group of children with intellectual disability without ASC (ID, n= 9). Results of study 1 showed that individuals with ASC–ID more frequently misused referential devices that imply specificity in comparison to TD controls, while the quantitative distribution of Noun Phrase (NP) types did not distinguish groups. The broader grammatical profile showed differences in grammatical complexity as well as rate of lexical errors while mental state content did not differ. Study 2, the book task, showed a relative weakness in comprehension of inflectional pronouns and clitics among participants with ASC. While the differences between the ASC–ID and TD groups only approached statistical significance, both ASC groups(+/-ID) showed a similar pattern of having significantly poorer comprehension of pronouns/clitics in comparison to non- anaphoric reference types, a pattern not found in the TD controls or the control group with ID without ASC. The ASC+ID group showed a significantly poorer comprehension of inflectional pronouns/clitics in relation to both the ASC–ID group as well as the ID group, suggesting that such increased difficulties may not be explainable by presence of intellectual disability alone. Study 3, the box task, assessed the comprehension of definite anaphora in an interactive task using pairs of objects that belonged to the same kind category. In this task, the participant and experimenter interacted with an object (say, a ball) and then, after a moment of having their eyes closed, the participant pulled an object out of a box (either the same object or a noticeably different objects belonging to the same kind category, e.g. a different ball). The test condition assessed whether the participant interpreted correctly that in this context the definite-anaphoric NP the ball necessarily links to the ball that was interacted with previously rather than a novel exemplar of the same kind. The results showed that the ASC–ID group had a significantly poorer performance in the definite-anaphoric condition in comparison to TD controls. The ASC+ID group performed significantly worse than the ASC–ID group, yet similar to the ID group. These results show across comprehension and production that handling referential devices is an area of vulnerability in autism against the background of a broader spectrum of linguistic impairments.
La referència és un fenomen fonamental en la comunicació i inherent a qualsevol ús del llenguatge. La condició de l’espectre autista (CEA) es caracteritza per problemes de comunicació i de llenguatge. Aquesta tesi presenta tres estudis de producció i comprensió de la referència en la CEA. L’estudi 1 caracteritza l’ús dels mecanismes referencials en narrativa com a part d’una caracterització més àmplia del llenguatge narratiu en la CEA. Els estudis 2 i 3 ressegueixen la comprensió de mecanismes referencials diversos des del punt de vista gramatical en un llibre il·lustrat sense gairebé text (la ‘tasca del llibre’) i una tasca interactiva que específicament provava la comprensió dels articles determinats definits (la ‘tasca de la capsa’). L’estudi 1 investigava l’autisme sense discapacitat intel·lectual (CEA–DI, n=18) en comparació amb controls de desenvolupament típic (DT, n=18) mentre que en els estudis 2 i 3, per tal de cobrir íntegrament la CEA verbal, el reclutament va ampliar-se amb la inclusió d’individus amb discapacitat intel·lectual (CEA–DI, n=34; CEA + DI, n=14) així com de controls amb DT (n=34) i un grup de control d’infants amb discapacitat intel·lectual sense CEA (DI, n=9). Els resultats de l’estudi 1 van mostrar que els individus amb CEA–DI usaven malament els mecanismes referencials que impliquen especificitat de forma més freqüent que no pas els controls amb DT mentre que la distribució quantitativa dels tipus de sintagma nominal (SN) no distingia els dos grups. El perfil gramatical restant rastrejat a l’estudi mostrava diferències en complexitat gramatical així com en la proporció d’errors lèxics mentre que el lèxic d’estat mental no diferia. L’estudi 2, la tasca del llibre, va fer palesa una relativa feblesa en la comprensió dels pronoms flexius i dels clítics entre els participants amb CEA. Mentre que les diferències entre la CEA–DI i el grup amb DT van fregar la significació estadística, tots dos grups CEA (+/–DI) van mostrar un patró similar pel que fa a una significativament més pobre comprensió dels pronoms/clítics en comparació amb altres tipus d’SN referencial no anafòric, un patró inexistent tant entre els controls amb DT com en els controls amb DI sense CEA. El grup CEA+DI va mostrar una comprensió significativament més pobre dels pronoms flexius/clítics en relació tant amb el grup CEA–DI com amb el grup DI, la qual cosa suggereix que aquesta més gran dificultat no pot explicar-se per la presència de DI exclusivament. L’estudi 3, la tasca de la capsa, va avaluar la comprensió de l’anàfora definida en una tasca interactiva fent servir parells d’objectes pertanyents a la mateixa categoria pel que fa a la classe. En aquesta tasca el participant i l’experimentador interactuaven amb un objecte (una bolla, posem per cas) i aleshores, després d’estar amb els ulls tancats un instant, el participant treia un objecte de la capsa (que era o bé el mateix objecte previ o bé un altre objecte clarament diferent pertanyent a la mateixa classe, e.g. una bolla diferent). El que es testava era si el participant interpretava correctament que en aquest context, el nominal anafòric, la bolla, s’associava necessàriament amb la bolla amb què s’havia interaccionat prèviament més que no pas amb un nou exemplar de la mateixa classe. Els resultats van mostrar que el grup CEA–DI ho feia significativament pitjor que no pas els controls amb DT en la condició del nominal anafòric. El grup CEA+DI ho va fer significativament pitjor que el grup CEA–DI tot i que de forma similar al grup amb DI. Aquests resultats mostren a través de tasques de comprensió i producció que, entre d’altres dèficits lingüístics, la utilització dels mecanismes referencials és una àrea específicament vulnerable en l’autisme.

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Warren, Andy. "Modality, reference and speech acts in the Psalms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268622.

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Cobetto, Jack Bernard. "Reference and belief : some problems and theories." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15278.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES.
Includes bibliographical references.
by Jack Bernard Cobetto.
Ph.D.

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Panesar, Kulvinder. "Natural language processing (NLP) in Artificial Intelligence (AI): a functional linguistic perspective." Vernon Press, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18140.

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Yes
This chapter encapsulates the multi-disciplinary nature that facilitates NLP in AI and reports on a linguistically orientated conversational software agent (CSA) (Panesar 2017) framework sensitive to natural language processing (NLP), language in the agent environment. We present a novel computational approach of using the functional linguistic theory of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) as the linguistic engine. Viewing language as action, utterances change the state of the world, and hence speakers and hearer’s mental state change as a result of these utterances. The plan-based method of discourse management (DM) using the BDI model architecture is deployed, to support a greater complexity of conversation. This CSA investigates the integration, intersection and interface of the language, knowledge, speech act constructions (SAC) as a grammatical object, and the sub-model of BDI and DM for NLP. We present an investigation into the intersection and interface between our linguistic and knowledge (belief base) models for both dialogue management and planning. The architecture has three-phase models: (1) a linguistic model based on RRG; (2) Agent Cognitive Model (ACM) with (a) knowledge representation model employing conceptual graphs (CGs) serialised to Resource Description Framework (RDF); (b) a planning model underpinned by BDI concepts and intentionality and rational interaction; and (3) a dialogue model employing common ground. Use of RRG as a linguistic engine for the CSA was successful. We identify the complexity of the semantic gap of internal representations with details of a conceptual bridging solution.

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Costa, Filho José Moacir Soares da. "Atenção conjunta: o jogo da referência na realidade virtual." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9219.

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The aim of this research is to verify how the process of joint attention is constituted in child‟s interaction with the virtual environment represented by the virtual game Mimi©, and how it contributes to the consolidation of reference inside the virtual interaction environment/context. This game is composed by ten phases that evolve in terms of narrative complexity, in which the player needs to perform tasks that help a human character to look after the kitten Mimi. To achieve the purpose of this study, we analyse data collected from twenty children ranging from 22 to 65 months old. These children, ten boys and ten girls, were allocated in three groups according to their age level, considering the interval between the youngest child and the oldest one. Thus, group A is composed by 22 to 36 month-old children; group B by 37 to 51 month-old children; and group C by 52 to 65 month-old children. The data were collected at a private school in João Pessoa, Paraíba, where the children are enrolled at Kindergarten. Each child was invited to play the Mimi game twice and the data of based on the app interaction were recorded through two cameras, one capturing the environment, and the other capturing the tablet screen during the child‟s movements to perform the game tasks. The theoretical framework draws on contributions from Tomasello (1995; 2003; 2005; 2008), Bruner (1975; 1983), and Carpenter et. al. (1998) about joint attention in the field of language acquisition. We also discuss the origins of joint attention considering the contributions of pointing gesture (CAVALCANTE, 1994; FRANCO, 2005), the notion of intentionality (BOSA, 2002; MELO, 2015), and the relationship between joint attention and linguistic reference (CAIRNS, 1991; BLÜHDORN, 1999; MARCUSCHI, 2002; DIESSEL, 2006). Lévy‟s (2011) discussion about virtual reality guides our approach on joint attention interaction in the virtual composition. The analysis of the data, conducted quantitatively and qualitatively, pinpoints at first that virtual joint attention is a format supported by traditional joint attention. Moreover, our data confirm the imbrication of the processes of joint attention and linguistic reference since it is in the joint attention scenes that the notions of person, space and time are constituted in the child language.
O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar como o processo de atenção conjunta se constitui na interação da criança com o ambiente virtual, representado pelo jogo Mimi©, e de que forma contribui para a consolidação da referência frente a este contexto diferenciado de interação virtual. Esse jogo possui dez fases que progridem em termos de complexidade narrativa, nas quais o jogador precisa executar tarefas para ajudar um personagem humano a cuidar do gatinho Mimi. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, analisamos dados coletados com vinte crianças na faixa etária de 22 a 65 meses. Essas crianças, dez do sexo masculino e dez do sexo feminino, foram distribuídas em três grupos com base na faixa etária, considerando o intervalo entre a idade da criança mais nova e da criança mais velha. Desse modo, o grupo A é composto por crianças de 22 a 36 meses; o grupo B, por crianças de 37 a 51 meses; e grupo C, por crianças de 52 a 65 meses. Os dados foram coletados em uma escola privada da cidade de João Pessoa, na Paraíba, onde as crianças participantes estão matriculadas em séries da Educação Infantil. Cada criança foi convidada a jogar duas vezes com o jogo Mimi© e os dados desta interação com o aplicativo foram gravados por meio de duas câmeras, uma captando o ambiente e a outra captando a tela do tablet durante os movimentos da criança para cumprir as tarefas do jogo. Como base teórica para nossa pesquisa utilizamos principalmente as contribuições de Tomasello (1995; 2003; 2005; 2008), Bruner (1975; 1983) e Carpenter et. al. (1998) sobre a atenção conjunta na aquisição da linguagem, cuja origem é discutida considerando as contribuições do gesto de apontar (CAVALCANTE, 1994; FRANCO, 2005), a noção de intencionalidade (BOSA, 2002; MELO, 2015) e a relação entre atenção conjunta e referência linguística (CAIRNS, 1991; BLÜHDORN, 1999; MARCUSCHI, 2002; DIESSEL, 2006). Também trazemos de Lévy (2011) a discussão sobre a realidade virtual, que norteia a interação de atenção conjunta no formato virtual. A análise dos dados, realizada quantitativamente e qualitativamente, destaca que a atenção conjunta virtual se sustenta por meio do formato tradicional deste processo. Além disso, os dados confirmam a imbricação da atenção conjunta e da referência linguística, já que é nas cenas de atenção conjunta que as noções de pessoa, espaço e tempo se constituem na linguagem da criança.

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Culpeper, Jonathan. "Language and characterisation with special reference to Shakespeare's plays." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238966.

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35

Druks, Judit. "A study of agrammatism, with special reference to Hebrew." Thesis, Open University, 1991. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57322/.

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The aim of the thesis was to test empirically Grodzinsky's account of agrammatism. Grodzinsky's account is based on Chomsky's Government and Binding theory and it claims that the comprehension deficit in agrammatism is due to the deletion of 'trace' present in passive and relative clauses. English and Hebrew speaking patients were tested. The experiment exploited a special feature of the Hebrew language in which it is possible to construct passive sentences without trace. In addition to passive and obJect relative clause sentences, other sentence types were also used. The results did not support the trace deletion hypothesis of Grodzinsky. An alternative version of his hypothesis, according to which sentences that require coindexation between two elements in the sentence are difficult for agrommatic aphasics did obtain support. The results also suggested that reversible sentences are particularly difficult for agrammatic patients. Grodzinsky's account also claimed that in agrammatism governed prepositions are impaired and ungoverned prepositions are preserved. In order to test this part of the theory an indepth case study of a Hebrew speaking agrammatic patient who never used prepositions in her spontaneous speech was carried out. The study tested the hypotheses of Grodzinsky and Friederici and it concluded that Grodzinsky's hypothesis according to which governed prepositions are impaired and ungoverned prepositions are preserved is not supported by the evidence. Meaningful prepositions as Friederici suggested, were more likely to be produced in certain tasks. Although this also cannot explain the total omission of prepositions of this patient. In addition to the preposition case study, the patient's ability to deal with the Hebrew verb system was investigated. Both the preposition and the verb study suggested that in agrammatism it is not the principles of Universal Grammar that are violated but the particular features of individual languages.

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36

Reichgelt, Han. "Reference and quantification in the cognitive view of language." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20138.

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37

Malvar, Elisabete da Silva. "Future temporal reference in Brazilian Portuguese: Past and present." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29059.

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Different forms convey future temporal reference in Portuguese. The recognition of these forms is a starting point towards examining their actual usage in the language. Of four acknowledged future forms, only two, i.e. the periphrastic ir + infinitive and the present variants, are productively used in contemporary spoken Brazilian Portuguese. There was therefore a need for reconstructing the future temporal reference system of early Portuguese, in order to shed light on the development of these forms in the future sector. This study employs the methods of comparative and variationist linguistics in diachronic and synchronic data to analyse this development. These methods made it possible to identify the conditioning factors contributing to the selection of the variants in future contexts throughout the centuries and establish the direction of the linguistic evolution. The first analyses concern the use of the future variants in the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. They reveal that three variants were productively used to express the future: the synthetic future, haver + infinitive and the present. The synthetic future, which is acknowledged as the default form by prescriptive literature, had the highest overall probability of occurrence at that time, and was mainly favoured by contingent events, stative verbs and affirmative statements. The second analyses concern the use of the variants in the nineteenth century: the synthetic future, haver + infinitive, the present and ir + infinitive. In that century, the synthetic future lost two of its favoured contexts, contingent events and affirmative utterances, to the present variant and ir + infinitive, respectively. That century witnessed the emergence of an adverbial specification pattern in Brazilian Portuguese that has also been observed in French. The last analyses are related to the use of the future variants in the twentieth century. The results for the written data reveal that (i) haver + infinitive moved away from the future sector; (ii) the synthetic future declined; and (iii) the use of ir + infinitive highly increased. In the spoken data, only contingency and adverbial specification retained the present variant in the language. Ir + infinitive has almost completed its process of grammaticalization. This research reveals that the future variants have been in variation for centuries in Portuguese, and have been involved in a complex process of incursion and withdrawal from the future context, which ultimately changed the representation of future temporal reference in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese. The variationist methodology makes it possible to ascertain that the difference in frequency of variant usage in the different centuries is correlated to their displacement of or expansion into specific linguistic contexts.

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King, Gabrielle. "Pragmatic constraints on past time reference." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276131.

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39

Cahill, Dennis M. "A linguistic analysis of metanoia and metanoeo with special reference to the New Testament literature /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.

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40

Winskel, Heather. "A cross linguistic study on the acquisition of temporal reference systems : Thai, Lisu and English." Thesis, Durham University, 1992. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1188/.

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41

Gaillat, Thomas. "Reference in interlanguage : the case of this and that : From linguistic annotation to corpus interoperability." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC107.

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Cette thèse s'attache à décrire les constructions inattendues en THIS et en THAT des apprenants francophones et hispanophones de l'anglais. Le chapitre 1 pose la problématique de l'étude des marqueurs THIS et THAT au sein des deux microsystèmes des déictiques et des proformes. Le chapitre 2 présente les différentes analyses de la référence de THIS et de THAT en anglais natif, dans les différents cadres théoriques (Cornish, Cotte, Halliday & Hasan, Kleiber, Fraser & Joly, Lapaire & Rotgé) et croise les problématiques de représentations (anaphore/deixis ; endophoricité/exophoricité) avec l'analyse des réalisations fonctionnelles. Le chapitre 3 dresse un état des lieux rapide de l'analyse de l'interlangue et montre la nécessité d'une approche dynamique des systèmes fondée sur la nécessité de la distinction fonctionnelle. Le chapitre 4 détaille les jeux d'étiquettes existants dans les corpus de l'anglais (Penn Treebank, Claws7, ICE-GB) et montre la nécessité d'une ré-annotation plus fine fondée sur des étiquettes fonctionnelles et d'une sémantique des positions (sujets vs. Oblique). Le chapitre 5 décrit l'architecture de l'annotation multi-niveaux mise en oeuvre pour l'analyse de corpus différents, les méthodes de ré-annotation automatique des catégories fonctionnelles (ainsi que leur évaluation) et expose les choix retenus pour l'interopérabilité de ces corpus. Le chapitre 6 propose une analyse statistique fondée sur des modèles de régression qui mettent au jour les tendances des variables opérationnalisées dans l'analyse (la L1, le mode écrit ou oral du corpus, le type de référence). Le chapitre 7 examine, à partir du recours aux classifieurs, le rôle respectif des propriétés linguistiques codées dans l'analyse et simule un système d'analyse automatique des erreurs. Le chapitre 8 tire les conséquences pour l'analyse linguistique des méthodologies mobilisées dans la thèse
This thesis describes unexpected constructions based on THIS and THAT by French and Spanish learners of English. Chapter 1 raises the issue of the study of THIS and THAT as markers in the two microsystems of pro-forms and deictics. Chapter 2 covers different types of analyses of reference with THIS and THAT in native English and refers to different theoretical frameworks (Cornish, Cotte, Halliday & Hasan, Kleiber, Fraser & Joly, Lapaire & Rotgé). It cross-references representations (anaphora/deixis; endophoricity/exophoricity) with an analysis of functional realisations. Chapter 3 broaches the issue of interlanguage analysis, and it shows that a dynamic systemic approach grounded in the functional distinction of the forms is necessary. Chapter 4 gives details about existing annotation tagsets for English corpora (Penn Treebank, Claws7, ICE-GB). It shows the need for a finer-grained annotation relying on functional tags and for semantic information on the positions (subject v. Oblique). Chapter 5 describes the multilayer annotation structure which is implemented for the analysis of different corpora. It also covers the methods used to automatically annotate functional categories (as well as their evaluation), and it justifies the choices made to support corpus interoperability. Chapter 6 offers a regression analysis which provides evidence on the tendencies of the operationalised variables (the L1, the written or spoken mode of the corpora and the type of reference). Chapter 7 examines the role of the previously coded linguistic properties of the analysis. With the use of classifiers, it describes a system for automatic error analysis. Chapter 8 concludes on the methodologies used in the thesis and their implications in linguistic analysis

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42

Bancroft, D. M. R. "The development of temporal reference : a study of children's language." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356018.

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43

Szeto, Yee-Kim. "A semantic description of aspectual and temporal reference in Chinese." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5417.

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Melo, Ana Cláudia Reiser de. "Polissemia e mudança de referente." Florianópolis, SC, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/88506.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística.
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Esta pesquisa consiste numa análise teórica de um tipo de indeterminação semântica, a polissemia. O conceito adotado neste trabalho para que um item lexical seja polissêmico envolve: variação de sentidos relacionados entre si e mudança de referente. Três foram as palavras aqui selecionadas para tal análise: 'jornal', 'revista' e 'livro'. Objetivando verificar se estas palavras são realmente polissêmicas, analisou-se, via cadeia anafórica, se a repetição destes itens lexicais poderia ou não implicar introdução de um novo referente textual. Todos os trechos nesta dissertação analisados foram retirados do Jornal A Folha de São Paulo. Verificou-se, com este estudo, que os itens lexicais 'jornal' e 'revista' são palavras polissêmicas, pois possuem vários sentidos relacionados entre si e que, quando recuperados anaforicamente, podem introduzir um novo referente no discurso. O mesmo não aconteceu com o item lexical 'livro'. Neste caso, não houve introdução de um novo referente textual quando da remissão anafórica e, ainda, os termos levantados nesta pesquisa como possíveis sentidos (texto e objeto físico) para este item lexical são as partes que constituem, que formam o 'objeto' livro como um todo. Assim, texto e objeto físico seriam partes integrantes do livro em si e não os sentidos que tal item lexical possui. Portanto, não são conceitos distintos, mas constituintes, ou facetas, que se fundem para formar uma única unidade conceptual.

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Ni, Yibin. "The interpretation of English noun phrases with particular regard to generic reference." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349275/.

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Within a relevance-theoretic inferential framework, the present corpus-based study offers an explanatory account of how English noun phrases are interpreted in discourse with particular regard to generic reference. Relevance pragmatics pays special attention to the process of discovering the proposition expressed by an utterance as a direct speech act and therefore it provides us with tools to explain how the interpretation of noun phrases contributes to the recovery of the proposition, especially how inference is being carried out. Two sets of features developed in this thesis capture the mechanism of interpreting NPs in general and generic reference in particular. One set applies to nominal expressions which belong to a discoursal network, specifying their relations and thereby enabling us to establish the network. When the NP in question is an introductory expression, another set of features, which has therefore become more important, is used to indicate the clues used in establishing a mental representation of its interpretation. With the help of these two feature-based systems, cognitively significant clues to the interpretation of an NP and its discoursal relations can be caught, including those for deciding whether a certain NP is to be interpreted generically or not. This study also investigates the four types of generics discussed in the linguistic literature: member generics, class generics, sub-class generics, and the generic use of pronouns. With the help of the one-million-word ICE-GB and other authentic sources, a comprehensive classification of discoursal relations and types of generic referents is established, which will serve as a basis for future research.

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Al-Sa'adi, Waleed K. "Language studies and translation teaching with special reference to Arabic and English." Thesis, University of Bath, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237505.

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Gorayska, Barbara Maria. "The semantics and pragmatics of English and Polish with reference to aspect." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262556.

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Kyei-Mensah, Josephine. "Inalienable possession : an aspect of the syntax of personal reference in Swahili." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1998. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29101/.

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In a group of constructions in Swahili, the person ('possessor') and a part of the body or other thing intimately connected with them ('property') feature as two independent arguments of the verb rather than as components of a single noun phrase. The privileged treatment of parts of the body has been described in the literature as 'inalienable possession', and the verbal expression of the relationship as 'possessor raising'. Previous treatments of the phenomenon in Swahili have concentrated on transitive constructions in which the possessor and property are respectively direct and oblique objects (She grasped him [by the] shoulder), and to a lesser extent on 'intransitive constructions' in which possessor and property are respectively subject and object (She was swollen eyes). The more common construction in which the property features as subject (Eyes were swollen [for] her) has been largely overlooked. Also considered are the 'auto-referential' constructions in which there is an implicit relationship between agent/possessor as subject and property as object (He washed [his] hands). We refer to these constructions collectively as 'affective'. The dissertation takes a corpus of four Swahili novels by coastal authors and explores the different forms of construction involving possessor and property whether nominally or verbally related, and the factors that determine their choice. The frequency of these constructions proves very high especially in the description of physical and emotional conflict, and over 900 citations have been extracted. In contrast to previous studies, we found that inalienable possessions extend to clothing on the body and emotions; that possessive constructions are widely used alongside affective constructions; and that the range of constructions identified in previous studies was unrepresentative. Factors determining choice are subtle and individual, but involuntariness of action appears to favour affective constructions, while possessive constructions are more used when the agent or observer is detached. Other choices may be determined by discourse considerations such as topic switching and continuity. Confronting affective and possessive constructions, we have found that affective constructions focus on the person rather than the property, and imply involuntariness. Other choices are influenced by discourse considerations such as topic switching and continuity within the narrative fabric.

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Fernandes, Eric Bortolato. "Referenciação e opinião: o impeachment de Dilma Rousseff." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20470.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo - PUCSP
This master’s degree thesis is situated in the line of research Text and Discourse in the Oral and Written Modalities and addresses the processes of referencing and the opinions in opinionative texts in newspapers that comment on the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. The main objective is to reflect on the relationship between referencing and opinion. The specific objectives are: a) through our readings, to identify and analyze the opinions in Dilma Rousseff’s and Aécio Neves’ discourses present in articles published by Folha de S. Paulo, thus determining if these opinions are consensual or disputable; b) to analyze and discuss the referencing process of the impeachment referent. The theoretical grounding is based in two theories: a) Referencing, based in third phase Text Linguistics, of which we will mainly rely on the writings of Koch and Cortez (2015), Koch (2009), Mondada and Dubois (2003), Cavalcante (2006, 2009) and Cavalcante and Lima (2013); and b) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), concerning the concept of opinion, for which we will mainly rely on Van Dijk (1980, 1999, 2015). The results obtained by this analysis demonstrate the role of referencing expressions, especially with indirect and encapsulating anaphors, in the construction of the referent, and, consequentially, in situating the enunciators’ opinions regarding the same facts
Esta dissertação está inserida na linha de pesquisa Texto e Discurso nas Modalidades Oral e Escrita e trata dos processos de referenciação e das opiniões em textos opinativos de jornal que tematizam o impeachment de Dilma Rousseff. O objetivo geral é refletir sobre a relação entre referenciação e opinião. Os objetivos específicos são: a) por meio da nossa leitura, identificar e analisar as opiniões contidas nos discursos de Dilma Rousseff e Aécio Neves em artigos da Folha de S. Paulo, determinando se essas opiniões são consensuais ou contestáveis; b) analisar e discutir o processo de referenciação do referente impeachment. A fundamentação teórica é embasada em duas teorias: a) Referenciação, com base na Linguística Textual de terceira fase, sobre a qual nos embasamos primordialmente em Koch e Cortez (2015), Koch (2009), Mondada e Dubois (2003), Cavalcante (2006, 2009) e Cavalcante e Lima (2013); e b) Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), no que concerne o conceito de opinião, em que nos baseamos principalmente em Van Dijk (1980, 1999, 2015). Os resultados obtidos em nossa análise evidenciam o papel das expressões referenciais, notadamente as anáforas indiretas e encapsuladoras, na construção do referente, e, por conseguinte, no apontamento das opiniões dos enunciadores quanto aos mesmos fatos

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Palffy-Muhoray, Nicole Marie. "Hungarian Temporal and Aspectual Reference in the Absence of Dedicated Markers." Thesis, Yale University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10160871.

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In recent years, work has emerged suggesting that a wide range of languages lack paradigms of overt, fully grammaticalized morphemes to express tense and aspect distinctions. This dissertation asks how a language without such dedicated morphology might express these meanings by exploring the following two strategies for expressing tense/aspect distinctions in Hungarian.

No systematic marking of grammatical/viewpoint aspect categories (e.g. Progressive, Imperfective) exists in Hungarian. These semantic distinctions are instead retrieved through the interaction of several factors, including facts about the discourse context, properties of the predicate, word order, and the presence/absence of verbal particles and temporal frame expressions. Éppen, which I argue is best analyzed as a discourse particle in the tradition of Beaver & Clark (2008), is used to specify aspectual distinctions in a variety of aspectually ambiguous contexts, and gives rise to a separate but related range of precisifying effects when it occurs with scalar expressions. I propose that éppen presupposes the existence of a unique strongest alternative to the current question, and asserts that the prejacent be construed as that alternative, thereby picking out the strongest reading from a set of possible alternatives. This analysis provides a first sketch of a heretofore undocumented strategy for expressing aspectual distinctions, and allows for a unified account of seemingly diverse distributions and interpretations.

The only overt, grammaticalized marker of tense in Hungarian is the Past morpheme (-t). Future reference is expressed either with the null/unmarked Non-past tense or with fog, which I argue is a modal verb. Analyses of English future-referring strategies (e.g. `will', `be going to', Present, Present Progressive) that are proposed to be cross-linguistic fall short for Hungarian, suggesting that there is greater diversity in how languages express future reference cross-linguistically than previously thought. I suggest that the facts can be explained based on interactions of context, properties of the predicate, and the semantics of the Non-past and fog. If fog has a metaphysical modal base, which forces fog's obligatorily future reference, we can account for a distribution in which fog is preferred for expressing future reference in some contexts and the Non-past is preferred in others by appealing to pragmatic blocking relationships and speaker preferences familiar from the domains of scalar implicatures and indirect speech acts. The Hungarian facts suggest that languages can succeed at expressing nuanced temporal information with relatively few dedicated markers. This analysis allows for these complex distributional differences between future-referring expressions to be accounted for with a fairly rudimentary semantics if properties of the context of utterance are sufficiently spelled out.

This project provides novel insights into the understudied topic of the semantics of tense and aspect in Hungarian, and contributes to the growing understanding of the range of strategies available to express tense and aspect cross-linguistically. I suggest that at least for Hungarian, the role of context is crucial for the specification of temporal and aspectual reference.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Linguistic references'

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