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Gentile, Francesco Paolo. "Talking metaphors : metaphors and the philosophy of language." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13402/.
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In this dissertation I defend a non-indexicalist contextualist account of metaphorical interpretation. This theory, which works within Kaplan’s double-index semantic framework, claims that context does not have the only role of determining the content expressed by an utterance, but also the function of fixing the appropriate circumstance of evaluation relative to which that content is evaluated. My claim is that the metaphorical dimension of an utterance can be found in the circumstance of evaluation, and not in the content which is expressed by the utterance. To that effect, I introduce a parameter in the circumstance of evaluation of an utterance, which I call ‘thematic dimension’. I show how the introduction of this parameter is in harmony with a class of theories that have proposed a relativistic semantic treatment of other phenomena such as predicates of taste and knowledge ascriptions. At the same time, I question a number of other proposals, both semantic and pragmatic, which, I believe, do not reach the same level of empirical adequacy and formal correctness as my proposal.
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Barron, Andrew T. "Exposing Deep-rooted Anger: A Metaphor Pattern Analysis of Mixed Anger Metaphors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84170/.
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This project seeks to serve two purposes: first, to investigate various semantic and grammatical aspects of mixed conceptual metaphors in reference to anger; and secondly, to explore the potential of a corpus-based, TARGET DOMAIN-oriented method termed metaphor pattern analysis to the study of mixed metaphor. This research shows that mixed metaphors do not pattern in a manner consistent with statements made within conceptual metaphor theory. These metaphors prove highly dynamic in their combinability and resist resonance between SOURCE DOMAINS used. Also shown is the viability of metaphor pattern analysis as a methodology to approach mixed metaphor research.
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Trim, Richard Peter. "Drug metaphors in European languages." Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338705.
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Hart, Gwendolyn A. "Composing Metaphors: Metaphors for Writing in the Composition Classroom." View abstract, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3371472.
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Arcimavičienė, Liudmila. "Morality models through metaphors: a cross-linguistic analysis." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100517_160515-95452.
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The present study has attempted the analysis of public discourse and its moral expectations through metaphor at a contrastive level in the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics. The study deals with the identification of morality models in public discourse in English and Lithuanian. The materials of the study consist of analytical political articles extracted from the online archives of two following websites: (1) www.economist.com, (2) www.politika.lt. The collected data amounts to 415, 670 words in total. Three methods of analysis were applied to the collected data: qualitative, quantitative and contrastive. The analysis reveals that political affairs in both cultures are framed by the same conceptual metaphors. The structural composition of the conceptual metaphors has been examined in terms of the following thirteen SOURCE domains: MOTION, RELATIONSHIP, STRENGTH, HEALTH, SPORTS, WAR, ESSENCE, BUSINESS, DIRT, SENSES, WHOLENESS, THEATRE, and ANIMALS. The cross-mapping between SOURCE domains and TARGET domains is held by different epistemic correspondences, which leads to the variability of MORALITY models across the two languages, i.e. English and Lithuanian. British politics tends to be more varied in its moral expectations, which derive from three types of Morality Systems: Pragmatic, Rational and Integrated. Thus, the moral expectations governing British political discourse are based on the Complex Morality Model. By contrast, Lithuanian politics is... [to full text]<br>Ši disertacija – tai kontrastyvinio pobūdžio lingvistinis darbas, kurio tyrimų objektas yra viešasis anglų ir lietuvių kalbų diskursas politine tema. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti, kokiais moralės modeliais vadovaujamasi Didžiosios Britanijos ir Lietuvos viešajame diskurse politine tematika, remiantis metaforos analize. Moksliniam tyrimui buvo renkami analitiniai straipsniai, kuriuose aprašomi Lietuvos (www.politika.lt) ir Didžiosios Britanijos (www.economist.com) politiniai įvykiai ketverių (Britanijos atveju) ir dvejų (Lietuvos atveju) metų laikotarpiu. Visame sinchroniniame tyrime taikomas trianguliacijos metodas, leidžiantis ištirti metaforos raišką įvairiais aspektais, derinant kokybinius (aprašomąjį, analitinį ir kognityvinį) tyrimus su kiekybiniu tyrimu. Buvo nustatyta trylika universalių metaforų: JUDĖJIMAS, JĖGA, KARAS, GYVŪNAI, SANDARA, JUSLĖS, VISUMA, SPORTAS, SVEIKATA, SANTYKIAI, PURVAS, VERSLAS ir TEATRAS. Gretinamoji analizė rodo, kad anglų kalbos metaforos skiriasi nuo lietuvių kalbos metaforų savo epistemine sandara. Anglų kalbos metaforų analizė rodo vertinimą, grindžiamą kompleksiniu moralės modeliu. Toks politinių įvykių vertinimas byloja apie progresyvią demokratinę politinę sistemą, pasižyminčią dinamiškumu, vertinimų kaita ir įvairove. Lietuvių kalbos metaforų analizės metu nustatytas vyraujantis pragmatinis metaforos moralės modelis su labai nežymiai išreikštais kitais metaforos moralės modeliais. Toks Lietuvos politinių įvykių vertinimas rodo pragmatinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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O'Donoghue, Josephine Sheila. "Communicating metaphors in Shakespeare, Dickinson and Heaney." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269792.
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‘Relevance theory’ is a linguistic theory offering an alternative to the conventional ‘code model’ of communication, by suggesting that inference, rather than coding and decoding, is the primary driving force motivating interpretation. In this thesis, I consider the implications for literary criticism of the relevance theory account of communication, particularly in relation to metaphor, as an enduring concern of both linguistics and literary studies. The thesis focuses on three temporally disparate authors – Shakespeare, Dickinson and Heaney – whose work, analyzed by linguists as well as literary critics, is abundant in metaphor, but might prompt us to think about literary communication in different ways. The Introduction considers the coincidence of the central terms of relevance theory (context, interpretation, inference, intention) with many of the fundamental concerns of literary criticism. Chapter One examines various accounts of metaphor, historical and recent, by literary critics, philosophers and linguists, before offering a brief introduction to relevance theory’s ‘deflationary’ account of metaphor and its implications for literary critical analysis. Chapter Two looks at plays by Shakespeare that are as much concerned with communication as they are representations of it, and considers how relevance theory’s account of the cognitive process of developing new interpretations on the spot, in context, based on expectations of relevance, challenges any straightforward sense of what textual metaphors ‘mean’. Chapter Three explores the striking prominence of the term ‘inference’, fundamental to the relevance theory account of communication, in Dickinson’s poetry. Whilst Dickinson’s ‘definitional’, ‘X is Y’ metaphors appear to facilitate a bridging of the gap between abstractions and the concrete world linguistically, her dependence on inference exposes the bleak uncertainty of that which can only be inferred, whilst nonetheless forging a communicative bond between the poet writing and her multiple audiences. Chapter Four analyzes different figurative forms in Heaney’s poetry, and looks particularly at the relationship between metaphor and simile in light of the relevance theory account. Critical analyses of Heaney’s work often attribute political significance to what are assumed to be metaphors within his poetry, without considering the role played by (perhaps unconscious) interpretative expectations of the kind relevance theory would predict; taking local linguistic context more thoroughly into account might offer a very different perspective on what Heaney is ‘saying’. In conclusion, I review Lakoff and Johnson’s profoundly influential ‘conceptual metaphor theory’ (CMT), and propose that relevance theory’s linguistically-driven account of metaphor in communication needs elements of ‘conceptual’ accounts such as CMT which describe metaphor as a matter of thought as well as language. Metaphor is a tremendously powerful communicative tool, but one to which literary critical analysis cannot do justice without a functioning theory of communication such as that offered by relevance theory.
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Gavelin, Emma. "Conceptual metaphors: a diachronic study of LOVE metaphors in Mariah Carey's song lyrics." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-116716.
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This essay is an account of an investigation of conceptual metaphors of LOVE in two albums by singer Mariah Carey. It also includes an investigation of if LOVE metaphors were used differently at the beginning of her career from how they are used twenty-four years later. The study is based on the singles of Carey's debut album and those of her latest album. The analysis showed that although the songs are separated by approximately twenty years the LOVE metaphors most reflected in the song lyrics were the same in both albums. The results also showed that the source concept which was most typically used overall was also reflected to describe the target concept in both albums. However, the variation of LOVE metaphors was greater in the singles of her debut album.
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Ericsson, Linn. "Structural Metaphors in George Eliot's Middlemarch and their Swedish Translations." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-1045.
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El-Sharif, Ahmad. "A linguistic study of Islamic religious discourse : conceptual metaphors in the prophetic tradition." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2417.
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This study examines the emergence of metaphorical language in the Prophet Muhammad’s sayings and tradition. It principally argues that the selection of metaphors in the Prophetic discourse is chiefly governed by the rhetorical aim of persuasion. Additionally, the Prophetic metaphors are discursively used to express a distinctive Islamic doctrine and ideology that embody the laws, principles, and beliefs of Islam. The study is anchored by the theoretical framework provided by the cognitive theory of metaphor developed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson and corpus-assisted and critical metaphor analysis approaches introduced by Jonathan Charteris-Black. The critical analysis of the Prophetic metaphors acknowledges the impact of the most frequent and significant metaphoric source domains appearing in a corpus compiled from the Prophet Muhammad’s sayings and tradition. These metaphors are introduced to an audience on the basis of Islamic religious beliefs in addition to the socio-cultural experiences and knowledge of pre-Islamic Arabs and early Muslims of the time. This study demonstrates the Prophet Muhammad’s reliance on metaphorical language in introducing unfamiliar Islamic notions such as Islam and faith, rulership and Islamic laws, and rituals and unlawful practices among many other notions. The abstract nature of these concepts necessitates the use of conventional metaphors which provide epistemic and ontological information about the topics in hand. In addition, the study argues that behind his didactic discourse, the Prophet Muhammad’s selection of metaphors reflects a distinctive ideological perspective by which Muslims and non-Muslims are distinguished within the realm of spiritual life. Finally, the study establishes the persuasive impact of the Prophetic metaphors with reference to the three Aristotelian propositions: the ethical, emotional, and logical. The study provides the first effort to analyse conceptual metaphors used in the Prophet Muhammad’s sayings and tradition on the basis of modern cognitive and critical approaches to metaphor analysis. Furthermore, this study builds upon the findings of previous studies on critical metaphor analysis of metaphors employed in other religious discourses, such as the Bible and the Qur’an; so, it draws attention to the need for more study of metaphors in Islamic religious discourse
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Warell, Peter. "Metaphors of populists – A cognitive linguistic study of conceptual metaphors in political speeches by Donald J. Trump and Nigel Farage." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-171752.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore the use of conceptual metaphors in political speeches by Donald Trump and Nigel Farage. Conceptual metaphor theory is applied as the framework for the study. Metaphorical linguistic expressions are identified with help of the method Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP). The conceptual metaphors giving rise to the metaphorical linguistic expressions are identified and categorized into different domains in the study. The analysis demonstrates that the use of metaphors is ubiquitous. The metaphors related to the salient domains of politics, nation, immigration, economy, and morality are discussed and further investigated in the analysis. The analysis shows that metaphors are employed in the construction of populist discourse and to evoke the emotion of fear by mainly drawing from embodied elements. A notable parallel between Trump and Farage is the use of the Moral Order metaphor which subsequently reveal their moral values.
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Josefsson, Emil. "A journey through our surroundings : A study of organizational metaphors in Metasaga." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-53410.
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According to recent cognitive science, our perceptive senses help develop human cognition, and the process of organizing our inner representations of the world around us. As a result, conceptual metaphors are deemed to be essential to our understanding of abstract entities; how we perceive an organization depends for instance on what metaphor is used to describe it. Thus, conceptual metaphor theory has been given a lot of attention in the past thirty years. The Metasaga philosophy was established on the Shetland Islands in 2008. The idea is for participants to explore the environment and create reflective questions involving metaphors which can be used for reflective purposes in connection to work, school, businesses or other organizations. In this paper, linguistic metaphors involving organizations in 228 reflective questions were studied. The linguistic metaphors were sorted according to which organization conceptual metaphor they appeared to belong to. A broad category called Organization Is Physical Structure was set up, and the name was taken from Joseph Grady’s list of primary metaphors in Lakoff and Johnson (1999 pp. 50-55) Four sub-categories of organization metaphors were subsequently established: Organization Is An Artificial Structure, Organizational Help Is Support, Organization Is A Plant and Organization Is A Living Creature. Almost 55 % of the reflective questions involving organization shared the common theme of a description of an organization as some kind of artificial structure. Thus, it seems likely that we often think of organizational arrangement as some kind of concrete structure and also that we use different metaphors depending on how the organization is structured.
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Johansson, Falck Marlene. "Metaphor variation across L1 and L2 speakers of English : Do differences at the level of linguistic metaphor matter?" Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-52534.
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English and Swedish, which are both Germanic languages spoken in similar cultures in the Western World, display many similarities with regard to the conceptual metaphors reflected in them. However, the way that the same conceptual metaphor is linguistically instantiated in both languages may be somewhat different. This chapter is a corpus-based analysis of metaphorical ‘path’, ‘road’, and ‘way’ sentences in English produced by speakers with British English as their first language (L1) and Swedish university students with Englishas their second language (L2). The aim is to see how these L2 speakers of English deal with differences at the level of linguistic metaphor in the two languages, and find out how important this level of organization really is.<br>Embodiment of Motion Metaphors
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Benchetrit, Louise Kate. "Conceptualising the coronavirus pandemic: a corpus linguistic study of metaphors in Italian, British and French coronavirus press discourse." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22912/.
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As the number of coronavirus cases increased globally, governments started to introduce restrictive measures which many individuals had never experienced before. Heads of state started to use expressions referring to ‘war’, encouraging citizens to help the ‘fight’ against the ‘invisible enemy’. In the cognitive linguist approach, metaphors are believed to involve the ‘thinking’ as well as the ‘talking’ (or writing) of one thing in terms of another. That is, similarities (or correspondences) are perceived between two different ‘domains’ such as ‘covid-19’ and ‘war’. Therefore, ‘fighting the disease’ can be ‘translated’ into ‘reducing infection, illness and death’.
This dissertation aims to identify metaphorical expressions, and the associated conceptual mappings, in the coronavirus media discourse of three countries – Italy, France, and the United Kingdom – over the period of the ‘first wave’. If metaphorical expressions can highlight how we ‘think’ about an event, it is interesting to investigate if all three countries are ‘thinking’ about the novel coronavirus in the same terms. In order to tackle this question, this dissertation has five chapters. First, the cognitive linguistic approach to metaphors is discussed, focusing on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). In chapter two we turn to the corpus linguistic approach and its application to metaphor research. On the basis of this theoretical background, chapter three introduces the methodology employed for this study. Chapter four presents the main results for English, French and Italian. In particular, this study found that the coronavirus is conceptualised as WAR, SUBSTANCE IN MOVEMENT, SUBSTANCE IN A CONTAINER, and OBSTACLE in all three language corpora, while WATER, FAMILY and POSSESSION are unique to the French, Italian and English samples, respectively. Finally, chapter five discusses the findings and the limitations of this study, closing with possible directions for future research.
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Yee, Sean P. "Students' Metaphors for Mathematical Problem Solving." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1340197978.
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Törmä, Kajsa. "Refugees in British Media Coverage : A Study of Dehumanizing Conceptual Metaphors." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136691.
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This study exemplifies, analyses and discusses the conceptual metaphors refugees are water and refugees are animals in British media discourse. In order to do this, examples of linguistic tokens of the metaphors were collected from four of the biggest newspapers in Britain; Daily Mail, The Sun, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph. Linguistic tokens of the metaphors were found in all of the newspapers. The tokens of refugees are animals often appeared within quotation marks, whereas the refugees are water tokens appeared mostly unmarked, implying that refugees are water is more conventionalized than refugees are animals. The analysis of the tokens showed how different aspects of refugees are either highlighted or hidden when it is conceptualized in terms of water or animals. In the process of highlighting/hiding certain aspects of refugees, the refugees are dehumanized.
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Shaver, Joel A. "Metaphors of travel in the language of hymns : 1650–1800." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2381/.
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This dissertation concentrates on the role of the conceptual metaphor LIFE IS A JOURNEY in English hymns of the 17th and 18th centuries, addressing the following research questions: 1) To what extent and in which contexts have elements of the lexical category of travel, applied metaphorically, been used in English spiritual language and literature in the period 1650–1800? 2) How has metaphorical extension affected the semantic development of this category? This dissertation discusses the use of travel metaphors as structural schemata for complete hymns, and analyzes the use of individual elements of travel-related terminology across a historical textual corpus. The analyses in this dissertation are undertaken in light of recent trends in semantics, and with the aim of contributing to the development of Cognitive Metaphor Theory as a tool for historical linguistic analysis and literary criticism.
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Yu, Chennan. "Metaphors in Food Advertising Slogans." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Teacher Education, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-5917.
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Yasynetska, Olena A. "Conceptual, Linguistic and Translational Aspects of Headline Metaphors used to Refer to the American and Ukrainian Presidential Campaigns of 2004." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1129586319.
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Eriksson, Maria. "Building a Balanced Organizational Culture – Imagery in Corporate Storytelling : Metaphors and Translation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96428.
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This study investigates the use of metaphors in corporate storytelling and the strategies that may be applied when translating these from English to Swedish. The conceptual metaphor theory was used as a starting point for the investigation of structural metaphors in particular. The results reveal that the most common translation strategy was keeping the same conceptual metaphor in the target text. The second most common strategy was changing into a different metaphor. Moreover, metaphors were often omitted which results in a translation with less evocative imagery. The metaphorical concepts organism and building were found to be the most frequent. The weave metaphor was frequent in storytelling, and the organism, building, and machine metaphors were common in business contexts, similar to what earlier studies have found. Some conceptual metaphors were less frequent in the translation due to cultural differences, although both similarities and differences were encountered when analyzing the metaphorical expressions in detail. The study also reveals that an awareness of organizational metaphors is fundamental in order to render an inspirational and persuasive text in this genre as accurately as possible, while at the same time being faithful to the style and imagery in the original.
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Jebeli, Mojgan. "Metaphors and Cultural Imprints : A comparative study of Persian and English Metaphors in Jamalzadeh's 'Roast Goose' and Maugham's 'The Luncheon'." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142002.
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The main goal of this study is to identify conceptual metaphors in two genetically distinct languages, namely Iranian Persian and British English, analyze their domains and attempt to detect possible cultural impacts on their construction. Although there are a good number of studies on the relationship between metaphor and culture in some languages, there appears to be a limited number of comparative studies on different languages with culturally distinct contexts and their metaphors. In an attempt to investigate the cultural imprints on metaphor, this thesis has a special focus on metaphors applied in two Persian and English short stories. ‘Roast Goose’ by M.A. Jamalzadeh and ‘The Luncheon’ by W.S. Maugham are two well-known near contemporary short stories, which are subject to our study. The two emotions of anxiety and greed, as the most dominant subjects of metaphorical expressions in these stories, are identified following MIP (Metaphor Identification Procedure) and the concepts involved in the construction of their underlying conceptual metaphors will be analyzed based on Kövecses’s (2010a) method. The thesis presents a conceptual approach within a cognitive linguistic perspective to pinpoint metaphors and the stories behind them in these two literal texts.
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Girnyte, Ieva. "Conceptual Metaphors and Metonymies of LOVE in Maroon 5 Songs." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-157250.
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Johansson, Anna. "Conceptual Metaphors in Lyrics by Leonard Cohen." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125400.
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The purpose of this study is to find and analyse conceptual metaphors in the lyrics, A Thousand Kissed Deep, Here It Is, and Boogie Street from the album Ten New Songs (2001) by Leonard Cohen using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). In order to detected the conceptual metaphors, the source and target domains were identified. Conceptual metaphors were found by mapping source domains onto target domains and viewing the lexical expressions in the lyrics. The result and analysis of the findings in this study show that linguistic expressions of LOVE, LIFE and DEATH are conceptually present in the lyrics.
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Larsson, Kalle. "Punning Exploiting External and Internal Metaphors : A Study of Groucho Marx's Use of Metaphor Reversal." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6664.
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<p>The aim of this study has been to analyse metaphorical strings which have been interpreted literally, a process referred to as metaphor reversal. This was first described by Löflund (1999:18) and the specific term was later coined by Alm-Arvius (2006:6). Metaphor reversal is basically a subcategory of the broader term polysemy punning.</p><p>When a metaphor unexpectedly is interpreted literally, a humorous effect takes place and a pun is created. Especially if the metaphorisation in question has an entrenched figurative meaning, the unexpectedness of the literal interpretation is greater and the pun more obvious. The examples of these puns exploiting metaphor reversal have been taken from films featuring the verbal comedian Groucho Marx (GM), who frequently used this type and other kinds of puns in his films.</p><p>The terms internal and external metaphor, coined by Alm-Arvius (2003:78), have been used in order to distinguish between two different types of metaphorisations. Internal metaphor refers to metaphors with obvious internal collocational clashes and external metaphor refers to metaphors without such clashes, which can thus be given a literal as well as a figurative reading. However, this is not a clear-cut distinction and occasional overlapping between the two categories is common. Therefore, a continuum has been given which shows the overlapping category ‘more figurative external metaphors’. These are metaphors without collocational clashes, but with entrenched figurative meanings which make them metaphorical and not literal.</p><p>GM does not only revert external metaphors; he also reverts internal metaphors although this category contains collocational clashes which should make a literal interpretation impossible. Internal metaphor puns tend to be more absurd than external metaphor puns due to the collocational clashes which make the literal interpretation less probable. Reverted external metaphors are referred to as REM and reverted internal metaphors as RIM.</p><p>Most examples analysed are metaphorisations with idiom status with clearly preferred figurative meanings. Consequently, their figurative meanings are deeply entrenched and should not be altered. However, these figurative meanings are altered by GM in his punning; they are reverted and interpreted literally. This indicates that one of the few occasions when it is accepted or even possible to interpret a metaphorical idiom literally is in punning.</p>
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Beganovic, Armin. "Justifying Operation Iraqi Freedom - A Study of Moral Metaphors in Political Statements." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-421.
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<p>Abstract</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the way George W. Bush used moral metaphors to intensify the language in his statements on Operation Iraqi Freedom. Three moral metaphors are presented within two different models that are applied on the data.</p><p>The collected material for the metaphors is constituted of cognitive linguistic books from prominent linguists, such as George Lakoff, Alan Cruse and William Croft, and the data is collected from the official White House website. The scientific method used in this study has been qualitative text analysis where the hermeneutic approach has been an essential part of it.</p><p>The main question: In what way did George W. Bush use moral metaphors in his statements to justify Operation Iraqi Freedom?, resulted in use of moral metaphors that sermons people’s moral values, depict Saddam Hussein’s characteristics as immoral, activate people’s moral priorities to help the Iraqi people, and addresses both conservatives and liberals in America.</p><p>The conclusion of my study is that President Bush deliberately intensified the language in his statements through moral metaphors to justify Operation Iraqi Freedom.</p><p>Keywords: Cognitive Linguistics, Metaphor, Figurative Language, Operation Iraqi Freedom, War on Terror, George W. Bush, Saddam Hussein, USA, Iraq, Qualitative Text Analysis, Hermeneutics.</p>
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Eriksson, Ingrid. "Retaining or losing the conceptual metaphor : A study on institutional translation of metaphors in political discourse from English into Swedish and Spanish." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tolk- och översättarinstitutet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-171437.
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The translation of metaphors has been analyzed and discussed for several decades, but there are not many multilingual studies that examine how metaphors are translated. The present study takes a cognitive approach to metaphor and investigates how translators at the European Commission handle metaphorical expressions and the underlying conceptual metaphors in political discourse. The source text is the English language version of the policy document A European Agenda on Migration, and the Swedish and Spanish language versions of it are included as target texts. The study identifies the conceptual metaphors that conceptualize migration and other topics that are closely related to the European migrant and refugee crisis of 2015 and the translation procedures that are used. A total of six translation procedures were found in the target texts, and the most used procedure in the Spanish target text was to retain both the conceptual metaphor and the metaphorical expression, whereas the most used procedure in the Swedish target text was to replace the metaphorical expression with a completely different one and thereby using a different conceptual metaphor. The parallel analysis of all three language versions also revealed that non-metaphorical expressions in the source text were occasionally replaced with metaphorical expressions in the target texts, which proves that adding a conceptual metaphor is one of many translation procedures. The most frequently used source domains in the source text, i.e. water, enemy and applied force, were transferred to both target texts. Some source domains were eventually lost, but a couple of new ones, such as disease and weight, were added instead.
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Burman, Anna-Karin. "An Idea Is a Life Form : An attempt to find evidence of the Conceptual MetaphorTheory by studying the Old English poem Beowulf." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-24265.
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This small study concerns occurrences of metaphor, metonymy and conceptual metaphor in the Old English poem Beowulf. The first 224 lines of Beowulf were searched for non-literal passages. Thefound passages were sorted into the groups conventionalized metaphor, metonymy and innovativemetaphor. The conceptual metaphors were in turn sorted into target domains and source domains and grouped within the domains. These were then compared to Modern English and Modern Swedish metaphors and conceptual metaphors with the help of dictionaries and corpus studies. Beowulf was also looked at as a small corpus. Words which were suspected to be used inmetaphorical senses were searched for in the full text and the results were examined and comparedwith modern language usage. It was found evident that Old English and Modern English, as well as Modern Swedish, have many conceptual metaphors in common both when in comes to experiential metaphors and culturally grounded metaphors.
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Johansson, Anton. "Vertical Metaphors : English down and up in Swedish contrast." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101957.
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This thesis aims to compare the English metaphorical expressions up and down in relation to Swedish. For this purpose, English original texts with Swedish translations and Swedish original texts and English translations were analyzed by using the Linnaeus English-German-Swedish corpus. Thus, the study will show that the metaphorical expressions up and down are used more often in English translated texts as well as what the most common Swedish translation or original of the metaphorical expressions are. Furthermore, the paper will sort the metaphorical expressions based on target domains and compare this with the Swedish translations.
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Breaux, Brooke O. "On Grounding Metaphors in Space| The Role of Metaphorical Connections in Accessing the Abstract Meanings of English Prepositions." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3589960.
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<p> Indirect metaphors are pervasive in everyday language: People talk about <i> long</i> vacations, <i>short</i> tempers, and <i>colorful </i> language. But, why do we use concrete lexical items that are associated with the physical world when we talk about abstract, or non-physical, concepts? A potential answer is provided by proponents of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), who propose that only a small set of the concepts which make up our conceptual system emerge directly from physical experience, and it is this small number of concepts that serves to structure the ways in which we think and talk about abstract concepts (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). This key assumption in cognitive linguistics—that our understanding of concrete concepts serves to ground our understanding of abstract concepts—is the focus of my research. Although indirect metaphors are thought to be the result of grounded conceptual connections, motivated by experiential knowledge and flowing from the physical to the non-physical (Grady, 1999), it is unclear whether people access these grounded connections when processing the meanings of indirect metaphors.</p><p> The prepositions <i>in</i> and <i>on</i> are an interesting test case for grounded connections: Both lexical items are used frequently by speakers not only to identify the location of one object relative to another but also to refer to more abstract relationships. Therefore, I experimentally investigated the possibility that grounded connections are available for use in tasks requiring on-line processing of these prepositions: Would participants make use of conceptual connections, and if so, would the characteristics associated with these conceptual connections be consistent with the CMT grounding assumption? Although the results for <i>in</i> were consistent with the CMT grounding assumption, the results for <i>on</i> were not. In fact, differences between <i>in</i> and <i>on</i> were found throughout stimulus development, and these differences were used to help explain this discrepancy. The patterns observed throughout this dissertation suggest that <i>in</i> may be more metaphorically active than <i>on </i>, meaning that <i>in</i>'s potential to participate in indirect metaphors is higher than <i>on</i>'s, and that one consequence of this higher metaphorical activity is an increase in the availability of grounded connections during on-line processing.</p>
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Schultz, Malin. "Metaphor and metonymy : A study of figurative language in newspapers." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-16864.
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Kendel-Smith, Karen. "I'm a web of words : an exploration of the role of the semantic organisation of lingusitic metaphors in the construction of contextual social realities." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685076.
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Kalpakidis, Charalabos. "Metaphors, Myths, and Archetypes: Equal Paradigmatic Functions in Human Cognition?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3284/.
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The overview of contributions to metaphor theory in Chapters 1 and 2, examined in reference to recent scholarship, suggests that the current theory of metaphor derives from long-standing traditions that regard metaphor as a crucial process of cognition. This overview calls to attention the necessity of a closer inspection of previous theories of metaphor. Chapter 3 takes initial steps in synthesizing views of domains of inquiry into cognitive processes of the human mind. It draws from cognitive models developed in linguistics and anthropology, taking into account hypotheses put forth by psychologists like Jung. It sets the stage for an analysis that intends to further understanding of how the East-West dichotomy guides, influences, and expresses cognitive processes. Although linguist George Lakoff denies the existence of a connection between metaphors, myths, and archetypes, Chapter 3 illustrates the possibility of a relationship among these phenomena. By synthesizing theoretical approaches, Chapter 3 initiates the development of a model suitable for the analysis of the East-West dichotomy as exercised in Chapter 4. As purely emergent from bodily experience, however, neither the concept of the East nor the concept of the West can be understood completely. There exist cultural experiences that may, depending on historical and social context, override bodily experience inclined to favor the East over the West because of the respective connotations of place of birth of the sun and place of death of the sun. This kind of overriding cultural meaning is based on the “typical, frequently recurring and widely shared interpretations of some object, abstract entity, or event evoked in people as a result of similar experiences. To call these meanings ‘cultural meanings' is to imply that a different interpretation is evoked in people with different characteristic experiences. As such, various interpretations of the East-West image-schema exist simultaneously in mutually exclusive or competing forms, as the analysis of Gatsby and the reversal of the values of East and West in the context of colonizing and counter-colonizing attitudes suggests.
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Björklund, Elin Maria. "Metaphorical mountainscapes : Translating metaphors, similes and metonymy in an adventure travel guide." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97999.
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This study examines the translation of an adventure travel guide from English to Swedish, focusing on the translation of conventional metaphors, original metaphors, metonymy and similes, with special attention to conceptual metaphors. The results show that most of the metaphors are reproduced in the target text, along with most of the metonymic segments and all similes. The findings suggest that the relatively high rate of metaphors and metonymy reproduced is due to a high degree of shared metaphorical concepts in source and target culture, whereas the decrease likely is due to an asymmetry in the preference of usage and degree of elaboration for these metaphors. The qualitative analysis shows that many conceptual metaphors fulfilled important functions in the source text, which confirms previous research that preserving the conceptual metaphors as much as possible in the translation process is essential in order to preserve all the functions of the source text. Analysis of metonymy and the personification of cities shows how the metonymic concept place for person is related to the central theme of personification and that this concept is likewise used to fulfill an important purpose of the source text, showing that metonymy is equally important to preserve in the translation process. The results of this study suggest that the choice of translation strategy in some cases is less dependent on category and more dependent on to what extent the cultural concepts that the metaphor/simile/metonymy is based on is similar/different, more/less elaborate or more/less preferred in source and target culture.
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Turner, Carol. "Walking and Wandering among Mountains and Monsters : A study of metaphors and lexical variation in translation in a text about the Lake District." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86094.
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This essay studies the translation of metaphorical concepts and lexical variation in relation to walking in a text about hiking in the Lake District. These two linguistic features are deemed to be important in fulfilling the communicative intention of the source text and the aim of the essay is to investigate to what extent these two linguistic features have been retained translation and what motivates different translation strategies. The qualitative study of metaphors focuses on the metaphorical concept THE LAKE DISTRICT IS A PERSON analyses how often different translation strategies are employed when translating metaphors. The results show that which strategy was preferred depended on whether the metaphor was lexicalised or novel and a qualitative analysis aims to explain these differences in preference. A qualitative study of the lexical variation regarding walking between the two languages found the number of different words used to be fairly similar in both languages. Context was determined to be more important than the exact meaning when translating words related to hiking. At times context therefore also motivated a single word to be translated into several different words in the target text or vice versa.
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Santos, Emerson Cristian Pereira dos. "Conceptual Metaphors Based in Life, Death and Resurrection and its Translation to Libras." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=18437.
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nÃo hÃ<br>This research analyzes in which ways the conceptual metaphors based in âlifeâ, âdeathâ and âresurrectionâ, presents in the John`s Gospel of the Bible in Portuguese language, were translated into Brazilian Sign Language (Libras). Firstly, I do a mapping of the metaphors, and later on I check how the cognitive aspects underlying each one of them are structured, both in the source language as in the translation of them. In this regard, I use the postulates of the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor, designed by Lakoff and Johnson (2003), the postulates of Fauconnier and Turner (2002) about the conceptual blending and the postulates of KÃvecses (2005, 2010) about the role of cultures upon their own conceptualizations. In order to explain some phenomena, specifically from translation, such as the new implicit information, I bring some discussion about some views of the Relevance Theory, from Sperber and Wilson (2001), whereby I also check in which ways the translator`s inferences keep or change the conceptual metaphors from a religious sensitive text in the Brazilian deaf culture. As it can be seen, the research upon this thesis connects the Translation Studies and the Cognitive Linguistics, and some of the results propose that the same embodied experience can generate distinct conceptual metaphors in two also distinct cultures. As I am analyzing the translation of the Bible as a sensitive text, some of the results also point to changes in the conceptual metaphors, due to the translation, may cause changes in the chains of significances related to the Christian symbols.<br>Este trabalho analisa de que forma as metÃforas conceituais baseadas em âvidaâ, âmorteâ e âressurreiÃÃoâ, presentes no evangelho de JoÃo da BÃblia em lÃngua portuguesa, foram traduzidas para a LÃngua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS). Primeiro eu faÃo um mapeamento das metÃforas, e depois verifico como os aspectos cognitivos subjacentes a cada uma delas estÃo estruturados, tanto na lÃngua-fonte quanto na traduÃÃo. Para isso, utilizo os pressupostos da Teoria da MetÃfora Conceitual, de Lakoff e Johnson (2003), as proposiÃÃes de Fauconnier e Turner (2002) sobre a mesclagem conceitual e o entendimento de KÃvecses (2005, 2010) sobre o papel das culturas diante de suas prÃprias conceitualizaÃÃes. Para explicar alguns fenÃmenos especÃficos da traduÃÃo, tais como as novas informaÃÃes implÃcitas, trago para a discussÃo alguns entendimentos da Teoria da RelevÃncia, de Sperber e Wilson (2001), por meio da qual eu verifico tambÃm de que forma as inferÃncias do tradutor mantÃm ou modificam as metÃforas conceituais de um texto sensÃvel religioso na cultura surda brasileira. Como pode ser percebido, a pesquisa desta dissertaÃÃo conecta os Estudos da TraduÃÃo à LinguÃstica Cognitiva, e alguns dos resultados sugerem que uma mesma experiÃncia corporificada pode gerar metÃforas conceituais distintas em duas culturas tambÃm distintas. Como estou analisando a traduÃÃo da BÃblia como texto sensÃvel, alguns dos resultados tambÃm apontam que as mudanÃas nas metÃforas conceituais, em virtude da traduÃÃo, podem acarretar mudanÃas na rede de significÃncias envolvida com os sÃmbolos cristÃos.
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Manjavacas, Sneesby Patricia. "A comparative study of metonymies and metaphors with hand in English, German and Spanish, within the framework of cognitive linguistics /." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018769623&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Manjavacas, Sneesby Patricia. "A comparative study of metonymies and metaphors with hand in English, German and Spanish, within the framework of cognitive linguistics." Aachen Shaker, 2006. http://d-nb.info/996599878/04.
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Sheldon, Douglas H. "'Another Thing': Literature, Containment Metaphors, and the Second Language/Transnational Composition Classroom." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1373709955.
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Soloshenko, Alena. "Emotions in legal fiction : conceptual metaphors and cross-domain mapping with ATLAS.ti." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAC022/document.
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Cette thèse, dont l’objet est l’étude des émotions d’un point de vue linguistique, se positionne dans le cadre théorique de la linguistique cognitive. Son objectif principal est d’étudier le processus de lexicalisation et de conceptualisation des émotions, représentées par des mots-clés, dans le contexte littéraire de ce qu’on pourrait appeler « fiction juridique ». La première partie du travail examine les relations interdisciplinaires en jeu dans l’interconnexion entre le langage, la cognition et les émotions. La second partie est consacrée à l’étude lexicographique complexe des mots-clés exprimant des émotions dans le contexte littéraire de quatre romans mettant en scène la justice. Dans une troisième partie, sont mis au jour les « patrons » métaphoriques sous-jacents à la lexicalisation et à la conceptualisation en discours des différentes catégories d’émotions, ce qui permet d’illustrer la dépendance entre le lexique des émotions et ses conceptualisations les plus fortes. Enfin, cette thèse utilise une méthodologie dérivée du logiciel ATLAS.ti qui permet une approche qualitative de l’étude des émotions telles qu’elles sont exprimées en discours<br>This thesis is written within the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics and focuses on the ways emotion keywords lexicalize and conceptualize in the language of legal fiction. The first part of the work provides an interdisciplinary discussion about the interconnection between language, cognition, and emotion. This is followed, in a second part, by the complex lexicographical study of five emotion keywords in legal fiction, a genre of texts which has remained overlooked by researchers in the field. The third part brings to light the metaphorical patterns of different types of emotion keywords in order to show how they lexicalize and conceptualize in language, and demonstrate the dependency between the types of emotion keywords and their strongest and weakest conceptualizations. In addition, this thesis offers an application of the software ATLAS.ti, which allows a qualitative approach to the study of emotions as expressed in language
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Carneiro, MÃnica Fontenelle. "Emergence of systematic metaphors in the speech of women direct victims of domestic violence: a cognitive-discursive analysis." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11993.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>This study, which falls within Cognitive Linguistics, consists of an investigation into the emergence of systematic metaphors in the speech of women direct victims of domestic violence, a growing phenomenon that presents alarming escalation indices. To understand this violence which makes victims in all social strata, it was necessary to investigate how ideas and feelings relating to domestic violence against women emerge in the speech of its direct victims. Based on the theoretical framework of the Metaphor-led Discourse Analysis (CAMERON, 2003, 2007a, 02007b, 2008; CAMERON; DEIGNAN, 2009; CAMERON et al, 2009; and CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010), this study is based, according to Cameron (CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010), on the understanding that metaphor is local and emerges in the discourse; has several dimensions to consider (linguistic, embodied, cognitive, affective, sociocultural and dynamic); and may, as a research tool, reveal what people who use it feel and think (CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010). Also according to Cameron (2007b), metaphors in language use result from a temporary stability of the trading concepts that are established among participants in a discursive event. Descriptive and exploratory, this qualitative research has a corpus composed of transcripts of the speech produced by six women about the domestic violence they have suffered, in a two-hour discursive event of a focus group which was recorded in digital audio. In order to collect data, along with the focus group technique, those of direct documentation were used. After transcription and proofreading procedures in accordance with the methodology adopted, the legitimated collected data were uploaded into the software Atlas.ti so as to complete the remaining steps of data preparation. With the data obtained at the end of these methodological procedures, it was possible to develop both the qualitative analysis of the speech of the participants and the quantitative survey related to recurrence of identified metaphorical vehicles. The results indicate the emergence of the following systematic metaphors, among others, in the speech of women direct victims of domestic violence when expressing their ideas and feelings about such phenomenon: CHANGING IS BEING A NEW PERSON; CHANGING IS GETTING OUT OF SOMEWHERE; GOVERNMENT ACTIONS AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ARE SLOW MOVEMENTS, BEING SAFE IN THE HOUSE SHELTER IS BEING IMPRISONED, and TAKING AN ATTITUDE IS PUTTING AN END TO SOMETHING. These results suggest that, by means of the emergence of systematic metaphors, figurativity
plays an important role in the expression of what direct victims think and feel about domestic violence against women. Data also indicate that systematic metaphors present metaphorical vehicles that are subject to metaphorical changes of three different kinds: re-employment , development (repetition, explanation and relexicalization) and literalization, among which the most frequent ones are those of development.<br>Este estudo, que se insere no Ãmbito da LinguÃstica Cognitiva, consiste em uma investigaÃÃo sobre a emergÃncia de metÃforas sistemÃticas na fala de mulheres vÃtimas diretas da violÃncia domÃstica, fenÃmeno cuja escalada crescente apresenta Ãndices alarmantes. Para compreender essa violÃncia que faz vÃtimas em todas as camadas sociais, fez-se necessÃrio investigar como ideias e sentimentos relativos à violÃncia domÃstica contra a mulher emergem na fala de suas vÃtimas diretas. Com base no arcabouÃo teÃrico da AnÃlise do Discurso à Luz da MetÃfora (CAMERON, 2003, 2007a, 2007b, 2008; CAMERON; DEIGNAN, 2009; CAMERON et al., 2009; e CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010), este estudo fundamenta-se, segundo Cameron (CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010), no entendimento de que a metÃfora à local e emerge no discurso; apresenta vÃrias dimensÃes a serem consideradas (linguÃstica, corpÃrea, cognitiva, afetiva, sociocultural e dinÃmica); e pode, como ferramenta de pesquisa, revelar o que pensam e sentem as pessoas que a usam. Ainda segundo Cameron (2007b), a metÃfora na linguagem em uso resulta de uma estabilidade temporÃria da negociaÃÃo de conceitos que se estabelecem entre os interlocutores em um evento discursivo. De carÃter descritivo-exploratÃrio, esta pesquisa qualitativa tem seu corpus constituÃdo pelas transcriÃÃes do discurso produzido por seis mulheres sobre a violÃncia domÃstica de que foram vÃtimas em evento discursivo de um grupo focal, cujo encontro teve duraÃÃo de duas horas e foi gravado em Ãudio digital. Para a coleta de dados, alÃm do grupo focal, foram utilizadas as tÃcnicas de documentaÃÃo direta. Depois de transcritos e revisados, conforme a metodologia adotada, os dados legitimados foram alimentados no programa Atlas.ti, possibilitando o cumprimento das outras etapas de preparaÃÃo dos dados. Com os dados obtidos ao final desses procedimentos metodolÃgicos, foi possÃvel desenvolver tanto o trabalho de anÃlise qualitativa da fala das participantes quanto o levantamento quantitativo referente Ãs recorrÃncias dos veÃculos metafÃricos identificados. Os resultados alcanÃados indicam a emergÃncia, entre outras, das seguintes metÃforas sistemÃticas na fala de mulheres vÃtimas diretas de violÃncia domÃstica, ao expressarem ideias e sentimentos a respeito de tal fenÃmeno: MUDAR à SER UMA NOVA PESSOA, MUDAR à SAIR DE ALGUM LUGAR, AÃÃES DO GOVERNO CONTRA A VIOLÃNCIA DOMÃSTICA CONTRA A MULHER SÃO MOVIMENTOS LENTOS, ESTAR SEGURA NA CASA à ESTAR PRESA e TOMAR UMA
ATITUDE CONTRA A VIOLÃNCIA DOMÃSTICA Ã ESTABELECER UM FIM PARA ALGO. Esses resultados sugerem que a figuratividade, por meio da emergÃncia de metÃforas sistemÃticas, tem papel relevante na manifestaÃÃo do que as vÃtimas diretas pensam e sentem sobre a violÃncia domÃstica contra a mulher. Indicam tambÃm que as metÃforas sistemÃticas apresentam veÃculos metafÃricos que estÃo sujeitos a mudanÃas metafÃricas de reemprego, desenvolvimento (repetiÃÃo, explicaÃÃo e relexicalizaÃÃo) e literalizaÃao, dentre as quais as mais recorrentes sÃo as de desenvolvimento.
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Heikkilä, Sara. "Functions and Strategies : The translation of narrative metaphors in a popular scientific text." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45415.
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The aim of this paper is to describe how functions of metaphors relate to translation strategiesin a translation of a popular scientific article from English to Swedish. The investigation isbased on a close reading of the source and target texts which identifies metaphors of fourdifferent functions: pedagogical, theory-constitutive, decorative and narrative. The methodfor metaphor identification is adapted from Merakchi and Rogers (2013) while the translationstrategies discussed have been borrowed from Toury (2012). These strategies reflect realtranslator behaviour and take into account source and target texts equally. The investigation starts with a quantitative summary of translation strategies which showsthat in the vast majority of cases metaphors exist simultaneously in the source and targettexts, whether it is as ―the same‖ or a ―different‖ metaphor. The qualitative analysis bringsforward that metaphors in general have a narrative function, sometimes in addition to adifferent function. It goes on to show that narrative themes are important to create links i)within the text, ii) to the scientific community and iii) within a wider cultural context, andthat this works for both source and target text independently.
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Eweida, Sara. "The realization of time metaphors and the cultural implications : An analysis of the Quran and English Quranic translations." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6853.
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<p>The aims of this paper were to contrast English usages of 'time' metaphors with Quranic Arabic realizations and their representations in three English Quranic translations. Three noted translations of the Quran were used, namely, those done by, Pickthall, Yusuf Ali and Asad ('Quran Search,' 2007). Using the cognitive theory of metaphor as a framework (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), these translations were examined and contrasted, in order to distinguish the version that corresponded the most accurately with the conceptual metaphors found in both languages. If the examined conceptual metaphor was not realized in either language, changes to the meaning of the Quran were taken into consideration. Finally, historical, social and religious aspects were examined in order to determine the cause of certain conceptual metaphor realizations in both or one of the languages.</p><p>Materials taken from Lakoff & Johnson (1980b), Lakoff (1994), Kövecses (2002), and Kövecses (2006) gave insight into the social-historical reasons behind the metaphor realizations in English while Quranic references and hadiths, or Prophetic narrations, were considered when examining the Quran.</p><p>Two conceptual metaphors were tentatively concluded to be universal and two other metaphors were realized differently on the basis of differing cultural values. Culture in this context referred to the 'mental representations' of certain phenomena of a culture through the language (Kövecses, 2006, p.135).</p><p>The translations done by Yusuf Ali and Pickthall were considered to be more literal and thus more accurate renderings of metaphors in the Quran, within the cognitive theory of metaphor framework, while Asad's translations were considered to be less accurate, containing, on the whole, more paraphrasing and individual interpretation. It was pointed out, however, that this is a sample study that cannot entirely represent the complete works of the authors mentioned. It was suggested that more studies need to be conducted in order to conclusively establish these findings.</p>
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Fugett, Damon I. "Visual metaphors and the construction of meaning: An analysis of Baz Luhrmann's “Romeo + Juliet”." Scholarly Commons, 2004. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2748.
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This thesis examines the rhetorical significance of visual metaphors as they occur in film. In particular, it provides a rhetorical analysis of Baz Luhrmann's film William Shakespeare's: Romeo + Juliet . The thesis analyzes how religious visual metaphors construct meaning by creating visual narratives that are just as powerful as spoken or written metaphors. The thesis relies on Gozzi's (1999) three levels of metaphors—surface, deep, and meta-metaphors—for the analysis of visual metaphors surrounding Father Lawrence and images of Christ that appear in Luhrmann's film. The analysis indicates that the visual surface metaphors of Father Lawrence depict a central character that is seedy, weak, and inactive. The visual surface metaphors of the images of Christ depict this religious figure as omnipresent yet impotent. The analysis indicates that the visual deep metaphors of Father Lawrence define this character as infirmed and culpable for the tragedy of the film. The visual deep metaphors of the images of Christ define him as infirmed and confined. Taken together, the surface and deep visual metaphors contribute to the development of a meta-metaphor in Luhrmann's film that depicts the Catholic religion as dark. Ultimately, the visual surface, deep, and meta-metaphors contained in Luhrmann's film contribute to the construction of meaning. They provide reasons for the character's inadequacies, establish narratives that are not part of the literal narrative as presented in Luhrmann's film and Shakespeare's original work, and provide a postmodern religious audience with substantial visual narrative with which they can identify.
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Rodrigues, Agnes dos Santos Scaramuzzi. "Metáforas do líder empresarial e histórico: uma abordagem baseada em corpus." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13903.
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Previous issue date: 2007-07-10<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The aim of this research study was to look at the language of leadership in some areas such
as politics, war, religion and business, across a large span of time by means of the analysis
of corpora. The specific objectives are: first, to observe the recurrence of use across
leaders, and second to identify the conceptual metaphors that underline the speech of the
leaders.
Our main theoretical support is Corpus Linguistics, which can be defined as an area that is
concerned with the collection and the exploration of corpora, or linguistic data sets
(BERBER SARDINHA, 2004: 3).
In addition to Corpus Linguistics, the study presented here drew on conceptual metaphors
(according to Lakoff and Johnson, 1980 / 2002). The central claim is that conceptual
metaphors structure the way we conceive the world.
The corpora used in the research were formed by samples of the discourse of the following
people: Hitler, Getúlio D. Vargas, Napoleon Bonaparte, Saint Paul, five executives, two
consultants and a president of a local company. The number of words of the corpus is of
317,757 words (tokens), that is, a medium-sized corpus.
The results indicated, in answer to the first research question, that the words found in the
corpus with higher metaphorical probability across the majority of the leaders were ten:
time ; had ; life ; name ; example ; fact ; to be ; company and work . Of these
words two were analyzed in depth: time and life . In relation to the second question, for
the word time we found the following metaphors conceptual: TIME IS AN INDETERMINATE
AMOUNT; TIME IS INDETERMINATE SPACE and TIME IS A VALUABLE POSSESSION, and for the
word life we found: CULTURE IS AN ORGANISM; THE ECONOMY IS AN ORGANISM; POLITICS
IS AN ORGANISM; POLITICAL CAREER IS AN ORGANISM; A PROFESSION IS AN ORGANISM; THE
NATION IS AN ORGANISM and INSTITUTIONS ARE ORGANISMS.
In view of these findings, we concluded, first, that the words time and life are resources
for the expression of leadership. The analysis of the data revealed in the analyses of the
agreements we observe that 43.96% of the occurrences of time and 51.70% of the
occurrences of life were metaphorical. Moreover, our findings indicate similarities
between the discourse of the leaders in different spheres of human activity. Thus, we
assume that these similarities can be considered a characteristic of the discourse of
leadership<br>O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é estudar a linguagem de liderança em várias áreas de
atuação humana: política; militar; religião e negócios, em épocas diferentes pelo viés da
metáfora e por meio da análise de corpora. Os objetivos específicos são: observar a
recorrência de uso metafórico das palavras pela maioria dos líderes e identificar aquelas
com maior probabilidade de usos metafóricos e, a partir dessas palavras, identificar que
metáforas conceptuais são realizadas no discurso dos líderes.
Adotamos como suporte teórico a Lingüística de Corpus definida como uma área de
pesquisa que se ocupa da coleta e da exploração de corpora, ou conjunto de dados
lingüísticos textuais coletados criteriosamente, com o propósito de servirem para a
pesquisa de uma língua ou variedade lingüística dedicando-se à exploração da
linguagem , escrita ou oral, por meio de evidências empíricas extraídas de computador
(BERBER SARDINHA, 2004: 3).
A Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual de Lakoff e Johnson (1980 / 2002) foi outra área de
pesquisa que fundamentou este estudo. Essa teoria propõe que nosso sistema conceptual é
regido por meio das metáforas, até mesmo nossas atividades cotidianas são orientadas por
elas.
Os corpora empregados foram: Subcorpus Histórico e Subcorpus Empresarial. O
Subcorpus Histórico foi composto por: Hitler, Getúlio D. Vargas, Napoleão Bonaparte e
São Paulo. O Subcorpus Empresarial por: cinco executivos, dois consultores e um
presidente de empresa nacional. O número de palavras do corpus é de 317.757 palavras,
isto é, um corpus médio.
Os resultados indicaram que as palavras encontradas no corpus com maior probabilidade
metafórica de usos entre a maioria dos líderes são dez: tempo ; tinha ; vida ; nome ;
exemplo fato ; ser ; empresa e trabalho . Dessas palavras, duas foram analisadas
detalhadamente, sendo: tempo e vida . Para a palavra tempo , encontramos as seguintes
metáforas conceptuais: TEMPO É QUANTIDADE INDETERMINADA; TEMPO É ESPAÇO
INDETERMINADO e TEMPO É UM BEM VALIOSO e para a palavra vida encontramos metáforas
do organismo, isto é, A CULTURA; A ECONOMIA; A POLÍTICA; A CARREIRA POLÍTICA; A
PROFISSÃO; A NAÇÃO, todas entendidas como organismos, por exemplo, A INSTITUIÇÃO É
UM ORGANISMO.
Concluímos que as palavras tempo e vida são recursos de expressão da liderança. Nas
análises das concordâncias, observamos que 43,96% das ocorrências de tempo eram
metafóricas e que 51,70% das ocorrências de vida também o eram
44
Киреева, А. А., та A. A. Kireeva. "Когнитивная метафора в дипломатическом дискурсе (на примере речи Марии Захаровой) : магистерская диссертация". Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/94626.
Full textAbstract:
Выпускная квалификационная работа посвящена изучению когнитивных метафор в дипломатическом дискурсе. Данный феномен рассматривается на примере речи официального представителя Министерства Иностранных Дел Российской Федерации Марии Захаровой. Теоретическая глава содержит описание дипломатического дискурса как феномена, смежного с другими дискурсами (политическим, масс-медийным, военным, юридическим), а также перечисление лингвистических особенностей дипломатических текстов. Автором также представлены основные положения теории концептуальной метафоры. В практической части исследование проведен лингвокогнитивный анализ метафор в речи российского дипломата Марии Захаровой. Выделены разные типы социоморфных, ориентационных, антропоморфных, артефактных метафор, которые получают когнитивную и лингвоаксиологическую интерпретацию. Выявлены наиболее частотные метафорические модели (метафоры искусства, войны, пути).<br>The final qualifying work is devoted to the study of cognitive metaphors in diplomatic discourse. This phenomenon is considered on the example of the speech of the official representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Maria Zakharova. The theoretical chapter contains a description of diplomatic discourse as a phenomenon related to other discourses (political, mass media, military, legal), as well as a list of linguistic features of diplomatic texts. The author also presents the main provisions of the theory of conceptual metaphor. A linguocognitive analysis of metaphors in the speech of Russian diplomat Maria Zakharova was conducted in the practical part of the study. Different types of sociomorphic, orientational, anthropomorphic, and artifact metaphors are identified. They receive cognitive and linguo-axiological interpretation. The most frequent metaphorical model revealed (metaphors of the art, metaphors of war, metaphors of the way).
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Matthews, Esther Margaret. "The translation of original metaphors from Spanish to English in two novels by Carmen Laforet, 'Nada' and 'La isla y los demonios'." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2017. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1300/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is about 'new' metaphor, conceived and created by authors, often called 'original metaphor' in the world of Translation Studies. It is the most extreme form of figurative language, ‘often dramatic and shocking in effect’ Newmark (1982, p.84). The translation of original metaphor can produce unexpected juxtapositions of language, suggesting as many different results as there are translators, Nevertheless, many theorists (e.g. Reiss, 1971; Newmark, 1988; Ribé, 1997) say this type of metaphor should be translated ‘literally’, or word for word as far as possible, suggesting there might be uniformity between translators’ solutions. This study investigates how literary translators approach this challenge, focusing on Spanish-English translations of a novel containing plenty of original metaphors: Nada (1945), by Spanish author Carmen Laforet (1921-2004). Original metaphors from the text are compared to four published English translations by Inez Muñoz (1958), Charles Franklin Payne (1964), Glafyra Ennis (1993) and Edith Grossman (2007) in a corpus based study. It shows that they use a variety of methods to translate the metaphors, but translate 'literally' in well over half of them. In a two-part translation exercise and questionnaire, professional literary translators are asked to translate some of these metaphors. Again, many different strategies are employed, but over half of them are translated as literally as possible within the confines of English grammar and syntax. Although this investigation is limited to one author and language pair, it gives a clear indication that although literary translators vary exceedingly in their solutions, on the whole they prefer to translate original metaphors as literally as possible. Given that the essence of original metaphor is that it reflects the author’s personality, this demonstrates literary translators’ seeming desire to reproduce an author’s distinctive character as exactly as possible for their readers. The finding is applied to a new English translation of the first part of La isla y los demonios, Laforet’s second novel, which forms the practice part of this PhD. A literal strategy has been used to translate the original metaphors in the text, some of which have then been reviewed by an experienced editor of literary texts in English for a further insight into their acceptability.
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Zetterström, Maria. "The Battlefield of the Human Body Revisited – Metaphors and Cancer : A Comparison between Genres." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-91026.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this essay is to examine metaphors in cancer contexts, and in particular war and military metaphors. A four step approach was performed for the examination. The use over time has been studied for metaphorical linguistic expressions including the words fight and battle in the Corpus of Contemporary American English in the categories Academic Journals, Magazines and Newspapers. A general corpus search for the word cancer in the same categories has been made to investigate what kinds of metaphorical linguistic expressions could be found. The goal was to examine possible development of the use of other expressions than the dominant martial ones for the period 2005 - 2011. The findings were also investigated to see which thematic role for the word cancer was the most frequent in the categories. To complement the corpus findings, an inquiry was sent out to explore how writers of research articles reason when they use expressions such as fight against cancer or battle with cancer in their texts. The corpus findings show that the martial metaphorical linguistic expressions are more often used within the categories Newspapers and Magazines. In the category Academic journals the occurrences are fewer. The most common metaphor alternatives were within the area of sports. The study of semantic roles shows that the word cancer appears most often in the role of patient. The agent role occurred slightly more often in the newspaper category than in the other text categories investigated. The result of the inquiry suggests that some researchers use martial metaphors out of routine. The four step approach of the study reveals a complex image of the use of metaphors in cancer contexts. Detection of trends for the use of metaphorical linguistic expressions possibly demands a longer time interval than the studied period.
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Chvostek, Ida-Maria. "Treacherous Words : How Climate Change Conspiracy Sceptics use Conceptual Metaphors to Extinguish our Future." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161233.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the metaphors used in contemporary American conservative discourse between October 2018 and March 2019, focusing on material published by conservative think tanks (CTTs) and tweets made by Republican senators in relation to climate change. For the CTTs, a domain-specific corpus (36,388 words) was compiled and a smaller corpus (3967 words) was assembled based on 135 tweets. These datasets showed that conspiracy scepticism was the most common type of scepticism used to discredit climate change data, scientists and environmental policies. In addition, the datasets indicate that conservative agents frequently used metaphors of WAR, RELIGION, HEALTH, BUILDING, JOURNEY, WATER and PRODUCT to convey negative frames. These domains linked to the conceptual key LIFE IS A STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL and were presented in a moral context. In response to these findings it is suggested that the scientific community incorporate emotional language, metaphors and moral values when communicating environmental issues.
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Nothnagel, Ignatius. "Conceptual metaphors in media discourses on AIDS denialism in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1653.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>According to Nattrass (2007:138), the denial and questioning of the science of HIV/AIDS
at government level by, amongst others, Thabo Mbeki (former State President) and Manto
Tshabalala-Msimang (former Minister of Health) resulted in an estimated 343 000
preventable AIDS deaths in South Africa by 2007. Such governmental discourse of AIDS
denialism has been the target of criticism in the media and by activist groups such as the
Treatment Action Campaign. This study investigates the nature of this criticism,
specifically considering the critical use of metaphor in visual texts such as the political
cartoons of Jonathan Shapiro, who works under the pen name of “Zapiro”. The purpose is
to determine whether the nature of the criticism in visual newspaper texts differs from that
of corresponding verbal newspaper texts, possibly providing means of criticism not
available to the verbal mode alone.
A corpus of texts published between August 1999 and December 2007 that topicalise
HIV/AIDS was investigated. This includes 119 cartoons by Zapiro, and 91 verbal articles in
the weekly newspaper Mail & Guardian. The main theoretical approach used in the analyses
is Conceptual Metaphor Theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1981), and its extension
to poetic metaphor, developed by Lakoff and Turner (1989). Because of the socio-political
nature of the problem of HIV/AIDS, the study also draws on Critical Discourse Analysis,
including complementary concepts from Systemic Functional Linguistics.
The study reveals that visual and verbal texts make use of similar sets of conventional
conceptual metaphors at similar frequencies, which confirms the predictions of Conceptual
Metaphor Theory. The study further reveals that the cartoons enrich these metaphors
through four specific mechanisms of poetic metaphor, which the verbal articles do not. This
indicates a significant difference between the two types of texts. Furthermore, it is found
that the use of such poetic metaphors directly contributes to the critical power of the
political cartoons. The study indicates that multi-modality in cartoons, which triggers single
metaphoric mappings, adds a dimension to the critical function of the text that is absent in
the verbal equivalent. The finding that the visual texts enable a form of cognition that is not
available to verbal texts, poses one of the most significant avenues for future research.
Thus, cartoons apparently achieve a type of criticism that is not found, and may not be
possible, in the verbal texts alone. This makes the political cartoon a text type with an
important and unique ability to articulate political criticism.
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Manjavacas, Sneesby Patricia [Verfasser]. "A Comparative Study of Metonymies and Metaphors with Hand in English, German and Spanish, within the Framework of Cognitive Linguistics / Patricia Manjavacas Sneesby." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1159834849/34.
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Bandeira, Franciéli. "As possibilidades educativas na análise de metáforas no gênero anúncio publicitário, à luz da teoria da linguística cognitiva." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2018. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riu/3783.
Full textAbstract:
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Previous issue date: 2018-12-21<br>O presente trabalho de pesquisa-ação tem como objetivo geral reconstruir o conceito de metáfora trazido pelos alunos de uma turma de nono ano do ensino fundamental, através da aplicação de uma unidade didática, utilizando o gênero anúncio publicitário. As atividades da pesquisa-ação foram embasadas por uma visão cognitivista da metáfora e tratam sobre as relações estruturais da metáfora e sua significação. Nessa teoria a metáfora deixa de ser vista como um recurso apenas literário e passa a fazer parte do uso cotidiano (LAKOFF; JOHNSON, 2002 [1980]). Segundo Abreu (2010), a metáfora possui um aspecto emocional e forte poder argumentativo, logo está muito presente na linguagem publicitária. Os anúncios publicitários podem ser utilizados como uma estratégia didática para desenvolver e ampliar a criticidade dos discentes sobre a sociedade consumista em que vivem. A unidade didática desenvolvida foi aplicada no 9º ano de uma escola estadual de Santa Maria (RS), com duração de aproximadamente 20 horas/aula, no componente curricular de Língua Portuguesa. Através de análises de conceitos e de interpretações de metáforas verbais e visuais, os alunos (re)construíram seus conceitos de metáfora e, ao mesmo tempo, desenvolveram um olhar crítico aos anúncios publicitários que estão tão presentes no nosso dia a dia e que influenciam as escolhas no momento de consumir, além de refletirem sobre a nossa sociedade de consumo (BAUMAN, 2007). Ao despertar a criticidade dos alunos através da análise das metáforas presentes nos anúncios publicitários, eles tornaram-se cidadãos mais críticos e conscientes de suas escolhas.<br>The present work of action research has as general objective to reconstruct the concept of metaphor brought by the students of a ninth grade class of elementary school, through the application of a didactic unit, using the advertising genre. The activities of action research were based on a cognitive view of metaphor and dealt with the structural relations of metaphor and its meaning. In this theory the metaphor ceases to be seen as a literary resource and becomes part of everyday use (Lakoff and Johnson 2002). According to Abreu (2010), the metaphor has an emotional aspect and strong argumentative power, so it is very present in the advertising language. The commercials can be used as a didactic strategy to develop and to increase the criticity of the students on the consumer society in which they live. The didactic unit developed was applied in the 9th year of a state school of Santa Maria (RS), with duration of approximately 20 hours / class, in the curricular component of Portuguese Language. Through analysis of concepts and interpretations of verbal and visual metaphors, students (re) constructed their concepts of metaphor and, at the same time, developed a critical look at the advertisements that are so present in our daily life and that influence the choices in the moment of consumption, in addition to reflecting on our consumer society (BAUMAN, 2007). By awakening students' criticality by analyzing the metaphors present in the commercials, they have become more critical and aware citizens of their choices.