Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lining Thickness

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Lining Thickness'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lining Thickness"

1

Ossia, Chinwuba Victor, and Mathew Uzoma Shedrack. "Optimization of Blast Furnace Throughput Based on Hearth Refractory Lining and Shell Thickness." Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering 5, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/jcme.2021.5.1.5.

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Computational analyses were performed to optimize the furnace throughput, steel shell and lining thickness of a blast furnace. The computations were done for measured parameters within the hearth region as this is the vital zone of the furnace with high temperature fluctuations, molten iron, and slag production. The lining materials were namely 62% high alumina (A), carbon composite (B), silicon carbide (C) and graphite bricks (D) with thermal conductivities 2, 12, 120 and 135 W/(m∙K), respectively. It was observed that by varying the refractory lining thickness from 0.2–0.35 m, and furnace inside temperatures from 1873–2073 K, certain optimal conditions could be specified for the furnace under consideration. Silicon carbide and graphite brick linings which have higher thermal conductivities, melting points, good chemical and mechanical wear resistance were observed to be the best hearth lining materials. Due to the high thermal conductivities of these two materials, the hot face temperature levels of the lining materials would be lowered. Amongst the four lining materials employed, silicon carbide and graphite bricks when used with lining cooling systems could optimize the blast furnace for better performance, production, and longer campaigns.
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2

Shaalan, Heyam H., Romziah Azit, and Mohd Ashraf Mohamad Ismail. "Numerical Analysis of TBM Tunnel Lining Behavior using Shotcrete Constitutive Model." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 5 (June 3, 2018): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309155.

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Shotcrete is a fundamental support element for tunnels and underground constructions. Shortly after application, shotcrete linings undergo a high load while the ordinary concrete is not fully hardened yet. Therefore, the time-dependent behaviour of the shotcrete material must consider. Traditional approaches assume a linear elastic behaviour using a hypothetical young modulus to model this time-dependency and creep effects. In this paper, a new constitutive model of shotcrete is applied to evaluate the time-dependent behaviour of TBM tunnel lining under high in-situ stress state. The Shotcrete model is based on the framework of Elasto-plasticity and designed to account for non-linear and time-dependent behaviour for concrete material more realistically. A parametric study of the time-dependent behaviour of the shotcrete lining, using the shotcrete model, is performed. To achieve this, the influence of the lining thickness, tunnel diameter and tunnel depth on the development of the stresses and displacement of the shotcrete lining with time is investigated. The results showed that the development of the lining tensile stress with time at tunnel crown increases by increasing the lining thickness and tunnel depth, whereas it decreases by increasing of the tunnel diameter. At the tunnel sidewall, the lining compression stress with time increases with the increase of the tunnel depth and diameter, while higher lining thickness decreases the lining compressive stresses. However, the results showed the ability of the shotcrete model to simulate the structural behaviour of the shotcrete lining with time.
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Kang, Tae Ho, Sung Ho Joh, and Mi Ra Cho. "Structural Integrity Assessment of Tunnel Concrete Lining by the Resonance Search Technique." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.302.

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Concrete lining of underground structures is one of structural elements to require the structural integrity assessment. In this paper, for the structural-integrity assessment of concrete lining, the resonance search (RS) technique based on stress-wave propagation is proposed. The RS technique is the combination of the Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method and the resonance method. In the RS method, the shear-wave velocity profile is first determined by the SASW measurements. Then, the thickness of concrete lining is determined using the search technique to match the measured resonant frequency and the theoretical resonant frequency evaluated by the numerical modeling. The validity of the proposed procedure was verified by the numerical simulations of the method, the field test at a test concrete lining and the practical application to a real concrete lining of tunnel ManDeok in Korea. The slab thicknesses obtained by coring and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) scanning were also compared with the thickness by the RS technique.
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Reddy, S. Nagalaxmi, DN Jayashankar, and Mohanthomas Nainan. "The Effect of Flowable Composite Lining Thickness with Various Curing Techniques on Microleakage in Class II Composite Restorations: An in vitro Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 1 (2013): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1270.

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ABSTRACT Aim Aim of this study was to compare class II composite restoration using flowable composites as lining with various thickness and curing techniques by evaluating cervical marginal microleakage. Materials and methods Fifty intact molars, each prepared with two box-only class II cavities, were randomly divided into five groups: Group I, P60 filling alone; group II, ultrathin flowable composite lining (0.5-1mm) cocured with overlying composite; group III, thin lining (1-1.5) cocured with overlying composite; group IV, ultrathin lining (0.5-1 mm) precured and group V, thin lining (1-1.5) precured. The teeth were then thermocycled for 1500 cycles (between 5 and 60 °C) and immersed in dye for 24 hours. Cervical microleakage was measured as the extent of dye penetration. Results Cocured specimens (groups II and III) showed least microleakage and control specimens (group I) showed maximum microleakage. On comparison of curing techniques, cocured specimens (groups II and III) showed less microleakage than precured (groups IV and V). On comparison of lining thickness and type of curing, group IV showed less microleakage than group V. Groups II and III were statistically not significant. Conclusion It was concluded from the results that ultrathin cocured flowable composite lining specimens improved the marginal sealing with decreased microleakage. Clinical significance In this study, the application of additional flowable composite lining with various thicknesses presented different influences in marginal quality of class II box only composite restorations. A new technique applying an ultrathin flowable composite lining with cocuring technique improved the marginal sealing with decreased microleakage. Restorations with thin lining presented reduced marginal integrity after thermocycling. How to cite this article Reddy SN, Jayashankar DN, Nainan M, Shivanna V. The Effect of Flowable Composite Lining Thickness with Various Curing Techniques on Microleakage in Class II Composite Restorations: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(1):56-60.
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Zhao, Hong Xin, Zhang Fu Yuan, Yan Wu, Yi Fang Pan, Shu Qing Li, Tao Qi, and Li Na Wang. "Study on Thickness Control and Quantitative of Converter Lining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 2156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.2156.

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The thickness control of lining is vital to the normal operation of converter. Vulnerable parts of the furnace would be found and repaired timely by applying thickness measuring technique by laser. According to the measured results, the load part of the facet of the converter is the weakest location of the lining in the early campaign life, while the section of the trunnion is the weakest in the middle campaign life. When it comes to the later stage of campaign, the erosion of lining is severe. In line with the quantification of erosion parts, the lining thickness range can be divided into three parts, which are safety smelting area, stability control area and dangerous area. The economic life of the furnace life, which is 20 to 23 thousand heats, can be maintained as the thinnest lining is still above the stable range when the campaign reaches mid-late period.
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Han, Xianmin, and Wenjiang Li. "Numerical Analysis on the Structure Type and Mechanical Response of Tunnel Crossing Active Reverse Fault." Geofluids 2021 (August 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5513042.

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Faulting would result in ground deformation and even damage to the tunnel structure. Thus, special structural designs should be made when the tunnel passes through an active fault. A single-track railway tunnel crossing a reverse fault is used to study the suitable structure type. In this paper, antidislocation structural measures such as reasonable segment length of articulated lining, cross-section shape, and thickness of lining are discussed through the numerical simulation. Firstly, the rational segment length of the articulated lining is confirmed. Stress and deformation behavior of articulated lining are also analyzed after the fault move. Then, the antifault effect of two kinds of cross-section shapes and three different lining thicknesses are compared. Researches show that the segment length of the articulated lining could be confirmed by the longitudinal distribution of maximum bending moment of lining after faulting. There are apparent stress concentrations occurring in the lining segment crossing the fault plane, and serious damage appears in the vault and wall waist of the tunnel. The horseshoe section with big curvature inverted arch is recommended to a single-track railway tunnel across an active fault. Simply increasing lining thickness is not suggested in a tunnel structure design crossing the active fault. The size of tunnel expansion and the minimum length of segment across fault plane can be geometrically determined according to fault dislocation magnitude and dip angle.
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Niu, Ze Lin. "Optimization Design of Single Track Railway Tunnel Lining Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.813.

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Based on the traditional safety coefficient method,Continuum Model and single track railway tunnel lining structure, the paper does numerical simulation calculates and compares effects of actions on tunnel lining structure, analyses and get the effect of actions in different section of tunnel lining.According to the tunnel lining element’s safety coefficient and standard requirements, reasonable lining structure thickness is gave by comparison and optimization of lining structure thickness,and this provides the theory support for the structure design of track railway tunnel .
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Qin, Gan, Shengrong Cao, and Fan Yang. "Effect of Deficiencies in the Tunnel Crown Thickness on Pressure Tunnels with Posttensioned Concrete Linings." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (July 11, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2757542.

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This paper investigates the effect of deficiencies in the tunnel crown thickness on pressure tunnels with the posttensioned concrete lining. Based on the lining parameters of the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel, the modeling approach of the posttensioned concrete lining is introduced in detail and a three-dimensional finite element model is established. The three-dimensional finite element model is validated by experimental results from the full-scale model experiment of the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel. Special attention is given to the changes in the deformation, radial displacement, and circumferential stress of the posttensioned concrete lining with gradual decreases in the tunnel crown thickness. The calculation results show that the influence scopes of deficiencies in the tunnel crown thickness are mainly concentrated in the crown and its adjacent parts. The posttensioned concrete lining can still maintain a satisfactory stress state when deficiencies in the tunnel crown thickness exist, and undesirable stress levels may be caused only when the tunnel crown thickness decreases below a certain threshold. Furthermore, cracks are most likely to occur at the external and internal surfaces of the crown and at the internal surface of the crown’s adjacent parts, which is useful for taking measurements regarding the lining tightness and stability.
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Yan, Qi-xiang, Chao-fan Yao, Wen-bo Yang, Chuan He, and Ping Geng. "An Improved Numerical Model of Shield Tunnel with Double Lining and Its Applications." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/430879.

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Based on the existing numerical models of shield tunnel with double lining, an improved numerical model is developed and its rationality is verified by a similar model test. In the improved numerical model, lining, joint, and junction surface, respectively, are simulated by beam, spring, and a combination of compression bar and spring. Through the comparison of the numerical analysis results of the improved model and existing models, it turns out that the defects or problems in the existing numerical models are resolved; tension appearance on the contact surface and junction surface and the abrupt change of bending moment in linings are solved in the improved model because the compression bar element and the coupling technology of node displacement in the junction surface is applied. Therefore, the improved numerical model could be applied to analyze double lining with waterproof on the junction surface and separation of the junction surface under an unfavorable load. In this paper, the parameter formulas of element stiffness, applicable to the junction surface and contact surface of double lining, are given definitely, and the influence of the element amount of junction surface on the analysis results is discussed. Based on the improved numerical model, the mechanical behavior of the double lining of the Huangpu River Tunnel in China is studied, and some conclusions are obtained as follows. (1) The thickness increase of the double lining will clearly increase its bending moment, but it has little influence on its axial force. (2) The allocation proportion of the bending moment between the segment lining and secondary lining has no linear relationship with the ratio of the lining thickness.
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Lu, Ling, and Yang Zhao. "Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Circular Tunnel Concrete Lining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 1129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.1129.

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The dynamic characteristics of concrete lining of a circular tunnel was studied combined with the Dahuofang water-conveyance project. The first ten frequencies and modes of vibration were presented. The influence of some factors on the vibration performance of the concrete lining were analyzed, i.e. buried depth, lining thickness, youngs modulus of rock, and water in the tunnel. The results show that the buried depth and the youngs modulus of rock have greater influence on the vibration performance of concrete lining than the lining thickness and the water in the tunnel. Some aseismic measures are given out for the similar engineering.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lining Thickness"

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Sjölander, Andreas. "Analyses of shotcrete stress states due to varying lining thickness and irregular rock surfaces." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-205311.

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Shotcrete is sprayed concrete applied pneumatically under high pressure and was invented in the beginning of the 1900's. This new technique decreased the construction time and since steel fibres were introduced in the shotcrete during the 1970's, shotcrete has been the primary support method for tunnels. Tunnels excavated with the drill and blast method creates a highly irregular rock surface which results in a shotcrete lining with varying thickness. The structural behaviour as well as the loads acting on the shotcrete lining depends on the interaction between the shotcrete, rock and rock bolts. There are several parameters influencing this interaction, e.g. bond strength, the stiffness of the rock and thickness of the shotcrete. All of these parameters are difficult to predict accurately which makes the structural design of the lining to a complex problem. This thesis present the first part of a research project with the long-term goal to improve the understanding of the structural behaviour of the shotcrete lining. To achieve this, numerical modelling have been used to study the build up of stresses and cracking of shotcrete when subjected to restrained loading caused by e.g. temperature differences and drying shrinkage. The response in the lining when subjected to a gravity load from a block has also been studied. The model is capable of describing the non-linear deformation behaviour of both plain and fibre reinforced shotcrete and uses presented in situ variations in thickness to more accurately account for the effects of expected variations in thickness. The thesis discuss and demonstrate the effect of important loads that acts on the shotcrete lining and how the irregular geometry of the rock surface in combination with the varying thickness of the shotcrete affect the development of stresses in the lining. It is also discussed how a full or partial bond failure affect the structural capacity of a shotcrete lining.
Sprutbetong är betong som appliceras pneumatiskt under högt tryckt, en metod utvecklad i början av 1900-talet. Kort därefter gjordes de första försöken att använda sprutbetong som bergförstärkning. Den här nya tekniken minskade produktionstiden och när stålfibrer introduceras under 1970-talet kunde det tunga arbetet med att placera armering minimeras. Sedan dess har sprutbetong blivit den preliminära förstärkningsmetoden, särskilt för tunnlar i hårt berg där tunna lager av sprutbetong ibland kan användas som den enda förstärkningsåtgärden.  Tunnlar byggs normalt genom metoden "borrning-sprängning" vilket leder till att bergytan där sprutbetongen appliceras få r en oregelbunden form. Under sprutning är det svårt att fastställa den exakta tjockleken och sprutbetongen har därmed en oregelbunden tjocklek. Beroende på in situ förhållanden kan oarmerad eller fiberarmerad sprutbetong i kombination med bergbultar användas för att förstärka berget. Det strukturella beteendet och lasterna som påverkar förstärkningen beror på interaktionen mellan sprutbetong, berg och bergbultar. Denna samverkan styrs av flera parametrar som t ex; vidhäftningshållfastheten, bergets styvhet och tjockleken hos sprutbetongen. Dessa parametrar är svåra att förutsäga vilket gör dimensionering av en sprutbetongförstärkningen till ett komplext problem. Den här uppsatsen presenterar den första delen av ett forskningsprojekt med det långsiktiga målet att öka förståelsen för det strukturella beteendet hos en sprutbetongförstärkning. För att uppnå detta har numerisk modellering använts för att studera spänningsuppbyggnaden och uppsprickningen av sprutbetong som utsätts för förhindrade rörelser orsakade av temperaturförändringar eller uttorkningskrympning. Sprutbetongens beteende när den utsätts för en blocklast har också studerats. En numeriskt modell för att analysera spänningarna i sprutbetong som tar hänsyn till tidsberoende materialegenskaper har använts. Modellen kan beskriva det icke-linjära deformationsbeteendet av oarmerad samt fiberarmerad sprutbetong och använder sig av presenterad fältdata för att beskriva de förväntade tjockleksvariationerna. Uppsatsen disskuterar och demonstrerar effekten av viktiga laster som verkar på sprutbetongförstärkningen och hur bergets oregelbundna yta i kombination med sprutbetongens varierande tjocklek påverkar spänningsuppbyggnaden i förstärkningen. Det diskuteras också hur ett fullständigt eller partiellt vidhäftningsbrott på verkar sprutbetongförstärkningens bärförmåga.

QC 20170418

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Guler, Erdogan. "A Methodology For Lining Design Of Circular Mine Shafts In Different Rock Masses." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615662/index.pdf.

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The objective of this thesis is to predict lining thickness inside circular mine shafts. A numerical study with different rock mass strengths and different in-situ non-hydrostatic stresses are carried out in 2D shaft section models to predict pressures that develop on lining support. An iterative process of applying support pressure until observing no failure zone around shaft is used to simulate lining support pressure for each individual model. Later, regression and fuzzy logic analyses are carried out to find a pressure equation for all of the models. Finally, the pressure equation derived is used in elastic &ldquo
thick-walled cylinder&rdquo
equation to calculate the lining thickness required to prevent the development of a failure zone around shafts. At the end of this research, a computer program &ldquo
Shaft 2D&rdquo
is developed to simplify the lining thickness calculation process.
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Book chapters on the topic "Lining Thickness"

1

Ma, Jin, and Weixiang Xu. "Thickness Evaluation and Rebar Recognition of Railway Tunnel Lining Based on GPR." In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies for Rail Transportation, 665–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49370-0_69.

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Bonilla, Luis Carlos, Juan Carlos Forero, Hugo Perez, Jose Ricardo, Bernardo Rueda, Oscar Zurita, Miguel David Mendez Bohorquez, and Juan M. Mantilla. "Prediction of Refractory Lining Thickness in an Electric Furnace Using Thermography as a Non-destructive Testing Technique." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 289–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64908-1_27.

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Bonilla, Luis Carlos, Juan Carlos Forero, Hugo Perez, Jose Ricardo, Bernardo Rueda, Oscar Zurita, Miguel David Mendez Bohorquez, and Juan M. Mantilla. "Prediction of Refractory Lining Thickness in an Electric Furnace Using Thermography as a Non-destructive Testing Technique." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 289–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64908-1_27.

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Xiong, Hongqiang, Guofeng Su, Chunliu Zhang, Baoqing Li, and Wentao Wei. "A Train-Mounted GPR System for Operating Railway Tunnel Inspection." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde200243.

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With the increasing number and aging of railway tunnels, regular inspection will be an important means to ensure the safety for operation railways. A train-mounted ground penetrating radar system with cores of air-coupled antennas and shared time-window model has been developed to allow for long-distance and fast inspection of tunnels. The system consists of 6 groups of air-coupled antennas with center frequency of 300 MHz. The distance between antenna and lining is 0.5–4.0 m, the scanning rate of the system is 976 scans/Sec and the detection depth of the GPR can reach to 2.5 m. Under the theoretical design, the maximum speed of train can reach 70.27 km/h with a scan interval of 0.02 m. The test results on Shenyang-Dandong railway passenger dedicated line show that the system can identify the thickness of lining, the void and the backfill state behind lining.
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Menick, Frederick J. "Restoring Nasal Lining — the Composite Skin Graft for Small Full-thickness Marginal Defects." In Nasal Reconstruction, 313–23. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-3008-6.50018-1.

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Harold Lee, H. B., and William R. Nunery. "Reconstruction of the Upper Eyelid." In Surgery of the Eyelid, Lacrimal System, and Orbit. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340211.003.0009.

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Normal physiologic mechanisms of the upper eyelid are essential for preservation of the eye. Normal function and good cosmesis usually go hand in hand, but preservation of function is the more important of the two priorities. The general considerations in choosing a reconstruction technique include the restoration of: 1. A smooth conjunctival surface to line the eyelid and protect the cornea 2. Structural support of the tarsal plate 3. A smooth, nonabrasive lid margin 4. Normal vertical eyelid movement without ptosis or lagophthalmos 5. Normal horizontal tension with normal medial and lateral canthal tendon positions To cover small defects, the conjunctival lining may be rotated or advanced. For larger defects, the lining may be replaced with a buccal mucous membrane graft or a contralateral conjunctival graft. The tarsal plate usually requires 4 mm of vertical height to provide adequate eyelid support. If the 4 mm is unavailable, it may be replaced with lower lid tarsus, a free tarsal graft from the opposite lid, a free cartilage graft, a polytetrafluoroethylene graft, or a preserved sclera graft. The eyelid margin must be free of trichiasis or surface epithelium, which might abrade the cornea. When levator function is preserved following traumatic or surgical defects of the eyelid, ptosis can usually be avoided or corrected. The levator aponeurosis separates the orbital and palpebral portions of the lacrimal gland, and lacrimal tissue should be preserved when dissecting in the lateral canthal, lateral levator, and lateral anterior orbital areas. Lagophthalmos of the upper eyelid is usually due either to adhesion of the orbital septum to the tarsal plate or to external vertical skin shortage. Proper horizontal tension can be achieved by measuring full-thickness defects while gently pulling the edges of the defect toward each other. Careful measurement reduces the risk of excessive or deficient horizontal length following reconstruction. Skin grafts in the upper eyelids should be covered with a moderate pressure dressing for 4 to 6 days to prevent buckling or subgraft hematoma. Full-thickness skin grafts are preferred to split-thickness grafts for optimal tissue match and coloration. Upper eyelid sutures may be permanent or absorbable. Most external permanent sutures are 7-0 caliber.
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Atkinson, Martin E. "Skin and fascia." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0013.

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Skin is a specialized boundary tissue which forms the entire external surface of the body and is continuous with mucosa lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinogenital tracts at their respective openings. Skin is the largest organ in the body but is often overlooked in this respect. Skin has many functions, some of which are not immediately obvious. • It minimizes damage from mechanical, thermal, osmotic, chemical, and sunlight insults. • It forms a barrier against microorganisms. • It has a major function in thermoregulation. • It is a sensory surface equipped with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain receptors. • It has good frictional properties useful in locomotion and handling objects. • It is waterproof. • It is the site of vitamin D synthesis. • It also plays a role in non-verbal communication when we blush, alter our facial expression, or use tactile communication such as touching or kissing. Skin has two distinct parts when seen under a microscope, the superficial epidermis and the deeper dermis. The epidermis is a surface epithelium in which the outer cells are keratinized. Keratinization is the deposition of tough mats of keratin which are intracellular fibrous proteins that make the cells tough; keratinization also kills the superficial cells so the outer layers of your skin are dead. The epidermis varies in thickness. The thickest and most heavily keratinized areas are on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands whereas the epidermis on the face and back of the hand is much thinner and less heavily keratinized. Habitual activity, such as holding a pen, digging with a shovel or using scissors, may produce localized thickenings of thick skin by increasing the thickness of keratin to produce calluses. Cells below the keratin layer have a special coating that forms a permeability barrier, preventing water moving between cells, thus preventing water loss from the body and water-logging when exposed to water. Epithelium does not contain blood vessels, which is why you do not bleed when you lightly knock your skin. To bleed, you need to expose the blood vessels that lie in the dermis and supply the overlying epidermis by diffusion of nutrients through fenestrated capillaries.
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Becker, Richard C., and Frederick A. Spencer. "Vascular Biology, Thromboresistance, and Inflammation." In Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195155648.003.0006.

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The delivery of vital substrate to metabolically active tissues and vital organs is achieved and maintained by the cardiovascular system including the heart, macrovasculature, and microvasculature. This life-sustaining process requires a normally functioning vascular endothelium—a multifunctional organ system composed of physiologically responsive cells responsible for vasomotion (vascular tone), thromboresistance, and inflammoresistance. Simply by virtue of its anatomic location, the vascular endothelium is functionally complex. It defines the intra- and extravascular components, serves as a selectively permeable barrier, and provides a continuous lining to the cardiovascular system. The location of the vascular endothelium is vital to its biologic interactions with cells found within the circulation and to the vessel wall itself. The surface activity is augmented in the microcirculation, also known as the resistance bed, where the ratio of endothelial surface to circulating blood is maximal. In most vertebrates, vascular endothelial cells form a single layer of squamous lining cells (0.1–0.5 μm in thickness) joined by intercellular junctions. The cells themselves are polygonal (varying between 10 and 50 μm) and are positioned in the long axis of the vessel, orienting the cellular longitudinal dimension in the direction of blood flow. The endothelial cell has three surfaces: luminal (nonthrombogenic), subluminal (adhesive), and cohesive. The luminal surface is devoid of electron-dense connective tissue. It does, however, possess an exterior coat (or glycocalyx), consisting primarily of starches and proteins secreted by the endothelial cells. Plasma proteins, including lipoprotein lipase, α2-macroglobulin, heparin cofactor II, antithrombin, and albumin, as well as small amounts of fibrinogen and fibrin are adsorbed to the luminal surface. The surface membrane itself adds significantly to thromboresistance by carrying a negative charge that repels similarly charged circulating blood cells. The subluminal (or abluminal) surface adheres to subendothelial connective tissues. Small processes penetrate through a series of internal layers to form myoendothelial junctions with subjacent smooth muscle cells. The cohesive component of the vascular endothelium connects individual endothelial cells to one another by cell junctions of two basic types: occluding (tight) junctions and communicating (gap) junctions. Occluding junctions represent a physical link between adjacent cells, sealing the intercellular space.
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Meng Wang, Yu, and Calvin C.P. Pang. "Molecular Genetics of Keratoconus: Clinical Implications." In Ocular Surface Diseases - Some Current Date on Tear Film Problem and Keratoconic Diagnosis. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90623.

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Occurrence of keratoconus is pan-ethnic with reported prevalence ranging widely from 1:400 to about 1:8000, higher in Asian than Western populations. Its genetics is complex with undefined pattern of inheritance. Familial traits are also known. More than 50 gene loci and 200 variants are associated with keratoconus, some through association studies with quantitative traits of cornea features including curvature and central thickness. Environmental, behavioral, and epigenetic factors are also involved in the etiology, likely interactively with genetic susceptibility. Regardless of sex and age of disease onset, clinical courses and responses to treatment vary. Keratoconus is a major cause of cornea transplantation and is potentially blinding. Currently collagen cross-linking provides effective treatment although responses from some patients can be unpredictable with complications. Early diagnosis is vital to obtain good treatment outcome, but in many patients early signs and symptoms are not obvious. While there are potential biomarkers, reliable pre-symptomatic detection and prediction of treatment response may require multitude of gene variants, cornea properties, and external risk factors.
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Monta, A. Dalla, F. Razan, J. B. Le Cam, and G. Chagnon. "The evolution of viscoelastic properties of silicone rubber during cross-linking investigated by thickness-shear mode quartz resonator." In Constitutive Models for Rubber X, 405–10. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315223278-63.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lining Thickness"

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Li, Xingdong, and Lili Gai. "The Research on Fracture Regularity of Mine Shaft Lining Thickness Variation Regional." In 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5660546.

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Hwang, Jungwon, Hu-Young Par, and Whoi-Yul Kim. "Thickness measuring method by image processing for lining-type brake of rolling stock." In 2010 2nd IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content (IC-NIDC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnidc.2010.5657787.

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Khamis, Doran, and Edward J. Brambley. "The Effective Impedance of a Finite-Thickness Viscothermal Boundary Layer Over an Acoustic Lining." In 21st AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-2229.

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Subotic, M., and F. C. Lai. "Flows in Rotating Cylinders With a Porous Lining." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41399.

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Flow and temperature fields in an annulus between two rotating cylinders have been examined in this study. While the outer cylinder is stationary, the inner cylinder is rotating with a constant angular speed. A homogeneous and isotropic porous layer is press-fit to the inner surface of the outer cylinder. The porous sleeve is saturated with the fluid that fills the annulus. The Brinkman-extended Darcy equations are used to model the flow in the porous layer while Navier-Stokes equations are used for the fluid layer. The conditions applied at the interface between the porous and fluid layers are the continuity of temperature, heat flux, tangential velocity and shear stress. Analytical solutions have been attempted. Through these solutions, the effects of Darcy number, Brinkman number, and porous sleeve thickness on the velocity profile and temperature distribution are studied.
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Bragin, I. V., V. P. Sgibnev, I. A. Zheltikov, M. B. Kamenkov, T. B. Shevaldykina, S. I. Bragin, N. S. Maslova, I. V. Istyakov, and E. L. Elizavetova. "Radiometric Method and Equipment for Measuring the Molten Metal Temperature and Lining Thickness of Melting Facility." In 2006 International Conference on Microwaves, Radar & Wireless Communications. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mikon.2006.4345380.

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Hai Liu, Xiongyao Xie, and M. Sato. "Accurate thickness estimation of a backfill grouting layer behind shield tunnel lining by CMP measurement using GPR." In 2012 14th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgpr.2012.6254848.

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Huang, Yuan Mao, and J. S. Shyr. "Pressure Distributions of Drum Brakes." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1032.

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Abstract With the assumptions that the interface between the brake drum and the lining plates is perfect contact, that the friction coefficient is constant, that the thermal effect is neglected, that the brake drum and metal shoes are rigid, the pressure distributions of drum brakes are studied by using the boundary element method. The constant element is used in the two dimensional model of the drum brake for simplicity and economy. The pressure distributions on the metal shoe and the lining plate and the friction force versus the effective cam lift are compared and show good agreement with the available data. The effects of the Young’s modulus of elasticity, the angle of the arc length, the friction coefficient, the location and the thickness of the lining plate, the Young’s modulus of elasticity and the angle of the arc length of the metal shoe, and the angle of the actuating force on the pressure distributions of the drum brakes are then studied.
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Stottrop, Michael, and Beate Bender. "Mechanical and Thermal Deformation Analysis of a Large Polymer Lined Tilting Pad Journal Bearing." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58734.

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Abstract An increase of specific load in large tilting pad journal bearings (TPJB) leads to major mechanically and thermally induced deformation of the pads and limits the load carrying capacity. In this paper, we present a theoretical approach to determine deformation of a TPJB with PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) polymer lined pads by means of a thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic model. The objective of this investigation is a quantitative analysis of the deformation characteristics of a five-pad TPJB with a nominal diameter of 500 mm. Mechanical and thermal deformations are simulated for both the steel backing and the polymer lining. The deformation characteristics calculated with the numerical model are compared to simulation results of an experimentally validated model with a white-metal lining. The results indicate an improvement in bearing characteristics with the PEEK lining, as maximum pressure decreases and minimum film thickness increases. Due to the insulating properties of the PEEK layer, thermally induced pad deformation is reduced significantly.
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Dabbagh, Vahid, Reza Keshavarz, and Abdolreza Ohadi. "Accurate Designing of Flat-Walled Multi-Layered Lining System Using Genetic Algorithm for Application in Anechoic Chambers." In ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference at InterNoise 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2012-0609.

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In anechoic chambers, the flat-walled multilayered acoustic lining systems are cheaper and easier to install than conventional wedge type systems. Sequence, material and thickness of layers are all design variables. By choosing the right configuration, the acoustical performance and overall thickness of flat-walled multilayered systems can be comparable to conventional wedge systems. In this study, the materials considered include air and poroelastic materials such as polyurethane foams, melamine foams, and glass wool. In order to evaluate acoustical performance of a given configuration, the poroelastic materials are modeled using Biot’s formulations instead of a simpler impedance method to get more accurate results. A genetic algorithm implemented within ModeFRONTIER optimization software was used to select configurations which have a cut-off frequency of 100 Hz or less. The configuration that met this requirement with the smallest overall thickness was determined optimal. This configuration has an overall thickness of 65.8 cm and is composed of 4 different polyurethane foams. Since a considerable difference was observed between the cut-off frequencies obtained using Biot’s model and the simpler impedance method, this justifies the use of Biot’s model in the optimization.
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Saxton, David, Troy Kantola, Achim Adam, Maik Wilhelm, and Karl-Heinz Lindner. "Development of Engine Bearing Solutions for New High Output Automotive Engines." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35114.

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With the development of advanced engine technologies, which includes direct injected, turbo-charged, variable valve timed, flex-fuel, hybrid start-stop cycles and a general downsizing of engine architectures, bearing surface areas have decreased and connecting rod loading has increased. As a result, modern bearings experience decreased oil film thickness, more frequent non-hydrodynamic lubrication periods and higher surface sliding speeds. Subsequently, bearing applications demand an increase in fatigue and scuffing resistance. In response to this, two new complementary material developments are documented: one a new aluminum based lining material, the other a polymeric surface layer. The new lining material, called A-650, was developed to have improved fatigue strength relative to existing Al engine bearing lining options. Results for rig testing of fatigue and seizure resistance properties are provided, along with engine test evaluations using multiple fuels. The polymeric surface layer, a polyamideimide based resin called IROX™, is intended as a durable surface coating providing exceptional wear and seizure resistance under high sliding speed and start-stop conditions. Furthermore, an increase of the specific load capacity is achieved with aluminum based substrates. A description of the material, with test results, is included.
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Reports on the topic "Lining Thickness"

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Michel Bonin, Tom Harvill, Jared Hoog, Don Holve, Alan Alsing, Bob Clark, and Steve Hrivnak. "A High Speed Laser Profiling Device for Refractory Lininig Thickness Measurements In a Gasifier with Cross-Cut to the Metals, Forest Products, Chemical and Power Generation Industries". Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/963420.

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