Relevant bibliographies by topics / Linkage disequilibrium

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Linkage disequilibrium'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Linkage disequilibrium"

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Tachida, Hidenori. "Decay of linkage disequilibrium in a finite island model." Genetical Research 64, no. 2 (1994): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300032742.

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SummaryTime-dependent behaviour of linkage disequilibrium when there was initial linkage disequilibrium is studied in a finite island model assuming neutrality. Explicit expressions for linkage disequilibrium parameters are obtained. From these expressions, the initial and the ultimate decay rates of linkage disequilibrium parameters are found to be increased and decreased, respectively, by finiteness of the population when recombination rate, migration rate and inverse of subpopulation size are of comparable order. Thus, linkage disequilibrium created in the past may persist longerin smaller
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Weitzman, Jonathan B. "Linkage disequilibrium." Genome Biology 2 (2001): spotlight—20010514–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20010514-01.

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Miyashita, Naohiko T., Montserrat Aguadé, and Charles H. Langley. "Linkage disequilibrium in the white locus region of Drosophila melanogaster." Genetical Research 62, no. 2 (1993): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300031694.

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SummaryLinkage disequilibrium between molecular polymorphisms in a 10 kb region in the white locus of Drosophila melanogaster, revealed with a battery of four-cutter restriction enzymes, was investigated in 266 lines sampled from seven natural populations around the world. A total of 73 (35 restriction site, 37 insertion/deletion and 1 inversion) polymorphisms were detected, of which 55 non-unique polymorphisms were analysed for linkage disequilibrium. Clustering of significant linkage disequilibrium was observed in the transcriptional unit of the white locus as in Miyashita & Langley (198
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Wu, Rongling, and Zhao-Bang Zeng. "Joint Linkage and Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping in Natural Populations." Genetics 157, no. 2 (2001): 899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.2.899.

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Abstract A new strategy for studying the genome structure and organization of natural populations is proposed on the basis of a combined analysis of linkage and linkage disequilibrium using known polymorphic markers. This strategy exploits a random sample drawn from a panmictic natural population and the open-pollinated progeny of the sample. It is established on the principle of gene transmission from the parental to progeny generation during which the linkage between different markers is broken down due to meiotic recombination. The strategy has power to simultaneously capture the informatio
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Kuno, Shin-ichi. "Division of linkage disequilibrium between absolute linkage disequilibrium and linkage equilibrium." Journal of Human Genetics 50, no. 6 (2005): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10038-005-0256-6.

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Schaeffer, S. W., and E. L. Miller. "Estimates of linkage disequilibrium and the recombination parameter determined from segregating nucleotide sites in the alcohol dehydrogenase region of Drosophila pseudoobscura." Genetics 135, no. 2 (1993): 541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/135.2.541.

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Abstract The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) region of Drosophila pseudoobscura, which includes the two genes Adh and Adh-Dup, was used to examine the pattern and organization of linkage disequilibrium among pairs of segregating nucleotide sites. A collection of 99 strains from the geographic range of D. pseudoobscura were nucleotide-sequenced with polymerase chain reaction-mediated techniques. All pairs of the 359 polymorphic sites in the 3.5-kb Adh region were tested for significant linkage disequilibrium with Fisher's exact test. Of the 74,278 pairwise comparisons of segregating sites, 127 were
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Baird, Stuart J. E. "Exploring linkage disequilibrium." Molecular Ecology Resources 15, no. 5 (2015): 1017–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12424.

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Lou, Xiang-Yang, George Casella, Ramon C. Littell, Mark C. K. Yang, Julie A. Johnson, and Rongling Wu. "A Haplotype-Based Algorithm for Multilocus Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci With Epistasis." Genetics 163, no. 4 (2003): 1533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.4.1533.

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AbstractFor tightly linked loci, cosegregation may lead to nonrandom associations between alleles in a population. Because of its evolutionary relationship with linkage, this phenomenon is called linkage disequilibrium. Today, linkage disequilibrium-based mapping has become a major focus of recent genome research into mapping complex traits. In this article, we present a new statistical method for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) of additive, dominant, and epistatic effects in equilibrium natural populations. Our method is based on haplotype analysis of multilocus linkage disequilibrium a
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Hsu, Fang-Chi, Kung-Yee Liang, and Terri H. Beaty. "Multipoint linkage disequilibrium mapping approach: Incorporating evidence of linkage and linkage disequilibrium from unlinked region." Genetic Epidemiology 25, no. 1 (2003): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.10241.

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Sabatti, Chiara, and Neil Risch. "Homozygosity and Linkage Disequilibrium." Genetics 160, no. 4 (2002): 1707–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.4.1707.

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Abstract We illustrate how homozygosity of haplotypes can be used to measure the level of disequilibrium between two or more markers. An excess of either homozygosity or heterozygosity signals a departure from the gametic phase equilibrium: We describe the specific form of dependence that is associated with high (low) homozygosity and derive various linkage disequilibrium measures. They feature a clear biological interpretation, can be used to construct tests, and are standardized to allow comparison across loci and populations. They are particularly advantageous to measure linkage disequilibr
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Linkage disequilibrium"

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Hernandez-Sanchez, Jules. "Gene mapping using linkage disequilibrium." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14058.

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The power of QTL detection was studied both empirically and deterministically for several methods. TDT was more powerful than a linkage test, but less powerful than a pure association test. There were no great differences in power between TDTs. One of the TDTs was implemented in BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) to study the effect of a candidate gene, the melanocortin 4- receptor (MC4R), on growth, appetite and fatness in pigs. We found significant effects on growth and fatness but not on appetite. TDT uses within families genetic variation. A novel parameter to estimate gene effects usi
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Veroneze, Renata. "Linkage disequilibrium and genomic selection in pigs." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7597.

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Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-05-03T09:22:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1632475 bytes, checksum: 40e16d694a3dcc12319c7792625a3a4b (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T09:22:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1632475 bytes, checksum: 40e16d694a3dcc12319c7792625a3a4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>A seleção genômica (SG) e associação genômica ampla (GWAS) são métodos que exploram o desequilíbrio de ligação (LD) entre marcadores e loci de
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Liu-Cordero, Shau Neen 1970. "Patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89344.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Although enormous progress has occurred in the field of human genetics, the cloning of complex trait mutations remains a challenging and unresolved process. This continuing difficulty is responsible for an ever-increasing awareness of the phenomenon of linkage disequilibrium (LD). The principle behind LD is relatively simple. Over the lifetime of a population, the genetic markers that are adjacent to an ancestral mutation will recombine less often than more distant markers.
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Li, Na. "Modeling and inference for linkage disequilibrium and recombination /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9532.

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Cummings, James Rowland Fraser. "Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping of Chromosome 19 on Crohn's Disease." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531666.

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Lawrence, Robert W. "Characterizing patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496992.

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Holloway, J. Kim. "Linkage disequilibrium and meiotic recombination in the human genome." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426035.

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Dale, Kuys Ruth. "Linkage disequilibrium in the South African abalone, Haliotis midae." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97991.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is defined as the non-random association of alleles at two or more loci within a population. It is sensitive to a variety of locus-specific- and demographic factors, and can thus provide much insight into the micro-evolutionary factors that have shaped species of interest. It can also be exploited to identify the genomic regions determining complex traits of interest, which can then be applied as performance evaluation markers in marker-assisted selection (MAS). The South African abalone, Haliotis mid
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Sjölander, Anders. "Exploring linkage disequilibrium to date admixture using ancient DNA." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Växtekologi och evolution, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298198.

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Admixture studies based on contemporary DNA are well studied and results from these have shown to correlate well with other evidence. The study of using ancient DNA for determining admixture times is a less explored alternative for determining admixture. Admixture-induced Linkage Disequilibrium for Evolutionary Relationships (ALDER) is an established tool for determining admixture time from contemporary DNA. This project investigates the use of ALDER on simulated ancient DNA to determine if it can be used in actual ancient DNA studies. The results from this project suggest that ALDER can be us
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Webb, Adam J. "Meiotic recombination and linkage disequilibrium in the human genome." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30369.

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Evidence is accumulating that recombination events in humans are not randomly distributed, but clustered into hotspots 1-2 kb wide. The Xp/Yp pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) is a male-specific recombination hot domain. The PAR1 gene PPP2R3B shows unusually high levels of nucleotide diversity. I have used LD studies in this region to reveal a dearth of historical recombination, arguing against earlier speculation that high diversity is driven by mutagenic recombination. Chimp LD studies, the existence of recombination hotspots inside LD blocks, and the observation of meiotic drive within a hotspo
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Books on the topic "Linkage disequilibrium"

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Andrew, Collins R. Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping. Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1597453897.

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Collins, Andrew R., ed. Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping. Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-389-9.

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A, Collins, ed. Linkage disequilibrium and association mapping: Analysis and applications. Humana Press, 2007.

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Collins, Andrew R. Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping. Gardners Books, 2010.

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Linkage disequilibrium and association mapping: Analysis and applications. Humana Press, 2008.

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Xie, Fang. Simultaneous detection of linkage and linkage disequilibrium for families with an affected sib-pair. 2003.

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Collins, Andrew R. Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping: Analysis and Applications (Methods in Molecular Biology). Humana Press, 2007.

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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Short-term Changes in the Variance: 1. Changes in the Additive Variance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0016.

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Selection changes the additive-genetic variance (and hence the response in the mean) by both changing allele frequencies and by generating correlations among alleles at different loci (linkage disequilibrium). Such selection-induced correlations can be generated even between unlinked loci, and (generally) are negative, such that alleles increasing trait values tend to become increasingly negative correlated under direction or stabilizing selection, and positively correlated under disruptive selection. Such changes in the additive-genetic variance from disequilibrium is called the Bulmer effect
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Selection Under Inbreeding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0023.

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When dominance is presence, the selection response equations under inbreeding can become rather complex, they require additional variance components beyond the additive-genetic variance. Further, both transient and permanent components of response can arise. This chapter examines the theory of both the covariance of relatives under general inbreeding, as well as the expected selection response under inbreeding. Due to the decrease in the effective recombination rate under selfing, the Bulmer effect can be rather dramatic, as any linkage disequilibrium generated by selection is only weakly remo
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Analysis of Short-term Selection Experiments: 2. Mixed-model and Bayesian Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0019.

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When the full pedigree of individuals whose values (records) were used in the selection decisions during an experiment (or breeding program) is known, LS analysis can be replaced by mixed models and their Bayesian extensions. In this setting, REML can be used to estimate genetic variances and BLUP can be used to estimate the mean breeding value in any given generation. The latter allows for genetic trends to be separated from environmental trends without the need for a control population. Under the infinitesimal model setting (wherein selection-induced allele-frequency changes are small during
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Book chapters on the topic "Linkage disequilibrium"

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Oraguzie, Nnadozie C., Phillip L. Wilcox, Erik H. A. Rikkerink, and H. Nihal de Silva. "Linkage Disequilibrium." In Association Mapping in Plants. Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36011-9_2.

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Earp, Madalene A., and Ellen L. Goode. "Linkage Disequilibrium." In Encyclopedia of Cancer. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27841-9_3368-3.

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Earp, Madalene A., and Ellen L. Goode. "Linkage Disequilibrium." In Encyclopedia of Cancer. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46875-3_3368.

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Mukhopadhyay, Amrita. "Linkage Disequilibrium." In Encyclopedia of Sexual Psychology and Behavior. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08956-5_1340-1.

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Goode, Ellen L. "Linkage Disequilibrium." In Encyclopedia of Cancer. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_3368.

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Slatkin, Montgomery. "Linkage Disequilibrium." In Human Population Genomics. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61646-5_2.

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de Silva, H. Nihal, and Roderick D. Ball. "Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping Concepts." In Association Mapping in Plants. Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36011-9_7.

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Collins, Andrew R. "Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping." In Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping. Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-389-9_1.

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McVean, G. "Linkage Disequilibrium, Recombination and Selection." In Handbook of Statistical Genetics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470061619.ch27.

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Shugart, Yin Yao, Lina Chen, Rui Li, and Terri Beaty. "Family-Based Linkage Disequilibrium Tests Using General Pedigrees." In Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping. Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-389-9_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Linkage disequilibrium"

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Alachiotis, Nikolaos, and Gabriel Weisz. "High Performance Linkage Disequilibrium." In FPGA'16: The 2016 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays. ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2847263.2847271.

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Ao, S. I., Sio-Iong Ao, Mahyar A. Amouzegar, and Su-Shing Chen. "Constructing Linkage Disequilibrium Map with Iterative Approach." In WORLD CONGRESS ON ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2937607.

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Lu, Jun, Jun Li, Ruiqing Jing, Qiong Wang, Cheng Chang, and Jiaxing Guo. "Research on Linkage Disequilibrium Method Based on OpenMP." In 2016 3rd International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icisce.2016.230.

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Yeo, Sang-Soo, and Sung Kwon Kim. "MarSelHR: A Haplotype Reconstruction System Using Linkage Disequilibrium." In 2007 Frontiers in the Convergence of Bioscience and Information Technologies. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fbit.2007.142.

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COLLINS, A. "LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM MAPPING USING SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS -WHICH POPULATION?" In Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814447331_0063.

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Ibrahim, Zina M., Stephen Newhouse, and Richard Dobson. "Detecting epistasis in the presence of linkage disequilibrium: A focused comparison." In 2013 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cibcb.2013.6595394.

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Theodoris, Charalampos, Nikolaos Alachiotis, Tze Meng Low, and Pavlos Pavlidis. "qLD: High-performance Computation of Linkage Disequilibrium on CPU and GPU." In 2020 IEEE 20th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibe50027.2020.00019.

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RANNALA, B., and J. P. REEVE. "JOINT BAYESIAN ESTIMATION OF MUTATION LOCATION AND AGE USING LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM." In Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776303_0049.

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Hernández-Lemus, Enrique, Jesús K. Estrada-Gil, Irma Silva-Zolezzi, et al. "Nonlinear Analysis of Time Series in Genome-Wide Linkage Disequilibrium Data." In COMPLIFE 2007: The Third International Symposium on Computational Life Science. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2891412.

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ZHANG, SHUANGLIN, KUI ZHANG, JINMING LI, and HONGYU ZHAO. "ON A FAMILY-BASED HAPLOTYPE PATTERN MINING METHOD FOR LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM MAPPING." In Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812799623_0010.

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Reports on the topic "Linkage disequilibrium"

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Sun, Xiaochen, Rohan L. Fernando, Dorian J. Garrick, and Jack C. M. Dekkers. Genomic Prediction Using Linkage Disequilibrium and Co-segregation. Iowa State University, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1253.

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Medrano, Juan, Adam Friedmann, Moshe (Morris) Soller, Ehud Lipkin, and Abraham Korol. High resolution linkage disequilibrium mapping of QTL affecting milk production traits in Israel Holstein dairy cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696509.bard.

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Original objectives: To create BAC contigs covering two QTL containing chromosomal regions (QTLR) and obtain BAC end sequence information as a platform for SNP identification. Use the SNPs to search for marker-QTL linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the test populations (US and Israel Holstein cattle). Identify candidate genes, test for association with dairy cattle production and functional traits, and confirm any associations in a secondary test population. Revisions in the course of the project: The selective recombinant genotyping (SRG) methodology which we implemented to provide moderate resol
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วิเวกแว่ว, อัมพร, ณัฐพจน์ วาฤทธิ์ та รังสินี สันคม. การวิเคราะห์ความหลากหลายทางพันธุกรรมของนกกระเรียนพันธุ์ไทย (Grus antigone sharpii) ในพื้นที่สวนสัตว์เปิดเขาเขียวด้วยวิธีไมโครแซทเทลไลท์ : รายงานผลการดำเนินงาน. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2018. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2018.70.

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นกกระเรียนพันธุ์ไทย (Grus antigone sharpii) ได้สูญพันธุ์ไปจากธรรมชาติของประเทศไทย โดยมีสาเหตุหลักมาจากการสูญเสียแหล่งที่อยู่อาศัยบริเวณพื้นที่ชุ่มน้ำ ต่อมาได้มีการขอรับบริจาคนกกระเรียนพันธุ์ไทยจากประเทศกัมพูชามาเพาะเลี้ยงและขยายพันธุ์ในสภาพกรงเลี้ยง ซึ่งการเพาะเลี้ยงและขยายพันธุ์ไม่ได้ต้องการเพิ่มจำนวนและอัตราความอยู่รอดของประชากรในสภาพกรงเลี้ยงเท่านั้น แต่ยังต้องคำนึงถึงความหลากหลายทางพันธุกรรมภายในประชากร ดังนั้นผู้วิจัยจึงใช้เครื่องหมายไมโครแซทเทลไลท์ดีเอ็นเอ ตรวจสอบความหลากหลายทางพันธุกรรมของนกกระเรียนพันธุ์ไทยจากสวนสัตว์เปิดเขาเขียว (n = 11) โดยนำดีเอ็นเอที่สกัดได้จากโคนขน มาเพิ่มปริมาณไม
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.

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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused
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Foulkes, William D. Locating a Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Gene on the X Chromosome by Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping Using Three Founder Populationin Quebec and Switzerland. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada426100.

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Foulkee, William D. Locating a Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Gene on the X Chromosome by Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping Using Three Founder Populations in Quebec and Switzerland. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada443199.

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Foulkes, William D. Locating a Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Gene on the X Chromosome by Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping Using Three Founder Populations in Quebec and Switzerland. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada405914.

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Foulkes, William D. Locating a Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Gene on the X Chromosome by Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping Using Three Founder Populations in Quebec and Switzerland. Defense Technical Information Center, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada415657.

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Beach, Erin, Behnam Abasht, Rohan L. Fernando, et al. Extent and Consistency of Linkage Disequilibrium and Identification of DNA Markers for Production and Egg Quality Traits in Commercial Layer Chicken Populations. Iowa State University, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-817.

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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin, and Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.

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Abstract:
Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits.
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