Academic literature on the topic 'Linkage maps'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Linkage maps.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Linkage maps"

1

Ellis, T. H., L. Turner, R. P. Hellens, D. Lee, C. L. Harker, C. Enard, C. Domoney, and D. R. Davies. "Linkage maps in pea." Genetics 130, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/130.3.649.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract We have analyzed segregation patterns of markers among the late generation progeny of several crosses of pea. From the patterns of association of these markers we have deduced linkage orders. Salient features of these linkages are discussed, as is the relationship between the data presented here and previously published genetic and cytogenetic data.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Neil, Martin, and Richard Bache. "Data linkage maps." Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice 5, no. 3 (1993): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smr.4360050304.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Gibson, Jane, William Tapper, Weihua Zhang, Newton Morton, and Andrew Collins. "Cosmopolitan linkage disequilibrium maps." Human Genomics 2, no. 1 (2005): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-7364-2-1-20.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

White, R., M. Leppert, P. O'Connell, Y. Nakamura, T. Holm, G. M. Lathrop, and J. M. Lalouel. "Linkage Maps of Human Genes." Pediatrics International 29, no. 4 (August 1987): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1987.tb02224.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

White, Ray, Jean-Marc Lalouel, Mark Leppert, Mark Lathrop, Yusuke Nakamura, and Peter O'Connell. "Linkage maps of human chromosomes." Genome 31, no. 2 (January 15, 1989): 1066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-183.

Full text
Abstract:
Finding the chromosomal location of human genes that heretofore have been defined solely by phenotypes, in particular clinical phenotypes that are transmitted in Mendelian fashion in families, is an early and often crucial step in the process of identifying the molecular basis of a disease. Recent progress in construction of chromosomal maps of genetically linked DNA markers has made almost the entire human genome accessible to linkage studies in families that are segregating genetic defects. Construction of linkage maps requires a panel of three-generation families for genotyping, a large number of polymorphic markers, and sophisticated computer programs for analysis of genotypic data. After a locus harboring a deleterious mutation has been identified by linkage to a mapped marker, a high-resolution map of the region can be constructed with new markers derived from cosmid libraries, to narrow the search for the gene in question. For example, this strategy has been pursued in the effort to characterize the gene responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis. When a target region has been narrowed to about 1 centiMorgan, corresponding to roughly a million base pairs in physical distance, other techniques of molecular biology can be brought to bear to isolate and clone the actual gene.Key words: genetic linkage, chromosome maps, DNA markers, chromosome 17, chromosome 10, genetic disease, familial adenomatous polyposis.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Jansen, J., A. G. de Jong, and J. W. van Ooijen. "Constructing dense genetic linkage maps." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102, no. 6-7 (May 2001): 1113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220000489.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Keats, Bronya J. B., Stephanie L. Sherman, Newton E. Morton, Elizabeth B. Robson, Kenneth H. Buetow, Peter E. Cartwright, Aravinda Chakravarti, Uta Francke, Philip P. Green, and Jurg Ott. "Guidelines for human linkage maps An International System for Human Linkage Maps (ISLM, 1990)." Annals of Human Genetics 55, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1991.tb00392.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Keats, Bronya J. B., Stephanie L. Sherman, Newton E. Morton, Elizabeth B. Robson, Kenneth H. Buetow, Peter E. Cartwright, Aravinda Chakravarti, Uta Francke, Philip P. Green, and Jurg Ott. "Guidelines for human linkage maps: An international system for human linkage maps (ISLM, 1990)." Genomics 9, no. 3 (March 1991): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(91)90426-f.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Klinga Levan, K., and F. Ståhl. "Integrated linkage maps in the rat." Transplantation Proceedings 31, no. 3 (May 1999): 1544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00031-7.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Jorgenson, Eric, Hua Tang, Maya Gadde, Mike Province, Mark Leppert, Sharon Kardia, Nicholas Schork, et al. "Ethnicity and Human Genetic Linkage Maps." American Journal of Human Genetics 76, no. 2 (February 2005): 276–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/427926.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Linkage maps"

1

Zenger, Kyall Richard. "Genetic linkage maps and population genetics of macropods." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/47604.

Full text
Abstract:
"November 2001".
Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, 2002.
Bibliography: leaves 136-157.
General introduction -- Molecular markers for comparative and quantitative studies in macropods -- Genetic linkage map construction in the tammar wallaby (M. eugenii) -- Intraspecific variation, sex-biased dispersal and phylogeography of the eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus) -- General discussion.
The analysis of DNA using molecular techniques is an important tool for studies of evolutionary relationships, population genetics and genome organisation. The use of molecular markers within marsupials is primarily limited by their availability and success of amplification. Within this study, 77 macropodid type II microsatellite loci and two type I genetic markers were characterised within M. eugenii to evaluate polymorphic levels and cross-species amplification artifacts. Results indicated that 65 microsatellite loci amplified a single locus in M. eugenii with 44 exhibiting high levels of variability. The success of crossspecies amplification of microsatellite loci was inversely proportional to the evolutionary distance between the macropod species. It is revealed that the majority of species within the Macropodidae are capable of using many of the available heterologous microsatellites. When comparing the degree of variability between source-species and M. eugenii, most were significantly higher within source species (P < 0.05). These differences were most likely caused by ascertainment bias in microsatellite selection for both length and purity. -- The production of a marsupial genetic linkage map is perhaps one of the most important objectives in marsupial research. This study used a total of 353 informative meioses and 64 genetic markers to construct a framework genetic linkage map for M. eugenii. Nearly all markers (93.7%) formed a significant linkage (LOD > 3.0) with at least one other marker. More than 70% (828 cM) of the genome had been mapped when compared with chiasmata data. Nine linkage groups were identified, with all but one (LG7; X-linked) allocated to the autosomes. Theses groups ranged in size from 15.7 cM to 176.5 cM, and have an average distance of 16.2 cM between adjacent markers. Of the autosomal linkage groups, LG2 and LG3 were assigned to chromosome 1 and LG4 localised to chromosome 3 based on physical localisation of genes. Significant sex-specific distortions towards reduced female recombination rates were revealed in 22% of comparisons. Positive interference was observed within all the linkage groups analysed. When comparing the X-chromosome data to closely related species it is apparent that it is conserved both in synteny and gene order. -- The investigation of population dynamics of eastern grey kangaroos has been limited to a few ecological studies. The present investigation provides analysis of mtDNA and microsatellite data to infer both historical and contemporary patterns of population structuring and dispersal. The average level of genetic variation across sample locations was exceedingly high (h = 0.95, HE = 0.82), and is one of the highest observed for marsupials. Contrary to ecological studies, both genic and genotypic analyses reveal weak genetic structure of populations where high levels of dispersal may be inferred up to 230 km. The movement of individuals was predominantly male-biased (average N,m = 22.61, average N p = 2.73). However, neither sex showed significant isolation by distance. On a continental scale, there was strong genetic differentiation and phylogeographic distinction between southern (TAS, VIC and NSW) and northern (QLD) Australian populations, indicating a current and / or historical restriction of geneflow. In addition, it is evident that northern populations are historically more recent, and were derived from a small number of southern eastern grey kangaroo founders. Phylogenetic comparisons between M. g. giganteus and M. g. tasmaniensis, indicated that the current taxonomic status of these subspecies should be revised as there was a lack of genetic differentiation between the populations sampled.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xv, 182 leaves ill
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Kuo, Tai-Yue. "The construction of linkage disequilibrium maps and their application to association mapping of disease genes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485527.

Full text
Abstract:
Success in association mapping of disease genes depends on knowledge of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) structure in candidate regions. An LD map characterising such structures is constructed by making use of the Malecot model which describes the decline of LD with physical distance based on pairwise measures of association between SNPs. The HapMap project provides a valuable resource that can be used to construct genome-wide LD maps. However, the millions of SNPs in the HapMap data pose a heavy computational challenge. This difficulty can be resolved by excluding the very dist'nt SNP pairs without losing map quality. Modern computational technology with parallel processing can be used to speed up the process of map construction. A composite likelihood approach employing LD maps for association mapping has successfully localised several causal variants. An application to Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is described here. This approach, utilising the genome-wide LD map, is very suitable for genome-wide association studies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Ninwichian, Parichart Liu Zhanjiang. "Demonstration for integration of genetic linkage and physical maps of catfish using BAC-anchored microsatellites." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1618.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Somridhivej, Benjaporn Liu Zhanjiang. "Characterization, polymorphism assessment, and database construction for microsatellites from BAC end sequences of catfish a resource for integration of linkage and physical maps /." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/Send%2011-10-07/SOMRIDHIVEJ_BENJAPORN_30.pdf.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Javed, Nasir. "Development of Genetic Linkage Maps and Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Influencing Seed Oil Content, Fatty Acid Profile and Flowering Time in Brassica napus L." Hereditary Genetics, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30633.

Full text
Abstract:
Identification of allelic variation through quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping offers possibilities for the improvement of quantitatively inherited traits. This requires a genetic map along with the phenotypic characterization of a mapping population. A doubled haploid (DH) Polo X Topas population consisting of 194 lines and a recombinant inbred line population of 92 lines was developed. Individual genetic maps derived from each population were integrated into a consensus map. The DH-based genetic map was used for QTL mapping. The DH-based map was comprised of 620 loci that were assembled into 19 linkage groups that were anchored to the B. napus chromosomes. The DH-based map covered 2244.1 cM genomic distance with an average marker interval of 3.7 cM. The DH population was phenotyped in four environments with each line replicated twice in a randomized complete block design. Days to flowering was recorded and oil content and fatty acid composition were determined using Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and Gas Chromatography, respectively. Fourteen QTL were identified for oil content, 33 QTL for palmitic acid content, 18 QTL for stearic acid content, 21 QTL for oleic acid content, 20 QTL for linoleic acid content, 23 QTL for linolenic acid content, 16 QTL for arachidic acid content and 14 QTL for flowering time. Oil content QTL were identified on five linkage groups, A3, A10, C1, C5, and C6. An oil content QTL, qOIL-A10c appeared in all four environments, whereas qOIL-A10a appeared in only one environment but explained 26.99% variation. The oil content in the population ranged from 35% to 55.5% with the parents having values of 42% to 46%. Two genomic regions on C3, with map positions at 147.83 cM and 154.55 cM harbored QTL (rQTL) for all the fatty acids studied. The additive effects of the rQTL reveal a correlation pattern which is supported by the phenotypic correlation observed between the fatty acids. This suggests rQTL have role in the fatty acid composition and possibly determine total seed oil content. The rQTL and flanking markers of the identified QTL offer utility in further development of B. napus.
October 2015
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Ting, Ngoot Chin. "Construction of high density genetic linkage maps and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with yield components and fatty acid composition in oil palm." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52227/.

Full text
Abstract:
The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a highly valued oil producing perennial crop with a productive lifespan of about 25 years. Although benefiting from a long productivity period, oil palm genetic improvement is a slow and tedious process which requires between 10 to 12 years to complete one selection cycle. As such, marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an invaluable tool for yield improvement in oil palm. In particular, MAS could be used to facilitate efforts to increase the unsaturated fatty acid content of palm oil by introgression of desired alleles from the American species, E. oleifera which produces highly unsaturated oil. In order to help achieve this, high density genetic linkage maps were constructed for a commercial Deli dura (maternal) x Yangambi pisifera (paternal) breeding population (P2) and a Colombian E. oleifera (maternal) x Nigerian E. guineensis (paternal) interspecific hybrid population (OxG). The P2 and OxG mapping populations were screened with approximately 700 oil palm SSR primer-pairs and genotyped with a 4.5K customized oil palm SNP array to identify informative markers. The P2 and OxG populations consisted of 87 and 108 palms, respectively. Genetic linkage maps were first constructed for the individual parental palms of the mapping populations and followed by integration of the two parental maps. A P2 integrated map with 1,331 markers spanning 1,867 cM over the 16 linkage groups was constructed, representing the 16 chromosome pairs in oil palm. This study for the first time reports the genetic map for the Colombian E. oleifera, although the map only comprises of ten linkage groups with 65 markers spanning 471 cM. The Colombian E. oleifera map was also successfully integrated with the Nigerian E. guineensis parental map, resulting in a partial integrated map for OxG. The genetic maps and the available phenotypic data were successfully used to identify 22 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with various yield components (YC) in the P2 population and 12 QTLs for fatty acid composition (FAC) in the OxG population. The QTLs identified for FAC include the total unsaturation levels via iodine value (IV), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids. On the P2 integrated map, QTLs for YC were associated with mean bunch number (MBN), mean fruit weight (MFW), oil/bunch ratio (OTB), oil/wet mesocarp ratio (OTWP), oil/dry mesocarp ratio (OTDP), mean mesocarp weight (MPW), wet mesocarp weight (WPWT), kernel yield (KY), mean kernel weight (MKW), mean shell weight (MSW), shell to fruit (STF), total oil (TOT), oil yield (OY) and dry mesocarp weight (DPWT). The closely linked markers demonstrated significant allelic effects associated with the YC and FAC phenotypes analysed. The genetic effects (estimated by G Model) for the identified QTLs can be ranked from high for C16:0, C18:1 and IV (ranging from 2.16 – 2.46) to medium for OTWP, DPWT, MPW, WPWT, OTB, MFW, OTDP, MBN and STF (0.50 – 2.14) and low (< 0.5) for KY, MKW, MSW, C18:2, C18:0, C16:1 and C14:0. The three major QTLs for C16:0, C18:1 and IV were also successfully cross-mapped on two interspecific BC2 populations, which adds confidence on the association of the markers with the traits concerned and reflecting their potential utility in a MAS programme. This study also identified candidate regulatory genes and transcription factors (TFs) within the QTL confidence intervals by aligning to the oil palm (EG5) genome build. A set of five candidate genes (HIBCH, PATE/FATB, BASS2, LACS4 and DGAT1) and a TF (WRI1) were identified within the QTL confidence interval associated with genetic effects for C16:0, C18:1, C14:0, C18:0 and IV in LGOT1, which was supported by the significant differential expression patterns observed for the candidate genes and TF in RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments. The RNA-seq and qRT-PCR experiments included palms from OxG and two independent interspecific backcross populations. Clear differential expression patterns were observed for some of the genes and their putative isoforms, which requires further validation in future studies. The high-density SNP and SSR-based genetic maps developed in this study have greatly improved marker density and genome coverage in comparison with the first reference map based on AFLP, RFLP and SSR markers. The improved maps with reduced gap between markers were aligned to the EG5 genome build, which proved useful for mining of candidate genes associated with the QTLs from the targeted regions. The closely linked markers and candidate genes associated with FAC and YC provide a good starting point for other genetic improvement studies in oil palm including whole genome association mapping studies. The candidate gene approach as used in the present study is useful for identifying the potential causal genes linked to QTLs. Finally, the markers closely linked to specific traits, specially IV, C16:0 and C18:1, MFW, MPW and OTDP have great potential and should be prioritized for further validation in the effort towards their adoption for MAS to introduce greater unsaturation and improve oil yield in commercial oil palm.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Lubovac, Zelmina. "Evaluation of clusterings of gene expression data." Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-484.

Full text
Abstract:

Recent literature has investigated the use of different clustering techniques for analysis of gene expression data. For example, self-organizing maps (SOMs) have been used to identify gene clusters of clear biological relevance in human hematopoietic differentiation and the yeast cell cycle (Tamayo et al., 1999). Hierarchical clustering has also been proposed for identifying clusters of genes that share common roles in cellular processes (Eisen et al., 1998; Michaels et al., 1998; Wen et al., 1998). Systematic evaluation of clustering results is as important as generating the clusters. However, this is a difficult task, which is often overlooked in gene expression studies. Several gene expression studies claim success of the clustering algorithm without showing a validation of complete clusterings, for example Ben-Dor and Yakhini (1999) and Törönen et al. (1999).

In this dissertation we propose an evaluation approach based on a relative entropy measure that uses additional knowledge about genes (gene annotations) besides the gene expression data. More specifically, we use gene annotations in the form of an enzyme classification hierarchy, to evaluate clusterings. This classification is based on the main chemical reactions that are catalysed by enzymes. Furthermore, we evaluate clusterings with pure statistical measures of cluster validity (compactness and isolation).

The experiments include applying two types of clustering methods (SOMs and hierarchical clustering) on a data set for which good annotation is available, so that the results can be partly validated from the viewpoint of biological relevance.

The evaluation of the clusters indicates that clusters obtained from hierarchical average linkage clustering have much higher relative entropy values and lower compactness and isolation compared to SOM clusters. Clusters with high relative entropy often contain enzymes that are involved in the same enzymatic activity. On the other hand, the compactness and isolation measures do not seem to be reliable for evaluation of clustering results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Meier, Nicholas Alan. "Investigation of winter wheat sowing date management and genetic architecture of malting quality in winter barley and milling/baking performance in soft red winter wheat." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96604.

Full text
Abstract:
Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) are widely grown as winter annual grains in a double crop rotation with soybean (Glycine max, L. Merr.) in much of the U.S. Improved management strategies and the development cultivars that meet the quality requirements of higher value end-use markets is important to increase production and profitability of winter annual grains and the double crop rotation in the Eastern U.S. In Chapter I, fifteen commercially relevant winter wheat genotypes ranging in maturity were sown in a split-plot design (sowing date=main plot, genotype=subplot) at three different sowing dates (considered to be 'very early' (20-28 days before recommended), 'early (6-11 days before recommended)', or 'recommended') and replicated three times at eight environments (site-year) from 2015-2018 in VA and KY. Grain yield, tiller estimation, heading date, protein, and 1000-kernel weight were assessed for each yield plot. At all environments, sowing earlier in the fall achieved an earlier (P<0.05) heading date, while grain yields varied depending on environment and genotype. Genotype by sowing date interactions were non-significant (P<0.05) at five site-years and significant (P<0.05) at three site-years. Molecular markers can be associated with phenotypic traits via quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, these markers can be used by breeders in marker assisted selection (MAS) to indirectly select phenotypic traits that are difficult or expensive to measure. In Chapter II, the genetic architecture of end-use quality is investigated in two soft red winter wheat bi-parental (Pioneer '25R47' / 'Jamestown' and Pioneer '26R46' / 'Tribute'). Both populations were genotyped with a public 90,000 wheat iSelect SNP-Array, grown over two crop seasons at two Virginia sites, evaluated for quality traits at the USDA-ARS Soft Wheat Quality Lab (SWQL), and analyzed with QTL mapping. This chapter describes a total of 24 putative QTL that were identified on 13 different chromosomes and associated with grain characteristics, milling, and/or baking performance along with phenotypic data for both populations, other putative QTL, and transgressive progeny with exceptional flour yield and cookie diameters. A region on 3A (Qfy.vt.3A.Jtwn) is a strong candidate to be utilized for MAS in soft red winter wheat breeding programs as it explained 6.9-10.3% (Pioneer 25R47 / Jamestown) and 4.6-17.0% (Pioneer 26R46 / Tribute) of the phenotypic variation for flour yield. In Chapter III, malt quality genetic structure was investigated in two winter 'malt x feed' doubled haploid barley breeding populations. Both populations were genotyped with the iSelect InfiniumTM SNP assay consisting of 50,000 barley SNPs, grown in two to three Virginia environments (Blacksburg and Warsaw) during 2017 - 2019, and characterized for 11 phenotypic traits associated with malting quality. QTL mapping validated six previously reported regions (Mohammadi, et al., 2015, GrainGenes 3.0, 2019) that are strongly associated (LOD > 3.0) with relevant malt quality traits. Phenotypic variation for malt quality was largely and consistently explained by QTL on chromosomes 1H, 5H, and 7H in the Endeavor / VA09B-34 population and by two separate QTL on 1H in the Violetta / VA09B-34 population. A region on 4H corresponding with QDp.DiMo-4H, explained between 12.1 - 42.2% (Endeavor / VA09B-34) and 30.0 - 55.7% (Violetta / VA09B-34) of the phenotypic variation for diastatic power (DU). These QTL are recommended for MAS in order to aid breeding strategies that aim to select for improved malting characteristics in Eastern U.S. malt barley breeding material.
Doctor of Philosophy
Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) are staple crops throughout the world, and are the third and fourth most produced cereals crop according to the FAO. Primarily grown for human consumption, wheat and barley provide a significant percentage of the nutritional requirements for the human populations. According to the United Nations, wheat contributes 20% of all calories consumed by humans. Barley is the primary ingredient used to make beer. Increased productivity of all cropping and livestock systems is required in order to feed a growing human population while also restoring and preserving natural ecosystems. This can be accomplished through breeding and improved cropping systems management. Planting of existing cropland more frequently is fundamental to the improvement of cropping system productivity. In much of the U.S. (southern two-thirds of the lower 48), annual winter grains such as wheat and barley can be grown over the winter and spring in between the typical corn (Zea mays subsp. mays) and soybean (Glycine max, L. Merr.) growing seasons. Therefore, producing three crops in two years, as opposed to only two. Only between 6 and 11 million acres are double cropped in the US annually, for perspective, in 2018, 89 million acres of both corn and soybeans, which can only grow in summer, were planted. Over half of the soybean (~45 million) acres in Midwestern and Southeastern states could support double cropping. This is a major opportunity to maximize output per unit area, freeing up less productive land to be restored as natural ecosystems, potentially increasing carbon sequestration and species biodiversity. Winter annual grains have a very similar composition (high carbohydrate, low protein and oil) to corn, and could fill similar end-use markets currently dominated by corn (i.e. ethanol or livestock feed). For double cropping to be more widely deployed, it must be more profitable. Increased profitability of growing three crops in two years as opposed to two must outweigh the added cost of planting, managing, harvesting, and marketing the additional winter crop. Therefore, it is important to investigate management strategies that could increase production per unit area and develop new winter annual cultivars with improved end-use characteristics in order to make the winter annual more desirable to the end-users. Chapter I investigates sowing winter wheat earlier in the fall (i.e. 1st week of Oct. or last week of Sept.) in order to achieve an earlier harvest in the spring and earlier soybean planting (yield decreases 0.5 to 1 bu/ac per day that sowing is delayed), while also offering other benefits such as better-established root systems going into winter, which improves water infiltration and reduces erosion. At all environments, sowing earlier in the fall achieved an earlier heading date, while grain yields varied depending on environment and genotype. Genotype by sowing date interactions were non-significant at five site-years and significant at three site-years. Chapters II and III investigate the genetic architecture of winter wheat and winter barley breeding populations for end-use quality traits (milling/baking and malting). This was done in order to identify molecular markers that could be used to screen breeding material for improved end-use quality. The markers could then be used to assist breeders in developing soft red winter wheat cultivars with greater flour yields/improved baking performance and winter malt barley cultivars that can be grown in the Eastern U.S. and are suitable for the craft beer market. Chapter II describes 24 genomic regions that influences milling/baking performance in two soft red winter wheat breeding populations. Chapter III describes 6 genomic regions that influence malting performance in two winter barley breeding populations.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Bianchi, Beatriz Cutilak. "Construção do mapa genético preliminar do peixe Prochilodus argenteus, utilizando marcadores microssatélites." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5457.

Full text
Abstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2646.pdf: 870244 bytes, checksum: b88bf96aa8cafe0798c953895db021a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
A preliminary genetic linkage map was constructed for the species Prochilodus argenteus, an endemic fish from the São Francisco river basin, using 23 microsatellite markers in a progeny with 95 individuals from a single cross by the pseudo-testcross strategy. The male and female parents were collected in different regions, downstream of the dam of the Três Marias (MG). Only 11 (52.4%) markers grouped in some linkage group and the the remaining was unlinked. Twenty-one (91.5%) markers appeared to segregate according to Mendelian inheritance, and only two (8.7%) showed segregation distortion. The map covered 297.58 cM of the genome, according to the Kosambi s function. The number of linkage groups (3) found in this study was much lower than expected for the species (equivalent to the haploid number of chromosomes, n = 27), demonstrating the importance of using a larger number of molecular markers in future studies. The data obtained in this work will be compiled with the marks obtained by AFLP by Rojas (2008) in order to obtain a denser genetic map. Although the number of linkage groups found have been lower than expected for the species, the results can be considered promising for the Brazillian Fish Genetics, since genetic mapping studies are virtually absent in Neotropical fish.
Um mapa genético preliminar foi construído para a espécie Prochilodus argenteus, um peixe endêmico da bacia hidrográfica do rio São Francisco, através de 23 marcadores moleculares microssatélites em uma progênie com 95 indivíduos provenientes de um único cruzamento através da estratégia pseudo-testcross . Os genitores masculino e feminino foram coletados em diferentes regiões, à jusante da barragem de Três Marias (MG). Apenas 11 (52.4%) marcadores foram alocados em algum grupo de ligação e os restantes não estavam ligados. Vinte e um (91.5%) marcadores segregaram de acordo com a herança mendeliana e apenas dois (8.7%) apresentaram distorção da segregação. O mapa cobriu 297.58 cM do genoma, de acordo com a função de Kosambi. O número de grupos de ligação (3) encontrado no presente trabalho foi muito inferior ao esperado para a espécie (equivalente ao número de cromossomos haplóides, n = 27), demonstrando a importância da utilização de um número maior de marcadores moleculares em estudos futuros. Os dados obtidos no presente trabalho serão compilados com as marcas AFLP obtidas por Rojas (2008), visando um mapa genético mais denso. Embora o número de grupos de ligação encontrado tenha sido inferior ao esperado para a espécie, os resultados podem ser considerados como promissores na área de Genética de Peixes do Brasil, já que estudos de mapeamento genético são praticamente inexistentes em peixes neotropicais.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Kriške, Petr. "Anamorfní mapy v MHD." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226227.

Full text
Abstract:
This diploma thesis is focused on creating schematic maps and their using in public transport system. It describes methods of making and individual variations of these maps. Further, the thesis is trying to evaluate and classify the available czech and world cartographic works with this content. Based on this analysis are proposed the new alternative solutions of schematic map in public transport in Nový Jičín.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Linkage maps"

1

Without consent: Mass-elite linkages in presidential politics. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Sweden. Styrelsen för internationell utveckling., ed. The media, traditional society, and civil society at local level-linkages. [Lusaka]: Institute of Economic and Social Research, University of Zambia, 1998.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Bull, Mutumba Mainga. The media, traditional society, and civil society at local level-linkages. Lusaka]: Institute of Economic and Social Research, University of Zambia, 1998.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Rudorf, Reginald. Die vierte Gewalt: Das linke Medienkartell. Frankfurt/M: Ullstein, 1994.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Ahmar, Tasneem. From passive to proactive: Promoting media literacy in Pakistan by building linkages between media and public. Edited by Uks (Islāmābād Pakistan) and National Endowment for Democracy (U.S.). Islamabad: Uks, 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Minor, James L. Mass spectrometric method to determine the chain length of oligosaccharides attached to phenolic polymers by nonglycosidic linkages. [Madison, Wisc.?: Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Minor, James L. Mass spectrometric method to determine the chain length of oligosaccharides attached to phenolic polymers by nonglycosidic linkages. [Madison, Wisc.?: Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Minor, James L. Mass spectrometric method to determine the chain length of oligosaccharides attached to phenolic polymers by nonglycosidic linkages. [Madison, Wisc.?: Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

1998), Erlanger Medientage (13th. Die Rechte und die Linke in den deutschen Medien. Erlangen: TM-Transparenz der Medien, 1998.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Chrapa, Michael. Mediennutzung und Problembewusstsein der Bevölkerung in modernisierten Gesellschaften: Chancen und Erschwernisse für linke Politikansätze. Berlin: Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung, 2000.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Linkage maps"

1

Swinburne, June, and Gabriella Lindgren. "Genetic Linkage Maps." In Equine Genomics, 11–47. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118522158.ch2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Samollow, Paul B. "Marsupial Linkage Maps." In Marsupial Genetics and Genomics, 75–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9023-2_4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Yoshino, Yuji. "Surjectivity of Linkage Maps." In International Symposium on Ring Theory, 421–26. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0181-6_30.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Bradshaw, John E. "Mendelian Genetics and Linkage Maps." In Plant Breeding: Past, Present and Future, 109–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23285-0_4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Tapper, William. "Linkage Disequilibrium Maps and Location Databases." In Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping, 23–45. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-389-9_3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Maniatis, Nikolas. "Linkage Disequilibrium Maps and Disease-Association Mapping." In Linkage Disequilibrium and Association Mapping, 109–21. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-389-9_8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

French, Alfred D. "Energy Maps for Glycosidic Linkage Conformations." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 333–58. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2343-4_21.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Yin, Xuegui, Jiannong Lu, Rukam Singh Tomar, Rajinder Singh Chauhan, and Kwadwo Gyapong Agyenim-Boateng. "Molecular Linkage Maps in Castor Bean." In Compendium of Plant Genomes, 77–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97280-0_5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Hunt, G. J. "Construction of Linkage Maps with RAPD Markers." In Fingerprinting Methods Based on Arbitrarily Primed PCR, 187–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60441-6_22.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Sandal, Niels, and Shusei Sato. "Genetic Linkage Maps, Synteny and Map-based Cloning." In Compendium of Plant Genomes, 21–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44270-8_3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Linkage maps"

1

Armando, Eric, Paolo Guglielmi, Gianmario Pellegrino, and Radu Bojoi. "Flux linkage maps identification of synchronous AC motors under controlled thermal conditions." In 2017 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemdc.2017.8002334.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Germishuizen, Johannes, and Ronald Tanner. "Stepped Versus Fixed Rotor Position FEA Solutions for 2D Flux Linkage Maps in Machine Design." In 2018 XIII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icelmach.2018.8507203.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Stipetic, Stjepan, and James Goss. "Calculation of efficiency maps using scalable saturated flux-linkage and loss model of a synchronous motor." In 2016 XXII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icelmach.2016.7732704.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Ogot, Madara M., and Sherif Aly. "An Alternative Formulation of the Linkage-Type Long Dwell Mechanism Synthesis Problem." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/mech-1226.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Dwell mechanisms are utilized extensively in machine tools, packaging and textile machinery, and machines used for the closing and labeling of cans. For numerous applications, exact dwells are not required facilitating the use of linkage-type dwell mechanisms which produce approximate dwells. The advantages which these mechanisms provide over cams include lower maintenance and manufacturing costs, superior performance at high speeds and higher reliability. Despite these advantages, dwell linkages, especially those with long dwells, are more difficult to design. For this study dwell is defined as long if it occurs for more than 30% of the linkage cycle. Current numeric optimization-based formulations which make use of precision points, often converge to high lying local minima or fail to converge to a solution at all, since the structural error-based objective functions are typically highly nonlinear and multi-modal functions in a multi-dimensional design space. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is the presentation of an optimization-based method which addresses this problem. The redefinition of the structural error-based objective function about precision lines instead of precision points, results in a more efficient search of the design space for optimal solutions. Use of precision lines maps symmetrical points in the design space to one point, thereby effectively shrinking the design space without any loss of information. As a result, superior solutions can be attained without requiring more computational effort than current optimization-based methods. The approach is tailored to the synthesis of linkage-type mechanisms with slider outputs and relatively long dwells. Two examples, a six-bar with a single dwell and a six-bar with a double dwell, are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed formulation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Yoon, Sukjune, Chun-Kyu Woo, Hyun Do Choi, Sung-Kee Park, Sung-Chul Kang, Soo Hyun Kim, and Yoon Keun Kwak. "A New Mobile Robot With a Passive Mechanism and a Stereo Vision System for Hazardous Terrain Exploration." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57170.

Full text
Abstract:
The purpose of this project is to develop a mobile robot for hazardous terrain exploration. The exploration of hazardous terrain requires the development of a passive mechanism adaptable to such terrain and a sensing system for obstacle avoidance, as well as a remote control. We designed a new mobile robot, the Ronahz 6-wheel robot, which uses a passive mechanism that can adapt to hazardous terrains and building stairways without any active control. The suggested passive linkage mechanism consists of a simple four-bar linkage mechanism. In addition, we install a stereo vision system for obstacle avoidance, as well as a remote control. Wide dynamic range CCD cameras are used for outdoor navigation. A stereo vision system commonly requires high computational power. Therefore, we use a new high-speed stereo correspondence algorithm, triangulation, and iterative closest point (ICP) registration to reduce computation time. Disparity maps computed by a newly proposed, high-speed method are sent to the operator by a wireless LAN equipment. At the remote control site, a three-dimensional digital map around a mobile robot is built by ICP registration and reconstruction process, and this three-dimensional map is displayed for the operator. This process allows the operator to sense the environment around the robot and to give commands to the mobile robot when the robot is in a remote site.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Rojas, Nicola´s, and Federico Thomas. "A Coordinate-Free Approach to Tracing the Coupler Curves of Pin-Jointed Linkages." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48147.

Full text
Abstract:
In general, high-order coupler curves of plane mechanisms cannot be properly traced by standard predictor-corrector algorithms due to drifting problems and the presence of singularities. Instead of focusing on finding better algorithms for tracing curves, a simple coordinate-free method that first traces these curves in a distance space and then maps them onto the mechanism workspace is proposed. Tracing a coupler curve in the proposed distance space is much simpler because (a) the equation of this curve in this space can be straightforwardly obtained from a sequence of bilaterations; and (b) the curve in this space naturally decomposes into branches in which the signs of the oriented areas of the triangles involved in the aforementioned bilaterations remain constant. A surjective mapping permits to map the thus traced curves onto the workspace of the mechanism. The advantages of this two-step method are exemplified by tracing the coupler curves of a double butterfly linkage, curves that can reach order 48.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Kong, Xian-Wen, and Ting-Li Yang. "Extensions to the Mass Moment Substitution Method for Complete Shaking Force Balancing of Spatial Linkages." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/mech-5846.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract This paper aims at simplifying the derivation of conditions for complete shaking force balancing (CSFB) of spatial linkages. The formulation of conditions for CSFB of a spatial linkage is reduced to the mass moment substitution of binary links, ternary links, quaternary links, dyads and spatial serial open chains. The conditions and formulae for mass moment substitution of different types of ternary links and quaternary links are derived. From these conditions and formulae together with the conditions and formulae for mass moment substitution of binary links, dyads and spatial serial open chains presented in previous works, the conditions for CSFB of a spatial linkage can be written down directly instead of extracting them from the kinematic equations of the linkage. A general procedure to formulate the condition for CSFB is then proposed and an example is given to illustrate the application of the proposed approach.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Ye, Zhonghe, and M. R. Smith. "Mass Flow and Derivative Moment of Inertia Flow in Planar (Geared) Linkages." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0414.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract The paper describes a method for the determination of the conditions for the complete shaking force and shaking moment balancing of planar linkages, including geared linkages, with revolute and prismatic joints. The conditions may be written down without the need for any kinematic analysis of the linkage by the application of two new concepts. These are the concept of mass flow for complete shaking force balance and the concept of derivative moment of inertia flow for complete shaking moment balance, the second of which is described here for the first time. A number of examples demonstrate the power of the method.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Pracht, P., P. Minotti, and M. Dahan. "Synthesis and Balancing of Cam-Modulated Linkages." In ASME 1987 Design Technology Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1987-0083.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Linkages are inherently light, inexpensive, strong, adaptable to high speeds and have little friction. Moreover the class of functions suitable for linkage representation is large. For all these reasons numerous recent works deal with the problem of design mechanisms for robotic applications, but very often in terms of components such as gripper, transmission, balancing. We investigate a new application for linkages, using them to design industrial manipulator. The selected mechanism for this application is a four bar linkage with an adjustable lengh for exact path generation. This adjustment is performed by a track or cam which is substituted to a bar. By this mean, we define a cam-modulated linkage which possess superior accuracy potential and is capable of accomodating of industrial design restrictions. Such a kinematic chain is free from structural error for path generation and the presence of the track introduces the flexibility and versality in the usefull four bar chain. The synthesis technique of cam modulated linkage utilizes loop closure equations, envelop theory to find the centerline and the profile of the track. These techniques provide a systematic approach to the design of mechanism for path generation when extreme accuracy is required. In order to complete an contribution, we take in consideration the static balancing of the synthesized manipulator. To achieve static mass balancing we use the potential energy storage capabilities of linear springs, and integrated it with the non-linear motion of mechanism to provide an exact value of the desired counter loading functions. Examples are worked to demonstrate applications of these procedures and to illustrate the industrial potential of spring balancing and cam-modulated linkage.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

van der Wijk, Volkert, Ketao Zhang, and Jian S. Dai. "Force Balance of a Spatial Metamorphic 6R Closed-Chain Linkage With Specific Kinematic Conditions." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60068.

Full text
Abstract:
For deployable, reconfigurable, and metamorphic linkages force balance is an important property to bear the static and dynamic forces caused by the mass of each element, either due to gravity or due to inertia when moving. Force balance refers to ‘shaking force balance’ meaning that for all motion of the linkage, no dynamic reaction forces are exerted to its base and to the surroundings preventing base vibrations. This typically is an important feature in high-speed and high-precision robotic manipulation tasks. Force balance also refers to ‘static balancing with solely mass’. Since the center of mass of a force balanced linkage is stationary for all motion, a force balanced linkage is also statically balanced which means that the linkage is not affected by gravity and remains stationary in any pose without the need of actuators or brakes. This property is important for the design of, among others, large moving structures such as mobile platforms and deployable structures used in architecture. In this paper the force balance of a spatial metamorphic plano-spherical 6R closed linkage with plane symmetry is investigated. It is shown that because of its specific kinematic conditions — being pantograph relations in the projected plane — advantageous balance solutions can be found for each of the four reconfiguration modes. For specific geometric conditions on the link design also solutions are found where the links balance one another without the need of any countermass. It is also shown how an advantageous compromise force balance solution for multiple modes is found. For this purpose an approximate force balance solution was investigated. The results are compared with the general force balance solutions of a general spatial 6R closed linkage, which are also shown and explained. All balance solutions are illustrated to have realistic interpretations.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Linkage maps"

1

Thompson, R. I., and K. L. Daughtry. Stratigraphic linkages across Vernon map area, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/209501.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Amzeri, Achmad, Kaswan Badami, and Gita Pawana. Inheritance of resistance to downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis) in crossing of Madura Maize Plant (Zea mays L.). Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2019.1.

Full text
Abstract:
Hybridization of Back cross is one method to get varieties that are resistant to downy mildew. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on inheritance characteristics of downy mildew resistance. This research was conducted at the experiment center of Agro-Technology Study Program of Agriculture Faculty, University of Trunojoyo Madura. Research of Assessment of resistance to Downy Mildew used a randomized block design with 18 treatments (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 in three sets of crosses, namely LGL x Mdr-3, T12 x Mdr-1 and E02 x Mdr-2) and three replications so there were 54 experimental units. Identification of polymorphic RAPD markers for endurance to downy mildew through Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) was done by amplifying the DNA in the resistant pool and susceptible pool. The random primers used were 120 primers from 6 operon groups, namely OPA, OPB, OPC, OPD, OPF and OPG. The results showed that the inheritance pattern of maize genetic resistance to downy mildew followed a segregation pattern of 3:1 with a degree of dominance between -1 and 0, and was controlled by incomplete partially negative dominant gene. OPC-07 was a marker that was linkage close to the resistance to downy mildew with a genetic distance of 1.9 cM.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Thompson, R. I., and K. L. Daughtry. Stratigraphic linkage of carbonate-rich units across east-central Vernon map area, British Columbia: are Kingfisher (Colby) and Big Ledge zinc-lead occurrences part of the same regional marker succession? Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211141.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography