Journal articles: 'Lion – Therapeutic use'

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Bano, Parween, Sakhitha K. S, and K. Shankar Rao. "VANGA IN AYURVEDA - A LITERARY REVIEW." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 8, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 4520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj3608092020.

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Regarding the use of metals (Dhatu), history observation reveals that India was the first country to start the use of Vanga for various industrial, alchemical and therapeutic purposes. The word Trapu is mentioned regarding Vanga in Veda and Samhita. In Brihatrayi, external and internal use of Vanga is found with ref-erence to ‘Suvarna Samala Pancha Loha’, ‘Bhouma Dravyas’ etc. In Rasa classics, Vanga and its thera-peutic properties have been widely described under Puti Loha the metal which emit obnoxious smell, while they are melting. Rasa scholars mentioned its synonyms like Vanga, Picchata, Shukraloha etc which de-notes its distribution, physical and therapeutic properties. One of the properties of Vanga is Drutdravam i.e. melt at low heat which proves by its low melting point (2320C). On observing various literature, it is seen that in Samhita, only therapeutic use of mentioned. But in Rasashastra, its types, Pharmaceutical pro-cess like Shodhana, Jarana, Marana and use in alchemical and therapeutic purposes are described widely. Much importance has been given to its efficacy and told that ‘as lion destroy the group of elephants, like wise Vanga destroy all types of Meha Roga’. The author of Ayurveda Prakash has indicated that for Prameha Roga (diabetes), Vanga Bhasma is a drug of choice which is also evaluate by various research works on Vanga Bhasma.

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Rollando, Rollando, Warsito Warsito, Masruri Masruri, and Widodo Widodo. "Potential Therapeutic Use of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br and Sterculia foetida Linn.: Review." Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 19, no. 4 (September 15, 2020): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2020.325.334.

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Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Szopa, and Ekiert. "Citrus limon (Lemon) Phenomenon—A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies." Plants 9, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010119.

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This review presents important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus limon (lemon)—a species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic and culinary (healthy food) properties. A short description of the genus Citrus is followed by information on the chemical composition, metabolomic studies and biological activities of the main raw materials obtained from C. limon (fruit extract, juice, essential oil). The valuable biological activity of C. limon is determined by its high content of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (e.g., diosmin, hesperidin, limocitrin) and phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, synapic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids). The essential oil is rich in bioactive monoterpenoids such as D-limonene, β-pinene, γ-terpinene. Recently scientifically proven therapeutic activities of C. limon include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiparasitic activities. The review pays particular attention, with references to published scientific research, to the use of C. limon in the food industry and cosmetology. It also addresses the safety of use and potential phototoxicity of the raw materials. Lastly, the review emphasizes the significance of biotechnological studies on C. limon.

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Ishtiyaq, Ahmad, ABRAR ALAM, Javed Inam Siddiqui, and Munawwar Husain Kazmi. "Therapeutic Potential of Widely Used Unani Drug Asl-Us-Soos (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.): A Systematic Review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-s (August 25, 2019): 765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3318.

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Plants have been one of the important sources of therapeutics or other human health benefits since the beginning of human civilization throughout history. Currently, there is increasing awareness and general acceptability of the use of herbs, as a medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, cosmetics etc. Traditional system of medicine including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha etc. contributed in Health care dealing worldwide. The Unani system of medicine (USM) is an age old system of medicine which has a holistic approach to treat various kind of disease; most of the time the drugs mentioned in this system has tremendous effects in chronic disease. Asl-Us-Soos (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn), is a widely used herb in USM. Although the review articles on this plant are already published, this review article is presented to comply all the updated information on its therapeutic potency based on phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities and the potency which is described by renowned Unani physicians and scholars. The evidence based studies provides strengthen to the concept of Unani physicians as the Unani physician used and recommended the drug since along. Moreover the evidence based studies indicate that Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn possesses antibacterial, antioxidant, antimalarial, antispasmodic, expectorant, aphrodisiac, antimycobacterial activity, antiinflammatory and anti-hyper glycemic properties. Various other effects like antiulcer, antiviral, antihepatotoxic, antifungal and herpes simplex have also been studies. These results are very encouraging and indicate that this Unani drug can be studies more extensively with a well-planned and systematic scientific preclinical and clinical approach to explore the promising outcome. Further this review gives an account of the current knowledge on the morphological characters, microscopic characters, phytochemistry, and pharmacological actions present in root of Glycyrrhiza glabra along with its actions and therapeutic potential in the perspective of USM. Keywords: Glycyrrhiza glabra, therapeutic potential, USM

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N, Mishra D., Gomare K. S, and Sheelwant S. V. "GC-MS Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of Indigofera tinctoria (Linn.) Leaf Extract Characterizing its Medicinal Use." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 11, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v11i2.1540.

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Indigofera tinctoria (Linn.), a perennial shrub belongs to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) is well known in Indian system of medicines for its traditional uses. The present study was carried to find out the possible bioactive components in the leaves of this plant in ethanol extract by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and the therapeutic uses of each compound as per PASS and other database. The mass spectra of the extract found compounds that were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST version 5.7.1) library database. The GC-MS study observed different peaks as per retention time and then those peaks were analysed determining presence of 26 phytochemical compounds. The qualitative phytochemical screening done by routine laboratory methods also indicated presence of these bioactive compound groups like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenols, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids. These 26 compounds are understood to have different therapeutic activities as per in-silico databases, e.g. 2-Acetylamino-3-hydroxy-propionoic acid (glutamic acid) - used as Anti-diarrheal, Antiviral, Antipyretic, Protein synthesis inhibitor, Antidiabetic, Non-steroidal, Anti-inflammatory agent, Antipsoriatic, Antioxidant, Antifungal, Antineoplastic (sarcoma), Antiparasitic, Antibiotic Aminoglycoside-like, Antiseborrheic, Anticataract, Antithyroid, Anticarcinogenic, Antileprosy, Hair growth stimulant, Lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, Dermatologic, Testosterone, Antituberculosic, Antirickettsial, Antianemic, etc. activities. Hence, Indigofera tinctoria is an excellent source of phytocompounds, which help to heal various diseases and health complications in human beings. The use of this plant in traditional methods for the treatment of such diseases appears scientifically relevant as per the therapeutic activity data of its bioactive compounds.

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Mohan, Nayana, V. Meera, J. Soja, and M. S. Latha. "in silico Docking Analysis of Small Molecule Inhibitors from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis against Nipah Virus Infection." Asian Journal of Organic & Medicinal Chemistry 4, no. 4 (2019): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajomc.2019.ajomc-p235.

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Nipah virus is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus, classified as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) agents. The virus causes severe illness characterized by encephalitis or respiratory disease in human. The case-lethality rate of Nipah was reported to be 70 % in India, since year 2001. Despite the high pathogenicity of virus, no therapeutics are currently approved for use in human. But, ribavirin, favipiravir and human mono clonal antibody was found to reduce the intensity in early stage. Medicinal plants serve as a rich source of therapeutically active compounds. Nyctanthus arbortristis Linn or pavizhamalli (Harsinger) is traditionally known to have activity against Nipha virus. In this study, therapeutic activity of phytochemicals arbortristoside A and arbortristoside C present in pavizhamalli plant against Nipha virus target was investigated by computational docking simulation. Computational docking analysis was performed using Schrodinger Suite. The phytochemicals arbortristoside A and arbortristoside C show promising binding affinity with the target Nipah virus than the reference drugs. Results of the study could be advantageous to develop a new lead molecule against Nipah virus infection.

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Sharma, Gaurav Kumar, and Meenakshi Dhanawat. "Effectual qualitative chemical evaluation of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. by using fluorescence analysis." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1-s (February 15, 2019): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2248.

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Objective -Plants contain numerous biologically active compounds, many of these have been shown to exhibit therapeutic and antimicrobial properties and therefore they were in use as antimicrobial drugs in traditional medicines. Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. Assessment of medication implies affirmation of its personality and assurance of its quality and virtue and recognition of nature of debasement. Throughout the years the nature and level of assessment of rough medications has experienced an efficient changes. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made for effectual qualitative evaluation of dried powdered leaves and stem of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. by fluorescence analysis. Design & Intervention- The dried powdered sample of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. leaves and stem has been used to perform fluorescence analysis under the visible day light and UV light of short wavelength (254 nm) and long wavelength (365 nm) for their characteristic colour. Main outcome measures- The ultra violet light creates fluorescence in numerous common items, which don't noticeably fluoresce in sunshine. In the event that the substances themselves are not fluorescent, they may frequently be changed over into fluorescent subordinates or disintegration items by applying diverse reagents. The hues created by these reagents speak to the nearness of dynamic constituents. Results- The fluorescence character of any powdered character of any powdered medication is exceptionally particular and supportive distinctive highlights for the assurance of a medication. Conclusion- The dried powder and herbal extracts of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. leaves and stem showed varied fluorescence character which is an essential parameter for standardization of herbs. Keywords: Euphorbia neriifolia Linn., Standardization, Fluorescence analysis, Evaluation, Euphorbiaceae.

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Pallie, Mumtaz S., Pathirage K. Perera, Nishantha Kumarasinghe, Menuka Arawwawala, and Charitha L. Goonasekara. "Ethnopharmacological Use and Biological Activities of Tragia involucrata L." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (December 15, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8848676.

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Plants have been utilized as medicines to treat various ailments since ancient times. Formulations made by plant materials have been used in traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine and remain widespread in both developing and developed countries. In developing countries, traditional medicines are widely practiced due to its accessibility and affordability, while in developed countries, complementary and alternative medicine are widely popular due to the adverse effects of chemical drugs. Tragia involucrata Linn. (family: Euphorbiaceae) is a highly used medicinal plant used in both Sri Lankan and Indian traditional medical systems. Since this plant is a weed, it is being extensively destroyed due to the lack of knowledge regarding the medicinal value of this plant. Hence, the objective of this study was to collect data on the medicinal value of this plant by correlating its scientifically validated biological activities with its ethnopharmacological uses. An attempt was made to gather as much information available regarding the ethnopharmacological uses and scientifically validated biological activities of Tragia involucrata through authentic traditional texts, scientific journals, and other authentic texts regarding medicinal plants. Thus, the review provides an insight to the capability of Tragia involucrata to be used as a monoherbal formulation for diseases pertaining to multiple systems of the body. With all the scientifically validated biological activities and the ethnopharmacological uses, Tragia involucrata may qualify as a potent candidate to be developed into a phytomedicine to be utilized as both a preventive and as a therapeutic agent.

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Gul, Somia, Sabeen Raza, Zaira Rashid, Maria Ayub, and Ghulam Sarwar. "Neuropharmacological screening of Ficus Carica Linn; Fruit for Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Activity." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 17, no. 4 (September 19, 2018): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v17i4.38323.

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Background: Rutin and polyphenol which are present in ficus carica linn are responsible for anti-depressant and anxiolytics effect.Aims: We have conducted the study to evaluate the anti depressant and anxiolytic effect of ficuscaricalinn on mice and compare its effect with well known prescribed anti depressant and anxiolytic drug alprazolam.Methods: Three groups of mice were marked as Control, Reference and Test. Each group comprise of 5 mice. Control group was on normal diet. Reference group was feeded alprazolam at a dose of 0.5mg/60kg while test group were provided two different dilution of ficuscaricalinn, one dilution is 250mg/ kg/100ml of water and second dilution is 500mg/kg/100ml of water. We used Light/dark box method and Elevated plus maze method to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of ficus carica linn. To determine the anti-depressant effect of ficus carica linn.Results: we was used one method that is Head Dip Method. Results were collected and observed readings and data were clearly indicating the great and pronounced anti depressant and anxiolytic effect of ficus carica linn at a dose of 500mg/kg compare with a widely prescribed drug alprazolam for its anti-depressant and anxiolytic effect.Ficus carica is well known for its numerous biological activities also found to be one of excellent distressing agent. Stress provoking several disorders could be limit by the use of ficus carica fruit in doses 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg. Ficus carica linn as a natural product may prove better therapeutic agent if more study is conducted on it.Conclusion: As this study is confined to the mice, there’s much possibilities to have similar effect in humans but require more work on it.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(4) 2018 p.606-611

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Onuoha, Chinyere Henrietta, Charity Chinenye Nwachukwu, Ruth Tochukwu Nwachukwu, Chinwe Glory Nwogu Nwogu, Chieme Sunday Chukwudoruo, and Favour Ntite Ujowundu. "Comparative evaluation of proximate composition and anti-sickling potential of Annona muricata Linn seeds and leaves." AROC in Natural Products Research 01, no. 02 (September 14, 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/arocnpr01022935.

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Background: Annona muricata Linn is a notable, well-studied plant of therapeutic value. Based on the abundant pharmacological constituents contained in the understudied plant, it is imperative that the plant parts are investigated for nutritional value and anti-sickling potentials. Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is an inheritable haematological disorder, caused by an amino acid substitution on the haem protein. The outcomes for SCA are poor health indices and high mortality. Therefore, the use of natural products is necessary and widely promoted in countries with poor health infrastructure. Methods: In this study, A. muricata seeds and leaves were comparatively analysed for the proximate compositions. In addition, aqueous and ethanol extracts of A. muricata seeds and leaves were respectively analysed for anti-sickling potentials with the use of spectrophotometry. Results: Proximate composition of A. muricata seeds and leaves showed that both plant parts contain ash, carbohydrate, fat, fibre, moisture and protein. However, percentage proximate composition of A. muricata seeds was not significantly different from the percentage proximate composition of A. muricata leaves (p ≤ 0.05). From anti-sickling analysis, the aqueous extracts of A. muricata seeds and leaves were observed to inhibit HbSS polymerisation, while the ethanol extracts of A. muricata seeds and leaves showed limitations to the inhibition of HbSS polymerisation. Conclusion: A. muricata seeds and leaves possess potentials as health or nutritional supplements for the management of SCA. Further studies are necessary in order to ascertain efficacy and safety in in vivo models

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Ida Christi V E, Krishnaprabha C, Blesson Sha Fogarty N I, Sangilimuthu A, and Kumutha D. "Estimation of Heavy Metals in Selected Medicinal Herbs." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (August 7, 2020): 4619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2745.

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Worldwide nearly 80% of peoples are using the medicinal plants for basic illness due to the presence of primary metabolites, secondary metabolites, minerals and inorganic salts. Some Inorganic minerals available in plants are useful for health and have therapeutic value and some heavy metals are dangerous for health and may cause damage to internal organs. In view of that, the present study designed to quantitatively evaluate the presence of inorganic minerals like Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc and Copper and heavy metal like Mercury, Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Selenium, Cobalt and Chromium in selected medicinal herbs using Flame photometric method and tomic absorption method There is a limitation for the presence of heavy metals in herbal drugs, The distributions of these metals are not uniform all areas, so before using for formulation development all herbs should be taken for the estimation of heavy metals. In this study an attempt to estimate the inorganic elements and heavy metals present in some of the important medicinal plants like Moringa oleifera Lam, Achyranthes aspera Linn, Scoparia dulcisLinn, Achyranthes aspera Linn. Castus pictus Linn, are mostly used in traditional medicines. Based on the analysis, the result shows the minerals like Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc and Copper were present in considerable quantity e and heavy metals like Mercury, Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Selenium, Cobalt and Chromium were within the limit as per WHO standard values. ed plants are containing heavy metals were within the limit as per WHO standard. Further these medicinal plants can use for new herbal formulations.

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Kota, Karunakar, Sandhya Sharma, and Jameela Tahashildar. "A scientific validation of In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Punica granatum L. by human red blood cell membrane stabilization." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 7 (June 25, 2018): 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182830.

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Background: In recent years there has been growing interest in therapeutic use of natural products, especially those derived from plants. P. granatum is very common dietary ingredient in many parts of India and has remarkable biological and medicinal properties.Methods: In the present study, the methanolic extract of fruit peels of Punica granatum Linn. (MEPG) were investigated for anti-inflammatory activity by simple, reliable, less toxic and less time consuming HRBC membrane stabilization method. The presentation of hypo tonicity induced HRBC membrane lysis was taken a measure of anti-inflammatory activity. Their activities were compared with standard drug diclofenac.Results: The results of the study demonstrated that P. granatum contains active constituents, which possess anti-inflammatory activity which is probably related to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.Conclusions: It is concluded that methanolic extract of P. granatum fruit peel possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity and this is a possible rationale for its folkloric use as an anti-inflammatory agent.

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Hameed, A. Shahul, Jollykutty Eapen, Ansary P Y, Indulekha V C, and Resny AR. "PCR ASSAY BASED MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF JUSTICIA BETONICA LINN., THOTTEA SILIQUOSA LAM., MEMECYLON EDULE ROXB., PAJANELIA LONGIFOLIA (WILLD) K. SCHUM AND BAUHINIA ACCUMINATA LINN." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 11, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1106202.

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Characterization of plants with DNA markers is an ideal approach for identification of medicinal plant species as they provide objectively analyzable data for accurate and fast identification. There are many medicinal plants described in ancient literatures that have not been exploited for their medicinal values. A documented treasure of traditional knowledge of Kerala’s Ayurvedic and folklore practices is the ‘Hortus Malabaricus’. Description of various useful medicinal plants and their use as single drug can be seen in this ethnomedicinal compendium. The plants Justicia betonica Linn., Thottea siliquosa Lam., Memecylon edule Roxb., Pajanelia longifolia (Willd) K. Schum.) and Bauhinia accuminata Linn described in Hortus Malabaricus are considered to possess immense therapeutic potentials. As the Ayurveda industry as well as practitioners are facing severe scarcity of required medicinal plants, search for establishing the claimed pharmacologic values of hitherto unexplored plants is to be promoted. For this purpose, their proper identification and authentication is needed as a first step of scientific experiments. The molecular characterization including DNA isolation and sequencing provides fast and accurate identification of medicinal plant species. In this project, the molecular characterization of Justicia betonica, Thottea siliquosa, Memecylon edule, Pajanelia longifolia and Bauhinia accuminata, including DNA isolation and quantification, NCBI-BLAST analysis and DNA sequencing was done. The sequence analysis of Thottea siliquosa, Memecylon edule, Bauhinia accuminata and Justicia betonica by BLASTN (NCBI) is revealed 99 to 100 % nucleotide sequence homology with different database sequences enabling species level confirmation.

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Zazeri, Gabriel, Ana Paula Ribeiro Povinelli, Marcelo de Freitas Lima, and Marinônio Lopes Cornélio. "Experimental Approaches and Computational Modeling of Rat Serum Albumin and Its Interaction with Piperine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122856.

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The bioactive piperine (1-piperoyl piperidine) compound found in some pepper species (Piper nigrum linn and Piper sarmentosum Roxb) has been shown to have therapeutic properties and to be useful for well-being. The tests used to validate these properties were performed in vitro or with small rats. However, in all these assays, the molecular approach was absent. Although the first therapeutic trials relied on the use of rats, no proposal was mentioned either experimentally or computationally at the molecular level regarding the interaction between piperine and rat serum albumin (RSA). In the present study, several spectroscopic techniques were employed to characterize rat serum albumin and, aided by computational techniques, the protein modeling was proposed. From the spectroscopic results, it was possible to estimate the binding constant (3.9 × 104 M−1 at 288 K) using the Stern–Volmer model and the number of ligands (three) associated with the protein applying interaction density function model. The Gibbs free energy, an important thermodynamic parameter, was determined (−25 kJ/mol), indicating that the interaction was spontaneous. This important set of experimental results served to parameterize the computational simulations. The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics matched appropriately made it possible to have detailed microenvironments of RSA accessed by piperine.

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Sasso, Sandramara, Priscilla Cristovam Sampaio e Souza, Lidiani Figueiredo Santana, Claudia Andréa Lima Cardoso, Flávio Macedo Alves, Luciane Candeloro Portugal, Bernardo Bacelar de Faria, et al. "Use of an Extract of Annona muricata Linn to Prevent High-Fat Diet Induced Metabolic Disorders in C57BL/6 Mice." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071509.

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Annona muricata Linn, commonly known as graviola, is one of the most popular plants used in Brazil for weight loss. The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effects of three different doses (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 150 mg/kg) of aqueous graviola leaf extract (AGE) supplemented by oral gavage, on obese C57BL/6 mice. Food intake, body weight, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), an insulin sensitivity test, quantification of adipose tissue cytokines, weight of fat pads, and serum biochemical and histological analyses of the liver, pancreas, and epididymal adipose tissue were measured. AGE had an anti-inflammatory effect by increasing IL-10 at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. Regarding the cholesterol profile, there was a significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol levels in the AGE 150 group, and VLDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in the AGE 100 and 150 groups. There was an increase in HDL cholesterol in the AGE 150 group. The extract was able to reduce the adipocyte area of the epididymal adipose tissue in the AGE 100 and 150 groups. According to the histological analysis of the liver and pancreas, no significant difference was found among the groups. There were no significant effects of AGE on OGTT and serum fasting glucose concentration. However, the extract was effective in improving glucose tolerance in the AGE 150 group.

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Jogdand, Sangita, and Jagruti Bhattacharjee. "Evaluation of analgesic activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) in Wister rats." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 3 (February 24, 2017): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170814.

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Background: NSAIDs like Aspirin etc. are randomly used for mild to severe types of pain but long-term and injudicious use of NSAIDs lead to a number of side effects. The present study is designed for exploring the analgesic potential of Curcuma longa Linn (Turmeric) in albino rats, which may widen the therapeutic horizon for the said agent.Methods: Ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa in the doses 100, 200 and 400mg/kg is given orally to 6 Wister rats against a control of normal saline and a standard using Aspirin (300mg/kg) and the animals were subjected to Eddy’s hot plate test at different time intervals i.e., 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after administration of the drugs and the parameters were noted.Results: The analgesic activity of Curcuma longa showed significant (p<0.05) increase in mean basal reaction time in Hot plate method when compared to the control (Normal saline). As the dose of the ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa was gradually increased from 100, 200 and 400mg/kg respectively, the analgesic activity significantly increased (<0.05). Effect of curcuma longa at a dose of 400mg/kg is found to be comparable with Aspirin.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that turmeric (Curcuma longa) has significant analgesic activities in rats.

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Singh, Rajani, and Sudipta Kumar Rath. "A REVIEW ON AMALTAAS (CASSIA FISTULA LINN.) AS AN EKAL DRAVYA CHIKITSA IN BRIHATRAYEE." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation 10, no. 2 (April 14, 2021): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4572.102200.

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Cassia fistula, also known as golden shower, is a plant with many medicinal uses being used for various therapeutic purposes. It is also known by name Aaragvadha, which means “disease killer”. Its leaves, fruits and flowers are known to have medicinal relevance in Ayurveda. The fruit pulp is known to have laxative properties. It has many health benefits due to its constituents of variety of biologically active compounds those have various medicinal properties in its different part. Amaltaas is a potential medicine when used in Ekal form as well as in compound formulations. Since ancient times, it has been used in different traditional system of medicines for various ailments. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the use of Amaltaas as an Ekal Dravya for treating many ailments like diabetes, hematemesis, leucoderma, pruritis, intestinal disorders, as an antipyretic, analgesic and laxative. Amaltaas is being used as a one of the best prescribed remedy for many of the common ailments in day today’s life by large number of physicians. Using Amaltaas as a single dravya with various anupaan may results in optimum health benefit. Ekal dravya concept of using single substances has been mentioned in our ancient Ayurvedic literature. Use of amaltaas as a single drug therapy has been evidenced at various instances in Brihatrayee which is being reviewed in this article. Using Amaltaas as an ekal dravya and with other medicinal substances as an anupaan is also been considered and taken for the review.

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Sharma, Priyanka. "PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF PIPER LONGUM LINN. FRUITS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (IJPER) 1, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37021/ijper.v1i1.15.

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Introduction: Piper longum Linn, belonging to the family Piperaceae, is a climber, perennial shrub which is commonly found in India. The dried fruits of Piper longum are widely used in Ayurvedic System of medicines since time unknown. It posses significant pharmacological properties due to presence of variety of chemical constituents in it. Objective: The present study is aimed to evaluate the pharmacognostical, physiochemical and phytochemical parameters for Piper longum fruits, as per the WHO guidelines for herbal drug standardization. Materials and Methods: WHO emphasized the use of standardized herbs and formulations for safety and best therapeutic results. Results and Discussion: Pharmacognostical studies shows that the fruits of Piper longum are found as green when fresh which turns grayish black upon drying. It posses pungent, bitter and acrid taste. The fruits are cylindrical with small petiole. The powder microscopy shows the presence of brown content, oleo resins, stone cells and calcium oxalate crystals. Physiochemical analysis shows variable extractive values in different solvents with maximum extractives of 20.6±0.021% in water and minimum extractive value of 6.6±0.036% in chloroform. Total Ash value of 8.3±0.015%, Acid Insoluble Ash- 1.16±0.025% and Water Soluble Ash- 5.5±0.01%, Foreign Matter- 1.62±0.12%, Moisture content of 15.70±0.051%, Bitterness value-1.96, Swelling Index-1.5±0.01 and Foaming Index- 102.33. Phytochemical analysis of the fruits of Piper longum shows the presence of alkaloids, volatile oil, tannins, fixed oils, and phenolics. Conclusion: The botanical, physical and chemical parameters obtained in this study can be used for establishing the identity and purity of the drug that will lead to safety and efficacy of the herb.

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Panaro, Maria Antonietta, Addolorata Corrado, Tarek Benameur, Cantatore Francesco Paolo, Daniela Cici, and Chiara Porro. "The Emerging Role of Curcumin in the Modulation of TLR-4 Signaling Pathway: Focus on Neuroprotective and Anti-Rheumatic Properties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072299.

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Natural products have been used in medicine for thousands of years. Given their potential health benefits, they have gained significant popularity in recent times. The administration of phytochemicals existed shown to regulate differential gene expression and modulate various cellular pathways implicated in cell protection. Curcumin is a natural dietary polyphenol extracted from Curcuma Longa Linn with different biological and pharmacological effects. One of the important targets of curcumin is Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), the receptor which plays a key role in the modulation of the immune responses and the stimulation of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines production. Different studies have demonstrated that curcumin attenuates inflammatory response via TLR-4 acting directly on receptor, or by its downstream pathway. Curcumin bioavailability is low, so the use of exosomes, as nano drug delivery, could improve the efficacy of curcumin in inflammatory diseases. The focus of this review is to explore the therapeutic effect of curcumin interacting with TLR-4 receptor and how this modulation could improve the prognosis of neuroinflammatory and rheumatic diseases.

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Gopi, Anju, and Manju Jisho. "Evaluation of anti-lipoxygenase activity of Cassia fistula linn leaves using in vitro methods." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20183462.

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Background: Numerous plants are claimed to possess anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents in folk medicine, however, one among them is Cassia fistula linn leaves. The tree is 6-9 m high with straight trunk and smooth bark. It is pale green when young and gets rough and dark when old. The leaves are 23-30cm long and have got 4-8 pairs of oblong leaflets. Due to lack of specific scientific reports regarding its use for its anti-lipoxygenase property, this particular plant was selected for this particular study with the aim to bring scientific evidence for its therapeutic use.Methods: The anti-lipoxygenase study as carried by using 5-lipoxygenase(5-LOX) assay and 12-lipoxygenase(12-LOX) assay. In both the methods, absorbance of various concentrations of the tests and the control solutions were measured at 234nm.Results: Preliminary phytochemical study showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and phenolics. It was found that both the 5-LOX and 12-LOX were inhibited by the extract with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.23mg/ml obtained for the 5-LOX assay and an IC50 of 3.22mg/ml attained for the 12-LOX assay.Conclusions: The methanolic extract of the plant’s leaves showed anti-lipoxygenase activity similar to Indomethacin, thus ensuring that it could be used as an effective anti-inflammatory medicine.

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Gu, Xinru, Haiyu Zhao, Junyi Zhou, Yanyan Zhou, Xiaolu Wei, Hongjie Wang, Baolin Bian, Jian Yang, Wei Ren, and Nan Si. "Effects of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction on Oxidative Stress and AMPK-SIRT1 Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease Rat." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (January 2, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6212907.

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Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction (HLJDD), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is proven to have ameliorative effects on learning and memory deficits of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The current study aims to reveal the underlying mechanism of HLJDD in the treatment of AD by simultaneous determination on the regulation of HLJDD on oxidative stress, neurotransmitters, and AMPK-SIRT1 pathway in AD. AD model rat was successfully established by injection of D-galactose and Aβ25-35-ibotenic acid. Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate the success of AD modelling. On this basis, an advanced technique with UPLC-QqQ MS/MS was built up and applied to determine the levels of 8 neurotransmitters in rat plasma. Significant alternation in methionine, glutamine, and tryptophan was observed in AD rats’ plasma after the administration of HLJDD, relative to the model group. Meanwhile, HLJDD could upregulate the levels of SOD, GSH-Px, AMPK, and SIRT1 and downregulate the content of MDA in the peripheral system of the AD rats. The underlying therapeutic mechanism of HLJDD for the treatment of AD was associated with alleviating oxidation stress, inflammation, neurotransmitters, and energy metabolism. These data provide solid foundation for the potential use of HLJDD to treat AD.

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Picoli, Tony, Stefanie Bressan Waller, Jéssica Fernanda Hoffmann, Cristina Mendes Peter, Lariane da Silva Barcelos, Matheus Gomes Lopes, Renata Osório de Faria, et al. "Antiviral and virucidal potential of Origanum vulgare Linn. (oregano) extracts against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1)." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): e28410514979. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i5.14979.

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The search for natural resources with antiviral potential, as an alternative to synthetic drugs, has been growing and, in this sense, oregano presents itself as a potential candidate. However, the antiviral studies with oregano are still poorly explored. BoHV-1 stands out among veterinary pathogens, for its economic impact on cattle production. In this study, the antiviral and virucidal activity of polar extracts of Origanum vulgare was evaluated against BoHV-1. Infusion (INF10), decoction (DEC), and hydroalcoholic (HAE) extracts were tested to cytotoxic and antiviral assays on MDBK cells. Cytotoxic effects were analyzed through MTT assay and the antiviral activity was expressed as a percentage of inhibition (PI). BoHV-1 was incubated with O. vulgare extracts as virucidal assay. Concentrations ≤3.12 mg/ml (INF10) and ≤1.56 mg/ml (DEC/HAE) preserved the cell viability above 60%, and all extracts were safe (>96%) between 0.78 and 0.39 mg/ml. Regarding the antiviral activity, pre-treatment of all extracts highlighted in comparison to the post-treatment. The pre-treatment of infusion at 2 mg/ml highlighted due to the high cell viability (84.69%) and the elimination of the viral load. All extracts inactivated BoHV-1 from 2 hours of incubation (20 mg/ml), showing virucidal activity. These findings may be related to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as prevalent in all extracts. These findings showed the in vitro antiviral and virucidal activity of oregano polar extracts against BoHV-1 and may be promising for the therapeutic use against herpesviruses infections.

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Ilahi, Ikram, Ali Asghar, Shujat Ali, Murad Khan, and Nasrullah Khan. "Beneficial Effects of Pentanema vestitum Linn. Whole Plant on the Glucose and Other Biochemical Parameters of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rabbits." ISRN Pharmacology 2012 (December 20, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/478023.

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The residents of Lower Dir and Malakand agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, use the dry powder of whole plant of Pentanema vestitum for the treatment of asthma and diabetes. No documented reports are available about the therapeutic action of Pentanema vestitum. The present study was aimed to explore the antihyperglycemic effect of 70% methanol extract of Pentanema vestitum whole plant in glucose-induced nondiabetic hyperglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. During this study, the effects of plant extract on the serum lipid profile, GPT, ALP, bilirubin and creatinine of diabetic rabbits were also studied. The extract of Pentanema vestitum whole plant exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity in glucose-induced hyperglycemic rabbits. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits with extract significantly reduced the elevated levels of serum glucose, GPT, ALP, bilirubin and creatinine. During the study of lipid profile, the extract proved to be antihyperlipidemic and HDL boosting in diabetic rabbit models. From the finding of the present research, it was concluded that the 70% methanol extract of Pentanema vestitum whole plant has beneficial effects on serum levels of glucose, lipid profile, GPT, ALP, bilirubin, and creatinine of diabetic rabbits.

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Zheng, Shichao, Jan P. Baak, Shuang Li, Wenke Xiao, Hong Ren, Huan Yang, Yanxiong Gan, and Chuanbiao Wen. "Network pharmacology analysis of the therapeutic mechanisms of the traditional Chinese herbal formula Lian Hua Qing Wen in Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), gives fundamental support to the clinical use of LHQW." Phytomedicine 79 (December 2020): 153336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153336.

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Patience, Dingom Aurelie Taylor, Keugni Armand Brice, Bendegue Emebe Alexandrie Julia, Dzeufiet Djomeni Paul Désiré, Kamtchouing Pierre, and Théophile Dimo. "Analgesic and acute inflammation properties of the aqueous extract of dried leaves of Paullinia Pinnata (Sapindaceae) Linn." International Journal of Phytomedicine 9, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.5138/09750185.2115.

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Inflammation is frequently associated with pain. Plants continue to be major resources for therapeutic compounds against various diseases including inflammation and pain. Paullinia Pinnata is used to treat several diseases, including rheumatism and abdominal pain. This study was undertaken to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Paullinia Pinnata. The analgesic activity was evaluated by using behaviour pain model in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by using carrageenan, dextran, histamine and serotonin induced inflammation in rat. The extract was administered orally at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The results showed that the extract significantly (P< 0.001) reduced the number of writhing induced by the acid acetic. The aqueous extract reduced significantly (P< 0.001) the paw licking time in formalin model. The effect of the extract (200mg/kg) was significantly (P< 0.001) reduced in the presence of naloxone, during the inflammatory phase. In addition, the extract significantly (P< 0.05) increase latency time at all point time and all doses on nociception induced by hot plate. Concerning inflammation induced by carrageenan and dextran, the extract significantly (P< 0.001) inhibited oedema during the experimental time at the dose of 200 mg/kg. The results suggested that Paullinia pinnata aqueous extract possess analgesic activities which may interfere in both peripheral and central pathway. The anti-inflammatory activities may be mediated by either inhibiting or by blocking the release of vasoactive substances like histamine, serotonin, kinins and prostaglandins. These results justify the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of pain and inflammation.

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Huanbutta, Kampanart, Pornsak Sriamornsak, Inderbir Singh, and Tanikan Sangnim. "Manufacture of 2D-Printed Precision Drug-Loaded Orodispersible Film Prepared from Tamarind Seed Gum Substrate." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 5852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135852.

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Two-dimensional (2D) printing is a simple technology that shows the possibility for the preparation of personalized pharmaceutical dosage forms. This technology can accurately print medicine in different sizes, which can be applied to develop a personalized, drug-loaded orodispersible film for patients with dysphagia. Seed gum from Tamarindus indica Linn was selected as the film former of the printing substrate, and sorbitol was applied as a film plasticizer. Theophylline was used as a printed model drug due to its narrow therapeutic index. From the results, the mechanical properties of the film indicated that increasing the level of sorbitol improved the flexibility and strength of the film, which rendered the gum film suitable as a printing substrate. Conversely, raising portions of the gum (more than 3.5%) led to the use of rigid and stress-resistant films that can crack during the printing process. The Fourier transform infrared result revealed that there was no interaction between theophylline and the gum after the printing process. The printed theophylline was mainly in an amorphous form based on the X-ray diffraction results. Furthermore, theophylline was deposited at the surface of the gum substrate after the drug-printing process, as depicted in the scanning electron microscope images. The printed drug on the orodispersible film can be accurately determined by varying the printing size/repeat. Lastly, the drug was completely released from the orodispersible film within 5 min. The research results showed the possibility of utilizing tamarind seed gum as a potential printing substrate for the 2D drug-printing technique. Moreover, this can be applied as an electronic prescribing system for telemedicine in the future.

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Nowak, J. "Evaluating the Synergistic Effects of Carica papaya Linn, Vernonia amygdalina Delile, Artemisinin and Iodine As Potential Agents in the Management of Breast Cancer." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 122s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.28100.

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Background: The rise in breast cancer prevalence rate across the globe and in Africa is a public health issue. Accessibility to the effective and affordable therapeutic options for the management of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa is challenging due to high costs, questionable effectiveness and toxicity of treatments available. Studies have documented the use of complimentary and alternative medicine in contemporary cancer treatment in form of standardized phytomedicines. However, the scientific evidence on their efficacies, synergy, safety and adequacy is still lacking. Vernonia amygdalina Delile (leaf extract). Furthermore, Carica papaya Linn (leaf extract), artemisinin and molecular iodine have been previously reported to have activity against breast cancer but their synergistic effect has not been validated. Aim: This study seeks to evaluate synergistic effects of Carica papaya Linn (leaf extract), Vernonia amygdalina Delile (leaf extract), artemisinin and molecular iodine against breast cancer cell lines in vitro and safety profile in selected animal models in vivo. Four specific objectives where stated: (i) to determine inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the plant and compound combinations in vitro against breast cancer cell lines; (ii) to determine effective dose (ED50) of most effective combination(s) against cancer cell lines using animal models (in vivo); (iii) to assess the acute, subacute, chronic toxicity profile of most efficacious combination against breast cancer cell lines; (iv) to identify and characterize bioactive compounds in the combination that shows the highest activity against breast cancer cell lines. Methods: Breast cancer cell lines: MCF 7, MDA-MB-231 will be used to determine IC50 of combinations in vitro. MTT assay will be applied for quantification of viable cells in culture. Both positive and negative controls will be adopted in the study. Mice and rats animal models will be used for toxicity study and determination of ED50 of most active combinations. Bioactive compounds in combination(s) will be identified using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Standard procedures according to WHO. Graph Prism computer software will be used to obtain LD50. The results will be statistically analyzed using Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 16 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software. Results: Study in progress. Conclusion: This study will provide a significant contribution into aspects of herbal medicine in breast cancer research, as there is limited research and development efforts in respect to new products to treat breast cancer in the African context. The development of natural, efficacious, cost effective, safer, easier accessible breast cancer management alternative is anticipated as a result of the study. Some of the compounds found in the chosen plants may be used as templates for development of new anticancer product.

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Soomro, Samreen, M. Ahmed Mesaik, Farzana Shaheen, Noureen Khan, Sobia Ahsan Halim, Zaheer Ul-Haq, Rafat Ali Siddiqui, and Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary. "Inhibitory Effects of Myrtucommuacetalone 1 (MCA-1) from Myrtus Communis on Inflammatory Response in Mouse Macrophages." Molecules 25, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010013.

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(1) Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are key signaling molecules that play important roles in the progression of inflammatory disorders. The objective of this study was to explore the use of myrtucommuacetalone-1 (MCA-1), as a novel compound of natural origin and a potential anti-inflammatory agent. (2) Methodology: The anti-inflammatory potential of MCA-1, which was isolated from Myrthus communis Linn, was determined by assaying superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide production in macrophages. Furthermore, the effects of the compound were analyzed via phosphorylation and translocation of the transcription factor NF kappa B, which is a key regulator of iNOS activation. The effect of MCA-1 on the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme was also examined using in silico docking studies. The anticancer potential for MCA-1 was evaluated with an MTT cytotoxic assay. (3) Results: In stimulated macrophages, MCA-1 inhibited superoxide production by 48%, hydrogen peroxide by 53%, and nitric oxide (NO) with an IC50 of <1 µg/mL. MCA-1 also showed a very strong binding pattern within the active site of the inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme. Furthermore, 25 µg/mL of MCA-1 inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and abolished transcription factor (NFκB) phosphorylation and translocation to the nucleus. Cytotoxicity analyses of MCA-1 on 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, CC1 liver cell line, J774.2, macrophages and MDBK bovine kidney epithelial cell, yielded IC50 values of 6.53 ± 1.2, 4.6 ± 0.7, 5 ± 0.8, and 4.6 ± 0.7, µg/mL, respectively. (4) Conclusion: Our results suggest that MCA-1, a major phloroglucinol-type compound, shows strong anti-inflammatory activity and has a potential to be a leading therapeutic agent in the future.

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Baharuddin, Nor Saffana, Muhamad Aidilfitri Mohamad Roslan, Mohsen Ahmed Mohammed Bawzer, Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme, Zuraida Ab Rahman, Mohd Ezuan Khayat, Nor Aini Abdul Rahman, and Zulfazli M. Sobri. "Response Surface Optimization of Extraction Conditions and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Evaluation of an Under-Valued Medicinal Weed, Mimosa pudica." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081692.

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Mimosa pudica Linn is a well-known perennial herb and is traditionally used in ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of various illnesses. Despite its abundance in nature, the therapeutic potential of this invasive weed is deemed to be underappreciated in Malaysia. Previous studies have found an abundance of bioactive compounds associated with potent antioxidant properties in all parts of the plant. However, the optimum parameters required for the extraction of antioxidant compounds are still unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to optimize the solvent extraction parameters of M. pudica using response surface methodology to enrich the accumulation of antioxidant compounds in the extracts. The effects of the optimized M. pudica extracts were then evaluated on the cell viability and glucose uptake ability in a 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line. The highest total phenolic (91.98 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g of the dry extract) and total flavonoid content (606.31 mg of quercetin equivalent per g of the dry extract) were recorded when using 100% ethanol that was five-fold and three-fold higher, respectively, as compared to using 50% ethanol. The extract concentration required to achieve 50% of antioxidant activity (IC50 value) was 42.0 µg/mL using 100% ethanol as compared to 975.03 µg/mL using 50% ethanol. The results indicated that the use of 100% ethanol solvent had the greatest impact on the accumulation of antioxidant compounds in the extract (p < 0.05). Cell viability assay revealed that all extract concentration treatments recorded a viability level of above 50%. Glucose uptake assay using 2-NBDG analog showed that the cells treated with 50 µg/mL extract combined with insulin were five-fold higher than the control group. Given the high antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of this plant, M. pudica can be easily highlighted as a plant subject of interest, which warrants further investigation for nutraceutical prospects.

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Lalitha Ramaswamy. "Antimicrobial Properties of Cocos nucifera: A Review." CORD 31, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v31i1.62.

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Akinyele, T.A., 2011. Assessment of the antibacterial properties of n-Hexane extract of Cocos Nucifera and its interactions with some Conventional antibiotics. Masters Dissertation. University of Fort Hare, Alice. Alan´ıs, A.D., Calzada, F, Cervantes J.A., Torres, J., and Ceballos, G.M. 2005. Antibacterial properties of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 100, 153–157. Alviano, W.S., Alviao, D.S., Diniz, C.G., Antoniolli, A.R., Alviano, C.S., Frias, L.M. 2008. In vitro antioxidant potential of medicinal plant extracts and their activities against oral bacteria based on Brazilian folk medicine. Arch Oral Biol. 53:545-552. Arora, R, Chawla, R, Marwah, R, Arora, P, Sharma R.K., Kaushik, V, Goel, R, Kaur, A, Silambarasan, M, Tripathi, R.P., and Bhardwaj, J.R. 2011. Corporation. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Hindawi Publishing. Bakhru, H.K. 2000. Foods That Heal. Orient Paper Backs, New Delhi. Batovska, I.D., Todorova, I.T., Tsvetkova I.V., and Najdenski H.M. 2009. Antibacterial Study of the Medium Chain Fatty Acids and Their 1- Monoglycerides: Individual Effects and Synergistic Relationships. Polish Journal of Microbiology. 58: 43- 47. Bolling, B.W., McKay, D.L., Blumberg, J.B. 2010. The phytochemical composition and antioxidant actions of tree nuts. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr; 19: 117-23. Conrado S. Dayrit. 2000. Read at the XXXVII Cocotech Meeting, Chennai, India Deb Mandal M, Mandal. S 2011. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): In health promotion and disease Prevention. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 241-247. Dyana, J.P., and Kanchana, G. 2012. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Cocos Nucifera L. Flowers, International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 4, Issue 3. Effiong, G.S., Ebong, P.E., Eyong, E.U., Uwah, A.J., and Ekong, U.E. 2010. Amelioration of Chloramphenicol Induced Toxicity in Rats by Coconut Water, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6(4): 331-335. Esquenazi D, Wigg M.D, Miranda M.M.F.S., Rodrigues H.M., Tostes J.B.F., Rozental S, da Silva A.J.R. and Alviano, C.S 2002. Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of polyphenolics fromCocos nucifera Linn. (Palmae) husk fiber extract. Research in Microbiology 153: 647–652. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Economic and Social Department. Statistics division (September 2, 2010). FAOSTAT- Production- Crops [Selected annual data]. Retrieved April 14, 2011 from the FAOSTAT database. Ifesan, B.O.T., Fashakin, J.F., Ebosele, F, and Oyerinde, A.S. 2013. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Plant Leaves, European Journal of Medicinal Plants 3(3): 465-473. Krishnamoorthy, M. and Arjun, P. 2012. Probiotic and antimicrobial activity of bacteria from fermented toddy of Cocos nucifera, J. Acad. Indus. Res. Vol. 1(3). Mandal S.M., Dey, S, Mandal, M, Sarkar, S, Maria-Neto, S. and Franco, O.L. 2009. Identification and structural insights of three novel antimicrobial peptides isolated from green coconut water. Peptides. 30. 633-637. Mariselvam, R, Ranjitsingh, A.J.A., Nandhini, U.R.A. and Kalirajan, K. 2013. Antihelmintic and antibacterial activity of Cocos nucifera tree inflorances crude extract. IJSID, 3 (2), 311-316. Mehlhorn H, Al-Quraishy S, Al-Rasheid KAS, Jatzlau A, and Abdel-Ghaffar F. Addition of a combination of onion (Allium cepa) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) to food of sheep stops Gastrointestinal Helminthic infections. Parasitol Res (2011) 108:1041–1046. Mendonça-Filho R.R, Rodrigues I.A, Alviano D.S, Santos A.L.S, Soares R.M.A, Alviano C.S, Lopes A H.C.S., Rosa M.S. 2004. Leishmanicidal activity of polyphenolic-rich extract from husk fiber of Cocos nucifera Linn. (Palmae) Research in Microbiology 155: 136–143. Mukherjee PK, Kumar SN and Heinrich M (2008). Plant Made Pharmaceuticals (PMPs)- Development of Natural Health Products from Bio-Diversity. Indian J. Pharm Educ. Res 42(2), 113-121. Nakatsuji, T, Kao M.C., Fang, J.Y., Zouboulis, C.C., Zhang, L, Gallo R.L. and Huang C.M. 2009. Antimicrobial Property of Lauric Acid against Propionibacterium acnes: Its Therapeutic Potential for Inflammatory Acne Vulgaris, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Volume 129. NMCE. Report on Copra. National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Limited; 2007, 1-14. O’Neil, C.E., Keast, D.R., Nicklas, T.A. and Fulgoni V.L. 2012. Out of-hand nut consumption is associated with improve nutrient intake and health risk markers in US children and adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Nutr Res 32: 185–194. Ogbolu D.O., Oni AA, Daini OA, and A.P. Oloko 2007. In Vitro Antimicrobial Properties of Coconut Oil on Candida Species in Ibadan, Nigeria, J Med Food 10 (2), 384–387. Pushpan R, Kumari H, Nishteswar K and N Vishwanathan. 2013. Preliminary Phytochemcial Screening of Narikelapushpa (Flower of Cocos nucifera L.) Global Journal of Traditional Medicinal Systems, 2(2): 1-3. Singla R.K., Jaiswal N, Bhat V and Hitesh Jagani 2011. Antioxidant & Antimicrobial Activities of Cocos Nucifera Linn. (Arecaceae) Endocarp Extracts Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1(4): 354-361. Taheri J.B., Espineli F.W., Lu H, Asayesh M, Bakshi M, Nakhostin M.R 2010. Antimicrobial effect of coconut flour on oral microflora: An in vitro study. Res J Biol Scs. 5(6): 456-459. Thaweboon S, Nakaparksin J, Thaweboon B.2011. Effect of Oil-Pulling on Oral Microorganisms in Biofilm Models, Asia Journal of Public Health, Vol. 2 No. 2. Venkataraman S, Ramanujam T.R, Venkatasubbu V.S. 1980. Antifungal activity of the alcoholic extract of coconut shell—Cocos nucifera Linn. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2: 291–293. Verma V, Bhardwaj A, Rathi S. and Raja R.B 2012. A Potential Antimicrobial Agent from Cocos nucifera mesocarp extract; Development of a New Generation Antibiotic. ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol. 1(2), 48-54.

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Lian, Shang Li, Yao WANG, Sheng Zhou, Mugdha Sukthankar, Geoffrey A. Neale, James R. Downing, and John D. Schuetz. "A Role For a Multi-Drug Resistance Protein (MRP4/ABCC4) In Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2518.2518.

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Abstract Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy comprising 15-20% of childhood acute leukemias and remains a challenging disease with cure rates of only 60% using conventional therapy. However, unlike ALL de novo AML is characterized by a very low burden of genomic alterations suggesting other genetic and/or epigenetic alterations occur within hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) or progenitors to affect their normal self-renewal, proliferation and/or differentiation in this disease. Multi-drug Resistance Protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) is the fourth member of the ABCC subfamily of ABC transporters (de novoAML, suggesting MRP4 has a role in myeloid leukemia. Moreover, gene expression profiling from 155 pediatric AML patients showed that MRP4 was differentially expressed among AML subtypes with M7 having the highest expression. To characterize the function of MRP4 in normal hematopoiesis and in the etiology of AML, we use a murine Mrp4 knockout model. Mrp4KO mice had a similar number of BM progenitors as WT mice did. However, hematopoietic stem cells of Mrp4KO appeared to have an intrinsic defect because short- and long-term repopulation was impaired in a competitive repopulation (CR) mouse model. To examine the role of MRP4 in AML etiology, we generated an NMYC-overexpressing AML model because NMYC overexpression is a frequent event in pediatric AML and is highly oncogenic in mouse myeloid cells (Kawagoe et al., 2007). In addition, NMYC expression was frequently associated with elevated MRP4 expression, a recently reported target of NMYC (Porro et al., 2010; Porro et al., 2011). We showed that NMYC-overexpressing WT BM cell had an increased progenitor population, which was absent in Mrp4KO cells. Because overexpression of MRP4 in lineage-depleted bone marrow cells increased the CD34+ population which correlated with increased expression of progenitor marker such as cKit, we tested whether exogenous MRP4 could rescue the progenitor population in Mrp4KO. We demonstrated that restoring MRP4 in Mrp4KO cells indeed rescued the progenitor populations. Furthermore, Mrp4-deficiency delayed in vivo NMYC-dependent leukemogenesis in an AML mouse model, possibly by decreasing the proliferation/survival of the tumor cells. Current studies are further elucidating pathways whereby MRP4 provides a biological advantage. In summary, Mrp4 is important for both normal and deregulated progenitor functions, especially during leukemogenesis when progenitor populations greatly increase. It is likely MRP4 alters survival and/or proliferation of progenitors. This work will further our understanding of ABC transporters in the normal biology and pathology of hematopoietic cells and has the potential to facilitate identification of new therapeutic targets for AML treatment. This work was supported by NIH and by the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC). † Shang Li Lian, PhD shangli.lian@stjude.org, 901-595-2782, address: Chili’s Care Center, Rm I5206, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Chakupurakal, Geothy, Maria Garcia- Marquez, Alexander Shimabukuro- Vornhagen, Hans Anton Schloesser, Udo Holtick, Christoph Scheid, and Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon. "Changes in the T and B- Cell Subsets Following Treatment with a CD25-Antibody in Patients with Steroid Refractory GvHD." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.2497.2497.

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Abstract Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the therapeutic option for a variety of malignant and non-malignant haematological diseases. Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD) is a common post transplant complication. In 40% of these patients, GvHD is steroid refractory and associated with a mortality of around 60%. Basiliximab is a chimeric murine –human antibody also selective for interleukin -2 receptor (IL-2R) with a half life of 7 days. It is routinely used as part of the induction therapy in renal transplant recipients to prevent acute rejection following successful phase III studies. Phase 2 studies have demonstrated its superior efficacy in treating patients with steroid refractory GvHD (1). We administered Basiliximab in 14 patients with steroid refractory GvHD with a median age of 41 (range 20-69). M: F 7:7. All patients but one 13/14 received PBSC from unrelated donors and 6/13 had mismatched unrelated donors. Overall response was in the order of 12/14 (85%). One patient could not be assessed. 7/14 (50%) achieved a complete response to treatment. We aimed to study the in vivo T- and B-cell changes following Basiliximab administration as this would be an ideal platform to monitor the alterations in the regulatory T and B-cell compartment. PBMCs were obtained from all donors after informed consent, Immucan (Nr 11-116) approved by our local ethics committee, prior to and after weekly administration of Basiliximab 40mg for 4 weeks. Control samples were obtained from patients with steroid responsive acute GvHD. The total number of CD3+ as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells remained constant during treatment and no change was observed on comparison with the controls. Gagliani et al (2) demonstrated that regulatory type 1 T-cells can be identified by the co-expression of CD49b and Lag3. No difference was observed between the % CD49d+, Lag3+ T-cells in the control cohort and the treatment cohort prior to therapy, ie day 0. The % CD49d+, Lag3+ T-cells decreased during the treatment period (statistically significant) in comparison to the control cohort. Despite the use of the CD25-antibody, a small population of CD25+, CD127+ cells could be detected and this population correlated to the % CD49d+, Lag3+ T-cells. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2. The % CD19+, CD20+ B-cells were similar prior to treatment in the treatment group and control. Following the first administration a rise was observed followed by a decline over the next 3 weeks. No changes were seen in the activated (CD20+, CD86+) and anergic B-cell subsets (CD20+, CD21-) during the observation period. The % of CD24high, CD27+ regulatory B-cells were found to be twice that seen in the controls. With treatment a decrease was seen in this population. The CD24high, CD38high transitional B-cells were also found to be higher than that seen in the controls. No change was observed in this subset with treatment. Figure 3 Figure 3. This is the first attempt to study the in-vivo changes induced by a CD25 antibody in patients with steroid refractory GvHD. We conclude that this antibody not only depletes the alloreactive CD25+ T and B-cell population but also alters the regulatory T and B-cell subsets in comparison to patients with steroid responsive GvHD. Our clinical data supports the efficacy of this drug in patients with steroid refractory GvHD. Contrary to the current knowledge that regulatory T-cells are required for GvHD suppression our data suggests that Basiliximab facilitates regulatory T-cell depletion. The reduction of the regulatory T-cell subset observed in patients responding to anti CD25 treatment suggests a complex regulation and potential dichotomous role of these cells in acute GvHD. Schmidt-Hieber M, Fietz T, Knauf W, Uharek L, Hopfenmuller W, Thiel E, et al. Efficacy of the interleukin-2 receptor antagonist basiliximab in steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease. Br J Haematol. 2005 Aug;130(4):568-74.Gagliani N, Magnani CF, Huber S, Gianolini ME, Pala M, Licona-Limon P, et al.Coexpression of CD49b and LAG-3 identifies human and mouse T regulatory type 1 cells. Nat Med. 2013 Jun;19(6):739-46 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Chardonnens, Evelyne. "The Use of Animals as Co-Therapists on a Farm: The Child—Horse Bond in Person-Centered Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy / Der Einsatz von Tieren als Co-Therapeuten auf einem Bauernhof: Die Kind-Pferd-Bindung in einer Personzentrierten Psychotherapie mit Hilfe von Pferden / El Uso de Animales como Co-terapeutas en una Granja: El Vínculo Niño-Caballo en Equino-Psicoterapia Centrada en la Persona / Les Animaux en Tant que Co-thérapeutes: Le Lien entre l'Enfant et le Cheval dans la Psychothérapie Équine Centrée sur la Personne / O Recurso a Animais como Co-terapeutas: O Laço Criança-Cavalo na Hipoterapia Centrada na Pessoa /." Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies 8, no. 4 (December 2009): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2009.9688496.

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Baillie, G. Mark, Jeffrey T. Sherer, and C. Wayne Weart. "Insulin and Coronary Artery Disease: Is Syndrome X the Unifying Hypothesis?" Annals of Pharmacotherapy 32, no. 2 (February 1998): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.13398.

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OBJECTIVE: To review data supporting the hypothesis that syndrome X plays a major role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD), and the effects of lifestyle factors and pharmacologic interventions on insulin, other metabolic parameters, and outcomes. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (January 1966–August 1997) and Current Contents database searches identified applicable English-language experimental trials, epidemiologic studies, reviews, and editorials. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies that were included addressed the role of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of CAD or the effects of lifestyle factors and pharmacologic interventions on metabolic parameters and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: The main characteristics of syndrome X are hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. These result in secondary syndrome X features, including hyperglycemia, increased very-low-density lipoprotein concentrations, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension. Insulin resistance is worsened by obesity, and insulin has been shown to contribute to the development of hypertension. Other studies demonstrate that smoking adversely affects glucose and insulin concentrations. Animal studies have linked hyperinsulinemia and atherogenesis. These animal data have been confirmed by several large prospective and population studies that have identified associations between hyperinsulinemia and CAD. CONCLUSIONS: Strong evidence links insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia to CAD. Lifestyle modifications play an important role in decreasing cardiovascular risk, and clinicians should strongly encourage such changes. Clinicians must also carefully consider the effects of antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic, and antidyslipidemic agents on patients' metabolic profiles when choosing appropriate therapeutic regimens. However, outcome data on many potentially beneficial agents, including calcium antagonists, α1-adrenergic antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, metformin, acarbose, and troglitazone, are not yet available. OBJETIVO: Repasar (1) datos apoyando la hipótesis de que el Síndrome X tiene un papel principal en la patogénesis de la enfermedad de la arteria coronaria (EAC) y (2) los efectos de factores del estilo de vida e intervenciones farmacológicas sobre insulina, otros parámetros metabólicos, y resultados. FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN: Investigaciones de MEDLINE y Current Contents identificaron pruebas experimentales, estudios epidemiológicos, revisiones, y editoriales aplicables en el idioma inglés. SELECCIÓN DE FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN: Los estudios incluídos discutieron el rol de la resistencia a insulina e hiperinsulinemia en la patogénesis de EAC, o los efectos de factores del estilo de vida e intervenciones farmacológicas en los parámetros metabólicos y resultados. SÍNTESIS: Las características principales del Síndrome X son hiperinsulinemia y resistencia a insulina. Esto resulta en características del Síndrome X secundarias incluyendo hiperglicemia, aumento en las concentraciones de lipoproteina de muy baja densidad, disminución en la lipoproteina colesterol de densidad elevada, e hipertensión. La resistencia a insulina es agravada por obesidad, y se ha demostrado que la insulina contribuye al desarrollo de hipertensión. Otros estudios demuestran que el fumar afecta adversamente las concentraciones de glucosa e insulina. Estudios en animales han conectado la hiperinsulinemia con aterogénesis. Estos datos en animales han sido confirmados por varios estudios prospectivos y de población grandes que han identificado asociaciones entre hiperinsulinemia y EAC. CONCLUSIONES: Existe fuerte evidencia conectando la resistencia a insulina e hiperinsulinemia con EAC. Modificaciones en el estilo de vida tienen un papel importante en la disminución del riesgo cardiovascular y los médicos deben fomentar firmemente tales cambios. Los médicos también deben considerar cuidadosamente los efectos de agentes antihipertensivos, antihiperglicémicos, y antidislipidémicos en los perfiles metabólicos de los pacientes al seleccionar regímenes terapéuticos apropiados. Sin embargo, datos sobre los resultados de muchos agentes potencialmente beneficiosos, incluyendo los antagonistas de calcio, antagonistas adrenérgicos α-1, inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina, metformina, acarbosa, y troglitazona no están disponibles aún. OBJECTIF: Réviser (1) les données supportant l'hypothèse selon laquelle le Syndrome X joue un rôle majeur dans la pathogénèse de la maladie coronarienne et (2) l'effet des modifications aux habitudes de vie ou des interventions pharmacologiques sur l'insuline, et d'autres paramètres métaboliques, ainsi que sur les résultats cliniques. REVUE DE LITTÉRATURE: Des recherches dans les banques de données MEDLINE et Current Contents ont permis d'identifier les études cliniques et épidémiologiques pertinentes, de même que les articles de revue, et les éditoriaux publiés en anglais. SÉLECTION DES ÉTUDES ET DE L'INFORMATION: Les études choisies discutent de l'influence de la résistance à l'insuline et de l'hyperinsulinémie sur la pathogénèse de la maladie coronarienne ou de l'effet des changements aux habitudes de vie ou des interventions pharmacologiques sur les paramètres métaboliques et les résultats cliniques. RÉSUMÉ: Les caractéristiques principales du Syndrome X sont l'hyperinsulinémie et la résistance à l'insuline. Ceci produit les caractéristiques secondaires du Syndrome X soit, l'hyperglycémie, l'élévation des concentrations de lipoprotéines de très faible densité, la chute des concentrations de lipoprotéines de haute densité et l'hypertension. La résistance à l'insuline est aggravée par l'obésité et on a démontré que l'insuline contribue au développement de l'hypertension. D'autres études ont démontré que le tabagisme altère défavorablement les concentrations d'insuline et de glucose. Des études animales ont établi un lien entre rhyperinsulinémie et l'athérogénèse. Ces données animales ont été confirmées par quelques grandes études prospectives de population qui ont démontré une association entre l'hyperinsulinémie et la maladie coronarienne. CONCLUSIONS: Il est évident que la résistance à l'insuline et l'hyperinsulinémie sont liées à la maladie coronarienne. Les modifications aux habitudes de vie jouent un rôle important dans la diminution du risque de maladie cardiovasculaire et les cliniciens devraient fortement encourager ces mesures chez leurs patients. Au moment de choisir le régime thérapeutique approprié, les cliniciens doivent également considérer les effets des agents antihypertenseurs, hypoglycémiants, et hypolipémiants sur le profil métabolique du patient. Toutefois, la confirmation des résultats cliniques n'est toujours pas disponible avec plusieurs agents potentiellement bénéfiques soit, les bloqueurs des canaux calciques, les α1-bloqueurs, les inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine, la metformine, l'acarbose, et le troglitazone.

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CHETNA BAREGAMA and ANJU GOYAL. "PHYTOCONSTITUENTS, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, AND MEDICINAL USE OF LEPIDIUM SATIVUM LINN.: A REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, March 13, 2019, 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i4.31292.

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Herbal medicines are in nice demand within the developed additionally as developing countries for primary aid due to their wide biological and medicative activities, higher safety margins, and lesser prices. Lepidium sativum Linn. (Brassicaceae) is annual herb regionally referred to as halon in India, however, usually referred to as garden cress. L. sativum is a fast growing edible plant. Seeds, roots, and leaves of garden cress have economic importance; however, the crop is especially cultivated for seeds. It is a therapeutic vital herb in India. L. sativum has various pharmacological actions such as antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, antioxidant activity, cytotoxic activity, diuretic activity, hepatoprotective activity, hypoglycemic activity, antiosteoporotic activity, antiasthmatic activity, anti-carcinogenic effect, cardiotonic activity, smooth and skeletal muscles contraction activity, fracture healing property, chemoprotective effects, and hemagglutinating activity. It is used for menstrual cycle regulation, gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea and constipation and to increase milk production. It is also reported to exhibit antirheumatic activity. It is also used as an immunity booster and brain intellect enhancer agent as traditional medicine. So that this review reveal that L. sativum is a source of medicinally active compounds and have a variety of pharmacological effects. These studies will be helpful to create focus toward L. sativum and may be useful in developing new formulations with more therapeutic and to provide a direction for advance research.

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Verma, Pawan Kumar, Rajinder Raina, Sanjay Agarwal, and Harpreet Kour. "Phytochemical ingredients and pharmacological potential of Calendula officinalis Linn." Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research, December 23, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/pbr.v4i2.214.

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Calendula officinalis Linn. commonly known as marigold has long history of usage by the folklore system. It has a high economic value as herbal medicine and is widely used in cosmetics, perfumes, dyes, pharmaceutical preparations and food products for centuries. The plant has been approved for food use and appears in the food and drug administration (FDA) list of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substances. The literature available for the comprehensive review study were taken from the different worldwide accepted scientific database, journals, books for botanical description, pharmacological properties and ethno-botanical uses of C. officinalis Linn. Natural products containing calendula either as extract or oil are complex mixtures containing hundreds of biologically active constituents such as carotenoids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, phenolic acids, lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, etc. These phytoconstituents have wide applicability in food and cosmetic industries besides their therapeutic applications viz. as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-proliferative, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and wound healing potential in experimental and clinical trials. Being useful therapeutic agents in their own right, an understanding of these traditional medicines has provided new plant derived drug leads to modern medicine for therapeutic application.

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Singh, Dr Suman G., K. Nishteswar, and K. Nishteswar. "Therapeutic efficacy of Patha (Cissampelos pareiraLinn.) - A Review through classical texts of Ayurveda." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) 1, no. 3 (October 29, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v1i3.4425.

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Patha, botanically known as Cissampelos pareira Linn. (Family: Menispermaceae) is a perennial climbing herb/shrub profoundly used for treating different disease conditions since Vedic periods. The plant is highlighted for its use as a single drug in the treatment of disease conditions like Jwara (Fever), Kasa (Cough), Shwasa (Bronchitis), etc. The plant is also used as an ingredient of many compound formulations in classical texts of Ayurveda. In the present review, compound formulations of Patha are compiled from 9 different compendia and presented in a systematic manner. 342 compound formulations found in which Patha is one of the ingredients. Maximum number of formulations are found in Ashtang Samgraha (87) followed by Charaka Samhita (80) and the plant is being used in 18 different dosage forms and among these, Kwatha (113), Churna (88), Ghrita (45) are found in maximum numbers. Majority of the formulations are used internally (298) for the treatment of disease conditions like Atisara (Diarrhoea), Arsha (Haemorrhoids), Prameha (Urinary disorders), Jwara (Fever), Grahani (Malabsorption syndrome)etc.

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Abdel-Halim, Sally, Magda Ibrahim, Mona Abdel Mohsen, Lobna Abou-Setta, Amany Sleem, and Mostafa El-Missiry. "The influence of the extraction method on polyphenols, flavonoids composition and anti-hyperlipidemic properties of papaya leaves (Carica papaya Linn.)." Bulletin of the National Research Centre 45, no. 1 (May 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00548-4.

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Abstract Background Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) is well known for its nutritional as well as medicinal value. Different parts of the plant including leaves have been used as therapeutic remedies for various diseases. The objective of the present study is to determine the impact of different extraction methods; microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted and conventional maceration on extract yield, polyphenols, flavonoids composition and subsequently, the anti-hyperlipidemic potential of papaya leaves (Carica papaya Linn.). Results Innovative extraction methods represented in microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) have significant impact on the extract yield and total phenolic and flavonoids content than conventional maceration extraction (CME) of the prepared aqueous ethanol extracts. HPLC assay showed the highest content of bioactive polyphenols characterized extract from the MAE (29.99 mg/g), followed by UAE (24.75 mg/g) and the lowest content was that obtained from CME. The aqueous ethanol extract of the leaves obtained by MAE induced significant hypolipidemic activity (P < 0.05) in hyperlipidemic rats particularly, the oral treatment with 200 mg/kg b.wt. which retained the lipid profile to be compatible to the results of rats receiving simvastatin (0.18 mg/kg b.w.). Conclusion The results substantiate traditional usage and recommend the potential utilization of Carica papaya leaves for its’ beneficial therapeutic effects.

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Pooja Singh, R.C. Tiwari, Rakesh Bhutiani, and Vasu Singh. "Kanchnar (Bauhinia Variegata Linn.) As A Thyroid Gland Protecting Drug." AYUSHDHARA, August 2, 2021, 3349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47070/ayushdhara.v8i3.736.

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Ayurveda is a science of life or art of longevity which encompasses far more than mere therapeutic art. The paragon of beauty of Ayurveda is that it always emphasizes preventive over cure. Kanchnar mentioned as Gandmalanashak varga by Priyavrat Sharma in his book Dravyagun Vigyana part-2. Bauhinia variegata Linn (Family- Caesalpiniaceae) is the botanical name of Kanchnar or syn. Gandaari. Kanchnar is the Galgandnashka by Guna Prabhava. Nowadays, the use of herbal drugs for treatment of various diseases is developing all over the world. In Ayurveda Galganda and Gandmala are co-related with the disorder caused by Thyroid gland dysfunction. The diseases like Galganda and Gandamala are now days become more prevailing condition because of sedentary lifestyle, diet, stress and because of hormonal imbalance. In contemporary system of medicine advices Thyroxin and carbimazole for long standing, may lead to complication and adverse effect on the body. Hence it is necessary to explore safe treatment modalities. Kanchnar used as Ekala dravya in the treatment of thyroid gland dysfunction on the basis of its immunomodulator activity, anti-tumor and anti- cancer activity. Kanchnar is considered as drug of choice for all kind of Granthies. Ayurvedic medicine has the potential to make an important therapeutic contribution. This review article contain spectrum of information about Bauhinia variegata.

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M, Basak, and Saha S. "Phytochemical and Antiulcer potential of Ethanolic leaf extract of Heliotropium indicum Linn." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, April 29, 2021, 1938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00343.

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In the present study Phytochemical, Pharmacological studies were performed. Heliotropium indicum Linn. belongs to family Boraginaceae and commonly known as Leihenbi, Hatisur, devil weed. The leaves have been used as asthma, urticaria, amenorrhea, high blood pressure, fevers, ulcers, and cough etc. The present study includes ethanolic leaves extract of Heliotropium indicum Linn. were investigated for phytochemical screening. The leaves of Heliotropium indicum Linn. were collected from different part of Meghalaya and Assam and cut into small pieces and shade dried. The dried powdered leaves (100gm) were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus by using different solvent by increasing polarity order. Phytochemical screening has been done by standard procedure and showed the presence of alkaloids, glycoside, carbohydrate, flavonoids, and saponins. Gastric ulcer is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders, which affects approximately 5-10% of people during their life. In recent years, abundant work has been carried out on herbal medicine to clarify their potential efficacy in gastric ulcer prevention or management. Here, the present study was carried out to investigate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Heliotropium indicum Linn. in aspirin plus pylorus ligated ulceration in the albino rats. Two dose levels of the extracts i.e. 250 and 500mg/kg were selected for the further study. In Aspirin plus pylorus ligation induced ulcer model, various parameters were studied viz. gastric volume, pH, total acidity, free acidity, and ulcer index. Ranitidine at 50mg/kg was used as the standard drug. Pre-treatment of ethanol extract of Heliotropium indicum Linn. leaves showed a significant decrease in the gastric volume, total acidity, and free acidity. However, pH of the gastric juice was significantly increased only at a higher dose, 500 mg/kg. It showed also a significant decrease in a number of ulcers and ulcer score index in aspirin plus pylorus ligation induced ulceration models. The ethanol extract of Heliotropium indicum Linn. leaves possess significant antiulcer properties in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, the antiulcer properties of the extract may be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins present in the plant extract with various biological activities. Present work justifies the traditional use of Heliotropium indicum Linn. in treatment of the diverse condition and also indicated its future importance as therapeutic substances.

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Nargatti, Prakash, Sudhir Patil, and Kiran Wadkar. "Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Aspects of Achyranthes aspera Linn- An Overview." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, July 3, 2021, 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i34b31860.

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Background: Achyranthes asperaLinn, commonly known as Apamarga in Ayurveda (Prickly Chaff flower in English, Aghara in Hindi, Aghada in Marathi), is aannual, perennial herb that belong to Family Amaranthaceae and Genus Achyranthes consisting of several species which are popular as folk remedies. Certain ayurvedic and Unani practitioners use various parts of plant to treat various diseases.The present review aims to provide up-to-date information on different aspects of plant involving its botanical description, phytochemistry and bioactivities of different extractsto assess its therapeutic potential as a valuable source of natural compounds with beneficial effects on human health. Methodology: Systematic search of scientific databases like Google, Google scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, SciFinder, Springer link were used to find potentially significant scientific research and reports of Achyranthes asperaLinnusing combination of relevant keywords. Results: Achyranthes aspera Linn is a popular folk remedy in the traditional medicinal system in all tropical Asian and African countries. So far,58 important compounds have been isolated and identified from various parts of plant. These isolated constituents are mainly flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, phytosterols; phenolic compounds etc which posseses activities like anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, spermicidal and other various important medicinal properties. Conclusion: Even though this plant consists of a wide range of phytochemicals and evaluated forbiological activities using various in-vitro and in-vivo models but they are limited. More attention should be paid to identify mechanisms that underlie beneficial therapeutic potential.It is essential to conduct the next level of research, by extending pharmacological to design novel drugs.

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Benchaoui, Souhaila, Meriem Gueracheha, and Asma Boutebsou. "Effect of Citrus Limon Essential Oil on Lipid Profile and Obesity in Wistar Rats." Basic and Applied Sciences - Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, 2021, 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37575/b/med/210014.

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Obesity causes many pathologies; no therapeutic axis has provided an effective solution to this problem. The use of herbal medicine with healthy food and physical activity is recommended, and essential oils are the best known of these natural substances. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of Citrus limon essential oil on body weight and lipid profile. The plant material is the lemon; the extraction method is hydrodistillation. The experiment lasted 20 days and involved 15 female rats (2 to 3 months old) weighing between 160g and 230g. The rats were divided into 3 groups: the first receiving a standard diet, the second receiving a high-fat diet, and the third receiving a high-fat diet and treated with essential oil. The extraction yield is 1.69%. The physicochemical characteristics comply with AFNOR. This study shows that a high-lipid diet induces obesity characterized by hyperlipidemia. Intraperitoneal administration of the essential oil caused a decrease in body weight, abdominal circumference, plasma total cholesterol, and triglycerides and an increase in HDL-cholesterol. Considering this study, we found that lemon essential oil has beneficial effects on metabolic alterations. Its inclusion in the diet may help improve the metabolic profile and reduce the incidence of obesity and its long-term complications.

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REDDY, MANOHAR, and RAJA SUNDARARAJAN. "EVALUATION OF THE ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES OF BARLERIA BUXIFOLIA LINN. IN ALBINO RATS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, April 7, 2021, 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i4.40721.

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Objective: The fundamental reason for this examination was to look at the acute and subchronic toxicity studies of chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria buxifolia Linn. (Acanthaceae) on creature models according to the OECD rules 407 and 425, respectively. Methods: In acute oral toxicity, study a single oral dosages of 5000 mg/kg body weight of chloroform and methanol extracts was given individually to rats and watched them for 2 weeks for the discovery of acute changes and for its mortality any. During acute oral toxicity study period, no mortality was seen without any signs of intense changes. Further, it was executed the subchronic toxicity of extracts. Barleria buxifolia extracts (chloroform and methanol) were independently given every day at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight for 90 days to recognize the progressions any at subchronic poisonousness levels. Towards the finish of the experimentation the serum tests of trail creatures were gathered and watched for any progressions in haematological, biochemical and histopathological boundaries Results: All parameters of treated group were shown unaltered changes throughout the study period when compared with that of normal group. The outcomes propose that the oral organization of chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria buxifolia did not raise any huge poisonous impacts when contrasted with that of control animals. Conclusion: Hence, the extracts may be safe for therapeutic use and as an alternative system of medicine.

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Thakur, Shifali, Bhawna Walia, and Gitika Chaudhary. "Mentha arvensis (Pudina): A Review Based upon its Medicinal Properties." Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, August 20, 2021, 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/0975-4385.2021.00024.

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Since the origin in life, plants have remained the primary source of food, shelter and various remedial approaches. Plants are being in use for treating various kind of diseases across the world. Mentha arvensis linn. is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is utilized as a household remedy, food seasoner and for many other industrial purposes. Mentha arvensis is traditionally used in patients with hypertension and ischemic heart disease. The plant species are well recognized for their folk medicinal uses, especially to treat cold, fever, digestive and cardiovascular disorders. The leaves of Mentha arvensis are recorded to possess potent therapeutic values. Leaves of plant also possess aromatic fragrance and are utilized as a flavoring agent. The leaves are utilized for the treatment of liver disease, spleen, asthma and jaundice. Various bioactive compounds isolated from this plant are terpenoids, alcohols, rosmarinic acids and phenolics. These bioactive compounds have many pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, antifertility and anti-tumor. These pharmacological activities of the Mentha arvensis plant are also mentioned in the literature of ayurveda, unani and other traditional system of medicine. The present review is summarizing the general description, phytochemical compounds, traditional view, modern view and pharmacological activities of the Mentha arvensis plant.

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Manuja, Anju, Nitu Rathore, Shalki Chaudhary, and Balvinder Kumar. "Phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaf extracts from Lawsonia inermis of Indian origin to explore its potential for medicinal uses." Medicinal Chemistry 16 (February 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406416666200221101953.

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Background: Lawsonia inermis Linn popularly known as the Henna has played an important role in ayurvedic or natural herbal medicines. The presence of phyto-constituents in henna, that may affect the animal or human health adversely, need to be elucidated for L. inermis Linn species grown in India. Introduction: Introduction: The aim of this research was to perform phytochemical, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory studies to understand the potential of leaves of Lawsonia inermis of Indian origin to provide a way forward for therapeutic use in medicine. Methods: We assessed the phytochemical profile for presence of phyto-constituents (alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, proteins/amino acids and gums/mucilage) from various extracts of the plant leaves’. The extracts were further purified by column chromatography for the isolation of plant constituents and monitored by TLC, analyzed by Fourier transform infrared FT-IR spectroscopy, H1NMR, and GC-MS analysis. Fractions were assessed for cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties at various concentrations. We assessed the anti-inflammatory activity by nitric oxide production in various leaf extracts determined by Griess assay. Results: All the spectral results suggest that the compounds from the extract contain aromatic nucleus and OH group along with methoxy group, allyl as well as vinyl group. Fractions of chloroform/methanolic (7:3) leaf extract of Lawsonia inermis confirmed the presence of the two constituents i.e. fraxetin and 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone. We observed significant difference in cytotoxicity at higher concentrations in methanol and chloroform:methanol (8:2) leaf extracts (p>0.05), we could not find any significant differences amongst other leaf extracts at different concentrations. Some leaf extracts have potential cytotoxic activity on vero cells. Reducing the chloroform concentration during extraction decreases the cytotoxic effect on the cells. The nitric oxide levels decreased from 1000 µg/ml concentration to lower concentrations with varying degree. Overall the highest nitric oxide production by CHCl3 (70%)/ MeOH (30%) was observed amongst various fractions at different concentrations. Conclusion: The phytochemical, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory studies indicating the potential of leaves of the plant to provide a way further for their use in medicine. Fraxetin 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone structures were confirmed in fractions of CHCl3 (70%)/ MeOH (30%) extract as observed as a potent constituents. Some leaf extracts have potential cytotoxic activity on vero cells. Reducing the chloroform concentration during extraction decreases the cytotoxic effect on the cells.The cytotoxicity studies indicates the presence of cytotoxic compounds in some of these extracts, warranting research for fabrication of suitable formulations comprising these constituents to reduce its dose/toxicity for the use of beneficial effects of the plant components.

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J., Singh C., Mehta C., and Yashwant S. "Cleome viscose: A Review on Ethnobotany and Pharmacology Uses." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.v8i2.8507.

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Herbal medicine is the oldest form of health care system known to mankind. Herbs had been used by all cultures through history. Herbs are the potential source of chemical constituents that have a high therapeutic value. Herbal medicines are now in high demand in the developing world for primary health care not because they are cheap but also for better cultural acceptance, better compatibility with the human body and minimal side effects. This review summarizes the research on Cleome viscose Linn. (Capparidaceae), commonly known as "wild mustard or dog", is an annual sticky herb that is found in all plains of India and throughout the tropics of the world. The whole plant and its parts (leaves, seeds, and roots) are widely used in traditional and folk medicine systems. In traditional systems of medicine, the plant is reported to have beneficial effects such as anthelmintic, antiseptic, carminative, antiscorbutic, sudorific, febrifuge and cardiac stimulant. Following the various traditional claims for the use of C. viscosa (CV) as a cure for numerous diseases, researchers have made considerable efforts to verify their usefulness through scientific pharmacological examinations. Pharmacological studies have shown that CV has several notable biological activities, such as anthelmintic, antimicrobial, analgesic, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, psychoprotein, wound healing, antimalarial, antiemetic, antitumor, antioxidant, antidiarrheal and hepatoprotective. The present review is an effort to consolidate the traditional, ethnobotanical, and pharmacological information available in C. viscosa.

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Tavhare, Swagata, and Rabinarayan Acharya. "Bhanga as an activity potentiater in Ayurvedic classics and Indian alchemy (Rasashastra): A critical review." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 7, no. 3 (September 25, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v7i3.829.

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Bhavana (impregnation) and Swedana (boiling) are the processes used in Ayurvedic pharmacy for preparation of formulations containing the drugs of metallic, mineral and poisonous origin to make them safe and potent for internal administration. Drugs of herbal origins are primely used for the Bhavana process. Bhanga(Cannabis sativa Linn.) a drug with great medicinal potency has been highlighted for its Deepana(digestive stimulant), Pachana(digestive), Ruchya (Taste promoter), Madakari (intoxicant),Vyavayi(short acting),Grahi(withholds secretions),Medhya (memory booster), Rasayana (adapto-immuno-neuro-endocrino-modulator) activities were used as a processing media in many formulations. In 19th century, it is included in narcotic group of plants and its use, as a drug, has been restricted. In 21st century again, the drug is gaining attraction from scientific communities due to its wide pharmacological properties. However, there is no collective information available at a glance regarding the use of Bhanga in various processing techniques of classical formulations. Hence, it is the need of the time to present the comprehensive information on cannabis, as quoted in classical texts with probable research co-relation, so as to bring the drug again in to limelight. The present review aims to compile all the information about the use of cannabis as a activity potentiater so that it can be further practically utilized in pharmaceutics and clinics with legal permissions. A thorough review, from available 41 Rasagranthas (text related to Indian alchemy) and 26 classical texts was carried out to compile the information about formulations where Bhanga is used as process media. The review shows that; Bhanga has been used, as a pharmaceutical processing agent, in 157 formulations being indicated in 40 different disease conditions. Among them, in 154 formulations, it is used as Bhavana media and in 3 formulations as a Swedana media. The present observation could help the future researchers to explore the drug for therapeutic utilities.

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Kabir, Nafisatu, Umar Ismail Alhaji, Dorcas Bolanle James, Hajia Mairo Inuwa, and Muhammad Kano Atiku. "Effect of the combination of Leptadenia hastata (pers) decne and Momordica balsamina linn leaf extracts on lipid profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7, no. 1 (May 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00263-x.

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Abstract Background Changes in blood lipid level (dyslipidemia) play a central role in the onset and pathogenesis of macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Traditional herbal healers commonly use anti-diabetic polyherbal formulations to provide a multi-therapeutic approach for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. The effect of the aqueous leaf extracts of Leptadenia hastata (pers) Decne, Momordica balsamina Linn and their combination on lipid profile of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was therefore evaluated in the present study. Results We evaluated the serum lipid profile and blood glucose level of STZ-induced diabetic rats (60 mg/kg body weight) treated with the aqueous leaf extracts of L. hastata (400 mg/kg) and M. balsamina (200 mg/kg) alone and in combination (400 + 200 mg/kg) after a period of 4 weeks. A significantly decreased (p < 0.05) level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and increased (p < 0.05) level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was observed in all the treated groups when compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, the combination treatment was potentially a more effective blood lipid-lowering (p < 0.05) agent when compared to the single treatments. Conclusion Results from this study demonstrated the blood lipid-lowering potential of the aqueous leaf extracts of L. hastata, M. balsamina, and their combination. However, the polyherbal combination could be more potent in controlling diabetes mellitus, associated dyslipidemia, and its complications.

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Udekwu, Chinedu E., Shirley Ebhohon, Raymond C. Ibeh, Henry N. Ogbonna, and Ugonna D. Nwankpa. "Effect of Aqueous Stem Extract of Loranthus micranthus linn on Anti-microbial Sensitivity, Cytotoxicity, and In-vitro Anti-inflammatory Indices on Human Red Blood Cells." Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry, May 29, 2020, 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2020/v6i330119.

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Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous stem extract of Loranthus micranthus (African mistletoe) plant. Methods: The Disc agar diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test of test organisms to determine the minimum zone of inhibition. The brine shrimp lethality test method was used in determining cytotoxicity, and the heat-induced membrane diffusion method was used for anti-inflammatory indices. Results: In this study, the antimicrobial activity was evaluated using Escherichia Coli., Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus as test organisms which showed significant zones of inhibition at increasing concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of the plant extract. The result of the cytotoxic investigation after the use of brine shrimps as test organisms revealed that the plant was not toxic as the LC50 did not fall within the concentrations used in this study. Also, the aqueous stem extract of L. micranthus showed significantly lower optical densities of hemoglobin compared to the corresponding standard (Aspirin) concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 µg/ml. This result was in agreement with the % protection of the experimental plant, which showed a significant increase with an increase in concentration, which implies that the aqueous stem extract of L.micranthus has anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: It can, therefore, be concluded that the usage of the aqueous stem extract of Loranthusmicranthus as a therapeutic drug would exert health benefits by virtue of its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and less toxicity, proved in this study.

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Chopade, Atul R., Rahul P. Pol, Pramod A. Patil, Vyankatesh R. Dharanguttikar, Nilofar S. Naikwade, Remeth J. Dias, and Suraj N. Mali. "Pharmacological And In-Silico Investigations of Anxiolytic-like Effects of Phyllanthus Fraternus: A Probable Involvement Of GABA-A Receptor." Current Enzyme Inhibition 16 (October 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573408016999201026200650.

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Background:: Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Linn (family, Euphorbiaceae) is used as a traditional medication for the treatment of various disorders and has therapeutic implications. Objective:: This investigation intends investigation of the anxiolytic potential of Phyllanthus fraternus standardized extract and prediction of probable role of its marker phyto-constituents. Methods:: We have tested the standardized hydro-ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus fraternus (whole plant) for Elevated plusmaze model (EPM) and Light & Dark Exploration test as classical models for anxiety. Phyto-chemical HPTLC fingerprint analysis was performed for detection of two classes of compounds lignans and tannins. HPTLC analysis of standardized extract was performed using Phyllanthin Hypophyllanthin and Corilagin as marker compounds. Additionally, GABA receptor antagonism was studied in other sets of experiments to assess the involvement of this receptor in the anxiolytic-like effects produced by Phyllanthus fraternus. Results:: The lower doses of the lignan and tannin-rich extract of the Phyllanthus fraternus possess significant anxiolyticlike activity compared to the standard diazepam. Additionally, the results of the present study suggested that high doses (400mg/kg) of Phyllanthus fraternus have exerted some sedative-like effects. Phytochemical screening and HPTLC fingerprint analysis indicate the presence of lignans and tannins, whereas HPLC analysis of the standardized extract revealed the presence of marker lignan (Hypophyllanthin) and Tannin (Corilagin). The anxiolytic-like effect of Phyllanthus fraternus observed in the mice models were blocked by Flumazenil indicating the involvement of GABAA receptors in the modulation of this effect. Our molecular docking studies also supported probable anxiolytic and sedative effects. Conclusion:: To summarize results support the use of Phyllanthus fraternus in the anxiety-like symptoms/disease condition and suggest its anxiolytic-like effect governed by the GABA-A receptors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lion – Therapeutic use'

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