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Journal articles on the topic 'Lipodystrophy syndrome'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Mosbah, Héléna, Camille Vatier, Franck Boccara, et al. "Looking at New Unexpected Disease Targets in LMNA-Linked Lipodystrophies in the Light of Complex Cardiovascular Phenotypes: Implications for Clinical Practice." Cells 9, no. 3 (2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030765.

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Variants in LMNA, encoding A-type lamins, are responsible for laminopathies including muscular dystrophies, lipodystrophies, and progeroid syndromes. Cardiovascular laminopathic involvement is classically described as cardiomyopathy in striated muscle laminopathies, and arterial wall dysfunction and/or valvulopathy in lipodystrophic and/or progeroid laminopathies. We report unexpected cardiovascular phenotypes in patients with LMNA-associated lipodystrophies, illustrating the complex multitissular pathophysiology of the disease and the need for specific cardiovascular investigations in affecte

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2

Vijayanandh, Mani. "Lipodystrophy Syndrome." Pondicherry Journal of Nursing 13, no. 4 (2020): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10084-12156.

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3

Koutkia, Polyxeni, Gary Meininger, Bridget Canavan, Jeff Breu, and Steven Grinspoon. "Metabolic regulation of growth hormone by free fatty acids, somatostatin, and ghrelin in HIV-lipodystrophy." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 286, no. 2 (2004): E296—E303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00335.2003.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-lipodystrophy is a syndrome characterized by changes in fat distribution and insulin resistance. Prior studies suggest markedly reduced growth hormone (GH) levels in association with excess visceral adiposity among patients with HIV-lipodystrophy. We investigated mechanisms of altered GH secretion in a population of 13 male HIV-infected patients with evidence of fat redistribution, compared with 10 HIV-nonlipodystrophic patients and 11 male healthy controls similar in age and body mass index (BMI). Although similar in BMI, the lipodystrophic group was charact

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4

Lichtenstein, Kenneth A. "Redefining Lipodystrophy Syndrome." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 39, no. 4 (2005): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000167478.28051.3a.

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5

Patni, Nivedita, Sarah Hatab, Chao Xing, Zhengyang Zhou, Claudia Quittner, and Abhimanyu Garg. "A novel autosomal recessive lipodystrophy syndrome due to homozygous LMNA variant." Journal of Medical Genetics 57, no. 6 (2019): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106395.

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BackgroundDespite major advances in understanding the molecular basis of various genetic lipodystrophy syndromes, some rare patients still remain unexplained.CasesWe report a novel autosomal recessive lipodystrophy affecting two sisters aged 17 and 19 years and characterised by early onset intellectual disability, and subsequent development of near-generalised loss of subcutaneous fat with diabetes mellitus, extreme hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, short stature, clinodactyly, joint contractures, leiomyoma of uterus and cataracts in childhood. The lipodystrophy was more pronounced in t

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6

Murakhovskaya, E. V., and N. T. Starkova. "To the diagnosis of Barraquer-Simons syndrome." Problems of Endocrinology 44, no. 3 (1998): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl199844329-31.

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Barraquer-Simons syndrome is a rare disease characterized by the disappearance of subcutaneous fat in the upper half of the body with normal or excessive deposition of fat in the lower half of the body. There are other terms that refer to this disease: Hollander-Simons syndrome, progressive lipodystrophy, partial lipodystrophy, paradoxical lipodystrophy, progressive segmental lipodystrophy, i.e. the name emphasizes the disappearance of fat in certain parts of the body.

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7

Qaqish, Roula B., Evelyn Fisher, John Rublein, and David A. Wohl. "HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome." Pharmacotherapy 20, no. 1 (2000): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.20.1.13.34667.

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8

Abel, Brent S., Elaine K. Cochran, Megan S. Startzell, and Rebecca J. Brown. "Racial Disparities Among Clinical Trials for Inherited Forms of Lipodystrophy." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (2021): A323—A324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.660.

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Abstract Background: There has been renewed interest in understanding how medical research serves minority communities disproportionally affected by disease. A recent study in a predominantly white population identified 12 subjects with partial lipodystrophy by genetics without clinical diagnosis of lipodystrophy (Gonzaga-Jauregui et al., 2020). Partial lipodystrophies are rare monogenic disorders leading to diabetes that can be challenging to diagnosis due to their similarity with common obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize minority populations may be underdiagnosed with lipo

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9

Capeau, J., J. Magré, O. Lascols, et al. "Diseases of adipose tissue: genetic and acquired lipodystrophies." Biochemical Society Transactions 33, no. 5 (2005): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0331073.

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Human lipodystrophies represent a group of diseases characterized by altered body fat amount and/or repartition and major metabolic alterations with insulin resistance leading to diabetic complications and increased cardiovascular and hepatic risk. Genetic forms of lipodystrophies are rare. Congenital generalized lipodystrophy or Berardinelli–Seip syndrome, autosomal recessive, is characterized by a complete early lipoatrophy and severe insulin resistance and results, in most cases, from mutations either in the seipin gene of unknown function or AGPAT2 encoding an enzyme involved in triacylgly

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10

Behrens, Georg M. N., Matthias Stoll, and Reinhold E. Schmidt. "Lipodystrophy Syndrome in HIV Infection." Drug Safety 23, no. 1 (2000): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200023010-00004.

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11

Quiros-Roldan, E., F. Moretti, C. Torti, S. Casari, K. Prestini, and G. Carosi. "HIV-associated asymmetric lipodystrophy syndrome." Revista Clínica Española 204, no. 3 (2004): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2565(04)71428-9.

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12

Robinson, F. Patrick. "HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome: A Primer." Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care 15, no. 1 (2004): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055329003255117.

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13

Quiros-Roldan, E., F. Moretti, C. Torti, S. Casari, K. Prestini, and G. Carosi. "HIV-associated asymmetric lipodystrophy syndrome." Revista Clínica Española 204, no. 3 (2004): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13058836.

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14

Press, Natasha, Valentina Montessori, Tony R. Bai, and Julio Montaner. "Respiratory Failure Associated with the Lipodystrophy Syndrome in an HIV-Positive Patient with Compromised Lung Function." Canadian Respiratory Journal 8, no. 4 (2001): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2001/454835.

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Protease inhibitors, used as treatment in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, are associated with a syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, central adiposity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. An HIV-positive patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is presented who developed the lipodystrophy syndrome that is associated with the use of protease inhibitors. It is postulated that the lipodystrophy syndrome further compromised his lung function, leading to respiratory failure. Patients who have pulmonary disease and are taking protease inhibitors require monitoring of clin

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15

Rao, Arikeri Vasu Deva, Samarasimha Reddy L., Srinivas Velupula, Jayababu N., Imran Khan, and Kiran Kumar M. "Lipohypertrophy due to HAART: a case series." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 8 (2018): 1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20183041.

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A subset of HIV-1 infected patients undergoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) develops a lipodystrophy syndrome. It is characterised by loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue (face, limbs and buttocks) visceral fat accumulation and lipomatosis especially in dorsocervical area. In addition these patients show metabolic alteration implicative of metabolic syndrome particularly dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. These alterations lead to enhanced cardiovascular risk and favour the development of diabetes in such patients. A complex combination of HIV infection, drug treatment relate

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16

Letova, Ye K., and N. T. Starkova. "Differential diagnosis of generalized lipodystrophy syndrome." Problems of Endocrinology 39, no. 5 (1993): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11960.

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17

Schmidt, Hartmut H. J., Janine Genschel, Peter Baier, et al. "Dyslipemia in Familial Partial Lipodystrophy Caused by an R482W Mutation in the LMNA Gene." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 5 (2001): 2289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.5.7500.

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Lipatrophic diabetes, also referred to as familial partial lipodystrophy, is a rare disease that is metabolically characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance. Affected patients typically present with regional loss of body fat and muscular hypertrophic appearance. Variable symptoms may comprise pancreatitis and/or eruptive xanthomas due to severe hypertriglyceridemia, acanthosis nigricans, polycystic ovaria, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Mutations within the LMNA gene on chromosome 1q21.2 were recently reported to result in the phenotype of familial partial lipodystrophy. The gen

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18

Price, Julia, Jennifer Hoy, Emma Ridley, Ibolya Nyulasi, Eldho Paul, and Ian Woolley. "Changes in the prevalence of lipodystrophy, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk in HIV-infected men." Sexual Health 12, no. 3 (2015): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14084.

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Background Although it significantly improves HIV-related outcomes, some components of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) cause lipodystrophy syndrome. The composition of combination ART has changed over time but the impact on lipodystrophy prevalence is unknown. Methods: One hundred HIV-infected males underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, serum lipid testing and completed a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study in 2010. Thirty-four participants of a 1998 study cohort were re-evaluated in 2010. The same parameters were used to define and compare lipodystrophy, metabolic

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19

K., Dhanalakshmi, Mohinish S., Dakshayani B., and Mallesh K. "Acquired generalized lipodystrophy type 2-lawrence syndrome: a rare case report." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 2 (2020): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20200125.

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Lawrence syndrome (Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy) is a rare disorder, characterized by various dermatological and systemic manifestations such as lipodystrophy, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly, acanthosis nigricans and acromegaloid features. Because of its rare occurrence we are reporting a case with similar manifestations in a 10 years old child.

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20

Kazandjieva, Jana, Dimitrina Guleva, Sonya Márina, Assya Nikolova, Gergana Mladenova, and Alexander Kurtev. "Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome - A Case Report." Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 8, no. 2 (2016): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjdv-2016-0010.

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Abstract Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL), also known as Berardinelli-Seip syndrome (BSS), is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by near total absence of adipose tissue and muscular hypertrophy. Additional common clinical signs are acanthosis nigricans, acromegaloid features, hepatomegaly, hyperandrogenism, altered glucose intolerance, cardiomyopathy and hypertriglyceridemia. An 11-year-old girl was admitted to our Clinic presenting with hyperandrogenic features, generalized lack of adipose tissue, generalized muscular hypertrophy and brownish colored skin on the neck,

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21

Torriani, Martin, Kathleen Fitch, Eleni Stavrou, et al. "Deiodinase 2 Expression Is Increased in Dorsocervical Fat of Patients with HIV-Associated Lipohypertrophy Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97, no. 4 (2012): E602—E607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2951.

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Context: The pathogenesis and function of dorsocervical sc adipose tissue (DSAT) accumulation in HIV-infected patients is not known. Previous investigations using either UCP-1 expression or positron emission tomography have been inconclusive as to whether this depot represents brown adipose tissue (BAT). We investigated DSAT gene expression, including DIO2, a deiodinase that contributes to increased thermogenesis in brown fat, and simultaneously determined [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) uptake in lipodystrophic HIV and healthy control subjects. Design: Thirteen HIV-infected and three non-H

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22

&NA;. "HIV lipodystrophy syndrome treated with metformin." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 813 (2000): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200008130-00006.

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23

&NA;. "Antiretrovirals: metabolic disturbances in lipodystrophy syndrome." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 894 (2002): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200208940-00007.

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24

HEGELE, R. "Phenomics, Lipodystrophy, and the Metabolic Syndrome." Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 14, no. 4 (2004): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2004.02.001.

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25

Kino, T., M. Mirani, S. Alesci, and G. P. Chrousos. "AIDS-Related Lipodystrophy/Insulin Resistance Syndrome." Hormone and Metabolic Research 35, no. 3 (2003): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-39072.

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26

Bindlish, Shagun, Lubaina S. Presswala, and Frank Schwartz. "Lipodystrophy: Syndrome of severe insulin resistance." Postgraduate Medicine 127, no. 5 (2015): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2015.1015927.

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27

Sekhar, Rajagopal V., Farook Jahoor, A. Clinton White, et al. "Metabolic basis of HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 283, no. 2 (2002): E332—E337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2002.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-lipodystrophy syndrome (HLS) is characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, lipoatrophy, and central adiposity. We investigated fasting lipid metabolism in six men with HLS and six non-HIV-infected controls. Compared with controls, HLS patients had lower fat mass (15.9 ± 1.3 vs. 22.3 ± 1.7 kg, P < 0.05) but higher plasma glycerol rate of appearance (Ra), an index of total lipolysis (964.71 ± 103.33 vs. 611.08 ± 63.38 μmol · kg fat−1· h−1, P < 0.05), Rapalmitate, an index of net lipolysis (731.49 ± 72.36 vs. 419.72 ±

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28

Carr, A. "HIV Protease Inhibitor-Related Lipodystrophy Syndrome." Clinical Infectious Diseases 30, Supplement 2 (2000): S135—S142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313854.

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29

Vantyghem, Marie-Christine, Anne-Sophie Balavoine, Claire Douillard, et al. "How to diagnose a lipodystrophy syndrome." Annales d'Endocrinologie 73, no. 3 (2012): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2012.04.010.

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30

Huang-Doran, Isabel, Alison Sleigh, Justin J. Rochford, Stephen O'Rahilly, and David B. Savage. "Lipodystrophy: metabolic insights from a rare disorder." Journal of Endocrinology 207, no. 3 (2010): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-10-0272.

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Obesity, insulin resistance and their attendant complications are among the leading causes of morbidity and premature mortality today, yet we are only in the early stages of understanding the molecular pathogenesis of these aberrant phenotypes. A powerful approach has been the study of rare patients with monogenic syndromes that manifest as extreme phenotypes. For example, there are striking similarities between the biochemical and clinical profiles of individuals with excess fat (obesity) and those with an abnormal paucity of fat (lipodystrophy), including severe insulin resistance, dyslipida

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31

Baril, Jean-Guy, Patrice Junod, Roger LeBlanc, et al. "HIV-associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Aspects." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 16, no. 4 (2005): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/303141.

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Approximately two years after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection, body shape changes and metabolic abnormalities were increasingly observed. Initially, these were ascribed to protease inhibitors, but it is now clear that nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors also contribute to lipodystrophy syndrome. The syndrome groups together clinical conditions describing changes in body fat distribution that include lipoatrophy, lipoaccumulation or both. However, there does not appear to be a direct link between lipoatrophy and lipoaccumulatio

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32

Benedini, Stefano, and Livio Luzi. "Lipodystrophy HIV-related and FGF21: A new marker to follow the progression of lipodystrophy?" Journal of Translational Internal Medicine 4, no. 4 (2016): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtim-2016-0026.

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Abstract Recently new evidence about fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) highlights the opportunities to use this molecule in new pharmaceutical formulations to combat type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. It is well known that HIV is per se a condition of insulin resistance and in particular the patient with HIV-related lipodystrophy has a condition strictly related to metabolic syndrome. Lipodystrophy is associated with severe metabolic side effects, including dyslipidemia, hepatic insulin resistance, and lipid oxidation impairment. Research carried out showed that FGF21 levels were signif

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33

Mansilla, Eduardo, Vanina Díaz Aquino, Daniel Zambón, et al. "Could Metabolic Syndrome, Lipodystrophy, and Aging Be Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exhaustion Syndromes?" Stem Cells International 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/943216.

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One of the most important and complex diseases of modern society is metabolic syndrome. This syndrome has not been completely understood, and therefore an effective treatment is not available yet. We propose a possible stem cell mechanism involved in the development of metabolic syndrome. This way of thinking lets us consider also other significant pathologies that could have similar etiopathogenic pathways, like lipodystrophic syndromes, progeria, and aging. All these clinical situations could be the consequence of a progressive and persistent stem cell exhaustion syndrome (SCES). The main ou

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34

Vitorazzi, Thiago Rodrigues Faria, Taila Santos de Freitas, Loiane Sartori Oliveira, and Anderson Marliere Navarro. "Influence of the duration of antiretroviral use on insulin resistance among people living with HIV with lipodystrophy." Medicina (Ribeirao Preto. Online) 51, no. 4 (2018): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v51i4p265-270.

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Objective: The present study evaluated the influence of the duration of antiretroviral therapy on insulin resistance among people living with HIV with lipodystrophic syndrome. Methods: The study assessed 36 subjects of both sexes between 22 and 60 years old split into three groups: 1) HIV-positive using antiretroviral with lipodystrophy syndrome (HIV+LIPO+); 2) HIV-positive using antiretroviral therapy with no lipodystrophy syndrome (HIV+LIPO-); and 3) HIV-negative and healthy (Control). The data were collected at the Special Unit for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Unidade Especial de T

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35

Fernandes, Ana Paula Morais, Roberta Seron Sanches, Judy Mill, Daniel Lucy, Pedro Fredemir Palha, and Maria Célia Barcellos Dalri. "Lipodystrophy syndrome associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients: considerations for psychosocial aspects." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 15, no. 5 (2007): 1041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692007000500024.

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Several side effects have been strongly associated with antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients. Among them, the lipodystrophy syndrome which presents alterations in body shape with central adipose hypertrophy and peripheral lipoatrophy, reported by patients as a visible marker identifying them as HIV patients. This manuscript presents an analysis of current literature regarding the psychosocial aspects of HIV patients with lipodystrophy associated with antiretroviral therapy. The results show that the alterations in body shape can be disturbing in terms of psychosocial well being, affecting qu

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36

Lockemer, Hillary Elizabeth, Kathryn Maria Sumpter, Sandy Cope-Yokoyama, and Abhimanyu Garg. "A novel paraneoplastic syndrome with acquired lipodystrophy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in an adolescent male with craniopharyngioma." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 31, no. 4 (2018): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2017-0222.

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AbstractBackground:Acquired lipodystrophy, craniopharyngioma and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) are individually rare disorders, and have never before been reported in a single patient.Case presentation:A 15-year-7 month old Caucasian male presented with lower extremity weakness, frequent falls and abnormal fat distribution occurring over the previous 1 year. He was diagnosed with CIDP, craniopharyngioma and acquired lipodystrophy. The patient underwent tumor debulking and cranial irradiation for the craniopharyngioma, and received monthly intravenous immunoglobulin f

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37

Bloomgarden, Z. T. "Gut Hormones, Obesity, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Malignancy, and Lipodystrophy Syndromes." Diabetes Care 30, no. 7 (2007): 1934–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc07-zb07.

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38

Yachoui, Ralph, Pamela Traisak, and Shirish Jagga. "Scleredema in a Patient with AIDS-Related Lipodystrophy Syndrome." Case Reports in Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/943798.

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Scleredema is a form of cutaneous mucinosis caused by an increased accumulation of collagen and mucin in the dermis. It is characterized by diffused, nonpitting swelling and induration of the skin. Scleredema diabeticorum is one type of scleredema associated with diabetes mellitus. AIDS-related insulin resistance and lipodystrophy syndrome are a newly emerging entities in HIV-infected patients associated with severe metabolic disturbances and insulin resistance. The long-standing diabetes in these patients may contribute to the development of scleredema diabeticorum. Here, we report the rare o

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39

Haque, Khalid N., and Mansour M. Al-Nozha. "Berardinelli Lipodystrophy: (Generalized Lipodystrophy) Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Annals of Saudi Medicine 12, no. 4 (1992): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.1992.400.

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40

Ali, Md Asif, Mohammad Imnul Islam, and Shahana Akhtar Rahman. "CANDLE Syndrome: Case Report of a Rare Type of Auto- Inflammatory Disease." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 44, no. 3 (2021): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v44i3.52711.

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CANDLE syndrome (chronic atypical neutophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature) is an autoinflammatory disease/syndrome characterized by recurrent fever, skin lesions, and multisystem inflammatory manifestations. Most of the patients have shown mutation in PSMB8 gene. Here, we report a 9-year-old girl with recurrent fever, atypical facies, widespread skin lesions, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepato-splenomegaly, lipodystrophy, and failure to thrive. Considering the clinical features and laboratory investigations including skin biopsy findings, diagnosis was consistent wi

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41

&NA;. "NRTIs can contribute to the lipodystrophy syndrome." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 802 (2000): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200008020-00008.

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42

Kino, T., and G. P. Chrousos. "AIDS-related Insulin Resistance and Lipodystrophy Syndrome." Current Drug Targets - Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 3, no. 2 (2003): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568008033340289.

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43

&NA;. "Lipodystrophy syndrome common during protease inhibitor therapy." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 757 (1999): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199907570-00013.

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44

Mart??nez, Esteban, Miguel A. Garcia-Viejo, Jordi Blanch, and Jos?? M. Gatell. "Lipodystrophy Syndrome in Patients with HIV Infection." Drug Safety 24, no. 3 (2001): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200124030-00001.

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45

&NA;. "NRTIs contribute to ART-associated lipodystrophy syndrome." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 865 (2001): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200108650-00005.

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46

Loonam, Cathríona Rosemary, and Anne Mullen. "Nutrition and the HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome." Nutrition Research Reviews 25, no. 2 (2012): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422411000138.

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HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS), comprising metabolic and morphological alterations, is a known side effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Evidence for the role of nutrition in the management of the systemic parameters of HALS is currently limited. In the present paper we review the current knowledge base surrounding HALS, focusing particularly on the role of nutrition in mitigating the systemic parameters of the syndrome. Reported prevalence of HALS was found to vary from 9 to 83 % due to lack of a standardised definition, as well as variations in assessment met

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47

&NA;. "Lipodystrophy syndrome in patients with HIV infection." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 770 (1999): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199907700-00007.

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48

Fève, Bruno, Martine Glorian, and Khadija El Hadri. "Pathophysiology of the HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome." Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 2, no. 4 (2004): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2004.2.274.

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49

Hakeem, Lukman, Ian W. Campbell, and Diptendu Nath Bhattacharyya. "HIV-associated lipodystrophy - a new metabolic syndrome." British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 8, no. 3 (2008): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14746514080080030401.

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GRINSPOON, S. "Insulin resistance in the HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome." Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 12, no. 9 (2001): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-2760(01)00472-6.

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