Journal articles: 'Lipophilic organic pollutants'

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Bjerregaard-Olesen, Christian, Philip Sebastian Hjelmborg, and Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen. "Isolation of Lipophilic Persistent Organic Pollutants From Human Breast Milk." Analytical Letters 45, no. 11 (July 15, 2012): 1412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2012.675488.

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Zeliger, Harold I. "Lipophilic chemical exposure as a cause of cardiovascular disease." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2013-0010.

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Abstract Environmental chemical exposure has been linked to numerous diseases in humans. These diseases include cancers; neurological and neurodegenerative diseases; metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity; reproductive and developmental disorders; and endocrine disorders. Many studies have associated the link between exposures to environmental chemicals and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These chemicals include persistent organic pollutants (POPs); the plastic exudates bisphenol A and phthalates; low molecular weight hydrocarbons (LMWHCs); and poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Here it is reported that though the chemicals reported on differ widely in chemical properties and known points of attack in humans, a common link exists between them. All are lipophilic species that are found in serum. Environmentally induced CVD is related to total lipophilic chemical load in the blood. Lipophiles serve to promote the absorption of otherwise not absorbed toxic hydrophilic species that promote CVD.

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Lei, Li Rong, and You Ming Li. "Study on Environmental Materials with Application of Ozone-Based Technologies in Removal of Characteristic Pollutants in Pulp and Paper Effluents." Advanced Materials Research 700 (May 2013): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.700.35.

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Due to the presence of recalcitrant organic compounds, the pulp and paper effluents after treatment by conventional biological processes still contain high concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colored substances and do not satisfy the national emission standard. The objectives of this work are to present the research process on environmental materials with application of ozone-based technologies in removal of characteristic pollutants in pulp and paper effluents and suggest the feasible development trend. In this work, basic mechanisms of degradation of organic pollutants by ozone-based technologies in the presence of environmental materials as catalyst are described. The removal efficiencies of characteristic pollutants commonly found in pulp and paper effluents, such as absorbable organic halogens (AOX), resin and fatty acids, phenolic compounds, lipophilic wood extractives and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), are presented.

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Bjerregaard-Olesen, Christian, Rossana Bossi, and Eva Bonefeld-Jørgensen. "Extraction of perfluorinated alkyl acids and lipophilic persistent organic pollutants from human serum." Toxicology Letters 221 (August 2013): S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.425.

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Kim, Yeon, Joon Park, Min Woo, Sang Lee, Hye Kim, and Young Yoo. "Persistent Organic Pollutant-Mediated Insulin Resistance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 3, 2019): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030448.

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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as organochlorine (OC) pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) have become wide-spread environmental contaminants as a consequence of their extensive use, long-range transport, and persistence. Because POPs are highly resistant to metabolic degradation, humans bioaccumulate these lipophilic and hydrophobic pollutants in fatty tissues for many years. Previous studies have demonstrated that POPs including PCBs are involved in the development of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 and insulin resistance. Numerous epidemiological studies suggest an association between POP burden and DM type 2/metabolic syndrome. In addition, several experimental studies have provided additional evidence supporting the association between POP exposure and DM type 2 or insulin resistance. Epidemiological and experimental studies have provided compelling evidence indicating that exposure to POPs increases the risk of developing insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. However, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying POP-induced insulin resistance is yet to be elucidated. In this article, we review literature that has reported on the association between POP burden and insulin resistance and the mechanism underlying POP-induced insulin resistance, and discuss implications for public health.

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Sotnichenko, Alexander, Evgeny Pantsov, Dmitry Shinkarev, and Victor Okhanov. "Hydrophobized Reversed-Phase Adsorbent for Protection of Dairy Cattle against Lipophilic Toxins from Diet. Efficiensy In Vitro and In Vivo." Toxins 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11050256.

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The steady growth of inflammatory diseases of the udder in dairy cattle forces us to look for the causes of this phenomenon in the context of growing chemical pollution of the environment and feeds. Within the framework of this concept, an analysis was made of the polarity level of the three toxic impurity groups, which are commonly present in dairy cattle feeds. These impurities are presented by mycotoxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and persistent organic pollutants (POP). It has been determined that 46% of studied mycotoxins (n = 1500) and 100% of studied polyaromatic hydrocarbons (n = 45) and persistent organic pollutants (n = 55) are lipophilic compounds, prone to bioaccumulation. A comparative evaluation of the sorption capacity of four adsorbents of a different nature and polarity with respect to the simplest PAH, naphthalene and lipophilic estrogenic mycotoxin, zearalenone in vitro has been carried out. The highest efficiency in these experiments was demonstrated by the reversed-phase polyoctylated polysilicate hydrogel (POPSH). The use of POPSH in a herd of lactating cows significantly reduced the transfer of aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor, typical POPs from the “dirty dozen”, to the milk. The relevance of protecting the main functional systems of animals from the damaging effects of lipophilic toxins from feeds using non-polar adsorbents, and the concept of evaluating the effectiveness of various feed adsorbents for dairy cattle by their influence on the somatic cell count in the collected milk are discussed.

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Zeliger, Harold I., and Boguslaw Lipinski. "Physiochemical basis of human degenerative disease." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intox-2015-0003.

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AbstractThe onset of human degenerative diseases in humans, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, neurodevelopmental disease and neurodegenerative disease has been shown to be related to exposures to persistent organic pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and others, as well as to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, bisphenol-A and other aromatic lipophilic species. The onset of these diseases has also been related to exposures to transition metal ions. A physiochemical mechanism for the onset of degenerative environmental disease dependent upon exposure to a combination of lipophilic aromatic hydrocarbons and transition metal ions is proposed here. The findings reported here also, for the first time, explain why aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit greater toxicity than aliphatic hydrocarbons of equal carbon numbers.

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Bester, K., H. Hühnerfuss, W. Lange, and N. Theobald. "Results of non-target screening of lipophilic organic pollutants in the German Bight I: benzothiazoles." Science of The Total Environment 207, no. 2-3 (November 1997): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(97)00252-0.

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Li, Li, and Frank Wania. "Mechanistic Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Bioamplification of Persistent Lipophilic Organic Pollutants in Humans during Weight Loss." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 10 (May 3, 2017): 5563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00055.

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10

Bjerregaard-Olesen, Christian, Manhai Long, Mandana Ghisari, Bodil H. Bech, Ellen A. Nohr, Niels Uldbjerg, Tine B. Henriksen, Jørn Olsen, and Eva C. Bonefeld-Jørgensen. "Temporal trends of lipophilic persistent organic pollutants in serum from Danish nulliparous pregnant women 2011–2013." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 20 (April 21, 2017): 16592–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8992-7.

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11

Gregoraszczuk, Ewa L., and Anna Ptak. "Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Some Actions of POPs on Female Reproduction." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/828532.

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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated ethers (PBDEs), chloronaftalens (PCNs), and bisphenol A (BPA), are stable, lipophilic pollutants that affect fertility and cause serious reproductive problems, including ovotoxic action, lack of ovulation, premature ovarian failure (POF), or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Most of the representatives of POPs influence the activation of transcription factors, not only activation of aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but also the steroid hormone receptors. This minireview will focus on a variety of PAH activities in oocyte, ovary, placenta, and mammary gland. The complexity and diversity of factors belonging to POPs and disorders of the reproductive function of women indicate that the impact of environmental pollution as an important determinant factor in fertility should not be minimize.

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Yan, Jin Xia, Hai Rong Wang, and Dong Fang Li. "Analyses on Hydrophily and Lipophilicity of Dust in Shanghai Different Traffic Concentration Areas." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 990–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.990.

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Based on process optimizing, in this article the dust was made a extraction analysis to investigate the ratio of lipophilic substances, which was collected in shanghai different traffic concentration areas. Also, the samples was made a infrared spectroscopy analysis to investigate the organic groups contained. It illustrates that the ratio of lipophilicity in traffic-intensive areas is higher up to 90.1 percent than in living area which is 33.5 percent, those of Shanghai suburb is the littlest, only 12.3 percent. the main functional groups of dust in Shanghai traffic-intensive areas are amino, associating hydroxyl, benzene ring, alkyl and-SH, which is similar to the main component of organic pollutants in motor vehicle exhaust.

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Bester, Kai, Heinrich Hühnerfuss, Wilfried Lange, Gerhard G. Rimkus, and Norbert Theobald. "Results of non target screening of lipophilic organic pollutants in the German Bight II: polycyclic musk fragrances." Water Research 32, no. 6 (June 1998): 1857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(97)00424-7.

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14

Bester, K. "Results of non target screening of lipophilic organic pollutants in the German Bight V: Xanthen-9-one." Water Research 34, no. 8 (June 2000): 2277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00377-2.

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15

Liao, Ting T., Lei Wang, Ru W. Jia, Xiao H. Fu, and Hong Chua. "Lipophilic organic pollutants induce changes in phospholipid and membrane protein composition leading to Vero cell morphological change." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49, no. 10 (July 28, 2014): 760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2014.929868.

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Chukmasov, Pavel, Andrey Aksenov, Tatiana Sorokina, Yulia Varakina, Nikita Sobolev, and Evert Nieboer. "North Pacific Baleen Whales as a Potential Source of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Diet of the Indigenous Peoples of the Eastern Arctic Coasts." Toxics 7, no. 4 (December 17, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7040065.

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Among marine mammals, gray and bowhead whales contain large amounts of fat and thereby constitute crucial dietary components of the traditional diet of indigenous peoples of the Eastern Arctic. Despite the high nutritional and cultural value of gray and bowhead whales, there is a risk of persistent organic pollutant (POP) intake by indigenous individuals who use marine mammals as their main source of fat. POPs are lipophilic pollutants and are known to accumulate and magnify along the marine food web. Consumption of foods contaminated by POPs can perturb the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems, and can potentially cause cancer. Moderate to relatively high concentrations of POPs have indeed been reported in the edible tissues of gray and bowhead whales consumed by indigenous peoples of the North Pacific Ocean. Even though their consumption is potentially harmful, there is no regular monitoring of eco-toxicants in the foods consumed by the indigenous peoples of the Eastern Arctic. In our view, the routine analyses of consumable parts of whales and of comparable nutritional items need to be included in the Russian Arctic Biomonitoring Programme.

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17

Bjerregaard-Olesen, Christian, Manhai Long, Mandana Ghisari, Bodil H. Bech, Ellen A. Nohr, Niels Uldbjerg, Tine B. Henriksen, Jørn Olsen, and Eva C. Bonefeld-Jørgensen. "Erratum to: Temporal trends of lipophilic persistent organic pollutants in serum from Danish nulliparous pregnant women 2011–2013." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 20 (June 14, 2017): 16604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9330-9.

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18

Zeliger, Harold I. "Co-morditities of environmental diseases: A common cause." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0016.

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ABSTRACT The global pandemic of non-vector borne environmental diseases may, in large part, be attributed to chronic exposures to ever increasing levels of exogenous lipophilic chemicals. These chemicals include persistent organic pollutants, semi-volatile compounds and low molecular weight hydrocarbons. Such chemicals facilitate the sequential absorption of otherwise not absorbed more toxic hydrophilic species that attack numerous body organs and systems, leading to environmental disease. Co-morbidities of noncommunicable environmental diseases are alarmingly high, with as many as half of all individuals chronically ill with two or more diseases. Co-morbidity is to be anticipated, since all of the causative chemicals identified have independently been shown to trigger the individual diseases.

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Zeliger, Harold I. "Exposure to lipophilic chemicals as a cause of neurological impairments, neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2013-0018.

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ABSTRACT Many studies have associated environmental exposure to chemicals with neurological impairments (NIs) including neuropathies, cognitive, motor and sensory impairments; neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); neurodegenerative diseases (NDGs) including Alzheimer´s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The environmental chemicals shown to induce all these diseases include persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the plastic exudates bisphenol A and phthalates, low molecular weight hydrocarbons (LMWHCs) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It is reported here that though these chemicals differ widely in their chemical properties, reactivities and known points of attack in humans, a common link does exist between them. All are lipophilic species found in serum and they promote the sequential absorption of otherwise non-absorbed toxic hydrophilic species causing these diseases.

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Ghisari, M., and E. C. Bonefeld Jørgensen. "Estrogen and androgen receptor transactivation by actual serum mixtures of lipophilic persistent organic pollutants extracted from Greenlandic pregnant women." Toxicology Letters 258 (September 2016): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1362.

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Lee, Yu-Mi, Ji-Yeon Shin, Se-A. Kim, David R. Jacobs, and Duk-Hee Lee. "Can Habitual Exercise Help Reduce Serum Concentrations of Lipophilic Chemical Mixtures? Association between Physical Activity and Persistent Organic Pollutants." Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 44, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0158.

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22

Bester, Kai, Scarlett Biselli, Robert Gatermann, Heinrich Hühnerfuss, Wilfried Lange, and Norbert Theobald. "Results of non target screening of lipophilic organic pollutants in the German Bight III: Identification and quantification of 2,5-dichloroaniline." Chemosphere 36, no. 9 (April 1998): 1973–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(97)10082-0.

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Andreas Moser, G., and Michael S. McLachlan. "The influence of dietary concentration on the absorption and excretion of persistent lipophilic organic pollutants in the human intestinal tract." Chemosphere 45, no. 2 (October 2001): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00551-8.

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Chen, Junhui, Tongzhu Han, Xiaotong Li, Xiuping He, Yanlong Wang, Farong Chen, Xincheng Song, Deshan Zhou, and Xiaoru Wang. "Occurrence and distribution of marine natural organic pollutants: Lipophilic marine algal toxins in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, China." Science of The Total Environment 612 (January 2018): 931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.304.

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Bester, K., R. Gatermann, H. Hühnerfuss, W. Lange, and N. Theobald. "Results of non target screening of lipophilic organic pollutants in the German Bight. IV: Identification and quantification of chloronitrobenzenes and dichloronitrobenzenes." Environmental Pollution 102, no. 2-3 (August 1998): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00114-6.

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Moldovan, Rebeca, Bogdan-Cezar Iacob, Cosmin Farcău, Ede Bodoki, and Radu Oprean. "Strategies for SERS Detection of Organochlorine Pesticides." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020304.

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Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) embody highly lipophilic hazardous chemicals that are being phased out globally. Due to their persistent nature, they are still contaminating the environment, being classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They bioaccumulate through bioconcentration and biomagnification, leading to elevated concentrations at higher trophic levels. Studies show that human long-term exposure to OCPs is correlated with a large panel of common chronic diseases. Due to toxicity concerns, most OCPs are listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Conventionally, separation techniques such as gas chromatography are used to analyze OCPs (e.g., gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS)) or electron capture detection (GC/ECD). These are accurate, but expensive and time-consuming methods, which can only be performed in centralized lab environments after extensive pretreatment of the collected samples. Thus, researchers are continuously fueling the need to pursue new faster and less expensive alternatives for their detection and quantification that can be used in the field, possibly in miniaturized lab-on-a-chip systems. In this context, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) represents an exceptional analytical tool for the trace detection of pollutants, offering molecular fingerprint-type data and high sensitivity. For maximum signal amplification, two conditions are imposed: an efficient substrate and a high affinity toward the analyte. Unfortunately, due to the highly hydrophobic nature of these pollutants (OCPs,) they usually have a low affinity toward SERS substrates, increasing the challenge in their SERS detection. In order to overcome this limitation and take advantage of on-site Raman analysis of pollutants, researchers are devising ingenious strategies that are synthetically discussed in this review paper. Aiming to maximize the weak Raman signal of organochlorine pesticides, current practices of increasing the substrate’s performance, along with efforts in improving the selectivity by SERS substrate functionalization meant to adsorb the OCPs in close proximity (via covalent, electrostatic or hydrophobic bonds), are both discussed. Moreover, the prospects of multiplex analysis are also approached. Finally, other perspectives for capturing such hydrophobic molecules (MIPs—molecularly imprinted polymers, immunoassays) and SERS coupled techniques (microfluidics—SERS, electrochemistry—SERS) to overcome some of the restraints are presented.

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Lu, Gui-Ning, Xue-Qin Tao, Zhi Dang, Xiao-Yun Yi, and Chen Yang. "Estimation of n-octanol/water partition coefficients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by quantum chemical descriptors." Open Chemistry 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-008-0010-y.

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AbstractQuantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) modeling is a powerful approach for predicting environmental behavior of organic pollutants with their structure descriptors. This study reports an optimal QSPR model for estimating logarithmic n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log K OW) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Quantum chemical descriptors computed with density functional theory at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level and partial least squares (PLS) analysis with optimizing procedure were used for generating QSPR models for log K OW of PAHs. The squared correlation coefficient (R 2) of the optimal model was 0.990, and the results of crossvalidation test (Q 2cum=0.976) showed this optimal model had high fitting precision and good predictability. The log K OW values predicted by the optimal model are very close to those observed. The PLS analysis indicated that PAHs with larger electronic spatial extent and lower total energy values tend to be more hydrophobic and lipophilic.

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Napolitano, Guillermo E., Robert G. Ackman, and Christopher C. Parrish. "Lipids and lipophilic pollutants in three species of migratory shorebirds and their food in shepody bay (Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick)." Lipids 27, no. 10 (October 1992): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02535850.

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Gao, Lihui, Hong Wen, Quanzhi Tian, Yongtian Wang, and Guosheng Li. "Influence of surface modification by sulfuric acid on coking coal's adsorption of coking wastewater." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 3 (April 19, 2017): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.219.

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Coking coal, the raw material of a coke plant, was applied to the adsorption of coking wastewater. In this study, coking coal was directly treated with sulfuric acid to improve its surface properties and adsorption ability. Acid treatment was carried out at various concentrations, by varying from 0.001 to 1 mol/L. The samples were characterized by ash content analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), wettability analysis, and zeta potential analysis. These results demonstrated that H+ could react with inorganic minerals, which resulted in a significant variation of the chemical composition and the structure of coal surface. Furthermore, both the ash content and the surface content of O = C-O, C = O and C-O groups declined gradually as the concentration of sulfuric acid increased, while the surface area and pore volume of micropore, the lipophilic and hydrophobic properties, and zeta potential magnitude increased, resulting in enhanced hydrophobic and Van der Waals' forces between the fine coal and organic pollutants. Characterization modification showed a better performance in adsorption, the removal rate enhanced from 23% to 42% after treated by 1 mol/L sulfuric acid. It was concluded that the acid activation modified the lipophilic and hydrophobic properties, the surface charge properties, surface area and pore volume, the content of oxygen functional groups, all of which could be potentially useful in wastewater adsorption.

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Witczak, Agata, and Anna Mituniewicz-Małek. "The impact of bacterial cultures on changes in contents of PCB congeners in yoghurt and bioyoghurt." Mljekarstvo 69, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15567/mljekarstvo.2019.0105.

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Persistent organic pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls, may pose serious health hazard to consumers due to their lipophilic character as well as their high stability and toxicity. They are common in milk and also in dairy products. Therefore, to provide consumers with food of the lowest possible level of pollutants, it is important to estimate the influence of technological processes in milk and dairy products manufacture on changes in the contents of toxic PCB congeners. The PCB congeners content was determined using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Our study showed that yoghurt starter cultures turned out to be an effective tool in decreasing the toxicity equivalent of yoghurts. The presence of additional two starter cultures of bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium sp. In the A.B.T. bioyoghurt starter culture was most likely the reason of the highest efficiency of this culture to reduce the value of toxicity equivalent (TEQPCB) in bioyoghurts (reduction by nearly 50 %). However, none of the four tested starter cultures of yoghurts and bioyoghurts ensured complete biodegradation of any of the tested PCB congeners. These cultures contributed to a distinct reduction in contents of the PCB congeners in the finished products and, simultaneously, to a significant increase in PCB 28 and PCB 77, which may result from the degradation of more chlorinated congeners. In consequence it can improve the quality of fermented dairy products.

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Sprague, Matthew, Eldar Å. Bendiksen, James R. Dick, Fiona Strachan, Jarunan Pratoomyot, Marc H. G. Berntssen, Douglas R. Tocher, and John Gordon Bell. "Effects of decontaminated fish oil or a fish and vegetable oil blend on persistent organic pollutant and fatty acid compositions in diet and flesh of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." British Journal of Nutrition 103, no. 10 (March 1, 2010): 1442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510000139.

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The health benefits of seafood are well documented and based on the unique supply ofn-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Aquaculture now contributes about 50 % of food-grade seafood globally and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a rich source ofn-3 HUFA. However, salmon and other oily fish can accumulate lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POP), including dioxins (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), derived largely from feed. In the present study, triplicate groups of salmon, of initial weight 0·78 kg, were fed one of three experimental diets for 11 weeks. The diets were coated with either a northern fish oil (FO) with a high POP content (cNFO), the same oil that had been decontaminated (deNFO) or a blend of southern fish oil, rapeseed and soyabean oils (SFO/RO/SO). Dietary PCDD/F+dioxin-like PCB (DL-PCB) concentrations were 17·36, 0·45 and 0·53 ng toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg, respectively. After 11 weeks, the flesh concentrations in fish fed the cNFO, deNFO and SFO/RO/SO diets were 6·42, 0·34 and 0·41 ng TEQ/kg, respectively. There were no differences in flesh EPA and DHA between fish fed the cNFO or deNFO diets although EPA and DHA were reduced by 50 and 30 %, respectively, in fish fed the SFO/RO/SO diet. Thus, decontaminated FO can be used to produce salmon high inn-3 HUFA and low in POP. Salmon produced using deNFO would be of high nutritional value and very low in POP and would utilise valuable fish oils that would otherwise be destroyed due to their high pollutant concentrations.

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Roszko, Marek, Marta Kamińska, Krystyna Szymczyk, Katarzyna Piasecka – Jóźwiak, and Beata Chabłowska. "Optimized yeast-based in vitro bioassay for determination of estrogenic and androgenic activity of hydroxylated / methoxylated metabolites of BDEs / CBs and related lipophilic organic pollutants." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 53, no. 10 (May 18, 2018): 692–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2018.1474564.

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Mustieles, Vicente, and Juan P. Arrebola. "How polluted is your fat? What the study of adipose tissue can contribute to environmental epidemiology." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 5 (February 4, 2020): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213181.

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The study of the potential contribution of low-dose exposure to environmental chemicals on the development of chronic conditions in human populations is often hampered by methodological issues, including exposure misclassification and the inability to assess biological effects in target organs. White adipose tissue (WAT) presents the unique feature of being both an advantageous matrix for assessing long-term exposure to mixtures of persistent organic pollutants and an interesting tissue to investigate early preclinical effects. Moreover, other lipophilic non-persistent chemicals and heavy metals have been recently quantified in fat, suggesting that human WAT contains chemical mixtures more complex than initially thought. However, WAT has been scarcely used in environmental epidemiology due to collection difficulties. In this essay we discuss the potential of using human WAT as a source of both exposure and effect biomarkers, with the aim of advancing the epidemiological research of obesity-related diseases, including metabolic syndrome and cancer. Overall, we discuss the implications of investigating WAT in a multidisciplinary framework combining toxicological and epidemiological knowledge in order to improve the inference of causal relationships in observational settings. We finalise by suggesting feasible designs and scenarios in which WAT samples may be reasonably collected.

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Jurjanz, Stefan, Moldir Nurseitova, Zhanna Toregozhina, Gaukhar Konuspayeva, and Bernard Faye. "Kinetics of polychlorinated biphenyls in Bactrian camels." Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 30, no. 4 (May 15, 2018): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i4.1667.

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The study aimed to determine the accumulation and depuration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Bactrian camels. Four lactating, two-humped camels (Camelus bactrianus) received 0.8 mg PCBs (1.3 μg/kg body weight) daily for 56 days. Then, the depuration of the animals was monitored for the next 4 months. Milk, blood and hump fat of the camels were sampled every 2 weeks and analyzed. Body weight increased significantly, from approximately 550 to 613 kg, by the end of the study. The fat mass in the humps initially decreased (-2.3 kg, P<0.05) then increased at the end of the depuration period (+2.0 kg, P<0.05). At the end of the exposure period, the concentrations of the indicator PCBs were 1.6 mg/g hump fat, 0.85 mg/g milk fat and 0.56 mg/L blood serum, i.e., ten times over the background level. The concentrations in the hump fat decreased significantly during the depuration period, for congeners 28, 52, 101 and 118, but did not vary appreciably for the heavily chlorinated congeners 138, 153 and 180. The apparently stable concentrations of the heavier congeners may be an artifact of the reduced fat mass in the humps during the first part of the depuration period, combined with fat mobilization, which may mask the reduction of stored PCBs. PCB concentrations in the milk and blood were not significantly reduced during the depuration periods, as they represent the outflow of PCBs from the pool stored in the humps and have a weak affinity for lipophilic compounds, respectively. Therefore, it should be recommended to avoid the consumption of raw fat from camel hump in polluted areas because this organ would easily bioaccumulate organic pollutants during an exposure and store it over an extended period. PCB contaminants in milk would reflect the intensity of the outflow from the stored pool, and it would take a longer time in camels than in other ruminants to obtain safe food after the exposure of the animals to persistent organic pollutants.

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TAO, XUE-QIN, GUI-NING LU, HONG-LIN FEI, and KANG-QUN ZHOU. "ESTIMATION OF DISSOLVABILITY OF CHLORIC AND ALKYL BENZENE DERIVATIVES USING QUANTUM CHEMICAL DESCRIPTORS AND PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 07, no. 05 (October 2008): 989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633608004350.

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Quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) modeling is a powerful approach for predicting environmental behavior of organic pollutants with their structure descriptors. This study reports two optimal QSPR models for estimating water solubility ( log S W ) and n-octanol/water partition coefficient ( log K OW ) of chloric and alkyl benzene derivatives. Quantum chemical descriptors computed with density functional theory at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level and partial least squares (PLS) analysis with optimizing procedure were used for generating QSPR models for log S W and log K OW of chloric and alkyl benzene derivatives. The correlation coefficients of the optimal models for log S W and log K OW were 0.973 and 0.990, respectively. The results of internal cross-validation test and external validation test showed that both of the optimal models had high fitting precision and good predicting ability. The log S W and log K OW values predicted by the optimal models are very close to those observed. The PLS analysis indicated that chloric and alkyl benzene derivatives with larger electronic spatial extent and lower molecular total energy tend to be more hydrophobic and lipophilic, and smaller energy gap between the lowest unoccupied and the highest occupied molecular orbitals leads to larger dissolvability.

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Wielsøe, Maria, Christian Bjerregaard-Olesen, Peder Kern, and Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen. "Receptor activities of persistent pollutant serum mixtures and breast cancer risk." Endocrine-Related Cancer 25, no. 3 (March 2018): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erc-17-0366.

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Studies on associations between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and breast cancer risk are inconclusive. The majority of studies have evaluated the effect of single compounds, without considering multiple exposures to and interactions between different POPs. The present study aimed at evaluating breast cancer risk related to combined effects of serum POP mixtures on cellular receptor functions. Data on breast cancer cases (n = 77) and controls (n = 84) were collected among Greenlandic Inuit women. Serum mixtures of lipophilic POPs (lipPOPs), perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and dioxin-like POPs were extracted. The effect of the mixture extracts on the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was determined using cell culture reporter gene assays. The serum mixtures were analyzed alone and upon co-exposure with natural receptor ligands to determine agonistic and antagonistic/competitive activity. We found that the frequency of lipPOP mixtures eliciting no, decreasing, or agonizing xenoandrogenic effect differed by breast cancer status. Using lipPOP mixtures with no effect on AR as reference, the mixtures with decreasing effects reduced breast cancer risk (OR: 0.30 (0.12; 0.76)). The AhR-toxic equivalent of serum mixtures was significantly lower in cases than in controls, and a reduced breast cancer risk was found when comparing the third tertile to the first (OR: 0.34 (0.14; 0.83)). We found no association between the xenoestrogenic activities of lipPOPs or PFAAs and breast cancer risk. Serum lipPOP mixtures are hormone disruptive and may influence breast cancer risk, whereas PFAAs seem to influence breast cancer risk through other pathways.

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Schmitt, Jürgen, David Nivens, David C. White, and Hans-Curt Flemming. "Changes of biofilm properties in response to sorbed substances - an FTIR-ATR study." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 8 (October 1, 1995): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0284.

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Biofilms play an important role as sorbents in the process of distribution of pollutants in surface water systems. The sorption properties of biofilms will influence the kind and the amount of sorbed substances. The heterogeneity of biofilms provides different sorption sites which exhibit a different sorption preference and capacity. As dynamic systems, biofilms will respond physiologically to their environment. Thus, the sorption of one substance may lead to a change in the composition of the EPS or other biofilm components and further alter the original sorption properties. In this paper, the influence of toluene on a biofilm was investigated. As a suitable method, FTIR-ATR spectroscopy was applied. The method is non destructive and allows the observation of biofilm formation and behaviour on line and in situ. A biofilm was allowed to form in ATR flow-through cells. The test strain was genetically engineered and contained a bioluminescent reporter gene which was switched on when toluene was metabolized. Thus, the degree of toluene degradation activity could be observed with great sensitivity. The FTIR spectrometer contained three flow-through cells which could be operated in parallel: one was run with sterile medium only, one with medium and bacteria, and one with medium, bacteria and toluene. This arrangement allowed the discrimination of the biofilm response from other effects. The IR spectrum showed specific bands of proteins, polysaccharides, phosphoryl compounds and other groups of molecules. A significant increase of EPS-polysaccharide formation was observed at a toluene level of 5 mg L−1. At 15 mg L−1, significantly more carboxyl groups were formed. Thus, the effect of the lipophilic organic pollutant toluene increased the amount of negatively charged groups and, consequently, the sorption capacity for metal cations. This result indicates that biofilms respond in a complex manner to different sorbates and alter their environmental properties.

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LU, GUI-NING, XUE-QIN TAO, ZHI DANG, WEILIN HUANG, and ZHONG LI. "QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE–PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS ON DISSOLVABILITY OF PCDD/Fs USING QUANTUM CHEMICAL DESCRIPTORS AND PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 09, supp01 (January 2010): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633610005608.

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The environmental fate of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) has become a major issue in recent decades. Quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) modeling is a powerful approach for predicting the properties of environmental organic pollutants from their structure descriptors. In this study, QSPR models were established for estimating water solubility (- log S W ) and n-octanol/water partition coefficient ( log KOW) of PCDD/Fs. Quantum chemical descriptors computed with density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level and partial least squares (PLS) analysis with an optimizing procedure were used to generate QSPR models for - log S W and log K OW of PCDD/Fs. Optimized models with high correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.983) were obtained for estimating - log S W and log K OW of PCDD/Fs. Both the internal cross validation test [Formula: see text] and external validation test (R2 > 0.965) results showed that the obtained models had high-precision and good prediction capability. The - log S W } and log K OW values predicted by the obtained models are very close to those observed. The PLS analysis indicated that PCDD/Fs with larger electronic spatial extent (R e ), lower molecular total energy (E T ), and smaller energy gap between the lowest unoccupied and the highest occupied molecular orbitals (E LUMO -E HOMO ) tend to be less soluble in water but more lipophilic.

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Gautam, Bibha, Mary M. Rogge, Narayan Acharya, Rohali Keesari, and Mhd Hasan Almekdash. "Obesogenic Toxicants in Breast Milk of Lactating Women: Investigation of a Risk Factor for Childhood Obesity." Biological Research For Nursing 22, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800420909151.

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Background: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), dispersed in all environmental compartments, are associated with increased adipogenesis and body weight. These lipophilic toxicants bioaccumulate in the human body and get transferred from mothers to their offspring via the placental circulation and breast milk. The current study was designed to compare polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentrations between obese and normal-weight lactating women. Methods: A cross-sectional correlation design was used to compare POP concentrations in breast milk samples of 24 obese and 21 normal-weight adult lactating women at their 2- to 8-week postpartum clinic visit. Concentrations of 12 specific PCB congeners and HCB were analyzed using high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. Results: Of 12 targeted PCB congeners, 6 were detected in the breast milk samples of obese women compared to 3 in normal-weight lactating women. PCB presence was not significantly different between the obese and normal-weight groups. HCB was not detected in any of the breast milk samples for either group. Conclusions: This exploratory study revealed no statistically significant difference in the presence of PCBs in breast milk of obese mothers compared to that of normal-weight women. Therefore, fear of increased risk of transmission of these toxicants may not be a good reason to avoid breastfeeding. Results point to the need for a large-scale multicenter study that examines the effect of PCBs on breastfeeding, considering possible geographic variations of the examined phenomenon.

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VASSILIADOU (Ε. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑΔΟΥ), I., D. COSTOPOULOU (Δ. ΚΩΣΤΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), and L. LEONTIADIS (Λ. ΛΕΟΝΤΙΑΔΗΣ). "Monitoring of dioxins and related toxic compounds in food of animal origin in Greece." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 62, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14843.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and "dioxin-like" polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental pollutants belonging to the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). PCDDs and PCDFs have never been produced intentionally, but they are formed by incomplete combustion of organic material in the presence of chlorine, during industrial processes or intentional and unintentional burning of solid waste. PCBs have been produced industrially as mixtures and have been used in various applications, though their production has been banned since the 1970's. Their toxicity is mediated through the interaction with the aryl hydrocarbon (AH) receptor, causing severe health effects to humans after chronic exposure, which include developmental and immunological effects, carcinogenicity and chloracne. More than 90% of the daily human intake is due to food ingestion and especially, to the consumption of fat-containing animal food products, due to the lipophilic nature of these compounds. In order to control food contamination by these compounds, the European Union has set maximum limits for PCDD/Fs and PCBs in food products (EU Regulation 1881/2006/EC). The Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory of "NCSR" Demokritos has been operating since 2002 and it performs analysis of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in food, feed, biological and environmental samples, applying international protocols of analysis (EPA 1613, EPA 1668), based on appropriate sample clean-up and determination by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), using the isotope dilution method, as specified by the EU Regulation 1883/2006/EC. The Laboratory has been accredited according to ISO/IEC 17025 by ESYD and it is the National Reference Laboratory of the European Commission for Greece and Cyprus. Here we present here a comprehensive report of the activities of the Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory during its operation, concerning the monitoring of dioxins and similar toxic compounds in food of animal origin in Greece. Through collaboration with the official bureaus of food, environment and health control organizations of Greece, the Laboratory has conducted analysis in a large number of food and animal feed products sampled randomly in the Greek market. The results are well below the EU maximum levels and, in general, lower than those monitored in other European and Mediterranean countries. This has been attributed to the fact that Greece is not highly industrialized and has never produced PCBs and does not perform systematic waste incineration. On the other hand, samples have been collected and analysed from areas suspected for dioxin contamination, such as areas affected by accidental fires, landfills or exposed to industrial pollution. In some of these cases, unusually high levels of dioxin contamination in food samples of animal origin have been observed, in some cases above EU limits, and appropriate measures have been taken by Greek authorities to prevent their consumption and to restore normal dioxin levels.

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Lopes, Alessandra Cunha, Ann H. Mounteer, Teynha Valverde Stoppa, and Davi Santiago Aquino. "Biological activity of bleached kraft pulp mill effluents before and after activated sludge and ozone treatments." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.567.

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Eucalyptus bleached kraft pulp production, an important sector of the Brazilian national economy, is responsible for generating large volume, high pollutant load effluents, containing a considerable fraction of recalcitrant organic matter. The objectives of this study were to quantify the biological activity of the effluent from a eucalyptus bleached kraft pulp mill, characterize the nature of compounds responsible for biological activity and assess the effect of ozone treatment on its removal. Primary and secondary effluents were collected bimonthly over the course of one year at a Brazilian bleached eucalypt kraft pulp mill and their pollutant loads (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), adsorbable organic halogen (AOX), lignin, extractives) and biological activity (acute and chronic toxicity and estrogenic activity) quantified. The effluent studied did not present acute toxicity to Daphnia, but presented the chronic toxicity effects of algal growth inhibition and reduced survival and reproduction in Ceriodaphnia, as well as estrogenic activity. Chronic toxicity and estrogenic activity were reduced but not eliminated during activated sludge biological treatment. The toxicity identification evaluation revealed that lipophilic organic compounds (such as residual lignin, extractives and their byproducts) were responsible for the toxicity and estrogenic activity. Ozone treatment (50 mg/L O3) of the secondary effluent eliminated the chronic toxicity and significantly reduced estrogen activity.

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Fokina, N. N., I. N. Bakhmet, and N. N. Nemova. "Cooperative effect of crude oil and low salinity on the digestive glands lipid composition of the White Sea blue mussels Mytilus edulis." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 320, no. 3 (September 23, 2016): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2016.320.3.357.

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The response of the organism to the pollutant impact is influenced by a variety of abiotic and biotic environmental factors that may have a synergistic or antagonistic effect on the biodegradation, accumulation, distribution and elimination of the xenobiotics. It is known that lipophilic organic contaminants including oil hydrocarbons can be accumulated in lipid-rich tissues of marine animals, thus causing changes in biosynthesis and transport of phospholipids and triacylglycerols, as well as in the physical state of biological membranes. The cooperative effect of crude oil and low salinity on digestive gland lipid composition of the White Sea blue mussels Mytilus edulis L. was studied in aquarium experiment. Low salinity (15‰) impact reflects on the lipid composition indicating high energy costs directed to acclimation of the mussels to new environmental conditions. However, the response of the lipid composition on the crude oil effect is almost not dependent on the ambient salinity, and is mainly determined by exposure duration to crude oil and its dose in aquarium water. On the third experimental day a significant increase in the cholesterol/phospholipids ratio and the subsequent its recovery to initial level possibly indicate the development of the protective compensatory mechanisms to provide low permeability of cell membranes in digestive glands under crude oil pollution. It was observed that the leading factor contributing the lipid composition modifications in blue mussel digestive glands is crude oil effect, mainly in its higher concentrations.

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Huang, Ling, Xunzhi Zhu, Shixing Zhou, Zhenrui Cheng, Kai Shi, Chi Zhang, and Hua Shao. "Phthalic Acid Esters: Natural Sources and Biological Activities." Toxins 13, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070495.

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Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of lipophilic chemicals widely used as plasticizers and additives to improve various products’ mechanical extensibility and flexibility. At present, synthesized PAEs, which are considered to cause potential hazards to ecosystem functioning and public health, have been easily detected in the atmosphere, water, soil, and sediments; PAEs are also frequently discovered in plant and microorganism sources, suggesting the possibility that they might be biosynthesized in nature. In this review, we summarize that PAEs have not only been identified in the organic solvent extracts, root exudates, and essential oils of a large number of different plant species, but also isolated and purified from various algae, bacteria, and fungi. Dominant PAEs identified from natural sources generally include di-n-butyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, etc. Further studies reveal that PAEs can be biosynthesized by at least several algae. PAEs are reported to possess allelopathic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and other biological activities, which might enhance the competitiveness of plants, algae, and microorganisms to better accommodate biotic and abiotic stress. These findings suggest that PAEs should not be treated solely as a “human-made pollutant” simply because they have been extensively synthesized and utilized; on the other hand, synthesized PAEs entering the ecosystem might disrupt the metabolic process of certain plant, algal, and microbial communities. Therefore, further studies are required to elucidate the relevant mechanisms and ecological consequences.

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Hellou, Jocelyne, Michel Lebeuf, and Marilynn Rudi. "Review on DDT and metabolites in birds and mammals of aquatic ecosystems." Environmental Reviews 21, no. 1 (March 2013): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2012-0054.

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Interdisciplinary research regarding the pesticide DDT has been ongoing since its synthesis in 1874, with thousands of publications appearing in the literature. The present review, on the 50th anniversary of the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, examines the state of knowledge regarding the presence and toxicity of DDT in two groups of top predators in the aquatic environment, mammals and birds. The objective is to outline the essential chemical information available on the fate of this most renowned persistent organic pollutant in the context of other lipophilic contaminants, as much in terms of the abiotic environment as for the tissue distribution of DDT derivatives. The facts associated with bioaccumulation and biotransformation as well as linkages to more and less known toxic effects are presented. The discussion highlights the better understanding derived from bird investigations initiated owing to the discovery of avian reproductive effects, in contrast to the challenges faced in research on marine mammals. Eggshell thinning was observed when there were fewer industrial chemicals in use, while in the 21st century the plethora of xenobiotics entering the food web increased exponentially. A discussion of sediment quality guidelines as well as tissue guidelines is presented to explain the derivation of threshold concentrations for toxic effects. Recommendations are made to continue research on environmental contaminants entering the food chain, covering more POP and relevant toxic endpoints. Developments to replace DDT are highlighted alongside the cautionary principle, plus the regulation program launched in Europe in 2002 that will be implemented in 2020 to replace harmful chemicals.

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Rainey, Nathan E., Ana Saric, Alexandre Leberre, Etienne Dewailly, Christian Slomianny, Guillaume Vial, Harold I. Zeliger, and Patrice X. Petit. "Synergistic cellular effects including mitochondrial destabilization, autophagy and apoptosis following low-level exposure to a mixture of lipophilic persistent organic pollutants." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (July 5, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04654-0.

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Gamar, A., T. Zair, M. El Kabriti, S. MyrKues, K. Hugland, and F. El Hilali. "Removal of Organic Pollutants from Wastewater Using a Lipophilic Substance: Cases of Isopropyl Myristate - Efficient and Increased Point-of-Use Versatility." International Journal of Biotechnology and Biomaterials Engineering 2, no. 1 (December 14, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.35840/2633-8920/8804.

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Haedrich, Johannes, Claudia Stumpf, and Michael S. Denison. "Rapid extraction of total lipids and lipophilic POPs from all EU-regulated foods of animal origin: Smedes’ method revisited and enhanced." Environmental Sciences Europe 32, no. 1 (September 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00396-5.

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Abstract Background Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins, dioxin-like chemicals and non-dioxin-like PCBs causing adverse effects to human health bio-accumulate through the food web due to their affinity for adipose tissues. Foods of animal origin are therefore the main contributors to human dietary exposure. The European Union’s (EU) food safety policy requires checking of a wide range of samples for compliance with legal limits on a regular basis. Several methods of varying efficiency are applied by official control laboratories for extraction of the different classes of lipids and associated POPs, bound to animal tissue and animal products in varying degrees, sometimes leading to discrepancies especially in fresh weight based analytical results. Results Starting from Smedes’ lipid extraction from marine tissue, we optimized the extraction efficiency for both lipids and lipophilic pollutants, abandoning the time-consuming centrifugation step. The resulting modified Smedes extraction (MSE) method was validated based on multiple analyses of a large number of real-world samples, matrix calibration and performance assessment in proficiency testing utilizing both instrumental and bioanalytical methodologies. Intermediate precision in 12 different foods was below 3% in chicken eggs, egg powder, animal fat, fish, fish oil, poultry, whole milk, milk fat and milk powder, and below 5% in bovine meat, liver, and infant food. In comparison to Twisselmann hot extraction, results presented here show an increased efficiency of MSE by + 25% for bovine liver, + 14% for chicken eggs, + 13% for poultry meat, + 12% for fish, 8% for bovine meat, and 6% for infant food. Conclusions For the first time, a fast and reliable routine method is available that enables the analyst to reproducibly extract "total" lipids from any EU-regulated food sample of animal origin within 6 to 8 min. Increased efficiency translates into a considerable increase in both lipid and wet weight-based analytical results measured for associated POPs, reducing the risk of false non-compliant results. Compared to a 4 h Twisselmann extraction, the extraction of 1000 samples using MSE would result in annual savings of about 250 h or 32 working days. Our MSE procedure contributes to the European Commission's objective of harmonizing analytical results across the EU generated according to Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/644.

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Kosfeld, Verena, Heinz Rüdel, Christian Schlechtriem, Caren Rauert, and Jan Koschorreck. "Food web on ice: a pragmatic approach to investigate the trophic magnification of chemicals of concern." Environmental Sciences Europe 33, no. 1 (August 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00530-x.

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Abstract Background The trophic magnification factor (TMF) is a metric that describes the average trophic magnification of a chemical through a food web. TMFs may be used for the risk assessment of chemicals, although TMFs for single compounds can vary considerably between studies despite thorough guidance available in the literature to eliminate potential sources of error. The practical realization of a TMF investigation is quite complex and often only a few chemicals can be investigated due to low sample masses. This study evaluated whether a pragmatic approach involving the large-scale cryogenic sample preparation practices of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) is feasible. This approach could provide sufficient sample masses for a reduced set of samples allowing screenings for a broad spectrum of substances and by that enabling a systematic comparison of derived TMFs. Furthermore, it was assessed whether plausible TMFs can be derived with the ‘Food web on ice’ approach via a comparison with literature TMF values. Results This investigation at Lake Templin near Potsdam is the first TMF study for a German freshwater ecosystem and aimed to derive TMFs that are appropriate for regulatory purposes. A set of 15 composite biota samples was obtained and analyzed for an extended set of benchmark chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants, mercury and perfluoroalkyl substances. TMFs were calculated for all substances that were present in > 80% of the biota samples. For example, in the case of polychlorinated biphenyls, TMFs from 1.7 to 2.5 were determined and comparisons to literature TMFs determined in other freshwater ecosystems showed similarities. We showed that 32 out of 35 compounds analyzed had TMFs significantly above 1. In the remaining three cases, the correlations were not statistically significant. Conclusions The derived food web samples allow for an on-demand analysis and are ready-to-use for additional investigations. Since substances with non-lipophilic accumulation properties were also included in the list of analyzed substances, we conclude that the ‘Food web on ice’ provides samples which could be used to characterize the trophic magnification potential of substances with unknown bioaccumulation properties in the future which in return could be compared directly to the benchmarking patterns provided here.

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Pierre, Massapihanhoro Ouattara, Bamba Kafoumba, N’guessan Nobel Kouakou, and Ziao Nahossé. "Determination of Descriptors Which Influence the Toxicity of Organochlorine Compounds Using Qsar Method." Chemical Science International Journal, June 15, 2019, 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/csji/2019/v27i130107.

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Organochlorine Pesticides (OCP) are organic compounds obtained by the chlorination of various unsaturated hydrocarbons. They are very toxic and therefore belong to the family of persistent organic pollutants. If formerly these pesticides were used to fight against certain vectors of diseases and thus improve the productivity of the host, today they are considered as "enemy" of the environment. To understand the origin of the toxicity of organochlorine compounds, we used 73 molecules (test set: 50 and validation: 23) containing at least one chlorine atom and for which the toxicity (LogLC50) against Poecilia reticulata is known to establish QSAR models. Firstly, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the best descriptors. Then, the different models were established using the method of multiple linear regression (MLR). Models established with quantum and physicochemical descriptors only showed satisfactory results. But the best model was determined with the combination of both quantum and physicochemical descriptors. The criteria of this model are as follows: R2 = 0.939 ; R2ajusted = 0.932 ; Pvalue < 0.0001; α = 0.05 R2CV = 0.935 ; R2 - R2CV = 0.004 ; MCE = 0.073; F = 134.701 These criteria show that the toxicity of organochlorine compounds is well described by the combination of quantum and physicochemical descriptors namely lipophilia (LogP), polarizability (pol), entropy (S), zero-point energy (ZPE) and the number of chlorine atoms (NCl).

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Silva, Juliana F., Bruno P. Moreira, Luís Rato, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Pedro F. Oliveira, and Marco G. Alves. "Is Technical-grade Chlordane an Obesogen?" Current Medicinal Chemistry 27 (January 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867327666200121122208.

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The prevalence of obesity has tripled in recent decades and is now considered an alarming public health problem. In recent years, a group of endocrine disruptors, known as obesogens, have been directly linked to the obesity epidemic. Its etiology is generally associated with a sedentary lifestyle, a high-fat diet and genetic predisposition, but environmental factors, such as obesogens, have also been reported as contributors for this pathology. In brief, obesogens are exogenous chemical compounds that alter metabolic processes and/or energy balance and appetite, thus predisposing to weight gain. Although this theory is still recent, the number of compounds with suspected obesogenic activity has steadily increased over the years, though much more remain a matter of debate. Technical-grade chlordane is an organochlorine pesticide widely present in the environment, albeit at low concentrations. Highly lipophilic, this compound can be metabolized by humans and animals into more toxic and stable compounds that are stored in fat tissue and consequently pose a danger to the human body, including the physiology of adipose tissue, which plays an important role in weight regulation. In addition, technical-grade chlordane is classified as a persistent organic pollutant, a group of chemicals whose epidemiological studies are associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity. Herein, we discuss the emerging roles of obesogens as threats to public health. We particularly discuss the relevance of chlordane persistence in the environment and how its effects on human and animal health provide evidence for its role as an endocrine disruptor with possible obesogenic activity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lipophilic organic pollutants'

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