Journal articles: 'Liquefied gas carriers'

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Marques, C. H., C. R. P. Belchior, and J. D. Caprace. "AN APPROACH TO OPTIMISE THE SELECTION OF LNG CARRIERS’ PROPULSION SYSTEM." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 16, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v16i1.62189.

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Marine transport of natural gas, mostly in its liquid phase, is of growing importance in the global energy markets. The fleet of liquefied natural gas carriers is thereby increasing and being upgraded to enhance its performance. Since there is no well-defined procedure about how to perform the selection of the propulsion system considering the peculiarities of this kind of vessel, this work intend to fill this gap. In other words, the present article aims to propose an approach so that one can perform the optimised selection of liquefied natural gas carriers’ propulsion system mainly concerning financial aspects. Firstly, some fundamentals about liquefied natural gas and its transport are presented followed by reasons why the traditional steam turbine propulsion plant was abandoned and dual- fuel diesel engines have been applied instead. Then, a list of criteria is discussed and studies that inspired this work are summarised. A case study of a ship with cargo capacity of 174,000 m3 operating between Lake Charles and Tokyo Bay via Panama Canal is selected. Owing to this route and environmental rules, the ship has to travel at three different levels of service speed unlike ordinary ones, which usually keep a steady speed throughout voyage. Maximising the net present value of the project is the objective function that is intended to be achieved by optimising eleven variables regarding synthesis, design and operation of the propulsion system. Finally, it is suggested that this work may assist marine engineers and ship-owners to design and outline the operation of liquefied natural gas carriers.

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Lyridis, Dimitrios V. "Spot Charter Rate Forecast for Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091270.

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Recent maritime legislation demands the transformation of the transportation sector to greener and more energy efficient. Liquified natural gas (LNG) seems a promising alternative fuel solution that could replace the conventional fuel sources. Various studies have focused on the prediction of the LNG price; however, no previous work has been carried out on the forecast of the spot charter rate of LNG carrier ships, an important factor for the maritime industries and companies when it comes to decision-making. Therefore, this study is focused on the development of a machine learning pipeline to address the aforementioned problem by: (i) forming a dataset with variables relevant to LNG; (ii) identifying the variables that impact the freight price of LNG carrier; (iii) developing and evaluating regression models for short and mid-term forecast. The results showed that the general regression neural network presented a stable overall performance for forecasting periods of 2, 4 and 6 months ahead.

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Miliajev, Viktor, Vladimir Erlihman, and Yury Fatyhov. "RESULTS OF THE GAS CARRIER RELIQUEFACTION PLANT TRIAL." TRANSPORT 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638137.

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In the paper results of the gas carrier reliquefaction plant trial are considered. Safe transportation of liquefied gases is explained. The construction of the ship on trial is described. Designed parameters of the reliquefaction plant are presented. Heat gain into cargo tanks is obtained. Volumetric capacity, cooling capacity, volumetric efficiency and power consumption of the compressors are determined. Results of the main engine trial, diesel generator trial, reliquefaction plant trial, and calculations performed afterwards are represented in five tables. The results obtained may be used for optimisation calculations of gas carriers’ reliquefaction plants.

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Ivče, Renato, Igor Rudan, and Mateo Rudan. "Management and Usage of Nitrogen Systems on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carriers." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 55, no. 1 (December 2018): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2018.00.14.

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The importance of liquefied natural gas (LNG) vessels and the technology that enables their operations is steadily growing. Hence, in addition to professional interest, the general public also displays a considerably large interest in this issue. Today LNG carriers belong to the category of the most technologically developed vessels and therefore managing these vessels requires not only the general knowledge but also the specific knowledge relating to their cargo handling systems. To ensure the safe and economical transport of LNG by sea and to minimize the risk of fire or explosion it is necessary to understand the properties of LNG and nitrogen, an inert gas used in all phases of the carriage and transfer of liquefied gas. The subject of this research is the overall process of nitrogen management in daily operations on board LNG carriers. The aim of the research is to explain, evaluate and define the various applications of nitrogen systems on LNG carriers.

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Zichittella, Guido, and Javier Pérez-Ramírez. "Status and prospects of the decentralised valorisation of natural gas into energy and energy carriers." Chemical Society Reviews 50, no. 5 (2021): 2984–3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs01506g.

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We critically review the recent advances in process, reactor, and catalyst design that enable process miniaturisation for decentralised natural gas upgrading into electricity, liquefied natural gas, fuels and chemicals.

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de Almeida Barbosa, Danilo, Fabio Pavan Piccoli, and Daniel dos Santos Moreira. "Analysis of Sloshing Suppressors in Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers Tanks." International Journal of Fluid Mechanics & Thermal Sciences 7, no. 1 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfmts.20210701.12.

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Elsayed, Tarek, Khaled Marghany, and Said Abdulkader. "Risk assessment of liquefied natural gas carriers using fuzzy TOPSIS." Ships and Offshore Structures 9, no. 4 (September 24, 2013): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2013.829964.

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Giernalczyk, Mariusz, Filip Łoński, and Wojciech Kaniak. "Ways of Adjusting the Two-Stroke Diesel Engine to be Run on Liquefied Natural Gas." New Trends in Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2018-0039.

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Abstract This article attempts at assessing the feasibility and validity of adjusting the two-stroke diesel engine to be fuelled by liquefied natural gas (LNG). It discusses a set of modifications introduced onto one of the ships carrying liquefied natural gas. These changes consisted in adjusting the engines of the main drive so that they can be fuelled by gas. This has been achieved by the modification of the cylinder head and fuel supply installation. Parameter results of the modified engines obtained during sea trials have been presented. Both advantages and disadvantages resulting from gas combustion have been pointed out. Ultimately, the authors of this article assess the applicability of this solution to other LNG carriers.

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Zhao, DongSheng, TianFei Zhang, LiangLiang Wu, LeLe Kong, and YuJun Liu. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of GTAW Welded Joint of Invar Alloy." Journal of Ship Production and Design 37, no. 03 (August 19, 2021): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.12190062.

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Experiment of automatic gas tungsten arc welding of liquefied natural gas carrier Invar alloy with a thickness of .7 mm was completed, and the welding parameters were optimized, as well as microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joint were measured and analyzed. The grain size of the area near the weld centerline was small, mainly cellular dendrites, and the grain size on both sides of the weld centerline increased gradually, mainly dendrites, whereas the grain size near fusion line was larger, and there were more columnar crystals. The heat-affected zone was composed of coarse austenite grains. Transgranular cracks were the main cracks in the welding seam. When welding current was 40 A, frequency was 120 Hz, and welding speed was 350 mm/min, tensile strength of the welded joint was 446.9 MPa, which 88.1% of the base metal’s tensile strength and 10.3% of the fracture elongation. The fracture surface of tensile specimens showed typical plastic fracture characteristics, with no obvious crack characteristics, and no eutectic liquid films were observed. Introduction Invar alloy is a Fe–36%Ni alloy. Its thermal expansion coefficient at room temperature is less than 1.6X10-6/k, which is about one-tenth of that of low carbon steel, and changes little in a larger temperature range. Therefore, Invar alloy is widely used in making precision measuring instruments and low temperature-resistant materials (Corbacho et al. 1998; Park et al. 2011; Qiu et al. 2016; Yakout et al. 2018). In recent years, with the increasing demand for clean energy, liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers are developing rapidly (Zhao et al. 2015; Oh et al. 2018). LNG liquefies at temperatures below -161.5°C. The volume of LNG is about 1/ 625 of the volume of gaseous natural gas of the same mass; thus, it can transport large quantities of natural gas over long distances.

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Suprapti, Fitri, Susanto Susanto, Deri Hendrawan, and Retno Anggoro. "Optimization of Reliquefaction System on Gas Carrier to Maintain The Condition and Temperature of Cargo Tank." Dinamika Bahari 4, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46484/db.v4i1.351.

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Transport of liquefied hydrocarbon gases and their derivatives (methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, propylene and other liquefied gases) is done using gas carrier tankers. Large gas carriers are equipped with re-liquefaction system to handle cargo during the process of loading, voyaging, and unloading. A reliquefaction system is installed on gas carriers to handle the Boil off-gas (BOG) problem. Operation constraints Reliquefaction system operating the reliquefaction system include the compound characteristics, liquefaction unit operating conditions, and system performance. These issues also hinder the BOG liquefaction process. This research sought to investigate the whole operation process of the system. This case study was conducted by observing the objects directly on the MT. Chinagas Legend vessel whose main cargoes are LPG. In case studies, research is carried out by studying the phenomenon of case problems that occur directly on the object. The identified problems and its resolutions could add valueable information to science. The research results revealed that MT. Chinagas Legend had a reliquefaction system with 2-stage or 3-stage options. The former type was used for butane (C4H10) cargoes and the latter was used for propane (C3H8) cargoes. The common problem in the process of reliquefaction systems was the presence of contaminants carried with seawater and clogging the filters. A leak in the intake or discharge valve slowed down the reliquefaction process and rendered it ineffective. The problems can be overcome through periodic routine inspections on components that are directly in contact with sea water, such as sea water filters.

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Kim, Sung-Eun, Heewon Hwang, Younghun Kim, Sangmin Park, Kiil Nam, Jinsang Park, and In-Beum Lee. "Operational Optimization of Onboard Reliquefaction System for Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 59, no. 23 (May 26, 2020): 10976–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00358.

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12

Parsons, Michael G., Patrick J. O'Hern, and Samuel J. Denomy. "The Potential Conversion of the U.S. Great Lakes Steam Bulk Carriers to Liquefied Natural Gas Propulsion – Initial Report." Journal of Ship Production and Design 28, no. 03 (August 1, 2012): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2012.28.3.97.

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The feasibility and potential benefits of converting 10 remaining U.S. flag Great Lakes steamship bulk carriers to liquefied natural gas (LNG) propulsion using gas engines is investigated. This is the initial report of a study that began in November 2011. The evolving marine air emissions standards and the movement to LNG fuel in international nonLNG carriers are briefly reviewed. The case for the possible conversion of the remaining U.S. flag Great Lakes steamship bulk carriers to LNG fuel is outlined. Initial results of a conceptual design study on the conversion of the three AAA class vessels (SS Arthur M. Anderson, SS Cason J. Callaway, SS Philip R. Clarke), focusing primarily on operational and arrangement feasibility, is then presented.

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13

Medvedeva, О. N., S. D. Perevalov, К. А. Sklyarov, and O. A. Kutsigina. "Development of Recommendations for the Creation of Liquefied Natural Gas Infrastructure." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 3(59) (July 12, 2023): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2023.3.59.004.

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Statement of the problem. As a rule, when choosing a method of transporting natural gas to various ca-tegories of consumers, several options are considered depending on the mutual distance between the source and the consumer — the construction of a gas pipeline or the creation of an infrastructure for li-quefied gases. The competitiveness of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in comparison with natural gas is proposed to be determined within the framework of model gas supply schemes for different ranges of alternative energy supply systems. Results. The results of the calculation according to the developed algorithm based on the Clark-Wright method allow us to conclude on the least expensive layout option for automotive cryogenic tanks and cryogenic storage facilities for consumers, determine the number of working hours per month for truck tanks, and also determine the optimal number of cryogenic tanks to deliver the required volume LNG and the number of cryogenic storage tanks at consumers. Conclusions. The proposed economic and mathematical model can be used to substantiate the competitiveness of the use of natural and liquefied natural gases to meet the various needs of consumers. The proposed mathematical calculation model makes it possible to identify the efficiency of each of the energy carriers, as well as to identify the main criteria for choosing the most efficient energy carrier for specific conditions of use.

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Chłopińska, Ewelina, Artur Bajko, and Alexander Autzen. "The energy needs of Poland in relation to the domestic market of liquid natural gas." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 24, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2019.181.

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The article discusses the aspect of the demand, satisfaction and consumption of energy raw material which is natural gas in liquefied form in Poland. In the first part of the work the gas market was recycled referring to the national economy. Subsequently, energy carriers used in Poland are described and factors determining the use of this raw material are presented. The energy needs of the country with respect to the gas market were further defined.

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Dvornik, Joško, and Srđan Dvornik. "Dual-Fuel-Electric Propulsion Machinery Concept on LNG Carriers." Transactions on Maritime Science 3, no. 2 (October 21, 2014): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v03.n02.005.

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Human efforts to devise optimum propulsion for their vessels are as old as the vessels themselves. Today these efforts are even more determined as modern shipping requires propulsion systems that are increasingly reliable, available, cost-efficient and able to meet high ecological criteria. The heat transfer towards liquefied gas stored in tanks results in boil-off during cargo handling or voyage. The rate of the evaporated gas amounts to 0.13% per day during the voyage of a fully loaded ship. Steam turbines have been a dominant form of propulsion on liquefied natural gas - LNG carriers for over forty years. Until recently, the possibility of using boil-off gas as fuel for boilers has been the reason for installing steam plants as the only means of propulsion of LNG carriers. However, it has been proved that these plants are not sufficiently efficient due to adverse impacts on both emissions and the vessel’s operating expenses. It has also been found out that dual-fuel-electric propulsion is the most effective alternative to steam. Shipping companies select electric propulsion primarily because it provides excellent manoeuvrability and increased availability, allows reduction of the machinery space and better arrangement of shipping capacity and, naturally, because of lower fuel costs. This paper discusses the newest technologies and the operation principle of the low-pressure four-stroke dual-fuel diesel engine, specificallythe 12V50DF and 9L50DF types produced by Wärtsilä company, and the concept of the dual-fuel-electric propulsion for the new generation of LNG carriers.

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Gómez, J. Romero, M. Romero Gómez, R. Ferreiro Garcia, and A. De Miguel Catoira. "On board LNG reliquefaction technology: a comparative study." Polish Maritime Research 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0011.

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ABSTRACT Reliquefaction technologies are being currently applied on board liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers on the basis of economic criteria and energy efficiency. A variety of reliquefaction techniques have been developed so far during the last decade. Nevertheless, technology enhancement continues being a research area of interest. In this article the different technologies applied to the reliquefaction of the boil-off gas (BOG) on LNG carriers have been described, analysed and discussed, contributing to highlight the process and operation characteristics as well as selection plant criteria. Finally, a comparison of the different reliquefaction plants, considering their capacities and efficiencies as well as other technical data of interest has been carried out.

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Budiyanto, Muhammad Arif, Gerry Liston Putra, Achmad Riadi, Riezqa Andika, Sultan Alif Zidane, Andi Haris Muhammad, and Gerasimos Theotokatos. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Combined Gas and Steam Propulsion System of Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier." Energies 17, no. 6 (March 15, 2024): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17061415.

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Various combinations of ship propulsion systems have been developed with low-carbon-emission technologies to meet regulations and policies related to climate change, one of which is the combined gas turbine and steam turbine integrated electric drive system (COGES), which is claimed to be a promising ship propulsion system for the future. The objective of this paper is to perform a techno-economic and environmental assessment of the COGES propulsion system applied to liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers. A propulsion system design for a 7500 m3 LNG carrier was evaluated through the thermodynamics approach of the energy system. Subsequently, carbon emissions and environmental impact analyses were carried out through a life cycle assessment based on the power and fuel input of the system. Afterwards, a techno-economic analysis was carried out by considering the use of boil-off gas for fuel and additional income from carbon emission incentives. The proposed propulsion system design produces 1832 kilowatts of power for a service speed of 12 knots with the total efficiency of the system in the range of 30.1%. The results of the environmental evaluation resulted an overall environmental impact of 10.01 mPts/s. The results of the economic evaluation resulted in a positive net present value and a logical payback period for investment within 8 years of operation. The impact of this result shows that the COGES has a promising technological commercial application as an environmentally friendly propulsion system. Last, for the economy of the propulsion system, the COGES design has a positive net present value, an internal rate return in the range of 12–18%, and a payback period between 6 and 8 years, depending on the charter rate of the LNG carrier.

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Volkov, A. T., and R. E. Shepelev. "Ensuring the technological independence of oil and gas companies using patent analytics on the example of companies producing liquefied natural gas." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 9 (November 3, 2023): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2023-9-113-122.

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The article analyzes technological development of the oil and gas industry in Russian Federation under international sanctions, as well as the directions of technology development and equipment production. The article purpose is to identify ways to achieve technological sovereignty in the industry. Patent statistics and construction of patent landscapes is considered as a method of choosing the direction of technological development. The study object is Russian oil and gas companies, while the main attention is paid to companies producing and distributing liquefied natural gas. The study subject is application of patent statistics for identifying trends and directions of technological development of the industry. The study result is determination of industry leaders, and the most promising areas of research in the field of means and methods of liquefied natural gas transportation, methods of its liquefaction or curing, as well as storage equipment. The article draws conclusions about the most promising technologies and patent trends, such as the creation of mobile plants for production of liquefied natural gas , including the construction of its own fleet of gas carriers and floating plants for the gas liquefaction to provide access to the infrastructure of offshore fields. In addition, for rapid development of new markets, the use of floating terminals for regasification is proposed. Approaches to assessing the innovation activity and competitiveness of companies have been considered.

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Senjanovi, Ivo, Smiljko Rudan, and Ana Maria Ljustina. "Remedy for Misalignment of Bilobe Cargo Tanks in Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carriers." Journal of Ship Production 20, no. 03 (August 1, 2004): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2004.20.3.133.

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The work describes independent tanks of different shapes, which are further subdivided into A, B, and C types related to design pressure. Special attention is paid to the remedy for misalignment resulting from manufacturing difficulties in a 3,000-m3 bilobe cargo tank of a 8,350-m3 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) carrier. Namely, some eccentricity in the Y joint of tank shells and longitudinal bulkhead usually remains during fabrication, which causes additional stress concentration. This problem is first considered analytically and then numerically. A complete and reliable solution is achieved by a three-dimensional finite element method analysis of a tank segment between two vacuum rings. Reinforcement of the Y joint by a set of knees and bars, according to the value of the shell's eccentricity, is recommended in order to reduce the stress level below the allowable value. The obtained results are presented in a practical diagram for general use. Following the given instructions, the cargo tanks of the considered LPG are reinforced and submitted to the hydraulic test with water pressure 50% higher than the design pressure. Having passed this test successfully, the approval of the relevant classification society is obtained.

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Kryukov, Y. V. "Risks of operation of the Russian gas industry in the newest conditions." Arctic XXI century. Humanities, no. 2 (July 1, 2024): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/2310-5453-2024-2-71-92.

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The article analyzes the risks and limitations faced by the Russian gas industry in recent years. Russian gas sector faced with the negative influence of a number of internal and external factors («the perfect storm»). Currently, there is unprecedented pressure, that include not only falling export revenues, but also technological limitations. The Russian gas sector has been able to partially adapt to new operating conditions – a more flexible method of gas monetization is coming to the fore. Pipeline gas is increasingly losing its role as the basis for the development of the gas sector in the medium term, giving way to liquefied natural gas. The key factors limiting the operation of the industry are technological risks and restrictions in gas production and liquefied gas production, resource base limitations, risks on the side of the gas transportation system, as well as institutional risks and restrictions. In addition to development difficulties, new restrictions make it possible to reconsider the role of the gas sector in the economy: use more flexible approaches to export issues, develop domestic demand for gas, promote the development of independent gas production companies, and implement programs to support domestic manufacturers of a wide range of gas equipment and gas carriers.

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Trimulyono, Andi, Haikal Atthariq, Deddy Chrismianto, and Samuel Samuel. "INVESTIGATION OF SLOSHING IN THE PRISMATIC TANK WITH VERTICAL AND T-SHAPE BAFFLES." Brodogradnja 73, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21278/brod73203.

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The demand for liquid carriers, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), has increased in recent years. One of the most common types of LNG carriers is the membrane type, which is often built by a shipyard with a prismatic tank shape. This carrier is commonly known for its effective ways to mitigate sloshing using a baffle. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate sloshing in a prismatic tank using vertical and T-shape baffles. The sloshing was conducted with 25% and 50% filling ratios because it deals with the nonlinear free-surface flow. Furthermore, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) was used to overcome sloshing with ratio of a baffle and water depth is 0.9. A comparison was made for the dynamic pressure with the experiment. The results show that SPH has an acceptable accuracy for dynamic and hydrostatic pressures. Baffle installation significantly decreases the wave height, dynamic pressure and hydrodynamic force.

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Gao, Xiang, Linying Chen, Pengfei Chen, Yu Luo, and Junmin Mou. "Capacity Analysis for Approach Channels Shared by LNG Carriers." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090697.

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The transport of liquefied natural gas (LNG) has significant impact on traffic capacity of waterways, especially the approach channels shared by LNG carriers and other types of ships (general cargo ships, container ships, etc.). Few studies take the behavioral characteristics of LNG carriers and their impacts into consideration. In this paper, we propose a framework for capacity analysis of shared approach channels based on the spatial–temporal consumption method. It consists of three modules: (1) the tide module predicts the tidal height and tidal time for identifying the time windows for LNG carriers; (2) the spatial–temporal consumption module is introduced to calculate the capacity of approach channels; (3) the LNG carrier navigation module is for analyzing the characteristics of LNG carriers and the impact on the capacity of approach channels. A spatial–temporal indexed chart is designed to visualize the utilization of the spatial–temporal resources. A case study on the approach channel of Yueqing Bay near the east coast of China is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the framework. The utilization rates of the approach channel and the impact of LNG carriers are presented using our method. The results of the case study indicate that the proposed traffic capacity analyzing framework can provide support for making traffic management strategies.

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Herdzik, Jerzy. "Methane Slip During Cargo Operations on LNG Carriers and LNG-Fueled Vessels." New Trends in Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2018-0036.

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Abstract In this paper was presented the problems of methane leakages during cargo operations on LNG carriers. Also the leakages are possible on LNG fueled vessels. Due to green-house effect from methane on the atmosphere it should be done some measures to avoid it. Building the cargo tanks with very high capacity, utilization of better thermal insulations limits the quantity of boil-off (BOG). It is used as a fuel in marine power plant, only the overage should be liquefied again. The leakages attend all cargo operations which methane goes directly to the atmosphere through pressure-vacuum valves and gas freeing installation to mast riser or by the ventilation system from cargo pump or compressor room. To minimize the slip on LNG carriers the re-liquefaction systems are installed. They are based on cooling systems which boil-off gas (mainly methane) is liquefied at ambient pressure in temperature about −161.5°C by pre-cooled nitrogen gas at temperature about −180°C. Compressed nitrogen to a pressure about 25MPa through multistage compressors with intercooling systems is expanded step by step (in intercoolers) to pressure about ambient reaches the temperature about −180°C. The re-liquefaction system needs delivering a lot of electric energy. The total level of methane leakages from mining to the last consumer may be different and sometimes very high. The leakage level starts as minimal 1% and may be raised up to 10%. It was indicated the undertaken actions and next possibilities of methane slip limitations.

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Alankaya, Veysel, and Fuat Alarçin. "Using Sandwich Composite Shells for Fully Pressurized Tanks on Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carriers." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 62, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2015.2611.

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Kim, Sung-Eun, Heewon Hwang, Younghun Kim, Sangmin Park, Kiil Nam, Jinsang Park, and In-Beum Lee. "Correction to “Operational Optimization of Onboard Reliquefaction System for Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers”." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 59, no. 35 (August 18, 2020): 15805–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03665.

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Parsons, Michael G., Patrick J. O' Hern, Richard W. Harkins, and Samuel J. Denomy. "The Potential Conversion of the U.S. Great Lakes Steam Bulk Carriers to Liquefied Natural Gas Propulsion: Final Report." Journal of Ship Production and Design 29, no. 04 (November 1, 2013): 162–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2013.29.4.162.

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The feasibility and potential benefits of converting 10 remaining U.S. flag Great Lakes steamship bulk carriers to liquefied natural gas (LNG) propulsion using gas engines is investigated. This is the final report of a study that was initially reported at the February 24, 2012, SNAME Section Meeting in Cleveland, OH. The evolving marine air emissions standards and the movement to LNG fuel in U.S. and international non-LNG carriers and the general case for the possible conversion of the remaining U.S. flag Great Lakes steamship bulk carriers to LNG fuel were outlined in the initial report. In this sequel, the final results of a conceptual design study on the conversion of the three AAA class vessels (SS Arthur M. Anderson, SS Cason J. Callaway, SS Philip R. Clarke), focusing primarily on operational and arrangement feasibility and remaining life-cycle economics, are presented. Three cases, a pure diesel conversion, a single fuel LNG conversion, and a dual-fuel LNG/diesel conversion, are compared.

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Carral, Luis, Javier Tarrío-Saavedra, Diego Crespo-Pereira, Marina Fernández-Campoamor, and Rodolfo Sabonge. "Competitive position of the expanded Panama Canal in the shipment of liquefied natural gas." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 1154–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090218812242.

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The appearance of new gas extraction technologies has led to surplus production in the United States (Gulf of Mexico). At the same time, energy consumption in Asia has increased significantly and Japan has introduced important changes to its post-Fukushima energy policies. Taken together, these factors have resulted in an imbalance in production and consumption between the Atlantic and Pacific Maritime Areas. Over the same period of time, the Panama Canal expansion opened, permitting transit by liquefied natural gas vessels for the first time. These developments are reflected in the current order book for liquefied natural gas carriers, which is composed entirely of ships in the new Neopanamax category. The canal transit fees and new propulsion systems for these ships—dual fuel diesel electric and electronically controlled gas injection—significantly impact the price of cargo at the destination. This study conducts a sensitivity analysis of the variables for transportation costs in order to determine the expanded Canal’s competitive position. In addition, the study uses a Monte Carlo simulation to obtain the most representative values for total cost based on factors such as the type of propulsion and fuel as well as the distance traveled. The analysis clearly demonstrates the competitiveness of exporting liquefied natural gas via the Panama Canal from terminals in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean to consumers in Asia, as well as the competitiveness of the canal itself versus alternative routes. With respect to propulsion systems, the study demonstrates the greater competitive advantage of electronically controlled gas injection propulsion.

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Cao, Jinghua, Xianku Zhang, and Xiang Zou. "Pressure Control of Insulation Space for Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier with Nonlinear Feedback Technique." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040133.

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This paper introduces a novel control strategy into the insulation space for liquid natural gas carriers. The control strategy proposed can improve the effects of control for differential pressure and reduce the energy consumption of nitrogen. The method combines a nonlinear feedback technique with a closed-loop gain shaping algorithm (CGSA). It is designed for the pressure control system which is vital for liquid natural gas carriers (LNGCs) in marine transportation. The control error is modulated using nonlinear function. The deviation signal is replaced with a nonlinear feedback signal. Comparison experiments are conducted under different conditions to prove the effectiveness of this strategy. This paper compares three control strategies: a control strategy with nonlinear feedback based on CGSA, a control strategy without nonlinear feedback based on CGSA, and a two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) control strategy. The simulation results show that this control strategy with nonlinear feedback performs better than the other two. The average reduction of control input is about 38.8%. The effect of pressure control is satisfactory.

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Papaleonidas, Christos, Emmanouil Androulakis, and Dimitrios V. Lyridis. "A Simulation-Based Planning Tool for Floating Storage and Regasification Units." Logistics 4, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics4040031.

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The objective of this paper was to propose a functional simulation model for the operation of floating storage and regasification units (FSRUs) used for the import of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The physical operation of an FSRU is decomposed for each critical component of the LNG carrier (LNGC) and the FSRU, in order to construct a realistic model in Simulink. LNG mass balance equations are used to perform flow calculations from the tanks of an LNG carrier to the tanks of the FSRU and from there to shore. The simulation model produces results for cases, when multiple LNG carriers discharge cargoes during a monthly time horizon. This produces an accurate operational profile for the FSRU with information about the volume of LNG inside each of the cargo tanks of the FSRU, LNG cargo discharging and gas send-out rate. Potential practitioners may exploit the proposed planning tool to explore the feasibility of alternative operation scenarios for an FSRU terminal. The simulations can check the system sensitivity to different parameters and support schedule regarding: (i) slots for LNG carrier calls, (ii) LNG inventory fluctuation, and (iii) impact of gas demand and send-out rate changes.

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Zhang, Fan, Hang Yu, Haoran Li, Liqun Peng, and Tuqiang Zhou. "Safety or Efficiency? An ECSO Framework of Traffic Organization Optimization for LNG Carriers Entering and Leaving Port." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (October 15, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8804219.

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Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a clean, efficient, and economic energy, which is mainly transported by LNG carriers in the marine industry. Massive storage of LNG has led to public concern about the possible hazards of LNG carriers for people and facilities. This paper aims to determine the appropriate level of a safety zone and to develop an optimized traffic organization scheme. An innovative ECSO framework is proposed to deal with these two tasks. The results of the comparative analysis show that the influence degree of the optimized scheme is 21%, which is distinctly lower than the previous scheme (33%). To some content, the proposed framework can provide meaningful enlightenments for stakeholders to improve port service level and ensure the safe operation of LNG carriers.

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Wilson, Adam. "Technology Focus: Natural Gas Processing and Handling (April 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0422-0046-jpt.

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Natural gas has two faces. On one side, it is an important part of the energy-transformation toolkit. On the other side, it is a potent greenhouse gas. Technology can bring the two sides together. The three papers selected for this Tech Focus feature describe technologies that can make natural gas safer to move and store. The first paper, OTC 30655, describes an effort to eliminate flaring during offloading from a floating liquefied natural gas facility (FLNG) and an LNG carrier. Managing the balance of fuel gas and boiled-off gas between the FLNG and the carrier is vital to maintaining equilibrium and eliminating flaring. The paper looks at carriers with spherical tanks and presents a process study to identify potential causes of flaring during offtake and corrections that could eliminate it without capital modifications. The second paper, OTC 30871, considers the benefits of barges over ship-type LNG carriers. Ship-type LNG carriers are designed to operate offshore over fields, which does not necessarily provide optimal opportunity for monetization. The paper argues that near-shore barges holding liquefaction facilities linked to the rest of the system elsewhere could be a more-viable gas-monetization concept. The third paper, SPE 204787, describes a characterization and monitoring approach for underground gas storage. The approach involves close integration of subsurface understanding with the optimization of surface facilities. It also addresses sustainable operations through an asset-integrity-management plan. To learn more about the advancement of technology in the natural gas space, check out the suggested additional reading and visit the OnePetro online library. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. IPTC 19783 - Hybrid System—An Emerging Solution to Sour Gas Treatment by Siddharth Parekh, Schlumberger SPE 202984 - Sour Gas Has a Sweeter Future—Bulk H2S Removal Using Polymeric Cellulose Triacetate-Based Membranes by Pinkesh Sanghani, Schlumberger, et al. SPE 208134 - Inventory Verification in Underground Gas Storage Rebuilt From Depleted Gas Reservoir: A Case Study From China by Lina Song, PetroChina, et al. SPE 207956 - Unconventional Waste and Flare Gas Recovery System in New Circular Economy by Mohamed Ahmed Soliman, Saudi Aramco, et al.

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Калашников, П. К., А. А. Фокина, И. В. Самарин, Н. В. Першин, and Н. С. Макуренкова. "Choice of a cargo storage system for the transportation of liquefied natural gas by river transport." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII)</msg> 1, no. 3(61) (August 27, 2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2023.61.3.002.

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В условиях перевозки сжиженного природного газа по внутренним водным путям возможно применение специфичных видов криогенных емкостей, не характерных для морских перевозок. Некоторые системы для хранения груза, распространенные на морских крупнотоннажных танкерах-газовозах нецелесообразны при малотоннажных перевозках. Таким образом, в работе проанализированы возможные системы хранения груза при перевозке сжиженного природного газа речным транспортов. Рассмотрены достоинства и недостатки каждой из криогенных систем хранения груза, критерии, от которых зависит их выбор, а также возможность использования каждой системы в зависимости от нахождения и количества конечных потребителей. При поставке сжиженного природного газа крупным потребителям целесообразно использование мембранных систем, достоинствами которых является наиболее полное использование подпалубного пространства и дешевизна теплоизоляционных материалов. Однако их применение невозможно при отгрузке сжиженного природного газа малыми партиями по маршруту движения. В этом случае необходимо использовать вкладные независимые танки различных типов, которые способны противостоять слошингу. Особо перспективным направлением является использование криогенных танк-контейнеров, быстросъемных криогенных модулей и транспортных цистерн, благодаря которым значительно упрощается транспортная логистика и увеличивается возможность поставки сжиженного природного газа потребителям, расположенным не только вдоль бассейнов рек. Выбор системы хранения груза при перевозке сжиженного природного газа речным транспортом является одним из компонентов, обосновывающим структуру соответствующей автоматизированной системы управления. In the conditions of transportation of liquefied natural gas by inland waterways, it is possible to use specific types of cryogenic containers that are not typical for maritime transportation. Some cargo storage systems, common on sea-going large-tonnage gas carriers, are inappropriate for small-tonnage transportation. Thus, the paper analyzes possible cargo storage systems for the transportation of liquefied natural gas by river transport. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the cryogenic cargo storage systems, the criteria on which their choice depends, as well as the possibility of using each system depending on the location and number of end users are considered. When supplying liquefied natural gas to major consumers, it is advisable to use membrane systems, the advantages of which are the most complete use of the underdeck space and the low cost of heat-insulating materials. However, their use is impossible when shipping liquefied natural gas in small batches along the route. In this case, it is necessary to use independent tanks of various types that are able to withstand sloshing. A particularly promising area is the use of cryogenic tank containers, quick-detachable cryogenic modules and transport tanks, which greatly simplifies transport logistics and increases the possibility of supplying liquefied natural gas to consumers located not only along river basins. The choice of a cargo storage system for the transportation of liquefied natural gas by river transport is one of the components that justifies the structure of the corresponding automated control system.

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Медведева, О. Н., С. Д. Перевалов, and К. А. Скляров. "Development of Recommendations for the Creation of Liquefied Natural Gas Infrastructure." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА И АРХИТЕКТУРЫ, no. 3(67) (September 22, 2022): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.67.3.004.

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Постановка задачи. При выборе способа транспортировки природного газа различным категориям потребителей рассматривают несколько вариантов в зависимости от взаимоудаления источника и потребителя ¾ строительство газопровода или создание инфраструктуры сжиженных газов. Предлагается определить конкурентоспособность сжиженного природного газа по сравнению с природным газом в рамках модельных схем газоснабжения при различном радиусе действия альтернативных систем энергоснабжения. Результаты. Результаты расчета по разработанному алгоритму, основанному на методе Кларка-Райта, позволяют сделать вывод о наименее затратном варианте компоновки автомобильных криогенных цистерн и криогенных хранилищ у потребителей, определить количество рабочих часов в месяц автомобильных цистерн, а также определить оптимальное количество криогенных цистерн для доставки требуемого объема сжиженного природного газа и количество криогенных резервуаров-хранилищ у потребителей. Выводы. Предложенная экономико-математическая модель может быть использована для обоснования конкурентоспособности применения природного и сжиженного природного газов для обеспечения различных нужд потребителей. Предложенная математическая модель расчета позволяет выявить эффективность применения каждого из энергоносителей, а также обозначить основные критерии выбора наиболее эффективного энергоносителя для конкретных условий использования. Statement of the problem. As a rule, when choosing a method of transporting natural gas to various categories of consumers, several options are considered depending on the mutual distance between the source and the consumer - the construction of a gas pipeline or the creation of an infrastructure for liquefied gases. The competitiveness of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in comparison with natural gas is proposed to be determined within the framework of model gas supply schemes for different ranges of alternative energy supply systems. Results. The results of the calculation according to the developed algorithm based on the Clark-Wright method allow us to conclude on the least expensive layout option for automotive cryogenic tanks and cryogenic storage facilities for consumers, determine the number of working hours per month for truck tanks, and also determine the optimal number of cryogenic tanks to deliver the required volume LNG and the number of cryogenic storage tanks at consumers. Conclusions. The proposed economic and mathematical model can be used to substantiate the competitiveness of the use of natural and liquefied natural gases to meet the various needs of consumers. The proposed mathematical calculation model makes it possible to identify the efficiency of each of the energy carriers, as well as to identify the main criteria for choosing the most efficient energy carrier for specific conditions of use.

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Tighe, R. C., J. M. Dulieu-Barton, and S. Quinn. "Infrared Techniques for Practical Defect Identification in Bonded Joints in Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers." Experimental Techniques 42, no. 2 (August 28, 2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40799-017-0200-7.

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Tai, Hui-Huang, and Dung-Ying Lin. "The impact of trunk route deployment changes on pollutant emissions in international container shipping after Panama Canal expansion." International Journal of Logistics Management 27, no. 2 (August 8, 2016): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-09-2014-0142.

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Purpose – The expansion of the Panama Canal that is completed in 2016 provides container carriers with new opportunities to redeploy global oceangoing trunk routes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cargo sources and geographical locations of three trunk routes, the departure points of which are all in East Asia. Design/methodology/approach – The operating conditions of various shipping practices were used to simulate trunk route deployment after canal expansion. Subsequently, a clean-line strategy featuring liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a replacement for heavy oil is proposed to explore the effects that container carriers have on energy savings and emission reductions. Findings – The results showed that the unit emissions of ships traveling trunk routes in East Coast North America and East Coast South America did not differ significantly regardless of whether the container carrier employed a conventional method or the new deployment plan following the expansion of the Panama Canal. By contrast, the adoption of a new method for sailing through the canal yields significant emission reductions for Far East/Europe routes. In addition, the slow-steam strategy adopted by carriers and the more costly clean-line strategy of LNG-fueled ships are both effective when applied to trunk routes. Originality/value – The results of this study provide a reference to container carriers deploying route structures and the International Maritime Organization when promoting emission-reduction policies.

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ALPATOV, A. A., and V. V. ZYRYANOV. "MODEL OF TIME COSTS DEVELOPMENT THE MIXED LNG TRANSOPRTATION ALONG NORTHERN SEA ROUTE." World of transport and technological machines 78, no. 3-2 (2022): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7432-2022-2(78)-3-32-38.

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The article considers the relevance of transporting liquefied natural gas along the Northern Sea Route in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region by multimodal transportation using sea (gas carriers (accompanied by nuclear icebreakers, during a dangerous ice atmosphere) and land routes (land transport equipped with medium tanks for transporting LNG)), in particular, along the route of the Arctic seaport of Sabbeta (Russian Federation) – Yokohama LNG terminal (Japan). Based on the combination of logistic models of sea and land transportation of LNG, an algorithm for developing a model of mixed LNG cargo transportation (by sea and land modes of transport) is proposed. A modeling technique is proposed that provides for the integration of logistic models of sea and land transport within the framework of multimodal natural gas transportation.

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Marques, Crístofer Hood, and Jean-David Caprace. "Exploring various sizes of liquefied gas carriers by an optimisation approach to early-stage project." Applied Ocean Research 97 (April 2020): 102079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102079.

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Smith, Jessie R., Savvas Gkantonas, and Epaminondas Mastorakos. "Modelling of Boil-Off and Sloshing Relevant to Future Liquid Hydrogen Carriers." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062046.

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This study presents an approach for estimating fuel boil-off behaviour in cryogenic energy carrier ships, such as future liquid hydrogen (LH2) carriers. By relying on thermodynamic modelling and empirical formulas for ship motion and propulsion, the approach can be used to investigate boil-off as a function of tank properties, weather conditions, and operating velocities during a laden voyage. The model is first calibrated against data from a liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier and is consequently used to investigate various design configurations of an LH2 ship. Results indicate that an LH2 ship with the same tank volume and glass wool insulation thickness as a conventional LNG carrier stores 40% of the fuel energy and is characterised by a boil-off rate nine times higher and twice as sensitive to sloshing. Adding a reliquefaction unit can reduce the LH2 fuel depletion rate by at least 38.7% but can increase its variability regarding velocity and weather conditions. In calm weather, LH2 boil-off rates can only meet LNG carrier standards by utilising at least 6.6 times the insulation thickness. By adopting fuel cell propulsion in an LH2 ship, a 1.1% increase in fuel delivery is expected. An LH2 ship with fuel cells and reliquefaction is required to be at least 1.7 times larger than an existing LNG carrier to deliver the same energy. Further comparison of alternative scenarios indicates that LH2 carriers necessitate significant redesigns if LNG carrier standards are desired. The present approach can assist future feasibility studies featuring other vessels and propulsion technologies, and can be seen as an extendable framework that can predict boil-off in real-time.

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Rao, Arvind Gangoli, Feijia Yin, and Henri Werij. "Energy Transition in Aviation: The Role of Cryogenic Fuels." Aerospace 7, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7120181.

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Aviation is the backbone of our modern society. In 2019, around 4.5 billion passengers travelled through the air. However, at the same time, aviation was also responsible for around 5% of anthropogenic causes of global warming. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the aviation sector in the short term is clearly very high, but the long-term effects are still unknown. However, with the increase in global GDP, the number of travelers is expected to increase between three- to four-fold by the middle of this century. While other sectors of transportation are making steady progress in decarbonizing, aviation is falling behind. This paper explores some of the various options for energy carriers in aviation and particularly highlights the possibilities and challenges of using cryogenic fuels/energy carriers such as liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

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Tsvetkov, Pavel. "A theoretical framework for economic assessment of small-scale LNG projects." E3S Web of Conferences 266 (2021): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126606010.

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The production of small-scale liquefied natural gas (SLNG) is a promising area of the gas industry, which allows to solve the problem of energy carriers distribution between end users. This differs SLNG from medium- and large-scale projects that concentrate LNG in hubs. The implementation of SLNG projects assumes the creation of an extensive network that allows covering vast territories that are not covered by centralized gas supply networks, rather than the development of single production capacities. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework that allows to assess the attractiveness of SLNG networks development not only in terms of direct, but also indirect effects, which differ depending on the composition of project stakeholders, as well as on the stage of technological chain. The essence of term “flexibility” in relation to LNG projects has also been clarified.

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Ten, I., Š. Malenica, and A. Korobkin. "Semi-analytical models of hydroelastic sloshing impact in tanks of liquefied natural gas vessels." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1947 (July 28, 2011): 2920–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0112.

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The present paper deals with the methods for the evaluation of the hydroelastic interactions that appear during the violent sloshing impacts inside the tanks of liquefied natural gas carriers. The complexity of both the fluid flow and the structural behaviour (containment system and ship structure) does not allow for a fully consistent direct approach according to the present state of the art. Several simplifications are thus necessary in order to isolate the most dominant physical aspects and to treat them properly. In this paper, choice was made of semi-analytical modelling for the hydrodynamic part and finite-element modelling for the structural part. Depending on the impact type, different hydrodynamic models are proposed, and the basic principles of hydroelastic coupling are clearly described and validated with respect to the accuracy and convergence of the numerical results.

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Kadir, Abdul, I. Istadi, I. Iskendar, Agus Subagio, Baharuddin Ali, N. Nurcholis, and W. Waluyo. "The operational concept of Mini LNG Carrier: Preventing sedimentation on the seabed." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1081, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1081/1/012033.

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Abstract Utilization Mini LNG Carrier is an alternative solution to support the supply chain for the distribution of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to gas power plants, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Mini LNG carriers must have adequate seakeeping and manoeuvrability in carrying out their missions. The biggest challenge faced when manoeuvring in shallow water where the rotation of the propeller can produce high-velocity water flows that cause sedimentation on the seabed. The distance between the tip of the propeller to the seabed greatly determines the level of ease of erosion and sedimentation that can occur. This study aims to provide an alternative ships’ operational concept by mapping the suitability between the depth of the water and the rpm of the propeller that does not cause sedimentation on the seabed. This concept determines the velocity of the water flow at which sedimentation begins to occur as the propeller rpm threshold. The final result is a depth division map where the propeller can be used at maximum rpm, the propeller is used with a limited rpm and the depth at which the propeller is not recommended to be used.

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Yoo, Byeong-Yong. "Economic assessment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a marine fuel for CO2 carriers compared to marine gas oil (MGO)." Energy 121 (February 2017): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.061.

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Ntokozo G, Cebekhulu, Ogundipe Sunday A, Ndlangamandla Ceboliyazakha L, Nkosi Steven S, and Swart Hendrik C. "Operating temperature and ruthenium doping influence on the charge carriers type transition in the ɑ-Fe2O3 sensors upon liquefied petroleum gases detection." Forefronts of Proteome Science 1, no. 1 (March 19, 2024): 001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/fps.000001.

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Metal oxide-based sensors have been extensively used for environmental monitoring, health, and safety. This work focuses on synthesizing ɑ-Fe2O3 and doping it with Ruthenium (Ru) to study its gas-sensing properties over flammable and hazardous gases. An anomalous behavior was observed during the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). This Ru-doped ɑ-Fe2O3 showed a charge carrier switching transition from n- to p-type conductivity due to Ru doping and the sensor’s operating temperature. The switching behavior on the Ru-doped samples happened between 3,000 and 4,000 ppm of the LPG concentrations. However, the Ru doping content did not seem to be affecting this transition except to alter the LPG response. The sensors’ operating temperature did alter the switching transition from n- to p-type conductivity. The temperatures varied from 175 to 225 °C. Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) based on α -Fe2O3 nanoparticle doped with ruthenium (Ru- α-Fe2O3) was more selective towards LPG with a gas response of 24.41.

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Stanivuk, Tatjana, Tonći Tokić, and Svetislav Šoškić. "Transport Costs Affecting LNG Delivery by Moss Type Carriers." Transactions on Maritime Science 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2013): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v02.n01.005.

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The paper discusses the influence of transportation costs on the delivery of liquefied natural gas (LNG) by sea. The research part of the project was carried out by using a dedicated LNG Moss type carrier with the capacity of 205,000 m3 and by taking into account the price of the propulsion engine fuel, LNG, as one of the most important factors of the final cost of LNG transportation. The fluctuation of the final costs also depends on the price of construction of a new vessel, the vessel’s design, sufficient number of the vessels required for transportation, and the amount of cargo to be shipped from a load port to the import terminal. The port of Murmansk, possibly one of Russia’s largest LNG load terminals, was used as port of departure, i.e. port of load. The final destinations, i.e. import terminals, included the ports of Zeebrugge, South Hook, Cove Point, Chiba and Fujian. It should be noticed that this study involved two sailing routes, the Suez Canal and the North East Passage, taking into consideration the harsh weather conditions the vessels might encounter during navigation.

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Yun, Gwi-ho. "A Study on the Necessity to Revise the Standards for the Main Dimensions of Liquefied Gas Carriers." Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment and Safety 26, no. 7 (December 31, 2020): 810–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2020.26.7.810.

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Elsayed, Tarek. "Fuzzy inference system for the risk assessment of liquefied natural gas carriers during loading/offloading at terminals." Applied Ocean Research 31, no. 3 (July 2009): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2009.08.004.

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Al-Breiki, Mohammed, and Yusuf Bicer. "Investigating the Effects of Boil-off Gas on Liquefied Energy Carriers During Land Storage and Ocean Transportation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 581 (December 5, 2020): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/581/1/012017.

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Wang, Haifeng, and Dan Rutherford. "Assessment of Energy Consumption by Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers and Impact of Improving the Energy Efficiency on Natural Gas Supply Chain." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2502, no. 1 (January 2015): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2502-05.

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Park, Jeong Yeol, Byoung Koo Kim, Dae Geun Nam, and Myung Hyun Kim. "Effect of Nickel Contents on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and Fracture Toughness for Nickel Alloy Steels." Metals 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020173.

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In terms of steel alloying elements, generally, nickel is used as an austenite stabilizing element to increase the toughness of steel. The low temperature materials, such as nickel alloy steels with a nickel content of 3.5% to 9%, stainless steel and Invar, show excellent toughness at low (173 K) and cryogenic (108 K) temperatures. In particular, in the shipbuilding industry, it is mainly used for liquefied ethane and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carriers, and research on low-temperature steels are attracting attention again as regulations on environmental issues are strengthened in recent years. Therefore, in this study, fatigue and fracture performances of nickel alloy steel containing 9% or less among nickel alloy steels are evaluated. Moreover, we assess the Fatigue Ductile to Brittle Transition (FDBT) of nickel alloy steels based on crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). In order to discuss the fatigue and fracture performances of nickel alloy steels, microstructure analysis carried out. As a result, CTOD and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (FCGR) of nickel alloy steels increases as nickel contents increase. In addition, FDBT of 9% nickel alloy steel is the lowest compared to other nickel alloy steels.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquefied gas carriers'

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