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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquefied natural gas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Bhavani, Katta Lavanya Durga. "Liquefied Natural Gas." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 1409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.1214.

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2

Smajla, Ivan, Romana Crneković, Daria Karasalihović Sedlar, and Filip Božić. "POTENTIAL OF CROATIAN LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) TERMINAL IN SUPPLYING REGIONAL NATURAL GAS MARKETS." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 35, no. 4 (2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2020.4.8.

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This paper analyzes the possible role of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the region in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by replacing a certain part of solid fossil fuels. Increasing natural gas consumption, declining North Sea natural gas reserves and increased natural gas production costs in Europe combined have created new opportunities for LNG in Europe. The Energy Strategy of Croatia is focused on intensifying the transit position for natural gas that could establish Croatia as a primary LNG market for countries from the region, which shows that the Energy Strategy supports LNG. Concerning LNG’s introduction into the regional gas market, this paper analyses the possibility of establishing a regional gas hub. The region in this paper includes the following countries: Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, and North Macedonia. On the other hand, the observed markets are not organized and sufficiently liquid, which is a crucial precondition for hub establishment. In order to decrease the region’s dependence on pipeline natural gas, it is necessary to construct gas interconnections between Croatia – Serbia, Croatia – Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia – North Macedonia. With the mentioned interconnections, the region could achieve greater security of natural gas supply. This paper discusses the possibility of utilizing the full capacity of a LNG terminal as a source of natural gas supply for the purpose of replacing solid fossil fuels in the region’s primary energy consumption. By replacing solid fossil fuels with natural gas, it is possible to achieve significant savings on CO2 emissions, which contributes towards a green and sustainable future.

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3

Fang, Ping, and Yu Chen. "A Review on Gas Supply System of Liquefied Natural Gas Vehicle." International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 7, no. 1 (February 2019): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmmm.2019.7.1.429.

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4

Kuwahara, N., S. V. Bajay, and L. N. Castro. "Liquefied natural gas supply optimisation." Energy Conversion and Management 41, no. 2 (January 2000): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(99)00105-3.

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5

Lee, Joohee, Jiheon Ryu, and Hyun Chung. "Liquefied natural gas ship-to-ship bunkering chain planning: Case studies of Busan, Singapore, and Rotterdam ports." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 231, no. 2 (July 16, 2016): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090216659838.

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Liquefied natural gas–fuelled ships, beginning with small-sized ships produced in the 2000s to large merchant ships, are expected to show a rapid increase in number. According to Lloyd’s Register, liquefied natural gas shows great promise as fuel for new ships. In line with this trend, it is necessary to establish adequate infrastructure for liquefied natural gas fuelling systems. In the bunkering chain, bunkering shuttles retrieve fuel from the terminals to fuel liquefied natural gas–fuelled ships berthing at the ports. Many researches have dealt with the technical feasibility or the necessity of ship-to-ship bunkering considering the liquefied natural gas bunkering processes, but none has covered them at the same time. This study examines the liquefied natural gas ship-to-ship bunkering chain considering the technically feasible combinations of liquefied natural gas storage and boil off gas treatment system. The suggested method decomposes this large infrastructure problem into two steps, which are pre-processing to estimate port statistics and integer programming model. The model can represent any port as long as the port’s ship statistics and their data are provided. We select three major ports with high liquefied natural gas bunkering potential as case studies to verify the proposed model.

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6

Kuzmin, Anatoly, Nikolay Romanov, and Sergey Sharapov. "AUTOMATED ASSESSMENT OF ZONES OF EXPOSURE TO FIRE HAZARDS DURING THE BOTTLING OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS IN AN EMERGENCY SITUATION." Problems of risk management in the technosphere 2023, no. 4 (February 14, 2024): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.61260/1998-8990-2024-2023-4-63-76.

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The main stages of the development of an emergency situation during the bottling of liquefied natural gas are presented. A tree of events has been formed in the event of the occurrence and development of a fire hazardous situation associated with the destruction of a tank or process pipeline with liquefied natural gas. Possible regimes of liquefied natural gas spreading on a smooth underlying surface and the formation of a variable power vapor source are identified. Models of liquefied natural gas evaporation are studied in relation to the composition and possible thickness of the filling layer. It is shown that under the assumption that the two phases are in thermodynamic equilibrium. The vapor phase density of liquefied natural gas can be obtained by solving the Peng-Robinson equation using the Klosek-McKinley method for a given pressure and temperature, which is based on an empirical correlation for the molar volume of the liquefied natural gas mixture. A model of a fast phase transition is formed based on the solution of the Van den Berg equation and an algorithm that automates the procedure for assessing the zones of influence of dangerous fire factors during an liquefied natural gas spill.

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7

Jiang, Zhaoyin, Lixi Peng, Shiyao Chang, and Ping Ouyang. "The process of liquefied natural gas." Insight - Energy Science 1, no. 1 (August 9, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/i-es.v1i1.117.

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In this paper, the analysis of liquefied natural gas process plant technology, into the device before the natural gas compression, and then through the MEA aqueous solution to remove CO2. Finally, the compressed water removed; clean natural gas before entering the liquefaction unit. In the liquefaction unit, the high-pressure natural gas is cooled and liqueﬁed deep. The required cooling capacity is obtained by circulating the gas turbine to drive the closed mixed refrigerant nitrogen, methane, ethylene, propane and other components, and liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is ﬁnally stored in an atmospheric tank through a liqueﬁed natural gas container or liqueﬁed natural gas tanker for distribution. The recycle of the recycle refrigerant is carried out by means of environmental conditions. The heating medium required during the installation process is the hot oil heated by the exhaust gas of the gas turbine. The liqueﬁed gas in the liqueﬁed natural gas tank is compressed to regenerate the desiccant and then sent to the gas turbine as the fuel gas.

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8

Сhernyavskyy, M. V., Ye S. Miroshnychenko, and O. Yu Provalov. "FEATURES OF THE USE OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS AS A RESERVE AND ALTERNATIVE FUEL AT COAL-BASED CHP PLANTS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.4.2022.01.

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The paper analyzes the main properties of liquefied petroleum gas and the peculiarities of its energy use compared to natural gas, including taking into account the specifics of the operation of pulverized coal boiler units of the CHP. The advantages of liquefied petroleum gas compared to heavy fuel oil are shown and a comparative economic assessment of their use is given. It is shown that interchangeability with natural gas is ensured by mixing the vaporized liquefied petroleum gas with air to form a homogeneous mixture — synthetic natural gas, which can be directly used in burners as a direct substitute for natural gas without changes in the composition of the equipment and in the design of the boiler burners. The calculation is presented of the permissible limits of the air fraction for liquefied petroleum gas of different composition according to the criterion of the Wobbe Index correspondence of synthetic natural gas and natural gas. Technical solutions are proposed for the use of liquefied petroleum gas as a reserve and alternative fuel at coal-fired combined heat and power plants in the event of damage of gas supply networks, which provide reliable and economical feeding of a coal-fired boiler unit with synthetic natural gas in such fundamentally different modes as coal jet “lighting” with low consumption and pressure of synthetic natural gas and ignition or emergency operation at a load of 25 % with high consumption and increased synthetic natural gas pressure, with the possibility of switching from natural gas to liquefied petroleum gas and vice versa. Bibl. 17, Fig. 3, Tab. 5.

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9

de Hemptinne, J. C. "Benzene crystallization risks in the LIQUEFIN liquefied natural gas process." Process Safety Progress 24, no. 3 (September 2005): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.10084.

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10

Safonov, A. V. "Measurement of liquefied natural gas mass." Automation, Telemechanization and Communication in Oil Industry, no. 10 (2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/0132-2222-2020-10(567)-9-14.

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11

Rompokos, Pavlos, Sajal Kissoon, Ioannis Roumeliotis, Devaiah Nalianda, Theoklis Nikolaidis, and Andrew Rolt. "Liquefied Natural Gas for Civil Aviation." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 5925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225925.

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The growth in air transport and the ambitious targets in emission reductions set by advisory agencies are some of the driving factors behind research towards new fuels for aviation. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) could be both environmentally and economically beneficial. However, its implementation in aviation has technical challenges that needs to be quantified. This paper assesses the application of LNG in civil aviation using an integrated simulation and design framework, including Cranfield University’s aircraft performance tool, Orion, and engine performance simulation tool Turbomatch, integrated with an LNG tank sizing module and an aircraft weight estimation module. Changes in tank design, natural gas composition, airframe changes, and propulsion system performance are assessed. The performance benefits are quantified against a Boeing 737–800 aircraft. Overall, LNG conversion leads to a slightly heavier aircraft in terms of the operating weight empty (OWE) and maximum take-off weight (MTOW). The converted aircraft has a slightly reduced range compared to the conventional aircraft when the maximum payload is considered. Compared to a conventional aircraft, the results indicate that although the energy consumption is increased in the case of LNG, the mission fuel mass is decreased and CO2 emissions are reduced by more than 15%. These benefits come with a significant reduction in fuel cost per passenger, highlighting the potential benefits of adopting LNG for aviation.

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12

Zalik, Anna. "Liquefied Natural Gas and Fossil Capitalism." Monthly Review 60, no. 6 (November 4, 2008): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-060-06-2008-10_4.

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13

Lou, Danping, and Yan Li. "Large-scale liquefied natural gas ships." Frontiers of Engineering Management 7, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42524-019-0090-8.

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14

Weberbeck, Linus, Danilo Engelmann, Isabelle Ays, and Marcus Geimer. "Liquefied Natural Gas in Mobile Machines." ATZoffhighway worldwide 9, no. 4 (November 2016): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41321-016-0532-8.

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15

Ibim Abba Green, Kelechi Uchenna Ugoji, Umar Shamsu, Igbere Billy Ndukam, and Titus Joseph. "Advances in liquefied natural gas processes." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2023.16.3.0184.

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Over the past 30 years, a considerable world trade in LNG has developed. Today, LNG represents a significant component of the energy consumption of many countries and has been profitable to both the exporting host countries and their energy company partners. The attention of LNG producers have now been directed towards improved production. All latest plants have been sized around this number. Some of them have been designed by optimizing existing layout, other brand new and few required the optimization of centrifugal compressors and so the introduction of some novelty to maximize production given a certain driver. Improvements in the aerodynamic design have been necessary to maximize efficiency and increase operating range; advanced rotordynamic design to handle more capacity, new casings to increase design pressure and reduce the number are some of the innovations introduced to advance LNG operations. Novelties have not been limited to main refrigerant compressor but also to auxiliaries such as Boil Off Gas (BOG), CO2, End Flash. Eventually also new drivers have been qualified for LNG plant operations and other are under study for its high efficiency and possible future application. Extensive application of modular construction techniques will reduce the time and cost of construction in remote areas of the world. This article aims to explain, in layman terms, LNG basic knowledge, exploration, production and advancement. Throughout the article, references have been drawn from a wide range of resources and author’s personal industry experience. It is intended to use the article as a vehicle to share oil & gas industry knowledge with a wide range of audience.

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16

Arend, Lauron, Yuri Freitas Marcondes da Silva, Carlos Augusto Arentz Pereira, Edmilson Moutinho dos Santos, and Drielli Peyerl. "Prospects and challenges of the liquefied natural gas market in Brazil." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): e11811225527. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i2.25527.

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The liquefied natural gas can overcome current barriers, mainly for natural gas transportation over long distances, enabling global trade and overcoming intercontinental distances. Following this trend, Brazil is entering this global market for liquefied natural gas. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the prospects and challenges of liquefied natural gas for the Brazilian natural gas market through reports from the government and the national industry. It was possible to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of this natural gas supply option within the national matrix through the SWOT analysis. After this, the gravity, urgency, and tendency (GUT) matrix were applied and adapted to classify just one dimension, as the importance of each point of the SWOT. As a result, substantial material was gathered for analysis demonstrating positive and negative characteristics of liquefied natural gas for Brazil, besides the government's view on the subject, which can be useful mainly for the academic, commercial, and industrial.

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17

Haddar, Mohamed, Moez Hammami, and Mounir Baccar. "Numerical study of steady natural convection in a liquefied natural gas cylindrical storage tank equipped with baffles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 234, no. 5 (August 27, 2019): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919870927.

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In this paper, a study of cooling system for a liquefied natural gas storage tank is conducted. Our objective is to remedy the heat ingress to the liquefied natural gas from the environment using baffles toward limiting temperature elevation in the tank, and then the Boil-off Gas (BOG) formation. A specific code based on the finite volume method is developed to supply a fine knowledge of the hydrodynamic and thermal liquefied natural gas characteristics in the cylindrical tank heated from bottom and lateral surfaces. The effect of the number, position and dimension of baffles, on the flow structure and thermal behavior, has been analyzed. According to our simulation results, the baffles should be placed at the top of tank nearby the lateral wall as the liquefied natural gas dimensionless average temperature can be reduced by 36%. The installation of four rectangular baffles, equally spaced around the perimeter of the tank, gives better homogenization of the temperature field and decreases the average temperature by about 44% in order to limit BOG formation. Finally, two correlations of the Nusselt number are established for the flat rectangular baffle plates and the lateral surface of the cylindrical liquefied natural gas storage tank as a function of the Rayleigh number, as well as the baffle number. Scaling of these correlations with the Rayleigh number gives exponents of 0.25 and 0.18 for lateral surface and baffle, respectively, which are in good agreement with literature.

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18

Besedin, S. N., and A. D. Dubinkina. "The use of LNG in road transport." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre S-I, no. 1 (December 8, 2021): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-1-s-i-345-346.

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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas cooled to the liquefaction temperature. CNG is a colorless, odorless liquid that is non-toxic and non-corrosive. Liquefied natural gas is produced by cooling to –162 °C. In liquid form, natural gas does not have the ability to explode or ignite, and when vaporized, it can ignite only in contact with a gorenje source.

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19

Nikhalat-Jahromi, Hamed, Dalila B. M. M. Fontes, and Robert A. Cochrane. "Future liquefied natural gas business structure: a review and comparison of oil and liquefied natural gas sectors." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 6, no. 4 (December 9, 2016): e240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.240.

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20

Economides, Michael J., Kai Sun, and Gloria Subero. "Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): An Alternative to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)." SPE Production & Operations 21, no. 02 (May 1, 2006): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/92047-pa.

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21

Shcherban, P. S., E. V. Mazur, and O. A. Sinitsyn. "Investigation of liquefied natural gas losses during its transportation to the Kaliningrad region and further regasification." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2022-08-02-165-175.

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In modern geopolitical conditions, the transportation of energy resources and, in particular, liquefied natural gas to the Kaliningrad region has acquired key importance. The existing infrastructure facilities and technical devices, in particular the underground gas storage «Kaliningrad» and the floating Storage Regasification Unit «Marshal Vasilevskiy», make it possible to overcome the current crisis in many ways. At the same time, it should underline that the implemented method of liquified natural gas transportation to the Kaliningrad region and its regasification has different drawbacks, as a result of natural losses and imperfections of technological solutions, part of the liquefied gas may be lost. The article presents the results of a study of the causes and preliminary projected volumes of losses of liquefied natural gas during its transportation by the floating Storage Regasification Unit «Marshal Vasilevskiy» from the port of Ust-Luga to the Romanovo underground gas storage with subsequent regasification and injection into underground reservoirs. The analysis of possible technical and technological solutions allowing to reduce the volume of losses and save the transported liquefied natural gas for subsequent use is carried out.

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22

Zaripov, M. Z., and R. S. Yalchigulov. "Welding Technology for Liquefied Natural Gas Tanks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 032039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/3/032039.

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Abstract Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is of great importance in the energy segment of the economy. Natural gas, has a higher calorific value, better fuel efficiency and is more environmentally friendly, thereby gaining more importance compared to oil and coal. Not only does LNG offer greater flexibility in supply, it also has cost advantages for transportation starting from a distance of 2,000 km (at sea) and 4,000 km (on land) respectively. Consequently, the LNG market will grow in the coming decades compared to two other fossil sources - oil and coal. To use natural gas, it is necessary to create safe and economically profitable transportation routes from natural gas deposits to end users. One possibility is to transport gas in a liquefied state, at low temperatures. To ensure safe and reliable storage of liquefied gas at minus 163 ° C, good physical and mechanical properties of the base material and weld (corresponding tank system) are required. To meet these high requirements, appropriate welding methods and welding materials are selected. The paper presents an analysis of activities on the development of new welding materials and improvement of welding technologies for the construction of LNG tanks.

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23

Al Rabadi, Said. "Improved Configurations For Liquefied Natural Gas Cycles." JORDANIAN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (JJECI) 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48103/jjeci132018.

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The most important challenge in a natural gas liquefaction plant is to improve the plant energy efficiency. A process topology should be implemented, which results in a considerable reduction of energy consumption as the natural gas liquefaction process consumes a large amount of energy. In particular, system design focusing on configuring cold part cycle is an attractive option. In this study, various energy recovery-oriented process configurations and the potential improvements of energy savings for small- & midscale liquefied natural gas plants were proposed and compared with almost exclusively commercial trademarks processes. These improved simulation based investigations were validated under the variation in feed gas pressure, mixed refrigerant cooling reference temperature and the pinch temperature of cryogenic plate fin heat exchanger. The simulation results exhibited considerable reduction of specific total energy consumption. Therefore, the proposed liquefaction cycles have a simple topology, hence lower capital cost and compacter plant layout, which is compatible for power-efficient, offshore, floating liquefied natural gas liquefaction plants.

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24

Ismagilova, V. S., and T. V. Chekushina. "Transportation of pipeline and liquefied natural gas: comparative analysis of pros and cons." Earth sciences and subsoil use 46, no. 1 (April 7, 2023): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2023-46-1-61-71.

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Today energy supply and energy efficiency are still the most important and relevant issues of lively international discussions. The purpose of this paper is to study the current state of the natural gas market. The primary types of transported hydrocarbon fuels currently presented on the trading floor include natural gas predominantly transported through trunk pipelines, and liquefied natural gas competing with it. The study of this problem involved a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of liquefied natural gas and pipeline gas transportation for the case of commercial gas shipment from the Russian Federation to the European Union and liquefied natural gas shipment from the United States of America to the European Union. It is important to note that natural gas shipments through the Nord Stream gas pipeline have been completely suspended since September 2022 for an indefinite period of time. As a consequence, it is the American liquefied natural gas that is becoming the main alternative to the pipeline gas from Russia today. An agreement has been formed between the United States and the European Union to supply 15 billion cubic meters of liquefied natural gas in the past 2022. However, the inescapable fact is that daily guaranteed shipment of natural gas is a timely and economically feasible source of energy fuel. Using the rule of guaranteed advantages and disadvantages, the authors identified the most rational and profitable aspects of light hydrocarbon fuel transportation. The conducted study resulted in the analysis of the following indicators: the cost of shipped raw materials, the transportation cost of compared options, and amount of hydrocarbon gas losses during the main technological operations. In addition, the issue of environmental safety of operated facilities was considered.

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25

Myung, Seung-Woon, Soojung Huh, Jinsook Kim, Yunje Kim, Myungsoo Kim, Younggu Kim, Wonho Kim, and Byunghoo Kim. "Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of mercaptan odorants in liquefied petroleum gas and liquefied natural gas." Journal of Chromatography A 791, no. 1-2 (December 1997): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00843-1.

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26

Aleshkov, Mikhail V., Viktor P. Molchanov, Sergey A. Makarov, Dmitry A. Ioshchenko, Rashid B. Bituev, and Aleksey V. Tretyakov. "Determining critical foam layer thickness for localization and elimination of liquefied natural gas spills flame combustion." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 3 (2023): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2023.3.5-14.

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PURPOSE. Increasing attention has been paid recently to applying high-expansion foam as means of localizing and eliminating liquefied natural gas spills flaming combustion. Scientific sources widely discuss the issues of foam expansion rate and elasticity, critical intensity of its supply and application rate. However, critical foam layer thickness is underestimated. At the same time one of the reasons for fire-fighting foam low efficiency is precisely the difficulty in providing required foam layer thickness. The purpose of this publication is to assess relationship between critical foam layer thickness and main parameters of localizing and eliminating liquefied natural gas flaming combustion. METHODS. Review of scientific works covering the issue of flammable liquids and liquefied natural gas foam fire extinguishment has been carried out. Methods for providing required foam layer thickness and determining foam fire extinguishing efficiency are analyzed. Results of researchers’ own experiments have been discussed, taking into account international and domestic experience in conducting similar studies. FINDINGS. Based on researchers’ own experimental data analysis, taking into account information from scientific sources, critical foam layer thickness assessment has been made for foams of various expansions used to localize and eliminate liquefied natural gas spills flaming combustion. Approximate foam layer thickness in centimeters should be at least a quarter of high-expansion foam expansion value. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results obtained provide general understanding that to ensure efficiency of liquefied natural gas flaming combustion localization and elimination, it is necessary to ensure not only appropriate foam expansion and application rate, but also required foam layer thickness. The results can be used in scientific research and educational process, as well as by fire services and emergency rescue units in elimination of accidents accompanied by liquefied natural gas spills flaming combustion. CONCLUSIONS. Foam layer thickness is the key parameter for liquefied natural gas spills foam fire extinguishment and providing controlled burning technology. Depending on foam supply intensity the necessary condition for providing liquefied natural gas flaming combustion localization and elimination is to achieve or exceed critical foam layer thickness. Critical foam layer thickness depends on foam expansion ratio. As foam expansion ratio increases, critical foam layer thickness rises, its value can exceed two or more meters.

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Pridein, A. A., A. I. Bedrinov, L. V. Prokopenko, E. L. Bazaev, O. V. Samokhina, D. A. Shablyа, E. V. Yakushev, and L. V. Bagirova. "Experience in industrial production of rolled plates designed for the manufacture of vessels and tanks for storage and processing of liquefied gases." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 80, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2024-1-48-56.

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The use of liquefied gases in the modern world is quite promising: thermal energy, chemical production, in capacity of natural gas motor fuel. Certain calculations show that transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) over long distances is less expensive than supplying gas through main pipelines. Another argument in favor of LNG is the geography of natural gas fields: the regions of the Far North that are adjacent to the Northern Sea Route. The equipment of plants for the production of liquefied gases is quite metal-consuming. At the same time, the overwhelming majority of metal products used for the respective equipment are operated at the boiling point of liquefied natural gas ‒167 °C. Along with natural gas, industry also consumes other liquefied gases (ethylene, oxygen, and nitrogen). In the production of liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen is simultaneously produced by separating liquefied air, which in turn is used as a refrigerant. Cryogenic tanks are used to store liquefied gases. Typically, transportation and storage of gases is carried out at the boiling point of the respective gas, down to ‒196 °C. Currently, in the Russian Federation, expensive aluminum alloys, as well as austenitic stainless steels such as steel type 18/10 (18 % Cr/10 % Ni) are used as materials for the manufacture of vessels and tanks intended for storage, processing and transportation of liquefied gases. Currently, the highest priority in the development of any industry is to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Working in this direction, JSC Ural Steel together with JSC NPO TSNIITMASH, has mastered the production of rolled plates from sparingly alloyed ferritic cryogenic steel grade 0Н6ДМБ for liquefied gas plants. The results of an extensive study of the metallurgical quality of rolled plates made from the newly developed 0Н6ДМБ steel confirmed the high level of toughness and ductility over the entire range of possible operating temperatures of cryogenic apparatuses down to ‒196 °C. Studies of weldability and welding-technological properties have confirmed the possibility of using rolled plates from the newly developed 0Н6ДМБ steel in the manufacture of cryogenic equipment operated at a temperature of down to ‒196 °C. The research resulted in confirmation by the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision (Rostekhnadzor) of the use of rolled plates of 0Н6ДМБ steel grade for the manufacture of vessels (apparatuses, tanks) intended for storing and transporting liquefied natural gas

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Teterin, I. A., P. S. Kopylov, V. A. Sulimenko, and S. N. Kopylov. "Determination of the Explosion Hazard of Liquefied Natural Gas." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 8 (August 2023): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-8-70-76.

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Excess explosion pressure is one of the main indicators characterizing the explosiveness of a gas. Precise determination of the dependence of the explosion pressure on the distance allows to ensure the safe layout of production facilities with minimal economic costs. Every year, all over the world and in Russia in particular, there is an increase in energy consumption. There is a shift in the global energy system towards the large-scale use of low-carbon energy sources, which is caused by the policy of decarbonization of the fuel and energy complex as part of the fight against global warming. The advantage of operating natural gas in a liquefied state led to the development of the liquefied natural gas market in Russia, with the development of which the risk of accidents at the facilities in this segment of the economy increases. However, the existing methods do not allow calculating the explosion pressure for a mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, which is liquefied natural gas. A new formula for calculating the explosion pressure is proposed considering the composition of the liquefied natural gas. The conducted studies showed the possibility of using the proposed formula to determine the parameters of the explosion of mixtures of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, in particular, liquefied natural gas. It is shown that, despite the linear dependence of the change in the maximum explosion pressure of methane on the change in the percentage of impurities of its homologues, the expected composition of the mixture components differs from that calculated according to the Le Chatelier rule, which can be taken into account in further studies. A comparative analysis of the explosion pressure according to the proposed methodology and the standard showed deviations for grades V, B, and A were 34.99; 20.45; and 2.1%, respectively, which significantly reduces the possible consequences of the explosion and creates a significant error in determining the safe distance. In order to exclude the possibility of obtaining underestimated indicators of the explosion pressure of the liquefied natural gas, it is recommended to use an adjusted methodology.

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29

Al Ghafri, Saif Z. S., Fernando Perez, Ki Heum Park, Liam Gallagher, Liam Warr, Aaron Stroda, Arman Siahvashi, et al. "Advanced boil-off gas studies for liquefied natural gas." Applied Thermal Engineering 189 (May 2021): 116735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116735.

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30

Fadl, Muhammad Hidan Noer, Nadia Fahira, Annas Wiguno, and Kuswandi Kuswandi. "PRA DESAIN PABRIK “LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS DARI GAS ALAM”." Journal of Fundamentals and Applications of Chemical Engineering (JFAChE) 2, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j2964710x.v2i2.14364.

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31

Russo, Thomas N. "Overlooked Environmental Improvements From US Liquefied Natural Gas Exports." Natural Gas & Electricity 35, no. 2 (August 13, 2018): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.22077.

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32

Safonov, A. V., A. G. Sladovskiy, A. V. Domostroev, and M. A. Churaeva. "Improvement of liquefied natural gas density measurements." Automation, Telemechanization and Communication in Oil Industry, no. 9 (2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/0132-2222-2020-9(566)-8-12.

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33

Carpenter, Chris. "Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Comes of Age." Journal of Petroleum Technology 67, no. 04 (April 1, 2015): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0415-0107-jpt.

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34

Chugaev, S. S., A. A. Fomkin, I. E. Men’shchikov, E. M. Strizhenov, and A. V. Shkolin. "Adsorption Accumulation of Liquefied Natural Gas Vapors." Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces 56, no. 5 (September 2020): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2070205120050081.

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35

Tonkonog, V. G., A. L. Tukmakov, K. M. Muchitova, U. A. Agalakov, F. Sh Serazetdinov, and B. C. Gromov. "Regasification of liquefied natural gas and hydrogen." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 134 (June 2016): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/134/1/012027.

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36

Hakonen, Aron, Anders Karlsson, Lena Lindman, Oliver Büker, and Karine Arrhenius. "Particles in fuel-grade Liquefied Natural Gas." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 55 (July 2018): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.05.005.

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37

Al-Haidous, Sara, Mohamed Kais Msakni, and Mohamed Haouari. "Optimal planning of liquefied natural gas deliveries." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 69 (August 2016): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.05.017.

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38

Medvedeva, O. N., V. O. Frolov, and A. V. Kochetkov. "A Tank for Transporting Liquefied Natural Gas." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 51, no. 3-4 (July 2015): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-015-0033-0.

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39

Tonkonog, V. G., I. M. Bayanov, M. I. Tonkonog, and B. R. Mubarakshin. "Technology of Gasification of Liquefied Natural Gas." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 89, no. 4 (July 2016): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10891-016-1442-4.

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40

Jones, J. C. "The explosion phenomenology of liquefied natural gas." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 38 (November 2015): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.10.002.

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41

Pitblado, R. M., J. Baik, G. J. Hughes, C. Ferro, and S. J. Shaw. "Consequences of liquefied natural gas marine incidents." Process Safety Progress 24, no. 2 (June 2005): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.10073.

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42

Akeredolu, F. A., A. J. Isafiade, and J. A. Sonibare. "Predicted Impact of Spilled Liquefied Natural Gas from Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas Plant on its Host Water Areas." Journal of Applied Sciences 5, no. 3 (February 15, 2005): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2005.532.539.

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43

García-Lajara, José Ignacio, and Miguel Ángel Reyes-Belmonte. "Liquefied Natural Gas and Hydrogen Regasification Terminal Design through Neural Network Estimated Demand for the Canary Islands." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 8682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228682.

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This publication explores how the existing synergies between conventional liquefied natural gas regasification and hydrogen hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes can be exploited. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier methodology has been analyzed for hydrogen processes from a thermodynamic point of view to propose an energy integration system to improve energy efficiency during hybridization periods. The proposed neural network can acceptably predict power demand using daily average temperature as a single predictor, with a mean relative error of 0.25%, while simulation results based on the estimated natural gas peak demand show that high-pressure compression is the most energy-demanding process in conventional liquefied natural gas regasification processes (with more than 98% of the total energy consumption). In such a scenario, exceeding energy from liquid organic hydrogen carrier processes have been used as a Rankine’s cycle input to produce both power for the high-pressure compressors and the liquefied natural gas heat exchangers, generating energy savings up to 77%. The designed terminal can securely process up to 158,036 kg/h of liquefied natural gas and 11,829 kg/h of hydrogen.

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44

Alzayedi, Abdulaziz M. T., Suresh Sampath, and Pericles Pilidis. "Techno-Environmental Evaluation of a Liquefied Natural Gas-Fuelled Combined Gas Turbine with Steam Cycles for Large Container Ship Propulsion Systems." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051764.

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Restrictions on emissions are being imposed by regional and international shipping organisations, which raise the question of which marine fuel and technology can most effectively replace heavy fuel oil and diesel engines. The aim of this study is to find appropriate advanced combined gas and steam turbine cycles for marine propulsion systems in a large container ship with respect to the evolving maritime environmental regulations. The selection criteria are the thermodynamic performance, emissions, size, and weight of advanced combined gas and steam turbine cycles in a large container ship. Two baselines are used: a diesel engine using marine diesel oil and a combined gas and steam turbine system using liquefied natural gas and marine diesel oil. Then, liquefied natural gas cycles are examined based on fuel replacement and enhanced to assess the benefits of liquefied natural gas over marine diesel oil. The results show that the enhanced liquefied natural gas combined gas and steam turbine cycles are the most efficient, at up to 1.6% higher than the other cycles. Regarding the size and weight, the combined gas and steam turbine propulsion system is approximately 24.7% lighter than the original diesel engine propulsion system.

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45

Finneran, Joshua, Colin P. Garner, and Francois Nadal. "The fundamental effects of in-cylinder evaporation of liquefied natural gas fuels in engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020941710.

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Liquefied natural gas is emerging as viable and potentially sustainable transportation fuel with intrinsic economic and environmental benefits. Liquefied natural gas possesses thermomechanical exergy amounting to ∼1 MJ kg-1 which is currently wasted on liquefied natural gas vehicles, while it could be used to produce useful work. The present investigation proposes an indirect means of obtaining useful work from liquefied natural gas through charge cooling and also demonstrates additional benefits in terms of NOx emissions and power density. A thermodynamic engine model was used to quantify the performance benefits of such a strategy for a homogeneous-charge, spark-ignited, stoichiometric natural gas engine. Four fuelling strategies were compared in terms of fuel consumption, mean effective pressure and NOx emissions. Compared to the conventional port-injected natural gas engine (where gaseous fuel is injected), it was found that directly injecting the liquid phase fuel into the cylinder near the start of the compression stroke resulted in approximately -8.9% brake specific fuel consumption, +18.5% brake mean effective pressure and -51% brake specific NOx depending on the operating point. Port-injection of the fuel in the liquid phase carried similar benefits, while direct injection of the fuel in the gaseous phase resulted in minor efficiency penalties (∼+1.3% brake specific fuel consumption). This work highlights the future potential of liquefied natural gas vehicles to achieve high specific power, high efficiency and ultra-low emissions (such as NOx) by tailoring the fuel system to fully exploit the cryogenic properties of the fuel.

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Martynenko, Y. V., V. I. Bolobov, and V. A. Voronov. "Use of liquid-gas ejector in liquefied natural gas (LNG) sampling system." E3S Web of Conferences 266 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126601006.

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The article considers the modernization of the periodic sampling system of liquefied natural gas (LNG)by introducing a liquid-gas ejector (LGE) as an alternative to a gas compressor. The unique properties of liquefied natural gas allow the fuel energy to be directed to the ejector without any externalenergy input. Besides, the advantage of this method is that it prevents changes in the original chemical composition of the sample due to the liquid-gas ejector, which does not require lubricating oils. Also, the system reduces the volume of the regasified sample and eliminates the possibility of ejector failure.

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Kovaleva, M. A., V. G. Shram, T. N. Vinichenko, E. G. Kravtsova, D. G. Slashchinin, and T. Y. Matkerimov. "Analysis of alternative motor-vehicle fuels." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 5 (November 1, 2021): 052005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/5/052005.

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Abstract In this paper, the analysis of alternative fuels is carried out: electricity, hydrogen, biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas), solar energy, compressed air, gas engine fuel (compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas). The advantages and disadvantages of their use are indicated according to the criteria of environmental safety, cost, and infrastructure development. It is revealed that at the moment, gas-engine fuel, in particular liquefied petroleum gas and compressed natural gas, is most suitable for the transfer of the fleet. The economic and environmental effect of the market expansion is associated with the high environmental friendliness of this type of fuel, low price, large natural reserves, the development of the petrochemical industry of the country, the reduction of financial costs for the repair and reconstruction of physically and morally outdated oil refining and liquid fuel production enterprises, promising technical and technological solutions to transport problems.

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48

Eslami, Hossein. "Prediction of the density for natural gas and liquefied natural gas mixtures." AIChE Journal 47, no. 11 (November 2001): 2585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690471121.

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49

Barekat-Rezaei, Ehsan, Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord, Alireza Arjomand, Mohsen Jannatabadi, Mohammad Ahmadi, and Wei-Mon Yan. "Thermo–Economical Evaluation of Producing Liquefied Natural Gas and Natural Gas Liquids from Flare Gases." Energies 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11071868.

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In many industrial plants including petrochemicals and refineries, raw hydrocarbons (mostly flammable gas) are released during unplanned operations. These flammable gases (usually called flare gases) are sent to a combustor and the process is called flaring. Flaring wastes energy and produces environmental pollution. Consequently, recovering the flare gases is an important subject in these industries. In this work, an economical and technical analysis is presented for the production of valuable products, namely, liquefied natural gas and natural gas liquids from flare gas. The flare gas of Fajr Jam refinery, a refinery located in the south part of Iran, is selected as a case study. One of the issues in recovering flare gases is the nonconstant flow rate of these gases. For this reason, an auxiliary natural gas flow rate is employed to have a constant feed for the flare recovery process. The Poly Refrigerant Integrated Cycle Operations (PRICO) refrigeration cycle is employed for producing liquefied natural gas and natural gas liquids. In the PRICO cycle, the mixed refrigerant is used as the working fluid. The other issue is the existence of H2S in the flare gases. The main idea is that the flare gas components, including H2S, have different boiling points and it is possible to separate them. Consequently, flare gases are separated into several parts during a number of successive cooling and heating stages and passing through phase separators. It is shown that the proposed flare gas recovery process prevents burning of 12 million cubic meters of the gases with valuable hydrocarbons, which is almost 70% of the current flare gases. Furthermore, about 11,000 tons of liquefied natural gas and 1230 tons of natural gas liquids are produced in a year. Finally, the economic evaluation shows a payback period of about 1.6 years.

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50

Shvets, V. S. "CONSEQUENCES OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS RELEASE: MODELING RAPID PHASE TRANSITION." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-6-130-134.

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The issue of an understudied phenomenon of rapid phase transition of liquefied natural gas in case of release underwater is described. Due to lack of physical and mathematical models of underwater rapid phase transition, it is impossible to get qualitative risk assessment of liquefied natural gas releases into water hazard. A model for calculation of underwater rapid phase transition is suggested.

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