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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid composite molding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Wu, C. H., H. T. Chiu, L. J. Lee, and S. Nakamura. "Simulation of Reactive Liquid Composite Molding." International Polymer Processing 13, no. 4 (December 1998): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.980389.

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2

Lee, L. James. "Material characterization in liquid composite molding." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 68, no. 1 (April 1993): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19930680114.

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3

El Amaoui, Amal, Jalal Soulami, and Mohamed Hattabi. "Observer design for liquid composite molding process." Materials Today: Proceedings 42 (2021): 1311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.1040.

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4

Rudd, C. D., D. J. Hill, M. S. Johnson, and P. J. Blanchard. "High Speed, Low Investment Liquid Composite Molding." Materials Technology 13, no. 1 (January 1998): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10667857.1998.11752761.

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5

Liu, Xiao-Lin. "Isothermal flow simulation of liquid composite molding." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 31, no. 12 (December 2000): 1295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(00)00007-5.

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6

Bréard, Joël, and Abdelghani Saouab. "Numerical simulation of liquid composite molding processes." Revue Européenne des Éléments Finis 14, no. 6-7 (January 2005): 841–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/reef.14.841-865.

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7

Comas-cardona, Sebastien, Saeed Ziaee, and Suresh G. Advani. "Spatially homogeneous gelation in liquid composite molding." Polymer Engineering & Science 42, no. 8 (August 2002): 1667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.11061.

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8

Terekhov, Ivan V., and Evgeniy M. Chistyakov. "Binders Used for the Manufacturing of Composite Materials by Liquid Composite Molding." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010087.

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Binders, or tackifiers, have become widespread in the production of new composite materials by liquid composite molding (LCM) techniques due to their ability to stabilize preforms during laying-up and impregnation, as well as to improve fracture toughness of the obtained composites, which is very important in aviation, automotive, ship manufacturing, etc. Furthermore, they can be used in modern methods of automatic laying of dry fibers into preforms, which significantly reduces the labor cost of the manufacturing process. In this article, we review the existing research from the 1960s of the 20th century to the present days in the field of creation and properties of binders used to bond various layers of preforms in the manufacturing of composite materials by LCM methods to summarize and synthesize knowledge on these issues. Different binders based on epoxy, polyester, and a number of other resins compatible with the corresponding polymer matrices are considered in the article. The influence of binders on the preforming process, various properties of obtained preforms, including compaction, stability, and permeability, as well as the main characteristics of composite materials obtained by various LCM methods and the advantages and disadvantages of this technology have been also highlighted.

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9

Chen, Tianran, Dana Kazerooni, Lin Ju, David A. Okonski, and Donald G. Baird. "Development of Recyclable and High-Performance In Situ Hybrid TLCP/Glass Fiber Composites." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (August 24, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030125.

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By combining the concepts of in situ thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) composites and conventional fiber composites, a recyclable and high-performance in situ hybrid polypropylene-based composite was successfully developed. The recycled hybrid composite was prepared by injection molding and grinding processes. Rheological and thermal analyses were utilized to optimize the processing temperature of the injection molding process to reduce the melt viscosity and minimize the degradation of polypropylene. The ideal temperature for blending the hybrid composite was found to be 305 °C. The influence of mechanical recycling on the different combinations of TLCP and glass fiber composites was analyzed. When the weight fraction ratio of TLCP to glass fiber was 2 to 1, the hybrid composite exhibited better processability, improved tensile performance, lower mechanical anisotropy, and greater recyclability compared to the polypropylene reinforced by either glass fiber or TLCP alone.

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10

Yu, Sicong, Xufeng Zhang, Xiaoling Liu, Chris Rudd, and Xiaosu Yi. "A Conceptional Approach of Resin-Transfer-Molding to Rosin-Sourced Epoxy Matrix Green Composites." Aerospace 8, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8010005.

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In this concept-proof study, a preform-based RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) process is presented that is characterized by first pre-loading the solid curing agent onto the preform, and then injecting the liquid nonreactive resin with an intrinsically low viscosity into the mold to infiltrate and wet the pre-loaded preform. The separation of resin and hardener helped to process inherently high viscosity resins in a convenient way. Rosin-sourced, anhydrite-cured epoxies that would normally be regarded as unsuited to liquid composite molding, were thus processed. Rheological tests revealed that by separating the anhydrite curing agent from a formulated RTM resin system, the remaining epoxy liquid had its flowtime extended. C-scan and glass transition temperature tests showed that the preform pre-loaded with anhydrite was fully infiltrated and wetted by the liquid epoxy, and the two components were diffused and dissolved with each other, and finally, well reacted and cured. Composite laminates made via this approach exhibited roughly comparable quality and mechanical properties with prepreg controls via autoclave or compression molding, respectively. These findings were verified for both carbon and ramie fiber composites.

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11

Rubino, Felice, Fausto Tucci, Vitantonio Esperto, and Pierpaolo Carlone. "Filling Time Reduction in Liquid Composite Molding Processes." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 8 (August 4, 2022): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6080222.

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The quality of Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) manufactured components is strictly related to the fibrous preform impregnation. As Darcy’s law suggests, the resin flow is influenced by the pressure gradient, geometrical features of the reinforcement, and resin viscosity. The former two parameters are dictated by the requirements of the component and other constraints; therefore, they are hardly modifiable during the process. Resin preheating increases its fluency, thus enhancing the impregnation and saturation flow, and reducing the mold filling time. In the present work, a microwave heating system has been integrated within a vacuum bag resin infusion process, to analyze the effect of the online preheating on the fiber impregnation. To monitor the resin flow a dielectric sensors-based system is used. Results from resin infusion tests conducted with and without the resin pre-heating were compared: the outcomes indicated an advance of approximately 190 s of the flow front when microwave heating is applied with respect to the unheated tests.

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12

Dunkers, Joy P., Kathleen M. Flynn, Richard S. Parnas, and Dionyssios D. Sourlas. "Model-assisted feedback control for liquid composite molding." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 33, no. 6 (June 2002): 841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(02)00027-1.

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13

Caglar, Baris, Cem Tekin, Feyza Karasu, and Véronique Michaud. "Assessment of capillary phenomena in liquid composite molding." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 120 (May 2019): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.02.018.

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14

Wu, Cheng-Hsien, and Yu-Rey Pan. "The study of injection/compression liquid composite molding." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 201, no. 1-3 (May 2008): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.241.

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15

Kendall, K. N., and C. D. Rudd. "Flow and cure phenomena in liquid composite molding." Polymer Composites 15, no. 5 (October 1994): 334–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150504.

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16

Bensadoun, Farida, Nadir Kchit, Catherine Billotte, Simon Bickerton, François Trochu, and Edu Ruiz. "A Study of Nanoclay Reinforcement of Biocomposites Made by Liquid Composite Molding." International Journal of Polymer Science 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/964193.

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Liquid composite molding (LCM) processes are widely used to manufacture composite parts for the automotive industry. An appropriate selection of the materials and proper optimization of the manufacturing parameters are keys to produce parts with improved mechanical properties. This paper reports on a study of biobased composites reinforced with nanoclay particles. A soy-based unsaturated polyester resin was used as synthetic matrix, and glass and flax fiber fabrics were used as reinforcement. This paper aims to improve mechanical and flammability properties of reinforced composites by introducing nanoclay particles in the unsaturated polyester resin. Four different mixing techniques were investigated to improve the dispersion of nanoclay particles in the bioresin in order to obtain intercalated or exfoliated structures. An experimental study was carried out to define the adequate parameter combinations between vacuum pressure, filling time, and resin viscosity. Two manufacturing methods were investigated and compared: RTM and SCRIMP. Mechanical properties, such as flexural modulus and ultimate strength, were evaluated and compared for conventional glass fiber composites (GFC) and flax fiber biocomposites (GFBiores-C). Finally, smoke density analysis was performed to demonstrate the effects and advantages of using an environment-friendly resin combined with nanoclay particles.

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17

Rohatgi, Vivek, and L. James Lee. "Moldability of Tackified Fiber Preforms in Liquid Composite Molding." Journal of Composite Materials 31, no. 7 (April 1997): 720–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839703100705.

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18

Bickerton, S., M. J. Buntain, and A. A. Somashekar. "The viscoelastic compression behavior of liquid composite molding preforms." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 34, no. 5 (May 2003): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(03)00088-5.

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19

DeValve, C., and R. Pitchumani. "Simulation of void formation in liquid composite molding processes." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 51 (August 2013): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.03.016.

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20

Wang, Y., M. Moatamedi, and S. M. Grove. "Continuum Dual-scale Modeling of Liquid Composite Molding Processes." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 28, no. 12 (May 8, 2008): 1469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684408089533.

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21

Han, Kerang, Jun Ni, James Toth, L. James Lee, and Joseph P. Greene. "Analysis of an injection/compression liquid composite molding process." Polymer Composites 19, no. 4 (August 1998): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10123.

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22

Ni, Jun, Yang Zhao, L. James Lee, and Sho Nakamura. "Analysis of two-regional flow in liquid composite molding." Polymer Composites 18, no. 2 (April 1997): 254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10280.

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23

Tucker, Charles L. "Heat transfer and reaction issues in liquid composite molding." Polymer Composites 17, no. 1 (February 1996): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10591.

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24

García, J. A., Ll Gascón, E. Cueto, I. Ordeig, and F. Chinesta. "Meshless methods with application to Liquid Composite Molding simulation." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 198, no. 33-36 (July 2009): 2700–2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2009.03.010.

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25

Lin, R. J., L. James Lee, and Ming J. Liou. "Mold filling and curing analysis in liquid composite molding." Polymer Composites 14, no. 1 (February 1993): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750140111.

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26

Han, K., L. James Lee, and Ming Liou. "Fiber mat deformation in liquid composite molding. II: Modeling." Polymer Composites 14, no. 2 (April 1993): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750140209.

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27

Kosenko, E. "STUDY OF DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES WITH A HYBRID MATRIX BY THE METHOD OF DYNAMIC AND MECHANICAL ANALYSIS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-10-81-89.

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Polymer and composite materials (PCMs) are widely used in various industries for production of small but complex parts and large-sized body parts subjected to significant loads. The production of more critical parts from PCM has led to the need to develop new compositions, structures and technologies for molding composites. The manufacturing technology of PCMs with a hybrid matrix is presented, one of the components of which retains its "liquid" state after the molding of the products, and the second is completely solid. In the resulting composite, the “liquid” components form an independent phase and together with the main binder material, the PCMs represent a hybrid matrix. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of basalt plastics with hybrid matrices, in which the composition of the “liquid” component are anaerobic technical wax and organosilicon polymer materials, are presented. DMA is performed on samples of two types: № 1 - samples with a low content of "liquid" components in the matrix and № 2 - samples with a high content of "liquid" components in the matrix. According to the results of the tests carried out, the best characteristics among PCMs with various types of hybrid matrices are possessed by samples with an organosilicon polymer material in the matrix

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28

Caydamli, Yavuz, Klaus Heudorfer, Jens Take, Filip Podjaski, Peter Middendorf, and Michael R. Buchmeiser. "Transparent Fiber-Reinforced Composites Based on a Thermoset Resin Using Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) Techniques." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206087.

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In this study, optically transparent glass fiber-reinforced polymers (tGFRPs) were produced using a thermoset matrix and an E-glass fabric. In situ polymerization was combined with liquid composite molding (LCM) techniques both in a resin transfer molding (RTM) mold and a lite-RTM (L-RTM) setup between two glass plates. The RTM specimens were used for mechanical characterization while the L-RTM samples were used for transmittance measurements. Optimization in terms of the number of glass fabric layers, the overall degree of transparency of the composite, and the mechanical properties was carried out and allowed for the realization of high mechanical strength and high-transparency tGFRPs. An outstanding degree of infiltration was achieved maintaining up to 75% transmittance even when using 29 layers of E-glass fabric, corresponding to 50 v.% fiber, using an L-RTM setup. RTM specimens with 44 v.% fiber yielded a tensile strength of 435.2 ± 17.6 MPa, and an E-Modulus of 24.3 ± 0.7 GPa.

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29

Merola, Massimiliano, Pierpaolo Carlone, Alessandro Ruggiero, and Vasiliki Maria Archodoulaki. "Mechanical and Tribological Characterization of Composite Laminates Manufactured by Liquid Composite Molding Processes." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.907.

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The aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding process steps on the impregnation quality of the laminates as well as on mechanical and tribological properties of the processed material. Composite laminates were realized using epoxy resin reinforced with carbon (CF) or glass continuous (GF) fibers. Two different textile architectures, namely non-crimp fabrics (UD) and woven-mat (0/90), were used and various processing conditions were employed. Optical observations revealed an unexpected trend relatively to the intra and inter bundle voids concentration with respect to the impregnation velocity, especially using UD-CF and UD-GF reinforcements and low impregnation rate. Tensile and three points bending tests highlighted the strong impact of fiber material and architecture on mechanical properties, whereas the presence of voids played a slightly influence on the fiber dominated characteristics analyzed. Tribological outcomes evidenced a reduction of the friction coefficient when the resin is reinforced by carbon or glass fibers as well as when the sliding direction of the counterbody is oriented parallel to the fiber direction.

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30

Yu, B., H. T. Chiu, Z. Ding, and L. J. Lee. "Analysis of Flow and Heat Transfer in Liquid Composite Molding." International Polymer Processing 15, no. 3 (September 2000): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.1592.

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31

Pillay, Selvum, Uday K. Vaidya, and Gregg M. Janowski. "Liquid Molding of Carbon Fabric-reinforced Nylon Matrix Composite Laminates." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 18, no. 6 (November 2005): 509–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705705054412.

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32

Young, Wen-Bin. "Gate Location Optimization in Liquid Composite Molding Using Genetic Algorithms." Journal of Composite Materials 28, no. 12 (June 1994): 1098–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839402801202.

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33

Dunkers, Joy P., Joseph L. Lenhart, Sylvia R. Kueh, John H. van Zanten, Suresh G. Advani, and Richard S. Parnas. "Fiber optic flow and cure sensing for liquid composite molding." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 35, no. 2 (February 2001): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-8166(00)00110-x.

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34

Alms, Justin B., Suresh G. Advani, and James L. Glancey. "Liquid Composite Molding control methodologies using Vacuum Induced Preform Relaxation." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 42, no. 1 (January 2011): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.10.002.

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35

Nguyen, Van Hau, Mylène Lagardère, Chung Hae Park, and Stéphane Panier. "Permeability of natural fiber reinforcement for liquid composite molding processes." Journal of Materials Science 49, no. 18 (June 17, 2014): 6449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8374-1.

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36

Alhussein, H., R. Umer, S. Rao, E. Swery, S. Bickerton, and W. J. Cantwell. "Characterization of 3D woven reinforcements for liquid composite molding processes." Journal of Materials Science 51, no. 6 (December 14, 2015): 3277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9640-6.

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37

Gauvin, Raymond, and Fran�ois Trochu. "Key issues in numerical simulation for liquid composite molding processes." Polymer Composites 19, no. 3 (June 1998): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10095.

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38

Shih, Chih-Hsin, and L. James Lee. "Effect of fiber architecture on permeability in liquid composite molding." Polymer Composites 19, no. 5 (October 1998): 626–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10136.

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39

Ramakrishnan, B., and R. Pitchumani. "Fractal permeation characteristics of preforms used in liquid composite molding." Polymer Composites 21, no. 2 (April 2000): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10185.

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40

Han, K., L. Trevino, L. James Lee, and Ming Liou. "Fiber mat deformation in liquid composite molding. I: Experimental analysis." Polymer Composites 14, no. 2 (April 1993): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750140208.

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41

James Wang, T., C. H. Wu, and L. James Lee. "In-plane permeability measurement and analysis in liquid composite molding." Polymer Composites 15, no. 4 (August 1994): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750150406.

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42

Patel, Himanshu V., and Harshit K. Dave. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF INFUSION STRATEGIES IN VACUUM ASSISTED RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING (VARTM) PROCESS." International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 13, no. 3 (December 25, 2021): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2021.13.3.117.

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The Liquid composite Molding (LCM) process, such as Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM), offers a fast and high-quality production of composites laminates. In the VARTM process, the simulation tool is found beneficial to predict and solve composite manufacturing issues. The part quality is dependent on the resin mold filling stage in the VARTM process. The infiltration of resin into a porous fibrous medium is taken place during the resin mold filling stage. The permeability has a crucial role during the resin mold filling stage. In this study, simulation of resin infusion through multiple injection gates is discussed. The various infusion schemes are simulated to identify defect-free composite manufacturing. The simulation approach is applied to five different stacking sequences of reinforcements. In this transient simulation study, permeability and resin viscosity is essential inputs for the resin flow. The simulation approach found that a gating scheme plays a vital role in mold filling time and defect-free composite fabrication. It is found that the line gating system can be useful for fast mold filling over the point gating system.

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43

Cosson, Benoît. "Optical measurement of local permeability of flax fiber fabrics before liquid composite molding." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 24 (March 19, 2018): 3289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318764579.

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Tracking the variability of natural fiber-based fabrics properties, such as local areal weight, fiber volume fraction, and therefore permeability, is crucial to optimize the parts processing of the bio-composites. This paper aims at developing a cost-effective and efficient optical method in order to predict the permeability of flax fabrics used in liquid composite molding processes. This method using an LCD monitor as light source and a reflex camera as a measurement device is based on light transmission measurement through fabric thickness. The raw data given by the camera are gray scale maps, transformed into areal weight maps. FEM software based on levelset method is finally used to highlight the influence of the local variability of the fiber volume fraction, and of the related fabrics porosity and permeability on the mold filling time. The proposed method can be directly implemented on the manufacturing line of the composites. It can be used to optimize, part-to-part, the resin consumption by predicting the resin flow through perform. Interestingly, this novel optical method is auto-calibrated and does not depend on picture resolution.

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44

Kim, Yun Hae, Jin Woo Lee, Chang Wook Park, Min Ji Ju, Moo Jun Kim, and Hee Soo Yoon. "Flow Characteristics of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Composite Processed by Liquid Resin Infusion on Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 1110 (June 2015): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1110.44.

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Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process is an appropriate process for a composite component with bulky and complicated configuration. Liquid Resin Infusion (LRI) is the improved process which has been replaced a part of mold with a vacuum bag to get huge items to manufacture easily. Viscosity of LRI is one of the important factors affecting fluid velocity, the impregnating velocity of resin in dry mat is in inverse proportion to the viscosity. In this paper, viscosity characteristics of resin on temperature has been studied from various angles to optimize filling process of resin by quantatifying numerical value and improve molding process of fiber composite for experiented workers.

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45

Porto, T. R. Nascimento, A. G. Barbosa de Lima, and W. F. de Amorim Júnior. "Multiphase Fluid Flow in Porous-Fibrous Media: Fundamentals, Mathematical Modeling and Applications on Polymeric Composites Manufacturing." Diffusion Foundations 20 (December 2018): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.20.55.

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This work provides information about polymer composite manufacturing by using liquid composite material molding, with particular reference to resin transfer molding process (RTM). Herein, several topics related to porous media, fluid flow, mathematical modeling, computational methods, composite manufacturing and industrial applications were presented. Simulation of resin flow into a fibrous (reinforcement) inserted in a parallelepiped mold has been performed, using the Ansys FLUENT®software, and different results of resin volumetric fraction, stream lines and pressure distribution inside the mold, and volumetric fraction always flow rate (inlet and outlet gates) of the resin, as a function of filling time, have been presented and discussed.

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46

Hancioglu, Mert, E. Murat Sozer, and Suresh G. Advani. "Comparison of in-plane resin transfer molding and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding ‘effective’ permeabilities based on mold filling experiments and simulations." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 39, no. 1-2 (August 8, 2019): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684419868015.

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Resin transfer molding and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding are two of the most commonly used liquid composite molding processes. For resin transfer molding, mold filling simulations can predict the resin flow patterns and location of voids and dry spots which has proven useful in designing the mold and injection locations for composite parts. To simulate vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, even though coupled models are successful in predicting flow patterns and thickness distribution, the input requires fabric compaction characterization in addition to permeability characterization. Moreover, due to the coupled nature of flow and fabric compaction, the simulation is computationally expensive precluding the possibility to optimize the flow design for reliable production. In this work, we present an alternative approach to characterize and use an “effective” permeability in the resin transfer molding solver to simulate resin flow in vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. This decoupled method is very efficient and provides reasonable results. The deviations in mold filling times between experiments and simulations for the resin transfer molding process with E-glass CSM and carbon 5HS were 4.7% and 1.0%, respectively, while for the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding case using “effective permeability value” with E-glass CSM and carbon 5HS fabrics were 11.1% and 12.3%, respectively, which validates the approach presented.

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47

Gantois, Renaud, Arthur Cantarel, Gilles Dusserre, Jean Noel Félices, and Fabrice Schmidt. "Mold Filling Simulation of Resin Transfer Molding Combining BEM and Level Set Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 62 (June 2011): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.62.57.

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Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) is a popular manufacturing process used in many industries. In Resin Transfer Molding (RTM), the liquid resin flows through the fibrous preform placed in a mold. Numerical simulation of the filling stage is a useful tool in mold design. In this paper the implemented method is based on coupling a Boundary Element Method (BEM) with a Level Set tracking. The present contribution is a two-dimensional approach, decoupled from kinetics, thermal analysis and reinforcement deformation occurring during the flow. Applications are presented and tested, including a flow close to industrial conditions.

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48

Wu, Qing Qing, Jia Yu Xiao, Jun Liu, Su Li Xing, and Jing Shui Yang. "Research on Heat Resisting Epoxy Resin System for Liquid Composite Molding." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.8.

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The properties of heat resistance and manufacturability of epoxy resin system are contradictory to each other. In order to maintain the balance of both properties, this article studied the heat resistance (testing the glass-transition temperature using differential scanning calorimetry) and the manufacturability (characterizing the variation trend of viscosity at molding temperature using AR2000EX rotational rheometer) of two kinds of epoxy resin systems by means of designing orthogonal table. Studies show that when the mass ratio of hydantoin epoxy resin, MF-4101 epoxy resin, anhydride and accelerant is 100:20:150:1.5, the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin system can reach over 180°C. What’s more, the initial viscosity of the epoxy resin at 40°C is about 230mPa•s, and the viscosity can maintain no more than 800mPa•s in approximately 3 hours, which meets the requirements of liquid composite molding.

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Lo, Jonathan, Xingyue Zhang, Travis Williams, and Steven Nutt. "Eliminating porosity via reformulation of a benzoxazine–epoxy resin transfer molding resin." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 11 (August 29, 2017): 1481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317727048.

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Use of benzoxazine resins in composites is limited by volatile-induced porosity, which degrades the thermomechanical properties of the product. In the present study, we demonstrate how to eliminate cure-induced volatilization and volatile-induced defects in benzoxazine composite laminates, using a chemistry-based approach. Like most resins formulated for high-temperature service, benzoxazine and benzoxazine–epoxy blends generally include solvent additives. Consequently, composite parts produced with such resins exhibit higher levels of cure-induced volatile release, often leading to porosity in the final manufactured part. Here, we develop a method to eliminate porosity by analyzing volatile release and the effects of residual solvent in a pre-commercial benzoxazine–epoxy system designed for liquid molding by resin transfer molding. Utilizing thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis, we correlate the concentration of residual solvent remaining within the final manufactured part with the Tg, degradation temperature, and dynamic modulus. Lastly, a resin synthesis method is demonstrated that eliminates residual solvent in order to produce composite parts with optimal surface finish and thermomechanical properties. The report outlines a methodology for optimizing blended resin chemistry for production of high-quality composite parts.

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Fu, Ren Li, Ke Xin Chen, Jin Tang, Yuan Shen, and Hong He. "The Preparation and Properties of Si₃N₄-Filled Epoxy Resin Composites for Electronic Packaging." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1346.

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Si3N4-filled epoxy resin composite was fabricated employing liquid press molding method. Properties, such as thermal conductivity, dielectric constant of Si3N4-filled epoxy resin composite were evaluated, the effect of the content of Si3N4 and surface treatment of the filler was also considered. A silane coupling agent, namely NH2−(CH2)3Si−(OC2H5)3, was applied to functionalize the surface of Si3N4 filler. Experimental results showed that the thermal conductivity of the composites is strongly dependent on the filler and is dominated by the interface of epoxy resin and Si3N4 particles. As the Si3N4 volume fraction increasing, thermal conductance of Si3N4-filled composite was improved obviously, especially for that of silane-treated Si3N4 powder filled composite. Dielectric constant of the composite increases linearly, however, it still remains at a relatively low level (<5, at 1MHz).

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