Relevant bibliographies by topics / Liquid cooling

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Liquid cooling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Liquid cooling"

1

Sultana, Rokiya, Mohammad Tasawar Islam, Gazi Shariair Iqbal Nayeem, Muammer Din Arif, and Golam Mostofa. "Experimental Cooling Performance Evaluation of Different Coolants for Data Centre." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1305, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1305/1/012018.

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Abstract The direct liquid cooling (DLC) of the data center is becoming popular due to its higher heat removal from the computer chips. The direct liquid cooling method is more effective than the conventional air-cooling system and reduces the higher infrastructure and maintenance costs. The DLC reduces the chip failure rate drastically and increases the life of the data centers. Different liquids can be used as a coolant and some manufacturers are coming up with different coolants where the liquid has high thermal efficiency and is electrically non-conductive. In this article, a heat-transfer cold plate made of aluminum is designed and a different combination of heat-transfer liquids (Distilled water, Ethylene Glycol, and Polyethylene Glycol) is tested to find a comparatively better combination of heat-transfer liquid. It was observed that the combination of Ethylene Glycol and distilled water performs better than other combinations. It was also found that the coolant flow rate plays an important role in the cooling of the chips as well.
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Ye, Zhibin, Xiaolong Zhou, Shu Jiang, Meng Huang, Fei Wu, and Dongge Lei. "Immersed liquid cooling Nd:YAG slab laser oscillator." Chinese Optics Letters 21, no. 8 (2023): 081401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202321.081401.

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Al-Garni, A. Z., A. Z. Şahin, and B. S. Yilbas. "Active Cooling of a Hypersonic Plane Using Hydrogen, Methane, Oxygen and Fluorine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 210, no. 1 (January 1996): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_340_02.

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This paper studies active cooling of an aerospace plane using liquid hydrogen, liquid methane, liquid oxygen and liquid fluorine. An ascending optimized trajectory to minimize the heat load in the hypersonic part is used to perform the study, which includes cooling of the stagnation point, the leading edges of wings and engine and other parts of the aerospace plane that are close to the leading edges. The laminar case of the stagnation point and both laminar and turbulent cases for the leading edge heating have been considered. The amount of liquid coolant mass needed for cooling is calculated. A design of minimum inlet–outlet areas for the amount of liquid needed for cooling is made with consideration of the coolant's physical constraints in the liquid and gaseous states. The study shows that the ratio of masses of coolant to the initial total mass (initial total mass of the vehicle including fuel and coolant masses) is in the limit of the reachable range. The comparison shows that the hydrogen is a clear winner as a candidate for coolant and saves mass as compared to the other three coolants. The study shows that there are no fundamental barriers for the cooling system of the vehicle in terms of its coolant mass and area size for coolant passage.
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Wicaksono, Nugroho Budi, and Sukma Meganova Effendi. "Heating and Cooling Rate Study on Water Cooling Thermal Cycler using Aluminium Block Sample." Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 4, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jeeemi.v4i2.1.

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Temperature measurement has many applications in medical devices. In recent days, body temperature become the main screening procedure to justify people infected by SARS-CoV-2. Related to pandemic situation due to SARS-Cov-2, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method become the most accurate and reliable detection method. This method employs a device named PCR machine or Thermal Cycler. In this research, we focus to build a Thermal Cycler using a low-cost material such as aluminium and using a liquid coolant as the cooling system. We use 2 types of coolant solution: mineral water and generic liquid coolant. Peltier device in thermal cycler serves as heating and cooling element. In heating rate experiments, generic liquid coolant shows a better result than using mineral water due to specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of water. In the cooling rate experiments, the water pump is activated to stream the liquid solution, the flow rate of liquid solution is influenced by viscosity of the liquid. Generic liquid coolant has approx. 4,5 times greater viscosity than water. The higher flow rate means better performance for cooling rate. Using 2 pieces of 60-Watt heaters and a 60-Watt chiller and aluminium material as block sample, our research shows a heating and cooling rate up to approx. 0,1°C/s. Compared to commercially thermal cycler, our thermal cycler has a lower wattage; this lower wattage performance has been tradeoff with lower ramping rate. Some factors are suspected become the source of contributors of lower ramping rate.
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Li, Bo, Wenhao Wang, Shaoyi Bei, and Zhengqiang Quan. "Analysis of Heat Dissipation Performance of Battery Liquid Cooling Plate Based on Bionic Structure." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095541.

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To provide a favorable temperature for a power battery liquid cooling system, a bionic blood vessel structure of the power battery liquid cooling plate is designed based on the knowledge of bionics and the human blood vessel model. For three different discharge rates of 1C, 2C, and 3C, FLUENT is used to simulate and analyze the heat dissipation performance of the liquid cooling plate with a bionic vascular structure. The influence of the pipe distance (A1 and A2) at the coolant outlet, the thickness of the liquid cooling plate, the inner pipe turning radius R of the pipe in the channel, and the mass flow of coolant on the heat dissipation performance are studied. The results show that the pipe distance (A1 and A2), plate thickness, and inner pipe turning radius R have significant effects on the heat dissipation of the liquid cooling plate, especially under a 3C discharge. In addition, the channel area at the coolant outlet also has great influence on the heat dissipation performance of the liquid cooling plate, and the variable width optimization of the channel area at the outlet greatly improves the heat dissipation performance of the liquid cooling plate. Increasing the inlet mass flow rate can improve the heat dissipation capacity, but at the expense of a pressure drop. A verification experiment is designed for 3C discharge. The results show that the error between the experiment and simulation results is within 9.8%; therefore, the simulation is accurate, and the liquid cooling plate has a significant heat dissipation effect.
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Wang, J. H., J. Messner, and H. Stetter. "An Experimental Investigation on Transpiration Cooling Part II: Comparison of Cooling Methods and Media." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 10, no. 5 (2004): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x04000363.

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This article attempts to provide a cooling performance comparison of various mass transfer cooling methods and different cooling media through two experiments. In the first experiment, pressurized air was used as a cooling medium and two different circular tubes were used as specimens. One is made of impermeable solid material with four rows of discrete holes to simulate film cooling, and the other consists of sintered porous material to create a porous transpiration cooling effect. The natures of transpiration cooling and film cooling including leading and trailing edge injection cooling were compared. This experiment found that by using a gaseous cooling medium, transpiration cooling could provide a higher cooling effect and a larger coolant coverage than film cooling in the leading stagnation region, and on the side of the specimen at the same coolant injection flow rates; but in the trailing stagnation region, the traditional coolant injection method through discrete film holes might be better than transpiration cooling, especially for turbine blades with thin trailing edges. In the second experiment, the cooling effects of gaseous and liquid media on the same porous tube's surface were compared. This experiment showed that the porous areas cooled using gaseous and liquid cooling media were almost identical, but the cooling effect of liquid evaporation was much higher than that of gaseous cooling, especially in the leading and trailing stagnation regions of turbine blades. This important discovery makes it possible to solve the stagnation region problems in turbine blade cooling.
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Zhao, Yingjie, Fan Yang, and Yijiang Ma. "Experimental Method for Flow Calibration of the Aircraft Liquid Cooling System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 5056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105056.

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In the process of aircraft operation, the flow calibration of aircraft liquid cooling system has always been one of the research hotspots in engineering. Based on the principle of the differential pressure method, a new experimental flow calibration method is proposed for the aircraft liquid cooling system in this paper. In the reducer and the square bend of the aircraft liquid cooling system, the pressure difference will be generated. The flowmeter is used to measure the flow of the coolant, and the flow rate coefficient of the aircraft liquid cooling system can be calibrated. The experimental platform is established to conduct the flow calibration of the aircraft liquid cooling system, and the influence of the temperature and imported pressure on the flow will be investigated. Results indicate that the experimental method proposed is very effective, and the flow calibration can be realized without damaging the aircraft liquid cooling system.
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Anisha and Anil Kumar. "Identification and Mitigation of Shortcomings in Direct and Indirect Liquid Cooling-Based Battery Thermal Management System." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 30, 2023): 3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093857.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) have become a viable solution to the emerging global climate crisis. Rechargeable battery packs are the basic unit of the energy storage system of these vehicles. The battery thermal management system (BTMS) is the primary control unit of the energy source of the vehicles. EV performance is governed by specific power, charging/discharging rate, specific energy, and cycle life of the battery packs. Nevertheless, these parameters are affected by temperature, making thermal management the most significant factor for the performance of a battery pack in an EV. Although the BTMS has acquired plenty of attention, research on the efficiency of the liquid cooling-based BTMS for actual drive cycles has been minimal. Liquid cooling, with appropriate configuration, can provide up to 3500 times more efficient cooling than air cooling. Direct/immersive and indirect liquid cooling are the main types of liquid cooling systems. Immersive/direct cooling utilizes the technique of direct contact between coolant and battery surface, which could provide larger heat transfer across the pack; however, parameters such as leakage, configuration, efficiency, etc., are needed to be considered. Indirect cooling techniques include cold plates, liquid jackets, discrete tubes, etc. It could result in complex configuration or thermal non-uniformity inside the pack. The paper intends to contribute to the alleviation of these gaps by studying various techniques, including different configurations, coolant flow, nanoparticles, varying discharging rates, different coolants, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive perspective of various techniques employed in liquid cooling battery packs, identifying the shortcomings in direct/immersive and indirect liquid cooling systems and discussing their mitigation strategies.
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Park, Manseok, Sungdong Kim, and Sarah Eunkyung Kim. "TSV Liquid Cooling System for 3D Integrated Circuits." Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.6117/kmeps.2013.20.3.001.

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Song, Yufei, Zhiguo Liu, Shiwu Li, and Qingyong Jin. "Design and Optimization of an Immersion Liquid Cooling System in Internet Datacenter." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 1923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390629.

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With the development of high-performance chips, the heat flux of Internet datacenter (IDC) is on the rise, and heat dissipation becomes a major bottleneck of IDC development. The cooling needs of the IDC room can hardly be met by the traditional method of air cooling. In recent years, immersion liquid cooling has attracted a growing attention, due to its excellent performance. This paper designs and optimizes an immersion liquid cooling system for IDC. Multiple numerical simulations were carried out to analyze the influence of the system parameters on heat dissipation, and improve the system efficiency using a dielectric coolant. Specifically, 20 graphics processing units (GPUs) and 2 central processing units (CPUs) were set up in each machine of the liquid cooling server. Then, the GPU and CPU temperature was examined under different opening positions on the server top plate, inlet coolant temperatures, and coolant flow speeds. The results show that a 30mm-wide, 430mm-long opening should be set at the upper part of the GPU array, 20mm away from the top plate. The cooling effect can be optimized at the inlet temperature of 30℃, and the coolant flow speed of 3m3/h.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liquid cooling"

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Sardo, Rachel. "Anomalous effects while cooling liquid water." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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Tan, Junyi, and 譚軍毅. "Investigation of novel liquid desiccant cooling system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42664251.

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Tan, Junyi. "Investigation of novel liquid desiccant cooling system." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42664251.

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Hausgen, Paul E. "An analysis of mono-dispersed liquid droplet cooling." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16746.

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Hublitz, Astrid. "Efficient energy storage in liquid desiccant cooling systems." kostenfrei, 2008. http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/node?id=637243.

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Boysan, Mustafa Emre. "Analysis Of Regenerative Cooling In Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610190/index.pdf.

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High combustion temperatures and long operation durations require the use of cooling techniques in liquid propellant rocket engines. For high-pressure and high-thrust rocket engines, regenerative cooling is the most preferred cooling method. In regenerative cooling, a coolant flows through passages formed either by constructing the chamber liner from tubes or by milling channels in a solid liner. Traditionally, approximately square cross sectional channels have been used. However, recent studies have shown that by increasing the coolant channel height-to-width aspect ratio and changing the cross sectional area in non-critical regions for heat flux, the rocket combustion chamber gas side wall temperature can be reduced significantly without an increase in the coolant pressure drop. In this study, the regenerative cooling of a liquid propellant rocket engine has been numerically simulated. The engine has been modeled to operate on a LOX/Kerosene mixture at a chamber pressure of 60 bar with 300 kN thrust and kerosene is considered as the coolant. A numerical investigation was performed to determine the effect of different aspect ratio cooling channels and different number of cooling channels on gas-side wall and coolant temperature and pressure drop in cooling channel.
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Omer, Muhammad. "Impingement Cooling: Heat Transfer Measurement by Liquid Crystal Thermography." Thesis, Linköping University, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-52859.

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In modern gas turbines parts of combustion chamber and turbine section are under heavy heat load, for example, the rotor inlet temperature is far higher than the melting point of the rotor blade material. These high temperatures causes thermal stresses in the material, therefore it is very important to cool the components for safe operation and to achieve desired component life. But on the other hand the cooling reduces the turbine efficiency, for that reason it is vital to understand and optimize the cooling technique.

In this project Thermochromic Liquid Crystals (TLCs) are used to measure distribution of heat transfer coefficient over a scaled up combustor liner section. TLCs change their color with the variation of temperature in a particular temperature range. The color-temperature change relation of a TLC is sharp and precise; therefore TLCs are used to measure surface temperature by painting the TLC over a test surface. This method is called Liquid Crystal Thermography (LCT). LCT is getting popular in industry due to its high-resolution results, repeatability and ease of use.

Test model in present study consists of two plates, target plate and impingement plate. Cooling of the target plate is achieved by impingement of air coming through holes in the impingement plate. The downstream surface of the impingement plate is then cooled by cross flow and re-impingement of the coolant air.

Heat transfer on the target plate is not uniform; areas under the jet which are called stagnation points have high heat transfer as compare to the areas away from the center of jet. It is almost the same situation for the impingement plate but the location of stagnation point is different. A transient technique is used to measure this non-uniform heat transfer distribution. It is assumed that the plates are semi-infinitely thick and there is no lateral heat transfer in the plates. To fulfill the assumptions a calculated time limit is followed and the test plates are made of Plexiglas which has very low thermal conductivity.

The transient technique requires a step-change in the mainstream temperature of the test section. However, in practical a delayed increase in mainstream temperature is attained. This issue is dealt by applying Duhamel’s theorem on the step-change heat transfer equation. MATLAB is used to get the Hue data of the recorded video frames and calculate the time taken for each pixel to reach a predefined surface temperature. Having all temperatures and time values the heat transfer equation is iteratively solved to get the value of heat transfer coefficient of each and every pixel of the test surface.

In total fifteen tests are conducted with different Reynolds number and different jet-to-target plate distances. It is concluded that for both the target and impingement plates, a high Reynolds number provides better overall heat transfer and increase in jet-to-target distance

decreases the overall heat transfer.

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Zhou, Zhipeng (Joe Zoe). "Performance analysis of hybrid liquid desiccant solar cooling system." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/40088/1/Zhipeng_Zhou_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigates the coefficient of performance (COP) of a hybrid liquid desiccant solar cooling system. This hybrid cooling system includes three sections: 1) conventional air-conditioning section; 2) liquid desiccant dehumidification section and 3) air mixture section. The air handling unit (AHU) with mixture variable air volume design is included in the hybrid cooling system to control humidity. In the combined system, the air is first dehumidified in the dehumidifier and then mixed with ambient air by AHU before entering the evaporator. Experiments using lithium chloride as the liquid desiccant have been carried out for the performance evaluation of the dehumidifier and regenerator. Based on the air mixture (AHU) design, the electrical coefficient of performance (ECOP), thermal coefficient of performance (TCOP) and whole system coefficient of performance (COPsys) models used in the hybrid liquid desiccant solar cooing system were developed to evaluate this system performance. These mathematical models can be used to describe the coefficient of performance trend under different ambient conditions, while also providing a convenient comparison with conventional air conditioning systems. These models provide good explanations about the relationship between the performance predictions of models and ambient air parameters. The simulation results have revealed the coefficient of performance in hybrid liquid desiccant solar cooling systems substantially depends on ambient air and dehumidifier parameters. Also, the liquid desiccant experiments prove that the latent component of the total cooling load requirements can be easily fulfilled by using the liquid desiccant dehumidifier. While cooling requirements can be met, the liquid desiccant system is however still subject to the hysteresis problems.
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Crafton, Elyssa Farah. "Measurements of the evaporation rates of heated liquid droplets." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17589.

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King, Calvin R. Jr. "Thermal management of three-dimensional integrated circuits using inter-layer liquid cooling." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44759.

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Heat removal technologies are among the most critical needs for three-dimensional (3D) stacking of high-performance microprocessors. This research reports a 3D integration platform that can support the heat removal requirements for 3D integrated circuits that contain high-performance microprocessors in the 3D stack. This work shows the use of wafer-level batch fabrication to develop advanced electrical and fluidic three-dimensional interconnect networks in a 3D stack. Fabrication results are shown for the integration of microchannels and electrical through-silicon vias (TSVs). A compact physical model is developed to determine the design trade-offs for microchannel heat sink and electrical TSV integration. An experimental thermal measurement test-bed for evaluating a 3D inter-layer liquid cooling platform is developed. Experimental thermal testing results for an air-cooled chip and a liquid-cooled chip are compared. Microchannel heat sink cooling shows a significant junction temperature and heat sink thermal resistance reduction compared to air-cooling. The on-chip integrated microchannel heat sink, which has a thermal resistance of 0.229 °C/W, enables cooling of >100W/cm² of each high-power density chip, while maintaining an average junction temperature of less than 50°C. Cooling liquid is circulated through the 3D stack (two layers) at flow rates of up to 100 ml/min. The ability to assemble chips with integrated electrical and fluidic I/Os and seal fluidic interconnections at each strata interface is demonstrated using three assembly and fluidic sealing techniques. Assembly results show the stacking of up to four chips that contain integrated electrical and fluidic I/O interconnects, with an electrical I/O density of ~1600/cm².
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Books on the topic "Liquid cooling"

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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Liquid cooling guidelines for datacom equipment centers. Atlanta, [GA]: ASHRAE, 2014.

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Armstrong, Elizabeth S. Cooling of rocket thrust chambers with liquid oxygen. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.

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Armstrong, Elizabeth S. Cooling of rocket thrust chambers with liquid oxygen. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.

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Armstrong, Elizabeth S. Liquid oxygen cooling of hydrocarbon fueled rocket thrust chambers. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Silverstein, Calvin C. Heat pipe cooling for scramjet engines. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1986.

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W, Van Sciver Steven, and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. "Astromag" coil cooling study. Madsion, Wis: Applied Superconductivity Center, University of Wiscosin-Madsion, 1990.

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Kanda, Takeshi. Effect of regenerative cooling on rocket engine specific impulse. Tokyo: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1993.

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I, Bystrov P., and Kirillin V. A, eds. Liquid-metal coolants for heat pipes and power plants. New York: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1990.

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A, Masters Philip, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Liquid oxygen cooling of high pressure LOX/hydrocarbon rocket thrust chambers. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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N, Hayner Clifford. Contemporary perspectives on liquid cold plate design: Design and manufacturing liquid cooled heat sinks for electronics cooling. New York: Begell House, Inc, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Liquid cooling"

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Liu, Xiaohua, and Yi Jiang. "Application of Liquid Desiccant System." In Desiccant-Assisted Cooling, 249–81. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5565-2_9.

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Pfotenhauer, John M. "Cooling with Liquid Helium." In Handbook of Superconductivity, 562–72. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429183027-41.

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Worek, W. M., and A. Lowenstein. "Status of Liquid-Desiccant Technologies and Systems." In Desiccant-Assisted Cooling, 25–46. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5565-2_2.

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Faubel, Manfred. "Liquid Micro Jet Studies of the Vacuum Surface of Water and of Chemical Solutions by Molecular Beams and by Soft X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy." In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 597–630. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_26.

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AbstractLiquid water, with a vapor pressure of 6.1 mbar at freezing point, is rapidly evaporating in high vacuum, rapidly cooling off by the evaporative cooling, and is freezing to ice almost instantly. Nevertheless, liquid water free vacuum surfaces can be prepared for short instances when injecting very small, fast flowing, liquid jets into high vacuum. They provide perfectly suited targets for molecular beams analysis of molecular evaporation of monomers and dimers from liquids. Also, the microjet technology allows ultrahigh vacuum studies of atomic scale liquid surface composition and electronic structures, as will be demonstrated by using highly focused Synchrotron radiation for EUV/XUV-photoelectron spectrocopy on a wide range of chemical solutions.
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Yates, John T. "Enhanced Cooling Using Liquid Nitrogen." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 572–73. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2304-7_168.

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Incropera, F. P., and S. Ramadhyani. "Single-Phase, Liquid Jet Impingement Cooling of High-Performance Chips." In Cooling of Electronic Systems, 457–506. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1090-7_21.

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Sethuramalingam, Ramamoorthy, and Abhishek Asthana. "Design Improvement of Water-Cooled Data Centres Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 105–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_14.

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AbstractData centres are complex energy demanding environments. The number of data centres and thereby their energy consumption around the world is growing at a rapid rate. Cooling the servers in the form of air conditioning forms a major part of the total energy consumption in data centres and thus there is an urgent need to develop alternative energy efficient cooling technologies. Liquid cooling systems are one such solution which are in their early developmental stage. In this article, the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to further improve the design of liquid-cooled systems is discussed by predicting temperature distribution and heat exchanger performance. A typical 40 kW rack cabinet with rear door fans and an intermediate air–liquid heat exchanger is used in the CFD simulations. Steady state Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes modelling approach with the RNG K-epsilon turbulence model and the Radiator boundary conditions were used in the simulations. Results predict that heat exchanger effectiveness and uniform airflow across the cabinet are key factors to achieve efficient cooling and to avoid hot spots. The fundamental advantages and limitations of CFD modelling in liquid-cooled data centre racks were also discussed. In additional, emerging technologies for data centre cooling have also been discussed.
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Tong, Xingcun Colin. "Liquid Cooling Devices and Their Materials Selection." In Advanced Materials for Thermal Management of Electronic Packaging, 421–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7759-5_10.

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Incropera, F. P., and S. Ramadhyani. "Application of Channel Flows to Single-Phase Liquid Cooling of Chips and Multi-Chip Modules." In Cooling of Electronic Systems, 507–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1090-7_22.

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Dai, Jianing, Yulin Yan, Erhao Li, Zhengyu Gong, Ling Zhang, and Zhixing Gu. "Study on the 3-D Natural Circulation Characteristics of LFR Under Steady State by Using Ansys Fluent." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 930–40. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_79.

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AbstractAs one of the Generation IV reactors, Lead-based Fast Reactor (LFR) has been considered to be great promising owing to its advantages in nuclear safety, sustainable development of nuclear energy and nuclear waste disposal. Owing to the excellent thermal expansion characteristics of Lead-based coolant materials, the primary cooling system of LFR can operate in natural circulation driven mode. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)-based thermal-hydraulics and safety analyses of nuclear reactors, especially liquid metal pool-type reactors have attracted great attentions in recent years. In this paper, the entire 3-D geometric model of a 10 MWth natural circulation driven LFR primary cooling system was established and simulated by ANSYS Fluent, in which the mesh was partitioned by utilizing structured meshing technology, and the porous medium model was utilized to fine the reactor core simulation. The results showed that the above LFR can operate safely in natural circulation mode, and has excellent natural circulation characteristics for the primary cooling system.
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Conference papers on the topic "Liquid cooling"

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Chan, Albert, Don Nguyen, Jean Chen, Chun-Chih Chen, and Michael Brooks. "Coolant Considerations for Liquid-Cooling." In 2023 39th Semiconductor Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/semi-therm59981.2023.10267902.

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Patterson, Michael K. "Liquid cooling guidelines." In the 2011 workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2159344.2159349.

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Hannemann, Robert, Joseph Marsala, and Martin Pitasi. "Pumped Liquid Multiphase Cooling." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60669.

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The performance limits of conventional cooling technologies are being reached in both military and commercial electronics and electro-optical systems. Pumped Liquid Multiphase Cooling (PLMC) provides significantly enhanced thermal management capabilities for these systems using mostly-conventional components and working fluids. PLMC is highly scalable and reliable. Energy efficiency is very high, surpassing conventional techniques by up to two orders of magnitude. This paper describes the basic PLMC technology and presents experimental results from several prototype embodiments of the technology.
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Punch, Jeff. "Energy efficient liquid cooling." In Multi-Physics simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esime.2008.4525110.

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"Panel Discussion: Liquid Cooling." In 2020 36th Semiconductor Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/semi-therm50369.2020.9142849.

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Zhang, Lian, Evelyn N. Wang, Jon D. Koch, Jonathan T. C. Liu, Jae-Mo Koo, Linan Jiang, Kenneth E. Goodson, Juan G. Santiago, and Thomas W. Kenny. "Microscale Liquid Impingement Cooling." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/mems-23820.

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Abstract Impingement cooling is an attractive method for individual IC cooling because of the uniformity and high values of the expected heat transfer coefficient. This paper presents spatially-averaged temperature measurements for DI water impingement from single micro jets with diameters smaller than 50 μm. The jets are circular orifices plasma etched into silicon. A heater chip is fabricated to simulate a high power IC while simultaneously measuring the temperature distribution around the impingement region. A hydrodynamic model is proposed for determining the pressure drop associated with jet formation. With a single 50 μm diameter DI water jet at 3.5 ml/min flow rate, up to 45 W/cm2 heat flux has been removed with 80 °C chip temperature rise. This research provides the first study of microscale liquid impingement cooling down to 14 μm diameter jets.
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Heydari, Ali, Pardeep Shahi, Vahideh Radmard, Bahareh Eslami, Uschas Chowdhury, Satyam Saini, Pratik Bansode, Harold Miyamura, Dereje Agonafer, and Jeremy Rodriguez. "Liquid to Liquid Cooling for High Heat Density Liquid Cooled Data Centers." In ASME 2022 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2022-97416.

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Abstract Removal of heat is becoming a major challenge in today’s data centers. Computing-intensive applications such as artificial intelligence and machine learning are pushing data center to compute intensive systems, such as GPU, CPU, and switches to their extreme limits. Racks of IT can approach up to 100kW of heat dissipation challenging traditional data center designs for enterprises and cloud service providers. Direct-to-chip liquid cooling utilizing cold plates is becoming a common method of removing heat from high heat density data center server racks. There are various methods of applying liquid cooling to data centers to address the high heat density components such as liquid to liquid (L2L), liquid to air (L2A), and liquid to single phase refrigerant (L2R). This study aims to investigate the thermo-hydraulic performance of the L2L cooling systems using cooling distribution units (CDUs). CDUs provide a cold secondary coolant (Propylene Glycol 25%) into the cooling loops of liquid-cooled server racks, with the CDUs providing liquid to liquid heat exchange between the primary facility water and secondary liquid used for cold plates. This study uses Thermal Test Vehicles (TTVs) which have been built to reproduce and simulate high heat density servers. Four different cooling loops are characterized experimentally, and detailed analytical and numerical simulations using CFD are developed for analyzing the cooling characteristics of the entire L2L cooling loop, including the CDU, for removing heat from the cold plates. Detailed Flow Network Modeling (FNM) has been performed to analyze precise hydraulic modeling of the secondary fluid flow, from the CDUs to the cooling loops, for predicting pressure drop and flow rate of the secondary coolant. A FNM properly sizes the pumping requirements of the L2L cooling system. Additionally, a system calculator has been created for quickly sizing all secondary loop piping for L2L heat exchanger deployments.
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van Foreest, Arnold, Ali Gülhan, Burkard Esser, Martin Sippel, Boudewijn Ambrosius, and Kees Sudmeijer. "Transpiration Cooling Using Liquid Water." In 39th AIAA Thermophysics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-4034.

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Wang, Z. Y., T. N. Wong, F. Duan, K. C. Toh, K. F. Choo, S. P. Tan, C. V. Loh, and S. C. Yeo. "Submerged liquid jet impingement cooling." In 2011 IEEE 13th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference - (EPTC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eptc.2011.6184501.

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Villa, Herb. "Innovative technologies III---Liquid cooling." In the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1188455.1188755.

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Reports on the topic "Liquid cooling"

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Coles, Henry, and Steve Greenberg. Direct Liquid Cooling for Electronic Equipment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1134242.

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Dabiri, A. E. Liquid nitrogen cooling considerations of the Compact Ignition Tokamak. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7190567.

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Naraghi, M. H., S. Dunn, and D. Coats. Dual Regenerative Cooling Circuits for Liquid Rocket Engines (Preprint). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada454591.

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Lenz, T., G. Loef, M. Flaherty, S. Misra, and S. Patnaik. Testing and design of solar cooling systems employing liquid dessicants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5684673.

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Xu, TengFang. Performance Evaluation for Modular, Scalable Liquid-Rack Cooling Systems in Data Centers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/962472.

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Narumanchi, S. V. J., V. Hassani, and D. Bharathan. Modeling Single-Phase and Boiling Liquid Jet Impingement Cooling in Power Electronics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861486.

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Chainer, Timothy. Economizer Based Data Center Liquid Cooling with Advanced Metal Interfaces. Final Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1056809.

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Nataf, J., and F. Winkelmann. Dynamic simulation of a liquid desiccant cooling system using the Energy Kernel System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5968703.

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Kotlar, Anthony J., and Avi Birk. In-Bore Liquid Injection for Barrel Cooling: Comparison of Liquid and Solid Additives Using Constant Breach Pressure Ideal Gun Calculations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada361433.

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Feldman, E. E., and D. Mohr. Inherently safe shutdown of a liquid metal reactor upon a loss of intermediate cooling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6325192.

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