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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid cooling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 June 2024

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1

Sultana, Rokiya, Mohammad Tasawar Islam, Gazi Shariair Iqbal Nayeem, Muammer Din Arif, and Golam Mostofa. "Experimental Cooling Performance Evaluation of Different Coolants for Data Centre." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1305, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1305/1/012018.

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Abstract The direct liquid cooling (DLC) of the data center is becoming popular due to its higher heat removal from the computer chips. The direct liquid cooling method is more effective than the conventional air-cooling system and reduces the higher infrastructure and maintenance costs. The DLC reduces the chip failure rate drastically and increases the life of the data centers. Different liquids can be used as a coolant and some manufacturers are coming up with different coolants where the liquid has high thermal efficiency and is electrically non-conductive. In this article, a heat-transfer cold plate made of aluminum is designed and a different combination of heat-transfer liquids (Distilled water, Ethylene Glycol, and Polyethylene Glycol) is tested to find a comparatively better combination of heat-transfer liquid. It was observed that the combination of Ethylene Glycol and distilled water performs better than other combinations. It was also found that the coolant flow rate plays an important role in the cooling of the chips as well.
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2

Ye, Zhibin, Xiaolong Zhou, Shu Jiang, Meng Huang, Fei Wu, and Dongge Lei. "Immersed liquid cooling Nd:YAG slab laser oscillator." Chinese Optics Letters 21, no. 8 (2023): 081401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202321.081401.

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3

Al-Garni, A. Z., A. Z. Şahin, and B. S. Yilbas. "Active Cooling of a Hypersonic Plane Using Hydrogen, Methane, Oxygen and Fluorine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 210, no. 1 (January 1996): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_340_02.

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This paper studies active cooling of an aerospace plane using liquid hydrogen, liquid methane, liquid oxygen and liquid fluorine. An ascending optimized trajectory to minimize the heat load in the hypersonic part is used to perform the study, which includes cooling of the stagnation point, the leading edges of wings and engine and other parts of the aerospace plane that are close to the leading edges. The laminar case of the stagnation point and both laminar and turbulent cases for the leading edge heating have been considered. The amount of liquid coolant mass needed for cooling is calculated. A design of minimum inlet–outlet areas for the amount of liquid needed for cooling is made with consideration of the coolant's physical constraints in the liquid and gaseous states. The study shows that the ratio of masses of coolant to the initial total mass (initial total mass of the vehicle including fuel and coolant masses) is in the limit of the reachable range. The comparison shows that the hydrogen is a clear winner as a candidate for coolant and saves mass as compared to the other three coolants. The study shows that there are no fundamental barriers for the cooling system of the vehicle in terms of its coolant mass and area size for coolant passage.
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Wicaksono, Nugroho Budi, and Sukma Meganova Effendi. "Heating and Cooling Rate Study on Water Cooling Thermal Cycler using Aluminium Block Sample." Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 4, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jeeemi.v4i2.1.

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Temperature measurement has many applications in medical devices. In recent days, body temperature become the main screening procedure to justify people infected by SARS-CoV-2. Related to pandemic situation due to SARS-Cov-2, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method become the most accurate and reliable detection method. This method employs a device named PCR machine or Thermal Cycler. In this research, we focus to build a Thermal Cycler using a low-cost material such as aluminium and using a liquid coolant as the cooling system. We use 2 types of coolant solution: mineral water and generic liquid coolant. Peltier device in thermal cycler serves as heating and cooling element. In heating rate experiments, generic liquid coolant shows a better result than using mineral water due to specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of water. In the cooling rate experiments, the water pump is activated to stream the liquid solution, the flow rate of liquid solution is influenced by viscosity of the liquid. Generic liquid coolant has approx. 4,5 times greater viscosity than water. The higher flow rate means better performance for cooling rate. Using 2 pieces of 60-Watt heaters and a 60-Watt chiller and aluminium material as block sample, our research shows a heating and cooling rate up to approx. 0,1°C/s. Compared to commercially thermal cycler, our thermal cycler has a lower wattage; this lower wattage performance has been tradeoff with lower ramping rate. Some factors are suspected become the source of contributors of lower ramping rate.
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5

Li, Bo, Wenhao Wang, Shaoyi Bei, and Zhengqiang Quan. "Analysis of Heat Dissipation Performance of Battery Liquid Cooling Plate Based on Bionic Structure." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095541.

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To provide a favorable temperature for a power battery liquid cooling system, a bionic blood vessel structure of the power battery liquid cooling plate is designed based on the knowledge of bionics and the human blood vessel model. For three different discharge rates of 1C, 2C, and 3C, FLUENT is used to simulate and analyze the heat dissipation performance of the liquid cooling plate with a bionic vascular structure. The influence of the pipe distance (A1 and A2) at the coolant outlet, the thickness of the liquid cooling plate, the inner pipe turning radius R of the pipe in the channel, and the mass flow of coolant on the heat dissipation performance are studied. The results show that the pipe distance (A1 and A2), plate thickness, and inner pipe turning radius R have significant effects on the heat dissipation of the liquid cooling plate, especially under a 3C discharge. In addition, the channel area at the coolant outlet also has great influence on the heat dissipation performance of the liquid cooling plate, and the variable width optimization of the channel area at the outlet greatly improves the heat dissipation performance of the liquid cooling plate. Increasing the inlet mass flow rate can improve the heat dissipation capacity, but at the expense of a pressure drop. A verification experiment is designed for 3C discharge. The results show that the error between the experiment and simulation results is within 9.8%; therefore, the simulation is accurate, and the liquid cooling plate has a significant heat dissipation effect.
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6

Wang, J. H., J. Messner, and H. Stetter. "An Experimental Investigation on Transpiration Cooling Part II: Comparison of Cooling Methods and Media." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 10, no. 5 (2004): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x04000363.

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This article attempts to provide a cooling performance comparison of various mass transfer cooling methods and different cooling media through two experiments. In the first experiment, pressurized air was used as a cooling medium and two different circular tubes were used as specimens. One is made of impermeable solid material with four rows of discrete holes to simulate film cooling, and the other consists of sintered porous material to create a porous transpiration cooling effect. The natures of transpiration cooling and film cooling including leading and trailing edge injection cooling were compared. This experiment found that by using a gaseous cooling medium, transpiration cooling could provide a higher cooling effect and a larger coolant coverage than film cooling in the leading stagnation region, and on the side of the specimen at the same coolant injection flow rates; but in the trailing stagnation region, the traditional coolant injection method through discrete film holes might be better than transpiration cooling, especially for turbine blades with thin trailing edges. In the second experiment, the cooling effects of gaseous and liquid media on the same porous tube's surface were compared. This experiment showed that the porous areas cooled using gaseous and liquid cooling media were almost identical, but the cooling effect of liquid evaporation was much higher than that of gaseous cooling, especially in the leading and trailing stagnation regions of turbine blades. This important discovery makes it possible to solve the stagnation region problems in turbine blade cooling.
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7

Zhao, Yingjie, Fan Yang, and Yijiang Ma. "Experimental Method for Flow Calibration of the Aircraft Liquid Cooling System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 5056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105056.

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In the process of aircraft operation, the flow calibration of aircraft liquid cooling system has always been one of the research hotspots in engineering. Based on the principle of the differential pressure method, a new experimental flow calibration method is proposed for the aircraft liquid cooling system in this paper. In the reducer and the square bend of the aircraft liquid cooling system, the pressure difference will be generated. The flowmeter is used to measure the flow of the coolant, and the flow rate coefficient of the aircraft liquid cooling system can be calibrated. The experimental platform is established to conduct the flow calibration of the aircraft liquid cooling system, and the influence of the temperature and imported pressure on the flow will be investigated. Results indicate that the experimental method proposed is very effective, and the flow calibration can be realized without damaging the aircraft liquid cooling system.
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8

Anisha and Anil Kumar. "Identification and Mitigation of Shortcomings in Direct and Indirect Liquid Cooling-Based Battery Thermal Management System." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 30, 2023): 3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093857.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) have become a viable solution to the emerging global climate crisis. Rechargeable battery packs are the basic unit of the energy storage system of these vehicles. The battery thermal management system (BTMS) is the primary control unit of the energy source of the vehicles. EV performance is governed by specific power, charging/discharging rate, specific energy, and cycle life of the battery packs. Nevertheless, these parameters are affected by temperature, making thermal management the most significant factor for the performance of a battery pack in an EV. Although the BTMS has acquired plenty of attention, research on the efficiency of the liquid cooling-based BTMS for actual drive cycles has been minimal. Liquid cooling, with appropriate configuration, can provide up to 3500 times more efficient cooling than air cooling. Direct/immersive and indirect liquid cooling are the main types of liquid cooling systems. Immersive/direct cooling utilizes the technique of direct contact between coolant and battery surface, which could provide larger heat transfer across the pack; however, parameters such as leakage, configuration, efficiency, etc., are needed to be considered. Indirect cooling techniques include cold plates, liquid jackets, discrete tubes, etc. It could result in complex configuration or thermal non-uniformity inside the pack. The paper intends to contribute to the alleviation of these gaps by studying various techniques, including different configurations, coolant flow, nanoparticles, varying discharging rates, different coolants, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive perspective of various techniques employed in liquid cooling battery packs, identifying the shortcomings in direct/immersive and indirect liquid cooling systems and discussing their mitigation strategies.
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9

Park, Manseok, Sungdong Kim, and Sarah Eunkyung Kim. "TSV Liquid Cooling System for 3D Integrated Circuits." Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.6117/kmeps.2013.20.3.001.

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10

Song, Yufei, Zhiguo Liu, Shiwu Li, and Qingyong Jin. "Design and Optimization of an Immersion Liquid Cooling System in Internet Datacenter." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 1923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390629.

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With the development of high-performance chips, the heat flux of Internet datacenter (IDC) is on the rise, and heat dissipation becomes a major bottleneck of IDC development. The cooling needs of the IDC room can hardly be met by the traditional method of air cooling. In recent years, immersion liquid cooling has attracted a growing attention, due to its excellent performance. This paper designs and optimizes an immersion liquid cooling system for IDC. Multiple numerical simulations were carried out to analyze the influence of the system parameters on heat dissipation, and improve the system efficiency using a dielectric coolant. Specifically, 20 graphics processing units (GPUs) and 2 central processing units (CPUs) were set up in each machine of the liquid cooling server. Then, the GPU and CPU temperature was examined under different opening positions on the server top plate, inlet coolant temperatures, and coolant flow speeds. The results show that a 30mm-wide, 430mm-long opening should be set at the upper part of the GPU array, 20mm away from the top plate. The cooling effect can be optimized at the inlet temperature of 30℃, and the coolant flow speed of 3m3/h.
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11

Bhattacharjee, Ankur, Rakesh K. Mohanty, and Aritra Ghosh. "Design of an Optimized Thermal Management System for Li-Ion Batteries under Different Discharging Conditions." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 5695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215695.

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The design of an optimized thermal management system for Li-ion batteries has challenges because of their stringent operating temperature limit and thermal runaway, which may lead to an explosion. In this paper, an optimized cooling system is proposed for kW scale Li-ion battery stack. A comparative study of the existing cooling systems; air cooling and liquid cooling respectively, has been carried out on three cell stack 70Ah LiFePO4 battery at a high discharging rate of 2C. It has been found that the liquid cooling is more efficient than air cooling as the peak temperature of the battery stack gets reduced by 30.62% using air cooling whereas using the liquid cooling method it gets reduced by 38.40%. The performance of the liquid cooling system can further be improved if the contact area between the coolant and battery stack is increased. Therefore, in this work, an immersion-based liquid cooling system has been designed to ensure the maximum heat dissipation. The battery stack having a peak temperature of 49.76 °C at 2C discharging rate is reduced by 44.87% to 27.43 °C after using the immersion-based cooling technique. The proposed thermal management scheme is generalized and thus can be very useful for scalable Li-ion battery storage applications also.
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12

El-Sinawi, Abdulaziz, Karthik Silaipillayarputhur, Tawfiq Al-Mughanam, and Christopher Hardacre. "Performance of Ionic Liquid-Water Mixtures in an Acetone Cooling Application." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052949.

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In this work, the performance of selected ionic liquid-water mixtures was investigated for an acetone cooling application in a process plant using a double pipe heat exchanger. Cooling media such as river water and ionic liquid-water mixtures were compared, specifically water-saturated quaternary phosphonium-based carboxylate ionic liquids were considered in this work. Ionic liquids generally have high thermal stability, resist degradation, and provide higher temperatures at low vapor pressures and for these reasons, ionic liquids can be a good substitute for conventional heat transfer fluids. At each condition, the performance of the ionic liquid mixture was compared with that of water. For the designated cooling application, the performance of water was much better than the ionic liquid mixtures.
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13

Shakouri, Ehsan, Hossein Haghighi Hassanalideh, and Seifollah Gholampour. "Experimental investigation of temperature rise in bone drilling with cooling: A comparison between modes of without cooling, internal gas cooling, and external liquid cooling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 1 (November 18, 2017): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411917742944.

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Bone fracture occurs due to accident, aging, and disease. For the treatment of bone fractures, it is essential that the bones are kept fixed in the right place. In complex fractures, internal fixation or external methods are used to fix the fracture position. In order to immobilize the fracture position and connect the holder equipment to it, bone drilling is required. During the drilling of the bone, the required forces to chip formation could cause an increase in the temperature. If the resulting temperature increases to 47 °C, it causes thermal necrosis of the bone. Thermal necrosis decreases bone strength in the hole and, subsequently, due to incomplete immobilization of bone, fracture repair is not performed correctly. In this study, attempts have been made to compare local temperature increases in different processes of bone drilling. This comparison has been done between drilling without cooling, drilling with gas cooling, and liquid cooling on bovine femur. Drilling tests with gas coolant using direct injection of CO2 and N2 gases were carried out by internal coolant drill bit. The results showed that with the use of gas coolant, the elevation of temperature has limited to 6 °C and the thermal necrosis is prevented. Maximum temperature rise reached in drilling without cooling was 56 °C, using gas and liquid coolant, a maximum temperature elevation of 43 °C and 42 °C have been obtained, respectively. This resulted in decreased possibility of thermal necrosis of bone in drilling with gas and liquid cooling. However, the results showed that the values obtained with the drilling method with direct gas cooling are independent of the rotational speed of drill.
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14

Zhong, Jianpeng, Rina Nishida, and Tadahiko Shinshi. "Liquid cooling of stacked piezoelectric actuators for high-power operation." Engineering Research Express 4, no. 2 (April 7, 2022): 026001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac61a1.

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Abstract In this article, we propose a liquid cooling solution to reduce the temperature rise and expand the working range of stacked piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) for high-frequency and large-stroke operation. Based on an analysis and preliminary testing of the power dissipation and temperature rise, a specific liquid cooling solution for a single PEA is designed and its effectiveness is verified through experiments. To incorporate liquid cooling into a high-bandwidth fast steering mirror (FSM) system driven by PEAs, a compact and self-contained cooling unit is proposed and evaluated. Subsequent experimental results validate its effectiveness, but also show some deficiencies for this cooling solution. To further improve the cooling efficiency, two new coolants are adopted based on an analysis of the heat transfer coefficient, and a suitable direct liquid cooling solution is established. Experimental results show that the cooled PEA can operate continuously over 8 kHz with a peak-to-peak voltage of 100 V whilst its maximum temperature is restricted to around 40 °C using this cooling solution. The reliability and coolant insulation properties have been verified by a 3-month long continuously operational test.
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15

Palej, Patryk, and Tomasz Palacz. "Preliminary Design Analysis of Regenerative Cooling for N2O/Alcohol Small Scale Liquid Rocket Engine." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2018, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2018-0024.

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Abstract This paper presents a concept of a small scale liquid-propellant rocket engine designed in AGH Space Systems for sounding rocket. During preliminary design of thermal aspects various ways of cooling were evaluated and described. Possible issues and design approaches for ablative, radiation and regenerative cooling are raised. The authors describe available solutions. Regenerative cooling is especially concerned as it is most popular solution in bi-liquid engines, in which alcohol fuel acts as coolant and is preheated before it reaches combustion chamber. To estimate a possible temperature distribution - and thus an applicability of such a system in the engine - a mathematical model of heat transfer was developed. Unique element of said engine is its oxidizer - nitrous oxide, which have been rarely used to date. Comparison between typical LOX bi-liquids is given and major differences that affect cooling arrangement are discussed. The authors compared different combinations of coolants, fuel/oxidizer ratios etc. to optimize the temperature distribution which is a key factor for the engine performance.
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16

Walker, Linda J., Phillip O. Moreno, and Håkon Hope. "Cryocrystallography: effect of cooling medium on sample cooling rate." Journal of Applied Crystallography 31, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 954–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889898005299.

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The rates of cooling of small samples with cold N2gas (100 K), liquid N2(77 K) and liquid propane (100 K) have been measured. The samples were one bare Cu-constantan thermocouple and one coated with a 0.25 mm layer of silicone rubber cement. Gas cooling yielded the lowest rate, liquid N2the highest. With the gas, cooling of the centers of the samples from 295 to 140 K took 0.8 and 2 s for the bare and coated samples, respectively; with liquid N2the times were 0.15 and 0.6 s, and with liquid propane they were 0.15–0.18 and 1.2 s, respectively (time reproducibility is within ±10%).
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17

Kumskoi, V. V., A. A. Ulanovskii, A. V. Belevtsev, and I. P. Sviridenko. "Liquid-Metal Coolant Boiling in Cooling Channel Simulators." Heat Transfer Research 28, no. 4-6 (1997): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heattransres.v28.i4-6.70.

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18

Shembharkar, T. R., and B. R. Pai. "Prediction of film cooling with a liquid coolant." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 29, no. 6 (June 1986): 899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(86)90185-7.

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19

Kose, Yigithan Mehmet, and Murat Celik. "Regenerative Cooling Comparison of LOX/LCH4 and LOX/LC3H8 Rocket Engines Using the One-Dimensional Regenerative Cooling Modelling Tool ODREC." Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14010071.

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Due to the extreme temperatures inside the combustion chambers of liquid propellant rocket engines, the walls of the combustion chamber and the nozzle are cooled by either the fuel or the oxidizer in what is known as regenerative cooling. This study presents an indigenous computational tool developed for the analysis of heat transfer in regenerative cooling of such rocket engines. The developed tool incorporates a one-dimensional (1-D) combustion analysis to calculate the thermophysical properties of the combustion gas. Basic engine properties were calculated and used to generate a thrust chamber profile based on a bell-shaped nozzle. The hot gas side was analyzed using 1-D isentropic flow assumptions, along with heat transfer correlations. The coolant side was evaluated using the hydraulic analysis in the axial direction and the heat transfer analysis in the radial direction. Thermophysical properties and the phase of the coolant were determined using the given property tables and the instantaneous state of the coolant. This flexible and computationally less demanding tool was used to analyze two small-scale engines utilizing liquid hydrocarbon fuels, which are used in modern rocket propulsion. The wall cooling analyses of a liquid oxygen (LOX)/liquid methane (LCH4) engine and a liquid oxygen (LOX)/liquid propane (LC3H8) engine are presented. Fuel and oxidizer were used separately as coolants for both engines, and both of them experienced phase change. Results reveal the advantage of the high mass flow rate of the oxidizer in cooling performance. In addition, the results of this study show that the cooling of the LOX/LC3H8 engine is somewhat more challenging compared to the LOX/LCH4 engine.
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20

Wu, Xilei, Jiongliang Huang, Yuan Zhuang, Ying Liu, Jialiang Yang, Hongsheng Ouyang, and Xiaohong Han. "Prediction Models of Saturated Vapor Pressure, Saturated Density, Surface Tension, Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Electronic Fluoride Liquids in Two-Phase Liquid Immersion Cooling Systems: A Comprehensive Review." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (March 26, 2023): 4200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074200.

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As the carriers of massive data, data centers are constantly needed to process and calculate all kinds of information from various fields and have become an important infrastructure for the convenience of human life. Data centers are booming around the world, accompanied by the problems of high power consumption and poor heat dissipation. One of the most effective solutions to these problems is to adapt a two-phase liquid immersion cooling technology, which is a more energy-saving and efficient method than the traditional cooling methods; the reason for this is mainly that in two-phase liquid immersion cooling technology, the heat transfer caused by the phase change of liquid coolants (electronic fluoride liquids) helps to cool and improve the temperature uniformity of electronic components. However, the requirements for the electronic fluoride liquids used in two-phase liquid immersion cooling systems are strict. The thermophysical properties (saturated vapor pressure, density, surface tension, viscosity, thermal conductivity and latent heat of vaporization, etc.) of the liquid coolants play a very key role in the heat dissipation capacity of two-phase liquid immersion cooling systems. However, it is not always easy to obtain new electronic fluoride liquids under many actual conditions and reasonable prediction models of their thermophysical properties could contribute to the preliminary screening of the coolants. Thus, the prediction models of their key thermophysical properties (saturated vapor pressure, saturation density, surface tension, viscosity and thermal conductivity) are reviewed, and the accuracy and practicality of these prediction models in predicting the thermophysical properties of electronic fluoride liquids (FC-72, HFE-7100 and Novec 649) are evaluated. This work will provide a valuable reference for actual engineering applications.
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Elkonin, B. V. "Liquid nitrogen sample cooling." Cryogenics 37, no. 2 (January 1997): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(96)00102-6.

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Gustino Djentoe, Yokanan, Budi Kristiawan, Koji Enoki, Agung Tri Wijayanta, and Budi Santoso. "Comparative investigation on potential application of hybrid nanofluids for Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor cooling system." E3S Web of Conferences 465 (2023): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346501010.

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In this study, the potential usage of hybrid nanofluids for brushless direct current (BLDC) motor cooling was compared. Due to their efficiency, durability, and small size, brushless direct current (BLDC) motors are a type of electric motor that are frequently employed in electric vehicles (EVs). In order to maintain appropriate operating temperatures and ensure long-term durability, cooling systems must be taken into account throughout the design of brushless direct current (BLDC) motors. Because excessive heat can shorten a motor's lifespan and affect its performance, effective cooling is crucial. Systems for cooling liquids need more parts and upkeep than those for cooling air. taken into account to get the maximum cooling effectiveness. The effectiveness and dependability of the liquid cooling system are greatly influenced by the system's correct design and implementation, including hose routing, sealing, and coolant choices. There are several approaches to improve a BLDC motor's hybrid nanofluid/nanofluid cooling system. In order to achieve the highest cooling efficiency, fluid flow velocity, nanoparticle concentration, and cooling system design should all be carefully taken into account.
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Khemchandani, Govind. "Development of Next Generation EV Coolant." Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 69, eOnly Sonderausgabe (November 18, 2022): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24053/tus-2022-0029.

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Research indicates that there are two approaches to Electric Vehicle (EV) liquid cooling: direct and indirect. Direct liquid cooling involves direct contact between the coolant and the battery pack. Indirect liquid cooling requires a medium in between the battery pack and the coolant, preventing direct contact. Many prominent EV manufacturers have adopted indirect liquid cooling for example Tesla, and GM in North America. Currently, shelf coolants used for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are being used in many EV vehicles for indirect cooling. One of the challenges is absence of ASTM test methods for evaluating EV coolants. Some operators have used copper wires for generating deposits by employing voltage to test low conductivity EV coolants. Dober long ago realized that copper and aluminum will be the main components of EV engines hence used copper wire under high temp and pressure to show differentiation among coolants. The present paper focuses on Dober-in-house test Parr reactor methodology for comparing electrical conductivities, pH and additive depletion of various coolants thereby showing meaningful trends with time and temperature. This ultimately helps in developing new generation EV coolants. It is concluded that low electrical conductivity along with robust corrosion inhibition package is needed for optimum performance of EV coolants.
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Rusnaldy, Norman Iskandar, Yusuf Umardani, Paryanto, and Susilo Adi Widyanto. "Evaluation of the Effect of Application of Air Jet Cooling and Cooled-Air Jet Cooling on Machining Characteristics of St 60 Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.468.

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The use of cutting fluid is to reduce the friction between tool and workpiece, reduce and dissipate generated heat. The application of cutting fluid is also to improve the surface quality of workpiece and increase the tool life. On the other side, cutting fluid contains chemical carcinogens that causes serious health risks for machine operators and have inherent waste disposal concern on the environment. Due to these problems, some alternative have been sought to minimize or avoid the use of cutting fluid in machining processes. Air cooling techniques were proposed as alternative cooling mediums, i.e air jet cooling (AJC) and cooled-air jet cooling (CAJC), the liquid less method. In this work, air cooling techniques were investigated to be a possible solution of machining problem for cooling medium. This studi was also motivated by economics point of view that the application of AJC and CAJC would be more efficient than liquid method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of AJC and CAJC on turning process of St 60 steel because it is used widely for production of components especially in small and medium enterprises in Indonesia. The tool tip temperatures, surface roughness and tool wear were measured for a range of cutting times. For a comparison purposes, experiments were also carried out with using traditional liquid coolant and without any cooling applied to the tool tip (dry cutting method). Experiments have shown that air cooling technques (AJC, and CAJC) can be used as cooling medium in machining process. Experimental results show that machining with CAJC have shorter tool life compare to machining with AJC and dry cutting, but liquid coolant in this studi is still the best cooling medium for machining of St 60 steel..
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Arif, W. M., C. K. Yeoh, P. L. Teh, J. H. Lim, and Hidayu Jamil Noorina. "Effect of Process Parameters on the Cooling Performance of Liquid Cooling System for Electronic Application." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.591.

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This project is focused to study on the cooling performance of liquid cooling system under different process parameter. In this research, a liquid cooling system with copper block that simulates CPU, was setup to identify cooling performance of distilled water and vegetable oil at different mass flow rates (distilled water: 8.00g/s, 10.60g/s & 13.24g/s; vegetable oil: 1.22g/s, 1.30g/s & 1.38g/s) and input power (29.12W & 47.66W). The cooling performance of each fluid was characterized by the properties of: heat transfer coefficient, thermal resistance and also, the maximum CPU temperature (T4 at 66min) for the experiments. Experimental data shows that cooling performance was improved at higher mass flow rate and both distilled water and vegetable oil is a good coolant material.
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He, Xunan, YuanLi Kang, and Peng Li. "Simulated Analysis of Liquid System for High-power Power Electronic Equipment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2219, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2219/1/012002.

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Abstract Liquid cooling system mainly provides cooling to high-power power electronic equipment on civil aircraft. It is an important support that it can ensure the high-power power electronic equipment working normally. In this paper, the modeling and simulation of cooling system are carried out. And it mainly focuses on the liquid cooling plate of high-power power electronic equipment. First, three kinds of simulated conditions are confirmed, which are variable temperature of cooling liquid, variable heat load of power electronic equipment and variable flow of cooling liquid. Then according to three kinds of simulated conditions, the performance of cooling system is validated, which is benefit to the design of liquid cooling system and liquid cooling plate.
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Madyshev, Ilnur, Vitaly Kharkov, Anna Mayasova, and Ravshan Kurbangaliev. "Cooling efficiency of hybrid cooling tower with finned tube radiator." E3S Web of Conferences 458 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345801003.

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Hybrid cooling towers are a new type of equipment that can be used in cooling water circuits. In this work, a hybrid cooling tower is developed, in which inclined corrugated plates are used as a fill, and the circulating liquid flows through an internal tubular radiator, the finned surface of which is continuously washed by the coolant water. The purpose of the work is to perform an experimental evaluation of the cooling efficiency of the developed hybrid system used for circulating water cooling. It was obtained that at the wetting density of the coolant water equal to 28.3 m3/(m2·h) and the mass flow rate of the circulating water in the tubular radiator of 0.0135 kg/s, the cooling efficiency of the developed cooling tower can reach 38.6%.
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Angermeier, Sebastian, Jonas Ketterer, and Christian Karcher. "Liquid-Based Battery Temperature Control of Electric Buses." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 4990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13194990.

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Previous research identified that battery temperature control is critical to the safety, lifetime, and performance of electric vehicles. In this paper, the liquid-based battery temperature control of electric buses is investigated subject to heat transfer behavior and control strategy. Therefore, a new transient calculation method is proposed to simulate the thermal behavior of a coolant-cooled battery system. The method is based on the system identification technique and combines the advantage of low computational effort and high accuracy. In detail, four transfer functions are extracted by a thermo-hydraulic 3D simulation model comprising 12 prismatic lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cells, housing, arrestors, and a cooling plate. The transfer functions describe the relationship between heat generation, cell temperature, and coolant temperature. A vehicle model calculates the power consumption of an electric bus and thus provides the input for the transient calculation. Furthermore, a cell temperature control strategy is developed with respect to the constraints of a refrigerant-based battery cooling unit. The data obtained from the simulation demonstrate the high thermal inertia of the system and suggest sufficient control of the battery temperature using a quasi-stationary cooling strategy. Thereby, the study reveals a crucial design input for battery cooling systems in terms of heat transfer behavior and control strategy.
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Yan, Zhibin, Mingliang Jin, Zhengguang Li, Guofu Zhou, and Lingling Shui. "Droplet-Based Microfluidic Thermal Management Methods for High Performance Electronic Devices." Micromachines 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10020089.

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Advanced thermal management methods have been the key issues for the rapid development of the electronic industry following Moore’s law. Droplet-based microfluidic cooling technologies are considered as promising solutions to conquer the major challenges of high heat flux removal and nonuniform temperature distribution in confined spaces for high performance electronic devices. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art droplet-based microfluidic cooling methods in the literature, including the basic theory of electrocapillarity, cooling applications of continuous electrowetting (CEW), electrowetting (EW) and electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD), and jumping droplet microfluidic liquid handling methods. The droplet-based microfluidic cooling methods have shown an attractive capability of microscale liquid manipulation and a relatively high heat flux removal for hot spots. Recommendations are made for further research to develop advanced liquid coolant materials and the optimization of system operation parameters.
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30

Liu, Jiahao, Hao Chen, Silu Huang, Yu Jiao, and Mingyi Chen. "Recent Progress and Prospects in Liquid Cooling Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Batteries 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2023): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9080400.

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The performance of lithium-ion batteries is closely related to temperature, and much attention has been paid to their thermal safety. With the increasing application of the lithium-ion battery, higher requirements are put forward for battery thermal management systems. Compared with other cooling methods, liquid cooling is an efficient cooling method, which can control the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of the battery within an acceptable range. This article reviews the latest research in liquid cooling battery thermal management systems from the perspective of indirect and direct liquid cooling. Firstly, different coolants are compared. The indirect liquid cooling part analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different liquid channels and system structures. Direct cooling summarizes the different systems’ differences in cooling effectiveness and energy consumption. Then, the combination of liquid cooling, air cooling, phase change materials, and heat pipes is examined. Later, the connection between the cooling and heating functions in the liquid thermal management system is considered. In addition, from a safety perspective, it is found that liquid cooling can effectively manage thermal runaway. Finally, some problems are put forward, and a summary and outlook are given.
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Choi, Hongseok, Hyoseong Lee, Ukmin Han, Juneyeol Jung, and Hoseong Lee. "Comparative Evaluation of Liquid Cooling-Based Battery Thermal Management Systems: Fin Cooling, PCM Cooling, and Intercell Cooling." International Journal of Energy Research 2024 (April 20, 2024): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/5395508.

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The escalating demand for electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries underscores the critical need for diverse battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) to ensure optimal battery performance. Despite this, a comprehensive comparative analysis remains absent. This study seeks to assess and compare the thermal and hydraulic performances of three prominent BTMSs: fin cooling, intercell cooling, and PCM cooling. Simulation models were meticulously developed and experimentally validated, with each system’s design parameters optimized under identical volumes to ensure equitable comparisons. In the context of fast-charging conditions, intercell cooling consistently met and even surpassed the desired target temperature, reducing the maximum temperature to 30.6°C with an increasing flow rate, while fin cooling faced challenges. Effective control of coolant temperature emerged as a critical factor for achieving optimal PCM cooling, with a potential reduction in temperature difference by 4.3 K. Despite exhibiting higher power consumption, intercell cooling demonstrated the most efficient cooling effect during fast charging. Considering the BTMS weight, fin cooling exhibited the lowest energy density, approximately half that of other methods. Addressing precooling and preheating conditions for high and low temperatures, the intercell method proved adept at meeting temperature requirements with minimal power consumption in significantly shorter durations. Conversely, the practicality of using PCM at high temperatures was deemed challenging.
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Manimaran, G., and Murugasan Pradeep Kumar. "Investigation of Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) as Coolant in Grinding of AISI D3 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (September 2011): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.400.

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In order to find the alternative to conventional oil based coolants on the basis of environmental aspects, the present work investigates the effectiveness of Liquid N2 as eco friendly coolant in the grinding of AISI D3 steel with Aluminum oxide (Al2O3 ) as grinding wheel. The experiment was examined in terms of surface roughness, grinding forces, grinding zone temperature, and material removal rate (MRR) in the Grinding of AISI D3 steel under various grinding conditions. The performances of liquid nitrogen cooling were compared with the conventional oil cooling and found that 30-32% reduction in the surface roughness, 30-34 % reduction in the grinding zone temperature, and about 8 % reduction in grinding forces were observed. It was also found that even at higher MRR, better surface quality obtained. In this study, it is clearly revealed that reduction in the grinding temperature leads to improvements in the grindability and cryogenic cooling by liquid N2 as better coolant in the grinding of AISI D3 steel.
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33

Ding, Yuzhang, Haocheng Ji, Rui Liu, Yuwei Jiang, and Minxiang Wei. "Study of the thermal behavior of a battery pack with a serpentine channel." AIP Advances 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 055028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089378.

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To effectively enhance the thermal security of the Li-ion battery packs used in the electric vehicle industry, novel cooling systems equipped with serpentine channels are established. Then, the heat generation model is established and verified experimentally. In this research study, the structure of the cooling channel, the coolant velocity, the coolant temperature, and the coolant flow direction are considered to be the influencing factors. The results demonstrate that, by adopting the serpentine cooling channel, a better thermal conductivity can be obtained, and the type-B cooling system possesses a more reasonable structure. For different types of liquid cooling systems, the coolant temperature has a small influence on the temperature nephogram; however, for the same type of system, the coolant temperature strongly influences the temperature distribution. Similarly, the temperature difference is only related to the type of cooling system, with ∼6.09 and 5.53 K obtained for the type-A and type-B cooling systems, respectively. Furthermore, allowing the coolant in the serpentine cooling channels to flow in opposite directions can lower the value of the maximum temperature and temperature difference.
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Tang, Zhi Jun, Qun Zhi Zhu, Jia Wei Lu, and Ming Yan Wu. "Study on Various Types of Cooling Techniques Applied to Power Battery Thermal Management Systems." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1571.

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Power battery thermal management system (BTMS) is very important for the safe operation of electric vehicles (EVs). The cooling effect of air cooling, phase change material(PCM)cooling and liquid cooling applyed to BTMS are compared. The experiment results show that, in comparison with air cooling, PCM cooling and liquid cooling methods can reduce the battery temperature rise effectively; in comparison with PCM cooling, liquid cooling has a better effect in the aspect of controlling the battery temperature rise.
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35

Tasilbhai, Dodiya Sahil. "Performance Analysis of Thermoelectric Cooling with Thermal Control Battery System for Electric Vehicle." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b3871.1212222.

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A promising type of green transport, lithium battery-powered electric cars (EVs) have attracted a lot of attention and interest in the current years. In this study, thermoelectric cooling with forced convection was designed and possible cooling method for a thermal control battery system. Compared to free convection cooling, air cooling and TEC cooling appear TEC is the leading cooling work. Conditional tests are done on created battery thermal control battery system for EV automobile vehicles. The advanced battery thermal control battery can be a combination of TE Cooling, air cooling, and liquid cooling. There's Unobserved contact of the liquid coolant that acts as a medium to carry absent the thermally created from the battery with and amid the battery continuing. The outcome saws a promising cooling impact with a reasonable amount of energy wastage. The outcomes show that the ambient temperature is 32.5 to 30.5 and inlet temperature is 24.8 to 17.1 and then find out 2nd inlet temperature is between 13.9 to 6.4, and then after finding the lowest COP is 0.20. So, Thermoelectric cooling is the best option as compared to a simple VCRs system
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36

Yang, Dazhou, and Mengjun Jiang. "The study of the physical characteristics and cooling plate thermal control below the lithium battery based on FEA." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022012.

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Abstract Four types of cooling plates with serpent channel structures are established to study the cooling effect of rectangular lithium-ion power battery under different cooling plates. Then, the number of serpent bends is analyzed, whether the fillet and pipe wall thickness is set on the cooling performance of the liquid cooling plate. According to the analysis results, a new liquid flow structure form of liquid cooling plate is designed. Numerical simulation results show that the newly designed cooling plate is integrated with the front flow of water and the internal liquid side flow, achieving a cooling effect with the maximum temperature is 309.55K and a pressure drop of 6032.1pa, which has the most effective cooling performance. Under the requirement of controlling reasonable temperature and low-pressure drop, a liquid cooling plate with better performance can be designed by innovatively setting the direction of the water inlet and outlet and the water channel’s internal flow. The above results will provide some ideas for the design of a lithium-ion battery liquid cooling plate.
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37

Zhang, Zhe, Zeyu Wu, Xiang Luo, and Weitong Liu. "Numerical Study on Convective Heat Transfer of Liquid Metal Gallium in Turbine Guide Vane." Aerospace 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2023): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10060548.

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The traditional blade cooling method can no longer meet the requirements of high cooling efficiency in modern engines. In order to solve this cooling problem, this paper proposes cooling turbine guide blades based on liquid metal. The feasibility was preliminarily verified using a one-dimensional heat conduction model. Then, using a numerical method, we found that the cooling effect of liquid metal is much better than that of air cooling. The main reason for its good cooling effect is that the heat transfer coefficient of liquid metal reaches a magnitude of tens of thousands. Moreover, as the inlet temperature of the liquid metal decreases and the inlet Reynolds number increases, the liquid cooling effect becomes better. The definition of the heat transfer quality factor can reflect the reasons for the influence of the inlet temperature of the liquid metal.
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38

Nie, Tao, and Wei Qiang Liu. "Research on Cooling Effect with Cooling Groove Structure Parameters of Liquid Rocket Engine Thrust Chamber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 108 (October 2011): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.108.7.

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To study the effects of wall thickness, rib height and groove width on cooling effect and pressure drop, three dimensional heat transfer of liquid propellant rocket engine with cooling groove is numerically investigated using gas-solid-liquid coupled heat transfer model. The one-dimensional model is adopted to describe the coolant flow and 3D heat transfer model is used to calculate the coupling heat transfer through the wall. In this text, wall thickness, rib height and groove width varied while the groove number is fixed and coolant mass flow rate remains constant. When liner material is QZr0.2 alloy, we find the optimal design point of the aspect ratio. Moreover, a fitting function of the optimal aspect ratio is acquired. The biggest error of the fitting function is 3.3% compared with numerical results.
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39

Li, Quanyi, Jong-Rae Cho, and Jianguang Zhai. "Optimization of Thermal Management System with Water and Phase Change Material Cooling for Li-Ion Battery Pack." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 5312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175312.

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The cooling structure of a battery pack and coupled liquid cooling and phase change material (PCM) were designed in a thermal management system to enhance the cooling performance and extend the service life of lithium-ion battery packs. Numerical simulations were conducted based on the finite volume method. This study focuses on factors such as the layout of the terminal, flow rate of the coolant, different sections of the cooling pipe, position of the cooling pipe, and coupled liquid cooling, and investigates their influences on the operating temperature. The results show that a reasonable terminal layout can reduce heat generation inside the batteries. The appropriate flow rate and position of the cooling pipe effectively reduced the maximum temperature and minimized energy consumption. Then, the PCM was placed between the adjacent batteries near the outlet to enhance the uniformity of the battery pack. The temperature difference was reduced to near 5 K. This study provides a clear direction for improving the cooling performance and extending the service life of battery packs.
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40

Joshi, Yogendra. "Heat Out of Small Packages." Mechanical Engineering 123, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2001-dec-5.

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Compact cooling devices are taking shape to deal with the next generation of computer chips. One of the research projects, conducted at the University of Maryland under initial sponsorship from several private companies and federal government laboratories, studied liquid cooling. In order to avoid the design complexities associated with direct liquid cooling, and to make the device of near-term applicability to systems designers, the research team at Maryland decided to use indirect liquid cooling. The university researchers focused on the use of two phase thermosyphons to meet these requirements. Researchers conceptualized a two-chamber, closed-loop device with an evaporator chamber at the chip and a condenser some distance away connected through tubing. The working fluid tested in laboratory experiments was the dielectric coolant PF 5060 made by 3M Co. The University of Maryland and Hewlett-Packard team selected two test beds to evaluate the performance and ease of integration of these devices within existing high-performance computing systems.
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41

Kim, Young-Ho, and Joo-Sang Lee. "Numerical Analysis of Cooling Performance Based on Flow Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Battery Cooling Plates." Korea Industrial Technology Convergence Society 29, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29279/jitr.2024.29.1.43.

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The performance of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles is significantly affected by temperature. To ensure battery stability and extend its lifespan, an effective cooling system must be developed for heat dissipation. Therefore, researchers are focusing on liquid-cooled systems that use fluids with higher thermal conductivities compared with conventional air-cooling systems. However, studies regarding the flow shapes of crucial cooling plates in indirect liquid-cooling systems are scarce. In this study, the optimal flow shape of cooling plates with high cooling performance for dissipating heat generated during battery charging and discharging is determined. Four models with different structural features are analyzed via computational fluid dynamics simulations and then validated experimentally. Model 1, which features a small stagnation region, exhibits better cooling performance compared with Model 2, which features smoother curved flow paths. Models with large stagnant regions demonstrate inferior cooling performance, which is attributed to the effect of heat absorption, based on the residence time of the coolant in the cooling plate. Improvement in cooling efficiency is confirmed, which implies the feasibility of applying the model to enhance the performance of electric vehicles in the future.
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42

Celen, Ali. "Experimental Investigation on Single-Phase Immersion Cooling of a Lithium-Ion Pouch-Type Battery under Various Operating Conditions." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (February 21, 2023): 2775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13052775.

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The selection of a battery thermal management technique is important to overcoming safety and performance problems by maintaining the temperature of batteries within a desired range. In this study, a LiFePO4 (LFP) pouch-type battery having a capacity of 20 Ah was experimentally cooled with both air and liquid (immersion cooling) techniques. Distilled water was selected as the immersion fluid in the experiments, and the impact of discharge rate (1–4C), immersion ratio (50–100%), and coolant fluid inlet temperature (15–25 °C) on the battery temperature were investigated during the discharge period. The experiments revealed that maximum temperatures were reached at approximately 45 °C and 33 °C for air and distilled water cooling techniques, respectively, at the discharge rate of 4C. The average and maximum battery surface temperatures can be reduced by 28% and 25%, respectively, with the implementation of the liquid immersion technique at the discharge rate of 4C compared to the air technique. Moreover, the experiments demonstrated that the maximum temperature difference could be lowered to 4 °C by means of 100% liquid immersion cooling at the highest discharge rate, where they are approximately 11 °C and 12 °C for air and 50% for immersion cooling, respectively. In addition, it was observed that the coolant fluid inlet temperature has a significant impact on battery temperature for %100 liquid immersion.
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43

Pfeil-Gardiner, Olivia, Deryck J. Mills, Janet Vonck, and Werner Kuehlbrandt. "A comparative study of single-particle cryo-EM with liquid-nitrogen and liquid-helium cooling." IUCrJ 6, no. 6 (October 22, 2019): 1099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252519011503.

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Radiation damage is the most fundamental limitation for achieving high resolution in electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) of biological samples. The effects of radiation damage are reduced by liquid-helium cooling, although the use of liquid helium is more challenging than that of liquid nitrogen. To date, the benefits of liquid-nitrogen and liquid-helium cooling for single-particle cryo-EM have not been compared quantitatively. With recent technical and computational advances in cryo-EM image recording and processing, such a comparison now seems timely. This study aims to evaluate the relative merits of liquid-helium cooling in present-day single-particle analysis, taking advantage of direct electron detectors. Two data sets for recombinant mouse heavy-chain apoferritin cooled with liquid-nitrogen or liquid-helium to 85 or 17 K were collected, processed and compared. No improvement in terms of resolution or Coulomb potential map quality was found for liquid-helium cooling. Interestingly, beam-induced motion was found to be significantly higher with liquid-helium cooling, especially within the most valuable first few frames of an exposure, thus counteracting any potential benefit of better cryoprotection that liquid-helium cooling may offer for single-particle cryo-EM.
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44

van Foreest, Arnold, Martin Sippel, Ali Gülhan, Burkard Esser, B. A. C. Ambrosius, and K. Sudmeijer. "Transpiration Cooling Using Liquid Water." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 23, no. 4 (October 2009): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.39070.

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45

Moreno, A. J., H. Ferrari, and V. Bekeris. "Cooling balloons with liquid nitrogen." American Journal of Physics 78, no. 12 (December 2010): 1312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3473787.

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46

Yu, P. F., M. Xia, S. C. Cao, L. Zeng, W. Q. Lu, and J. G. Li. "Liquid structure transition upon cooling of liquid Pd40Ni40P20." Applied Physics Letters 118, no. 23 (June 7, 2021): 231902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0049043.

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47

Zhou, Chuang, Nanjia Yu, Shuwen Wang, Shutao Han, Haojie Gong, Guobiao Cai, and Jue Wang. "The Influence of Thrust Chamber Structure Parameters on Regenerative Cooling Effect with Hydrogen Peroxide as Coolant in Liquid Rocket Engines." Aerospace 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010065.

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Liquid rocket engines with hydrogen peroxide and kerosene have the advantages of high density specific impulse, high reliability, and no ignition system. At present, the cooling problem of hydrogen peroxide engines, especially with regenerative cooling, has been little explored. In this study, a realizable k-epsilon turbulence model, discrete phase model, eddy dissipation concept model, and 10-step 10-component reaction mechanism of kerosene with oxygen are used. The increased rib height of the regenerative cooling channel causes the inner wall temperature of the engine increases, the average temperature of the coolant outlet decreases slightly, and the coolant pressure decreases. The overall wall temperature decreases as the rib width of the regenerative cooling channel increases. However, in the nozzle throat area, the wall temperature increases, the average coolant outlet temperature decreases, and the coolant pressure drop increases. A decrease in the inner wall thickness of the regenerative cooling channel results in a significant decrease in the wall temperature and a small increase in the average coolant outlet temperature. These findings contribute to the further development of the engine with hydrogen peroxide and can guide the design of its regenerative cooling process.
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48

Wang, Ying. "Research on key technology and system application of energy management coupled with liquid cooling and intelligent control algorithm." E3S Web of Conferences 520 (2024): 04020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452004020.

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With the continuous progress and innovation of science and technology, the demand and requirements for energy in modern society are getting higher and higher. The system application of liquid cooling and intelligent control algorithm coupling energy management can adapt to this demand and provide more efficient, accurate and intelligent energy management solutions. On the basis of a brief introduction to the current energy problems, the principle of liquid cooling technology and intelligent control algorithm are expounded, the design and key technologies of liquid cooling system and intelligent control algorithm are analyzed. The liquid cooling system based on fuzzy control is studied. The liquid cooling system based on fuzzy control can quickly and accurately respond to equipment temperature changes, avoid equipment damage due to overheating, and improve energy utilization efficiency and reduce energy waste. On the basis of a brief introduction to the current energy problems, this study describes the principle of liquid cooling technology and intelligent control algorithm, focuses on the design and key technologies of liquid cooling system and intelligent control algorithm, and studies the liquid cooling system based on fuzzy control. The liquid cooling system based on fuzzy control can quickly and accurately respond to equipment temperature changes, avoid equipment damage due to overheating, and can improve energy utilization efficiency and reduce energy waste.
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49

Uhlig, Peter, Alexandra Serwa, Ulrich Altmann, Tilo Welker, Jens Müller, Dieter Schwanke, Jürgen Pohlner, and Thomas Rittweg. "Liquid Cooling in an LTCC-Module for a Switched Mode Amplifier." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, NOR (July 1, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017-nor-uhlig.

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Abstract Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) is a proven packaging technology for microwave and millimetre-wave applications. Advanced low-loss material systems and improved manufacturing technology facilitate economic and highly reliable packaging solutions for automotive, telecom, medical and security applications. The fact that the substrate is hermetic facilitates unique packaging concepts where the LTCC multilayer is part of a hermetic package. However, there is a trade-off for the increasing complexity of these modules: When active devices are involved, the density of power dissipation is also rising. Liquid cooling provides an alternative where (forced air) convection cooling is not possible for lack of space or because of other limitations. With the integration of micro-channels into the LTCC-multilayer-stack the microwave-substrate becomes part of the piping for liquid cooling and brings the coolant in close contact to the heat source. As an example for such a solution a switched mode amplifier shall be presented that uses liquid cooling for the power transistor. Two different approaches for the routing of the cooling channels inside the LTCC are compared with cooling on a metal block at constant temperature. For the exact determination of all parameters, dissipated power and temperature on the die (junction temperature) a thermal test die is used instead of the transistor for the test vehicles.
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50

Shahjalal, Mohammad, Tamanna Shams, Sadat Bin Hossain, Probir Kumar Roy, Arafat Alam Jion, Mominul Ahsan, Jahedul Islam Chowdhury, Md Rishad Ahmed, Syed Bahauddin Alam, and Julfikar Haider. "A Numerical Thermal Analysis of a Battery Pack in an Electric Motorbike Application." Designs 6, no. 4 (June 22, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs6040060.

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Today, electric driven motorbikes (e-motorbikes) are facing multiple safety, functionality and operating challenges, particularly in hot climatic conditions. One of them is the increasing demand for efficient battery cooling to avoid the potential thermal stability concerns due to extreme temperatures and the conventional plastic enclosure of the battery pack. A reliable and efficient thermal design can be formulated by accommodating the battery within an appropriate battery housing supported by a cooling configuration. The proposed design includes a battery pack housing made of high conductive materials, such as copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al), with an adequate liquid cooling system. This study first proposes a potted cooling structure for the e-motorbike battery and numerical studies are carried out for a 72 V, 42 Ah battery pack for different ambient temperatures, casing materials, discharge rates, coolant types, and coolant temperatures. Results reveal that up to 53 °C is achievable with only the Cu battery housing material. Further temperature reduction is possible with the help of a liquid cooling system, and in this case, with the use of coolant temperature of 20 °C, the battery temperature can be maintained within 28 °C. The analysis also suggests that the proposed cooling system can keep a safe battery temperature up to a 5C rate. The design was also validated for different accelerated driving scenarios. The proposed conceptual design could be exploited in future e-motorbike battery cooling for optimum thermal stability.
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