Relevant bibliographies by topics / Liquid crystal phase of soaps

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Academic literature on the topic 'Liquid crystal phase of soaps'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Liquid crystal phase of soaps"

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Oliveira, E. A., L. Liebert, and A. M. Figueiredo Neto. "A new soap/detergent/water lyotropic liquid crystal with a biaxial nematic phase." Liquid Crystals 5, no. 6 (1989): 1669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678298908045677.

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Dörfler, H. D., and A. Hieke. "Influence of the chain length of K-soaps on the phase diagram and structural parameters of nonaqueous liquid crystals and the gel phase in K-soap/glycerol binary systems." Colloid & Polymer Science 278, no. 1 (2000): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003969900234.

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Shin, S. T., and Satyendra Kumar. "Microcalorimetric study of nematic-to-neat-soap and nematic-to-isotropic phase transitions in a lyotropic liquid crystal." Physical Review Letters 66, no. 8 (1991): 1062–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.66.1062.

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DUTTON, HELEN, FLOR SIPERSTEIN, and GORDON TIDDY. "PRODUCT FORMULATION WITH SURFACTANT NANOSTRUCTURES: LIQUID CRYSTALS, SOFT SOAP AND A PIECE OF CAKE." COSMOS 07, no. 01 (2011): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607711000687.

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Surfactants self-associate in aqueous solutions to form micelles. Less well-known is that they form a wide range of liquid crystals — through self-association. These liquid crystals often occur in consumer products where they play an essential role in product stability and function. Some products are marketed in a liquid crystalline state although they are not recognized by the consumer (or, on occasion, by the manufacturer). This review describes the formation of micelles and the various liquid crystalline phases. These include lamellar, hexagonal, cubic and gel phases which have different long range structures but are based on micelles. The key factors linking surfactant molecular structure to liquid crystal architecture have been elucidated. These are the sizes of the surfactant hydrophobic tail(s) and head groups, together with the head group charge and the presence of any additives. Examples of liquid crystals in emulsion stabilization, household cleaners, conditioners, detergent liquid and some food are described.
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Martínez-Casado, F. J., M. Ramos-Riesco, J. A. Rodríguez-Cheda, et al. "Lead(ii) soaps: crystal structures, polymorphism, and solid and liquid mesophases." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 26 (2017): 17009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02351k.

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Bruce, Duncan W., John W. Goodby, J. Roy Sambles, and Harry J. Coles. "Introduction: new directions in liquid crystal science." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1847 (2006): 2567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1840.

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While we are all familiar with liquid crystal displays, an industry currently worth more than $60 billion yr −1 and growing rapidly, fewer people are aware of the breadth of the subject of liquid crystals—one that represents the study of the fourth state of matter. Liquid crystals are found as essential elements in biological systems, soaps and detergents, sensor technologies and in the manipulation of electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths. This meeting was designed to highlight both the truly multidisciplinary nature of liquid crystal science and to feature those areas away from electro-optic displays; these issues are developed and summarized in more detail.
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Corkery, Robert W. "A variation on Luzzati's soap phases. Room temperature thermotropic liquid crystals." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 6, no. 7 (2004): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b315595c.

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Dayal, Pratyush, Rushikesh A. Matkar, and Thein Kyu. "Crystal-liquid crystal binary phase diagrams." Journal of Chemical Physics 124, no. 22 (2006): 224902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2200688.

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Davis, F. J., and G. R. Mitchell. "Liquid crystal elastomers: controlled crosslinking in the liquid crystal phase." Polymer 37, no. 8 (1996): 1345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)81131-1.

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Mosses, Joanna, David A. Turton, Leo Lue, Jan Sefcik, and Klaas Wynne. "Crystal templating through liquid–liquid phase separation." Chemical Communications 51, no. 6 (2015): 1139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc07880b.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liquid crystal phase of soaps"

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Barron, Christopher. "Conformational studies of lithium phenyl stearate." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1991. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19323/.

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The structure and conformation of lithium phenyl stearate (and to a lesser extent, for comparative purposes, cadmium stearate) was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and various modelling techniques. The infrared results for LiPS show that the aliphatic portion of the soap molecule is much more ordered at room temperature than had been expected, having only 0.62 and 0.60 gtg and gg defects per molecule respectively, where an isotropic chain would have 1.35 and 1.21 gtg and gg defects per chain respectively. As the temperature is increased the number of conformational defects increases continuously, until at < 130°C the chain reaches an isotropic degree of disorder. At this point the phase transition begins, so the chain reaches liquid like disorder before the phase transition begins. Modelling of the phenyl stearic acid showed that the phenyl group was restricted to certain angle of rotation values, and that the bonds close to the phenyl group were prevented from attaining true rotational isomeric state conformations, gtg defects near the phenyl group were distorted only slightly from their usual angular position, and an additional band in the infrared spectrum of LiPS at 1363 cm-1 has been assigned to this distorted gtg/gtg' defect. The gg defects near the phenyl group have a much greater distortion (and energy) resulting in a much reduced probability of occurrence. The number of gg defects present at the phase transition (< 130°C) was only 75% of that expected for an isotropic n-alkane of equivalent chain length, indicating that the four bonds nearest to the phenyl group have a reduced probability of forming a gg defect. The modelling of the ionic core of LiPS gives a reasonable estimate of between 5.6 to 7.1 A for the core radius. When this is used to calculate the hexagonal cylinder diameter, at room temperature, along with the average chain extension, it gives a value for the cylinder diameter of between 33.9 to 36.8A. The hexagonal lattice parameter determined by X-ray diffraction has a value 35.9A. Also after the LiPS sample has gone through the phase transition beginning at >130&deg;C, the hexagonal lattice parameter is 31.4A while the cylinder diameter lies between 30.2 and 33.2A.Crystalline cadmium stearate was found to contain two crystal forms, orthorhombic which has lattice dimensions of a0=5.05A, b0=7.35A and c0=48.6A and the other eithermonoclinic or triclinic. In the reverse hexagonal phase, the cadmium stearate molecule behaves like an isotropic n-alkane of equivalent chain length. The model used to predict the core radius of divalent metal soaps gives rise to some inconsistencies: the cylinder diameter thus determined gives a result between 28.8A to 31.7A, while the lattice parameter determined by X-ray diffraction gives a value of 36.9A. The assumption that the n-carboxylate ions in a divalent metal soap behave like two independent monovalent metal ion soaps appears to be incorrect.
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Mercer, Carolyn Regan. "Liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187127.

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A new instrument, the liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer (LCPDI), has been developed for the measurement of phase objects. This instrument maintains the compact, robust design of Linnik's point diffiaction interferometer (PDI) and adds to it phase stepping capability for quantitative interferogram analysis. The result is a compact, simple to align, environmentally insensitive interferometer capable of accurately measuring optical wavefronts with very high data density and with automated data reduction. This dissertation describes the theory of both the PDI and liquid crystal phase control. The design considerations for the LCPDI are presented, including manufacturing considerations. The operation and performance of the LCPDI are discussed, including sections regarding alignment, calibration, and amplitude modulation effects. The LCPDI is then demonstrated using two phase objects: a defocus difference wavefront, and a temperature distribution across a heated chamber filled with silicone oil. The measured results are compared to theoretical or independently measured results and show excellent agreement. A computer simulation of the LCPDI was performed to verify the source of observed periodic phase measurement error. The error stems from intensity variations caused by dye molecules rotating within the liquid crystal layer. Methods are discussed for reducing this error. Algorithms are presented which reduce this error; they are also useful for any phase-stepping interferometer that has unwanted intensity fluctuations, such as those caused by unregulated lasers. It is expected that this instrument will have application in the fluid sciences as a diagnostic tool, particularly in space based applications where autonomy, robustness, and compactness are desirable qualities. It should also be useful for the testing of optical elements, provided a master is available for comparison.
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Li, Yan. "High-efficiency Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Displays." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5399.

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Blue phase liquid crystals (BPLCs) have a delicate lattice structure existing between chiral nematic and isotropic phases, with a stable temperature range of about 2 K. But due to short coherent length, these self-assembled nano-structured BPLCs have a fast response time. In the past three decades, the application of BPLC has been rather limited because of its narrow temperature range. In 2002, Kikuchi et al. developed a polymer stabilization method to extend the blue-phase temperature range to more than 60 K. This opens a new gateway for display and photonic applications. In this dissertation, I investigate the material properties of polymer-stabilized BPLCs. According the Gerber's model, the Kerr constant of a BPLC is linearly proportional to the dielectric anisotropy of the LC host. Therefore, in the frequency domain, the relaxation of the Kerr constant follows the same trend as the dielectric relaxation of the host LC. I have carried out experiments to validate the theoretical predictions, and proposed a model called extended Cole-Cole model to describe the relaxation of the Kerr constant. On the other hand, because of the linear relationship, the Kerr constant should have the same sign as the dielectric anisotropy of the LC host; that is, a positive or negative Kerr constant results from positive or negative host LCs, respectively. BPLCs with a positive Kerr constant have been studied extensively, but there has been no study on negative polymer-stabilized BPLCs. Therefore, I have prepared a BPLC mixture using a negative dielectric anisotropy LC host and investigated its electro-optic properties. I have demonstrated that indeed the induced birefringence and Kerr constant are of negative sign. Due to the fast response time of BPLCs, color sequential display is made possible without color breakup. By removing the spatial color filters, the optical efficiency and resolution density are both tripled. With other advantages such as alignment free and wide viewing angle, polymer-stabilized BPLC is emerging as a promising candidate for next-generation displays. However, the optical efficiency of the BPLC cell is relatively low and the operating voltage is quite high using conventional in-plane-switching electrodes. I have proposed several device structures for improving the optical efficiency of transmissive BPLC cells. Significant improvement in transmittance is achieved by using enhanced protrusion electrodes, and a 100% transmittance is achievable using complementary enhanced protrusion electrode structure. For a conventional transmissive blue phase LCD, although it has superb performances indoor, when exposed to strong sunlight the displayed images could be washed out, leading to a degraded contrast ratio and readability. To overcome the sunlight readability problem, a common approach is to adaptively boost the backlight intensity, but the tradeoff is in the increased power consumption. Here, I have proposed a transflective blue phase LCD where the backlight is turned on in dark surroundings while ambient light is used to illuminate the displayed images in bright surroundings. Therefore, a good contrast ratio is preserved even for a strong ambient. I have proposed two transflective blue phase LCD structures, both of which have single cell gap, single gamma driving, reasonably wide view angle, low power consumption, and high optical efficiency. Among all the 3D technologies, integral imaging is an attractive approach due to its high efficiency and real image depth. However, the optimum observation distance should be adjusted as the displayed image depth changes. This requires a fast focal length change of an adaptive lens array. BPLC adaptive lenses are a good candidate because of their intrinsic fast response time. I have proposed several BPLC lens structures which are polarization independent and exhibit a parabolic phase profile in addition to fast response time. To meet the low power consumption requirement set by Energy Star, high optical efficiency is among the top lists of next-generation LCDs. In this dissertation, I have demonstrated some new device structures for improving the optical efficiency of a polymer-stabilized BPLC transmissive display and proposed sunlight readable transflective blue-phase LCDs by utilizing ambient light to reduce the power consumption. Moreover, we have proposed several blue-phase LC adaptive lenses for high efficiency 3D displays.<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics
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Rao, Linghui. "Low Voltage Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Displays." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5448.

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From cell phones, laptops, desktops, TVs, to projectors, high reliability LCDs have become indispensable in our daily life. Tremendous progress in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) has been made after decades of extensive research and development in materials, device configurations and manufacturing technology. Nowadays, the most critical issue on viewing angle has been solved using multidomain structures and optical film compensation. Slow response time has been improved to 2-5 ms with low viscosity LC material, overdrive and undershoot voltage, and thin cell gap approach. Moving image blur has been significantly reduced by impulse driving and frame insertion. Contrast ratio in excess of one million-to-1 has been achieved through local dimming of the segmented LED backlight. The color gamut would exceed 100% of the NTSC (National Television System Committee), if RGB LEDs are used. Besides these technological advances, the cost has been reduced dramatically by investing in advanced manufacturing technologies. Polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal displays (BPLCDs) based on Kerr effect is emerging as a potential next-generation display technology. In comparison to conventional nematic devices, the polymer-stabilized BPLCDs exhibit following attractive features: (1) submillisecond response time, (2) no need for molecular alignment layers, (3) optically isotropic dark state when sandwiched between crossed polarizers, and (4) transmittance is insensitive to cell gap when the in-plane electrodes are employed. However, aside from these great potentials, there are still some tough technical issues remain to be addressed. The major challenges are: 1) the operating voltage is still too high (~50 Volts vs. 5 Volts for conventional nematic LCDs), and the transmittance is relatively low (~65% vs. 85% for nematic LCDs), 2) the hysteresis effect and residual birefringence effect are still noticeable, 3) the mesogenic temperature range is still not wide enough for practical applications (?40 oC to 80 oC), and 4) the ionic impurities in these polymer-stabilized nano-structured LC composites could degrade the voltage holding ratio, which causes image sticking. In this dissertation, the BPLC materials are studied and the new BPLC device structures are designed to optimize display performances. From material aspect, the electro-optical properties of blue phase liquid crystals are studied based on Kerr effect. Temperature effects on polymer-stabilized blue phase or optically isotropic liquid crystal displays are investigated through the measurement of voltage dependent transmittance under different temperatures. The physical models for the temperature dependency of Kerr constant, induced birefringence and response time in BPLCs are first proposed and experimentally validated. In addition, we have demonstrated a polymer-stabilized BPLC mixture with a large Kerr constant K~13.7 nm/V2 at 20 oC at 633 nm. These models would set useful guidelines for optimizing material performances. From devices side, the basic operation principle of blue phase LCD is introduced. A numerical model is developed to simulate the electro-optic properties of blue phase LCDs based on in-plane-switching (IPS) structure. Detailed electrode dimension effect, distribution of induced birefringence, cell gap effect, correlation between operation voltage and Kerr constant, and wavelength dispersion are investigated. Viewing angle is another important parameter. We have optimized the device configurations according to the device physics studied. With proper new device designs, the operating voltage is decreased dramatically from around 50 Volts to below 10 Volts with a reasonably high transmittance (~70%) which enables the BPLCDs to be addressed by amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (TFTs). Moreover, weak wavelength dispersion, samll color shift, and low hysteresis BPLCDs are achieved after their root causes being unveiled. Optimization of device configurations plays a critical role to the widespread applications of BPLCDs. In addition to displays, blue phase liquid crystals can also be used for photonic applications, such as light modulator, phase grating, adaptive lens and photonic crystals. We will introduce the application of blue phase liquid crystal as a modulator to realize a viewing angle controllable display. The viewing angle can be tuned continuously and precisely with a fast response time. The detailed design and performance are also presented in this dissertation.<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics
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Wincure, Benjamin 1966. "Computational modeling of a liquid crystal phase transition." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103308.

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This thesis numerically solves the tensor order parameter continuum theory equations for nematic liquid crystals to investigate liquid crystal texturing mechanisms during an isotropic to nematic phase transition in a bulk unstable isotropic phase and next to solid surfaces. The Time Dependent Ginsburg Landau equation with a Landau de Gennes Helmholtz free energy density description is used to predict the shapes, textures and defect mechanisms that occur in the expanding droplets and films of a 4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) nematic phase immediately after their nucleation from an unstable isotropic phase, due to a temperature quench. To create a robust simulation method able to tackle high curvature, defect nucleation, heterogeneous substrates and phase ordering interfaces, particular attention was paid to adapting the mathematical model and computational methods to what was previously known about the nucleation and growth events that occur experimentally during a bulk 5CB isotropic to nematic phase transition and next to decorated solid surfaces. The numerical simulations provide detailed predictions about (i) growth rates for different temperature quenches, (ii) structure of the isotropic-nematic interface, (iii) shapes of expanding nano and submicron nematic droplets, (iv) texturing within growing nano and submicron nematic droplets, (v) a new defect formation mechanism called "interfacial defect shedding", and (vi) the effect of contact angle and interface curvature next to a solid surface with anchoring switches. The main contributions of this thesis are its detailed predictions that emerge from the liquid crystal simulation results, the careful adaptation of the mathematical model and numerical method to what is currently known about early stage growth in a nematic liquid crystal phase, and the validation of new theory by the simulation results.
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Powell, Norman James. "The modelling of nematic liquid crystal phase devices." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5749/.

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The implementation of nematic liquid crystal optical devices, which exploit the voltage dependent, optical path length modification of the electrical Freedrichsz transition, is presented. By combining refractive elements in a diffractive zone structure, efficient and flexible devices with relatively high refractive powers can be constructed. Continuously variable optical properties can be achieved by scaling the optical profile of the refractive elements and applying a phase correction to ensure that the transition between adjacent zones is an integral number of wavelength, hence a continuous optical profile is constructed. Two such devices are postulated; a variable deflection angle prism and a variable focal length lens, though the approach may be extended to other devices. The zones are addressed through combed electrode structures. The required voltage profile is produced by dropping the applied voltages across a shaped conductive strip. A sampling of the profile is transported along the length of the zone via discrete electrodes. In order to produce the required scalability and independent phase correction of the optical profile, it is necessary to restrict the design and operation of the electrodes to the approximately linear region of the response curve. Two-dimensional optical structures can either be achieved through the use of planar earth plates, to mask connections to the centre of the device, or by cascading devices with electrode structures open to connection at the edges. In order to predict the optical profiles of these and other devices, a model was constructed which describes the director orientation through a two-dimensioned electrode structure. The variational finite element method was employed to minimize the electrical Gibbs free energy of a liquid crystal cell, in order to find the equilibrium director orientation. A preliminary version of this model is presented which is restricted to rotation of the liquid crystal to within the plane of the solution.
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Zhang, Zichen. "Phase-only nematic liquid crystal on silicon devices." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610052.

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Tian, Linan. "Liquid crystal blue phase for electro-optic displays." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/liquid-crystal-blue-phase-for-electrooptic-displays(0230a0fd-6cbb-4edb-a626-ae981fe75141).html.

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Liquid crystals are a vast and diverse class of materials which ranges from fluids made up of simple rods, polymers and solutions, to elastomers and biological organisms. Liquid crystal phases are neither crystalline, nor a ‘normal’ isotropic liquid, but lie somewhere in between these two common states of matter. Liquid crystals have found enormous use in display devices due to their electro-optic properties. In this thesis, the optical and electro-optical properties of some chiral liquid crystalline phases are studied. The optical and electro-optical behaviour of liquid crystalline blue phases has been investigated via a detailed analysis of the reflection spectrum from thin, vertical field (VF) cells. Spectral analysis in this thesis was performed using a numerical fitting technique based on the Berreman 4x4 matrix method. The validity of the technique was proved through comparisons of independent measurements with the calculated physical parameters. A novel Kerr effect measurement method was proposed in this thesis and a known material was used to verify this new method. The Kerr constant together with its dispersion relation was measured using a white light source. An unusually large Kerr constant, K, is determined in the blue phases of a non-polymer stabilized material, ~ 3x10-9 mV-2 (BPI). The large value of K is attributed to significant pre-transitional values of the dielectric anisotropy and birefringence. K follows an inverse dependence on temperature which is more marked in BPII than BPI, and we consequently suggest that the BPI demonstrates properties best suited to electro-optic devices. The field effects in blue phase include electrostriction and the influence of the Kerr effect was separated from electrostriction phenomena for the first time in this work. Finally in the Kerr effect measurements, the Kerr constant in the optically isotropic dark conglomerate phase of a bent-core material was studied for the first time, with rather low values, ~1x10-11 mV-2. The low Kerr constant can be understood in the context of the physical properties of the material. Supercooling phenomena in the blue phase were studied through an analysis of the optical properties in thin cells. Features including the Bragg reflection peak jump and hysteresis are measured through the reflection spectra. A blue phase sample with a single orientation over an area of millimeters was prepared to help the spectra study of the blue phases. Although some previous reports indicated that there may be a new blue phase in the supercooled region, we find that there is no evidence shows that the supercooled blue phase has a different structure from the BPI.Chiral molecules have been included as dopants in achiral bent-core materials to produce a range of new chiral mixtures. Different host materials and chiral dopants have been used to produce several chiral nematic materials in which the chiral nematic phase, the underlying smectic phase and the blue phases are examined. The order parameter is determined as a function of temperature in the chiral nematic phase, and compared to that determined for several calamitic materials; no discernible difference is found. A study of the pitch divergence in the chiral nematic phase of the bent-core mixtures shows interesting properties at both low temperature (as the smectic phase is approached) and at high temperatures (at the transition to the blue phase). An unusual phase separation of the chiral dopant in the mixtures is reported, and details are deduced through a comparison between different mixtures. It is found that a dopant with similar clearing point to the bent-core material has less likelihood of phase separation. Although the blue phase temperature range is extended in these mixtures in comparison with typical values for calamitic materials, it does not extend beyond 2K in any of the materials. Both blue phase I and the fog phases are observed in these chiral bent core systems, but no BPII is observed in any of the materials studied. The small k33 (~ 2.8 pN at 10 K below clearing point) in the bent-core host material is suggested as one of the reasons that the blue phase range is not enhanced as much as may have been expected from reports by other authors.
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Wang, Haiying. "STUDIES OF LIQUID CRYSTAL RESPONSE TIME." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3541.

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In this dissertation, the response time issue of the liquid crystal (LC) devices is investigated in meeting the challenges for display and photonic applications. The correlation between the LC director response time and the optical response time is derived theoretically and confirmed experimentally. A major contribution of this thesis is that, based on the small angle approximation, we derive rigorous analytical solutions for correlating the LC director response time to its consequent optical response times (both rise and decay) of a vertical-aligned nematic LC cell. This work successfully fills the gap in the literature of LCD switching dynamics. An important effect related to response time, backflow is analyzed using a homogeneous LC cell in an infrared wavelength. The Leslie viscosity coefficients can hardly be found in the literature. A new effective approach to estimate the Leslie coefficients of LC mixtures based on MBBA data is proposed in this dissertation. Using this method, the Leslie coefficients of the LC material under study can be extracted based on its order parameters. The simulation results agree with the experimental data very well. This method provides a useful tool for analyzing the dynamic response including backflow. Cell gap is an important factor affecting the LC response time. Usually a thinner cell gap is chosen to achieve faster response time, since normally both rise and decay times are known to be proportional to d2. However, they are valid only in the region. In the large voltage region where , the optical decay time is independent of d. In this thesis, we find that between these two extremes the response time is basically linearly proportional to d. Our analytical derivation is validated by experimental results. Therefore, in the whole voltage region, the physical picture of the optical response time as a function of the cell gap is completed. This analysis is useful for understanding the grayscale switching behaviors of the LC phase modulators. In conclusion, this dissertation has solved some important issues related to LC optical response time and supplied valuable tools for scientists and engineers to numerically analyze the LC dynamics.<br>Ph.D.<br>Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Electrical Engineering
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Lin, Yi-Hsin. "POLARIZATION-INDEPENDENT LIQUID CRYSTAL DEVICES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4199.

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Liquid crystal (LC) devices can be operated as amplitude modulators and phase modulators. LC amplitude modulation is commonly used in liquid crystal display (LCD) while phase-only modulation is useful for laser beam steering, tunable grating, prism, lens, and other photonic devices. Most LC devices are polarization dependent and require at least one polarizer. As a result, the optical efficiency is low. To enhance display brightness, a power hungry backlight has to be used leading to a high power consumption and short battery life. In a LC phase modulator, the polarization dependent property complicates the laser beam steering system. It is highly desirable to develop new operating mechanisms that are independent of the incident light polarization. In this dissertation, we have developed eight polarization-independent liquid crystal operation principles: three of them are aimed for displays and the other five are for phase modulators. For amplitude modulations, a new polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) and two new dye-doped LC gels are polarizer-free by combining light scattering with dye-absorption effects. In phase modulation, we explore five device concepts: PDLC and Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Texture (PSCT), homeotropic LC gels, thin polymer film separated double-layered structure, and double-layered LC gels. In the low voltage regime, both PDLC and PSCT have a strong light scattering. However, as the voltage exceeds a certain level, the phase modulation is scattering-free and is independent of polarization. The homeotropic LC gels do not require any biased voltage and the response time is still fast. Although the remaining phase in these devices is small, they are still useful for micro-photonic device applications. To increase the phase change, thin polymer film separated double-layered structure is a solution. The orthogonal arrangement of top and bottom LC directors results in polarization independence. However, the response time is slow. Similarly, double-layered LC gels are not only polarization independent but also fast response due to the established polymer network.<br>Ph.D.<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics
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Books on the topic "Liquid crystal phase of soaps"

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Liquid Crystal Elastomers: Materials and Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Liquid-phase epitaxial growth of III-V compound semiconductor materials and their device applications. A. Hilger, 1990.

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Tolédano, Jean-Claude. The Landau theory of phase transitions: Application to structural, incommensurate, magnetic, and liquid crystal systems. World Scientific, 1987.

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Liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Ramazanoglu, Mehmet Kerim. Phase transitions in liquid crystal + aerosil gels. 2007.

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Skripov, Vladimir P., and Mars Z. Faizullin. Crystal-Liquid-Gas Phase Transitions and Thermodynamic Similarity. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2006.

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Crystal-Liquid-Gas Phase Transitions and Thermodynamic Similarity. Wiley-VCH, 2006.

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Skripov, Vladimir P., and Mars Z. Faizullin. Crystal-Liquid-Gas Phase Transitions and Thermodynamic Similarity. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2006.

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Katherine, Creath, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Defocus measurement using a liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Liquid crystal phase of soaps"

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Martínez-Casado, Francisco J., José A. Rodríguez-Cheda, Miguel Ramos-Riesco, María Isabel Redondo-Yélamos, Fabio Cucinotta, and Alejandro Fernández-Martínez. "Physicochemistry of Pure Lead(II) Soaps: Crystal Structures, Solid and Liquid Mesophases, and Glass Phases – Crystallographic, Calorimetric, and Pair Distribution Function Analysis." In Metal Soaps in Art. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_13.

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Papkov, S. P. "Phase Equilibria in Polymer Systems Containing a Liquid-Crystalline Phase." In Liquid-Crystal Polymers. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1103-2_2.

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Vere, A. W. "Growth from the Liquid Phase." In Crystal Growth. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9897-5_4.

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Gama, M. M. Telo. "Liquid Crystal Interfaces." In Observation, Prediction and Simulation of Phase Transitions in Complex Fluids. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0065-6_6.

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Dost, Sadik. "Liquid-Phase Electroepitaxy of Semiconductors." In Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74761-1_29.

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Tolksdorf, W. "Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Garnets." In Crystal Growth in Science and Technology. Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0549-1_25.

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Klemenz Rivenbark, Christine F. "Liquid-Phase Epitaxy of Advanced Materials." In Springer Handbook of Crystal Growth. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74761-1_31.

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Edwards, S. F. "Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystal Polymers." In Synthesis, Characterization, and Theory of Polymeric Networks and Gels. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3016-9_6.

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Statt, Antonia, Fabian Schmitz, Peter Virnau, and Kurt Binder. "Monte Carlo Simulation of Crystal-Liquid Phase Coexistence." In High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering ´15. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24633-8_5.

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Li, Y. "Chapter 13. Polymer-stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Displays." In Soft Matter Series. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788013321-00292.

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Conference papers on the topic "Liquid crystal phase of soaps"

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Stalder, M. "Achromatic Liquid Crystal Phase Elements." In Proceedings of European Meeting on Lasers and Electro-Optics. IEEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe.1996.562517.

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Dolfi, Daniel, Michele Labeyrie, Pascal Joffre, and Jean-Pierre Huignard. "Liquid-crystal microwave phase shifter." In OE/LASE '94, edited by Brian M. Hendrickson. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.177421.

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Ito, Ryota, Michinori Honma, and Toshiaki Nose. "Improved terahertz phase sensing by using liquid crystal phase shifter." In Emerging Liquid Crystal Technologies XV, edited by Liang-Chy Chien and Dirk J. Broer. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2543039.

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Wei-Chang Liu and Sheng-Hua Lu. "Improved nematic liquid-crystal phase shifter." In 2013 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2013.6600570.

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Rao, Linghui, Zhibing Ge, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Emerging blue phase liquid crystal displays." In SPIE Photonic Devices + Applications, edited by Iam Choon Khoo. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.861591.

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Matic, Roy M. "Blazed phase liquid crystal beam steering." In OE/LASE '94, edited by Hugo Weichel and Lewis F. DeSandre. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.177691.

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Allender, David W., and Slobodan Zumer. "Phase Transitions In Liquid Crystal Droplets." In OE/LASE '89, edited by J. William Doane and Zvi Yaniv. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.976396.

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Scharf, Toralf, Manuel Bouvier, and Rene Daendliker. "Multilevel nematic liquid crystal phase gratings." In Eighth International Conference on Nonlinear Optics of Liquid and Photorefractive Crystals, edited by Gertruda V. Klimusheva and Andrey G. Iljin. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.428328.

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Villalobos-Mendoza, B., F. S. Granados-Agustín, D. Aguirre-Aguirre, and A. Cornejo-Rodríguez. "Liquid crystal display for phase shifting." In 8th Ibero American Optics Meeting/11th Latin American Meeting on Optics, Lasers, and Applications, edited by Manuel Filipe P. C. Martins Costa. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2026442.

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Schirmer, Juergen, Peter Kohns, Theodor Schmidt-Kaler, et al. "Achromatic phase retarders using double-layer liquid crystal cells." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Jolanta Rutkowska, Stanislaw J. Klosowicz, Jerzy Zielinski, and Jozef Zmija. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.300002.

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Reports on the topic "Liquid crystal phase of soaps"

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Arias, Eduardo, Ivana Moggio, and Ronald Ziolo. Liquid Crystals of Dendron-Like Pt Complexes Processable Into Nanofilms Dendrimers. Phase 2. Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Glass Platinum Acetylides. Defense Technical Information Center, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada619975.

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Percec, Virgil, Dimitris Tomazos, and Reginal A. Willingham. The Influence of the Polymer Backbone Flexibility on the Phase Transitions of Side Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers Containing 6-(4-Methoxy-Beta-Metylstyryl) Phenoxy)Hexyl Side Groups. Defense Technical Information Center, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada208821.

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Jain, N. Analyzing algorithms for nonlinear and spatially nonuniform phase shifts in the liquid crystal point diffraction interferometer. 1998 summer research program for high school juniors at the University of Rochester`s Laboratory for Laser Energetics: Student research reports. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/362525.

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