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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid crystal phases'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Pieranski, P., and P. E. Cladis. "Frustrated Liquids: Liquid Crystal Blue Phases." Europhysics News 17, no. 9 (1986): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/19861709113.

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2

Sigdel, Krishna P. "Liquid Crystals Phase Transitions and AC-Calorimetry." Himalayan Physics 1 (July 28, 2011): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v1i0.5171.

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Liquid crystal is a delicate and beautiful phase of matter showing the order in between liquid and crystals. They have different phases and phase transitions. A powerful tool called AC calorimetry can be used to characterize the different phases and phase transitions. In this article, use of ac-calorimetry technique in liquid crystal phases and phase transitions is described.Key words: Liquid and crystals; AC calorimetryThe Himalayan Physics Vol.1, No.1, May, 2010Page: 25-31Uploaded Date: 28 July, 2011
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3

Lydon, John. "Chromonic liquid crystal phases." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 3, no. 5 (October 1998): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(98)80019-8.

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4

Oswald, Patrick, John Bechhoefer, and Francisco Melo. "Pattern Formation During the Growth of Liquid Crystal Phases." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 1 (January 1991): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400057894.

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Liquid crystals, discovered just a century ago, have wide application to electrooptic displays and thermography. Their physical properties have also made them fascinating materials for more fundamental research.The name “liquid crystals” is actually a misnomer for what are more properly termed “mesophases,” that is, phases having symmetries intermediate between ordinary solids and liquids. There are three major classes of liquid crystals: nematics, smectics, and columnar mesophases. In nematics, although there is no correlation between positions of the rodlike molecules, the molecules tend to lie parallel along a common axis, labeled by a unit vector (or director) n. Smectics are more ordered. The molecules are also rodlike and are in layers. Different subtypes of smectics (labeled, for historical reasons, smectic A, smectic B,…) have layers that are more or less organized. In the smectic A phase, the layers are fluid and can glide easily over each other. In the smectic B phase, the layers have hexagonal ordering and strong interlayer corrélations. Indeed, the smectic B phase is more a highly anisotropic plastic crystal than it is a liquid crystal. Finally, columnar mesophases are obtained with disklike molecules. These molecules can stack up in columns which are themselves organized in a two-dimensional array. There is no positional correlation between molecules in one column and molecules in the other columns.
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5

Polishchuk, A. P., and Tatiana V. Timofeeva. "Metal-containing liquid-crystal phases." Russian Chemical Reviews 62, no. 4 (April 30, 1993): 291–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc1993v062n04abeh000019.

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6

Luckhurst, Geoffrey R. "What creates liquid crystal phases?" Liquid Crystals Today 3, no. 1 (March 1993): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13583149308628610.

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7

O'Rourke, Mary Jane E., and Edwin L. Thomas. "Morphology and Dynamic Interaction of Defects in Polymer Liquid Crystals." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 9 (September 1995): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400034904.

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The liquid crystal phase is an anisotropic mesophase, intermediate in order between the liquid and crystal phases. Liquid crystals have less translational order than crystals and more rotational order than isotropic liquids. The liquid crystal phase does not support finite shear stresses and thus behaves like a fluid. Molecules that display a liquid crystal phase are referred to as mesogenic. Mesogenic molecules exhibit shape anisotropy: either large length to diameter ratio (needlelike) or large diameter to thickness ratio (disklike). Because of their shape anisotropy, all liquid crystals display orientational order of their molecular axes.Until 1956, all known examples of liquid crystals were low molecular weight compounds. Robinson was the first to identify liquid crystallinity in a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) as the explanation for “a birefringent solution” of a polymeric material, poly-y-benzyl-L-glutamate, in chloroform, previously observed by Elliott and Ambrose. Chemists soon discovered that LCPs may be readily synthesized by covalently stitching small mesogenic units (e.g., rigid monomers) together into a chain using short flexible spacers. Mainchain or sidechain liquid crystal polymers may be formed (Figure 1). An example of a polymer molecule possessing a liquid crystal phase is shown in Figure 2. Liquid crystals may be thermotropic, where liquid crystallinity is exhibited over a range of temperatures, or lyotropic, where nonmesogenic solvent molecules are present in addition to the mesogens, and liquid crystallinity is observed over a range of concentrations as well.
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8

Keyes, P. H. "The Cholesteric Blue Phases." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 1 (January 1991): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400057882.

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In 1888, the year commonly taken as the birthdate of liquid crystal research, F. Reinitzer wrote to O. Lehmann to describe the curious properties of cholesteryl benzoate, a “substance [which] has two melting points, if it can be expressed in such a manner.” Throughout most of the 33°C interval between these two “melting points” this material is in the birefringent fluid state now known as the cholesteric liquid crystal. Today it is common to find compounds showing a whole cascade of liquid crystalline mesophases as the temperature is increased, but it is not customary to refer to any of the phase changes between them as “melting points” except for the lowest temperature transition where the crystalline lattice dissolves. In recent years, however, it has been discovered that many cholesteric liquid crystals, includin g cholesteryl benzoate, do something very strange in a temperature interval of only a degree or so just before they yield up their last bit of liquid crystalline order: they form complex structures having the symmetries of cubic lattices — they “freeze”! – and then “melt” at a higher temperature into either the ordinary amorphous liquid or else into a new kind of amorphous liquid which in turn undergoes a sharp transition into the ordinary amorphous liquid at still higher temperature.
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9

Joshi, Pankaj, Oliver Willekens, Xiaobing Shang, Jelle De Smet, Dieter Cuypers, Geert Van Steenberge, Jeroen Beeckman, Kristiaan Neyts, and Herbert De Smet. "Tunable light beam steering device using polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i1.704.

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A polarization independent and fast electrically switchable beam steering device is presented, based on a surface relief grating combined with polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals. Switching on and off times are both less than 2 milliseconds. The prospects of further improvements are discussed. Full Text: PDF ReferencesD.C. Wright, et al., "Crystalline liquids: the blue phases", Rev. Mod. Phys. 61, 385 (1989). CrossRef H. Kikuchi, et al., "Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal blue phases", Nat. Mater. 1, 64 (2002). CrossRef Samsung, Korea, SID exhibition, (2008).J. Yan, et al., "Direct measurement of electric-field-induced birefringence in a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal composite", Opt. Express 18, 11450 (2010). CrossRef L. Rao, et al., "A large Kerr constant polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal", Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 081109 (2011). CrossRef Y. Hisakado, et al., "Large Electro-optic Kerr Effect in Polymer-Stabilized Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phases", Adv. Mater. 17, 96 (2005). CrossRef K. M. et al., "Submillisecond Gray-Level Response Time of a Polymer-Stabilized Blue-Phase Liquid Crystal", J. Disp. Technol. 6, 49 (2010). CrossRef Y. Chen, et al., "Level set based topology optimization for optical cloaks", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 251106 (2013). CrossRef H. Choi, et al., "Fast electro-optic switching in liquid crystal blue phase II", Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 131905 (2011). CrossRef Y.H. Chen, et al., "Polarization independent Fabry-Pérot filter based on polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals with fast response time", Opt. Express 19, 25441 (2011). CrossRef Y. Li, et al., "Polarization independent adaptive microlens with a blue-phase liquid crystal", Opt. Express 19, 8045 (2011). CrossRef C.T. Lee, et al., "Design of polarization-insensitive multi-electrode GRIN lens with a blue-phase liquid crystal", Opt. Express 19, 17402 (2011). CrossRef Y.T. Lin, et al., "Mid-infrared absorptance of silicon hyperdoped with chalcogen via fs-laser irradiation", J. Appl. Phys. 113, (2013). CrossRef J.D. Lin, et al., "Spatially tunable photonic bandgap of wide spectral range and lasing emission based on a blue phase wedge cell", Optics Express 22, 29479 (2014). CrossRef W. Cao, et al., "Lasing in a three-dimensional photonic crystal of the liquid crystal blue phase II", Nat. Mat. 1, 111 (2002). CrossRef S.T. Hur, et al., "Liquid-Crystalline Blue Phase Laser with Widely Tunable Wavelength", Adv. Mater. 25, 3002 (2013). CrossRef A. Mazzulla, et al., "Thermal and electrical laser tuning in liquid crystal blue phase I", Soft. Mater. 8, 4882 (2012). CrossRef C.W. Chen, et al., "Random lasing in blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Express 20, 23978 (2012). CrossRef O. Willekens, et al., "Ferroelectric thin films with liquid crystal for gradient index applications", Opt. Exp. 24, 8088 (2016). CrossRef O. Willekens, et al., "Reflective liquid crystal hybrid beam-steerer", Opt. Exp. 24, 1541 (2016). CrossRef M. Jazbinšek, et al., "Characterization of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal transmission gratings", J. Appl. Phys. 90, 3831 (2001). CrossRef C.C. Bowley, et al., "Variable-wavelength switchable Bragg gratings formed in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 9 (2001). CrossRef Y.Q. Lu, et al., "Polarization switch using thick holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal grating", Appl. Phys. 95, 810 (2004). CrossRef J.J. Butler et al., "Diffraction properties of highly birefringent liquid-crystal composite gratings", Opt. Lett. 25, 420 (2000). CrossRef R.L. Sutherland et al., "Electrically switchable volume gratings in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 1074 (1994). CrossRef X. Shang, et al., "Electrically Controllable Liquid Crystal Component for Efficient Light Steering", IEEE Photo. J. 7, 1 (2015). CrossRef J. Yan, et al., "Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071105 (2010). CrossRef H.S. Chen, et al., "Hysteresis-free polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals using thermal recycles", Opt. Mat. Exp. 2, 1149 (2012). CrossRef J. Yan. et al., "Dual-period tunable phase grating using polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal", Opt. Lett. 40, 4520 (2015). CrossRef H.S. Chen, et al., "Hysteresis-free polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals using thermal recycles", Opt. Mat. Exp. 2, 1149 (2012). CrossRef H.C. Cheng, et al., "Blue-Phase Liquid Crystal Displays With Vertical Field Switching", J. Disp. Technol. 8, 98 (2012). CrossRef
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10

Kikuchi, Hirotsugu, Masayuki Yokota, Yoshiaki Hisakado, Huai Yang, and Tisato Kajiyama. "Polymer-stabilized liquid crystal blue phases." Nature Materials 1, no. 1 (September 2002): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat712.

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11

Ryu, Seong Ho, and Dong Ki Yoon. "Liquid crystal phases in confined geometries." Liquid Crystals 43, no. 13-15 (July 15, 2016): 1951–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2016.1205674.

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12

Coleman, D. A. "Polarization-Modulated Smectic Liquid Crystal Phases." Science 301, no. 5637 (August 29, 2003): 1204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1084956.

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13

Hekimoglu, Selin, and Julie Conn. "Liquid crystal blue phases—recent advances." Liquid Crystals Today 12, no. 3 (September 2003): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14645180310001624680.

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14

Palffy-Muhoray, Peter, Wenyi Cao, Michele Moreira, Bahman Taheri, and Antonio Munoz. "Photonics and lasing in liquid crystal materials." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1847 (August 21, 2006): 2747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1851.

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Owing to fundamental reasons of symmetry, liquid crystals are soft materials. This softness allows long length-scales, large susceptibilities and the existence of modulated phases, which respond readily to external fields. Liquid crystals with such phases are tunable, self-assembled, photonic band gap materials; they offer exciting opportunities both in basic science and in technology. Since the density of photon states is suppressed in the stop band and is enhanced at the band edges, these materials may be used as switchable filters or as mirrorless lasers. Disordered periodic liquid crystal structures can show random lasing. We highlight recent advances in this rapidly growing area, and discuss future prospects in emerging liquid crystal materials. Liquid crystal elastomers and orientationally ordered nanoparticle assemblies are of particular interest.
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15

Rahman, Md Asiqur, Itaru Yamana, Yeap Guan Yeow, Suhana Binti Mohd Said, and Munehiro Kimura. "Electro-Optic Potential of Room and High Temperature Polymer Stabilised Blue Phase Liquid Crystal." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.186.

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In the field of liquid crystals, blue phases (BPs) are one of the most unique and interesting sub-phases. Blue-phase liquid crystal holds the potential to become next-generation display and photonics device because of its sub-millisecond gray-to-gray response time, alignment-layer-free process, optically isotropic dark state, and cell gap insensitivity. The BPLC is a highly chiral liquid crystal system possessing crystal like unit cell structure and exist over a small temperature range (0.5-2 °C) between isotropic and chiral nematic (N*) thermotropic phase. The narrow phase range has been an intrinsic problem for blue phase, and a useful strategy of widening the phase is by adding polymer to form a polymer stabilised blue phase liquid crystal. In this paper, we demonstrate polymer stabilization using two different cases: a room temperature mixture containing E8, PE-5CNF and CPP-3FF, and a high temperature mixture using a single molecule blue phase liquid crystal material, TCB5. Comparison of the polymer stabilization effects on these two cases will be discussed, in the perspective of their potential in electro-optic applications.
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16

Martínez-González, José A., Ye Zhou, Mohammad Rahimi, Emre Bukusoglu, Nicholas L. Abbott, and Juan J. de Pablo. "Blue-phase liquid crystal droplets." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 43 (October 12, 2015): 13195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514251112.

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Blue phases of liquid crystals represent unique ordered states of matter in which arrays of defects are organized into striking patterns. Most studies of blue phases to date have focused on bulk properties. In this work, we present a systematic study of blue phases confined into spherical droplets. It is found that, in addition to the so-called blue phases I and II, several new morphologies arise under confinement, with a complexity that increases with the chirality of the medium and with a nature that can be altered by surface anchoring. Through a combination of simulations and experiments, it is also found that one can control the wavelength at which blue-phase droplets absorb light by manipulating either their size or the strength of the anchoring, thereby providing a liquid–state analog of nanoparticles, where dimensions are used to control absorbance or emission. The results presented in this work also suggest that there are conditions where confinement increases the range of stability of blue phases, thereby providing intriguing prospects for applications.
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17

Mukherjee, Prabir K. "Effect of the liquid crystal solute on the rotator phase transitions of n-alkanes." RSC Advances 5, no. 16 (2015): 12168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra14116d.

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Recent experimental studies have shown that the liquid crystal substance plays an important role in determining the structures and the phase transitions of the different rotator phases in binary mixtures of n-alkane and liquid crystals.
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18

Aouini, Abir, Maurizio Nobili, Edouard Chauveau, Philippe Dieudonné-George, Gauthier Damême, Daniel Stoenescu, Ivan Dozov, and Christophe Blanc. "Chemical-Physical Characterization of a Binary Mixture of a Twist Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal with a Smectogen." Crystals 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121110.

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Nematic twist-bend phases (NTB) are new types of nematic liquid crystalline phases with attractive properties for future electro-optic applications. However, most of these states are monotropic or are stable only in a narrow high temperature range. They are often destabilized under moderate cooling, and only a few single compounds have shown to give room temperature NTB phases. Mixtures of twist-bend nematic liquid crystals with simple nematogens have shown to strongly lower the nematic to NTB phase transition temperature. Here, we examined the behaviour of new types of mixtures with the dimeric liquid crystal [4′,4′-(heptane-1,7-diyl)bis(([1′,1″-biphenyl]4″-carbo-nitrile))] (CB7CB). This now well-known twist-bend nematic liquid crystal presents a nematic twist-bend phase below T ≈ 104 °C. Mixtures with other monomeric alkyl or alkoxy -biphenylcarbonitriles liquid crystals that display a smectic A (SmA) phase also strongly reduce this temperature. The most interesting smectogen is 4′-Octyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile (8CB), for which a long-term metastable NTB phase is found at room and lower temperatures. This paper presents the complete phase diagram of the corresponding binary system and a detailed investigation of its thermal, optical, dielectric, and elastic properties.
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19

Funahashi, Masahiro. "Chiral Liquid Crystalline Electronic Systems." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040672.

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Liquid crystals bearing extended π-conjugated units function as organic semiconductors and liquid crystalline semiconductors have been studied for their applications in light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and solar cells. However, studies on electronic functionalities in chiral liquid crystal phases have been limited so far. Electronic charge carrier transport has been confirmed in chiral nematic and chiral smectic C phases. In the chiral nematic phase, consisting of molecules bearing extended π-conjugated units, circularly polarized photoluminescence has been observed within the wavelength range of reflection band. Recently, circularly polarized electroluminescence has been confirmed from devices based on active layers of chiral conjugated polymers with twisted structures induced by the molecular chirality. The chiral smectic C phase of oligothiophene derivatives is ferroelectric and indicates a bulk photovoltaic effect, which is driven by spontaneous polarization. This bulk photovoltaic effect has also been observed in achiral polar liquid crystal phases in which extended π-conjugated units are properly assembled. In this manuscript, optical and electronic functions of these chiral π-conjugated liquid crystalline semiconductors are reviewed.
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20

Centore, Roberto, Valeria Capitolino, Francesca Cerciello, Angela Tuzi, Fabio Borbone, Antonio Carella, and Antonio Roviello. "A topotactic transition in a liquid crystal compound." CrystEngComm 17, no. 46 (2015): 8864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ce00660k.

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The title compound has two crystal phases related by an enantiotropic single-crystal-to-single-crystal transition and a nematic liquid crystalline phase before transition to the isotropic liquid phase.
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21

Seed, A. J., M. Hird, P. Styring, H. F. Gleeson, and Jo T. Mills. "Heterocyclic Esters Exhibiting Frustrated Liquid Crystal Phases." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 299, no. 1 (June 1997): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259708041968.

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22

Fradkin, Eduardo, and Steven A. Kivelson. "Liquid-crystal phases of quantum Hall systems." Physical Review B 59, no. 12 (March 15, 1999): 8065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.59.8065.

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23

Sluckin, T. J. "The liquid crystal phases: Physics and technology." Contemporary Physics 41, no. 1 (January 2000): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/001075100181268.

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24

Houssa, Mohammed, Simon C. McGrother, and Luis F. Rull. "Computer simulations of dipolar liquid crystal phases." Computer Physics Communications 121-122 (September 1999): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4655(99)00325-2.

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25

Ayton, G., D. Q. Wei, and G. N. Patey. "Liquid crystal phases of dipolar discotic particles." Physical Review E 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.55.447.

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26

van der Beek, David, and Henk N. W. Lekkerkerker. "Liquid Crystal Phases of Charged Colloidal Platelets." Langmuir 20, no. 20 (September 2004): 8582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la049455i.

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27

Dierking, Ingo, and Shakhawan Al-Zangana. "Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Phases from Anisotropic Nanomaterials." Nanomaterials 7, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano7100305.

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28

Poniewierski, A., and T. J. Sluckin. "Density Functional Theory of Liquid Crystal Phases." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 212, no. 1 (February 1992): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259208037248.

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29

Illian, G., H. Kneppe, and F. Schneider. "Direct Determination of the Anisotropy of the Magnetic Susceptibility in Smectic Liquid Crystals." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0110.

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A sample of an aligned smectic liquid crystal, suspended in a magnetic field, can be excited to oscillations. Measurement of the oscillation period allows a direct determination of the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility. Liquid crystals exhibiting the phase sequence isotropicnematic- smectic A can be aligned very well and precise y.A values can be determined. A direct transformation from the isotropic to the smectic phase or phase transitions between smectic phases can cause an incomplete alignment of the liquid crystal and worse results.
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Orzechowski, Kamil, Marek Wojciech Sierakowski, Marzena Sala-Tefelska, Tomasz Ryszard Woliński, Olga Strzeżysz, and Przemysław Kula. "Investigation of Kerr effect in a blue phase liquid crystal using wedge-cell technique." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i2.738.

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In this work an alternative method for refractive index measurement of blue phase liquid crystal in the Kerr effect has been described. The proposed wedge method uses simple goniometric setup, allowing for direct index measurements for any wavelengths and index values. This is significant advantage comparing to other methods, usually having limitations of the measurement range as well as necessity complicated calculation to obtain refractive indices values. The results are reliable and agree well with the subject literature. Full Text: PDF ReferencesW. Cao et al., "Lasing in a three-dimensional photonic crystal of the liquid crystal blue phase II", Nat. Mater. 1, 111-113 (2002). CrossRef S. Meiboom, M. Sammon, W.F. Brinkman, "Lattice of disclinations: The structure of the blue phases of cholesteric liquid crystals", Phys. Rev. A. 27, 438 (1983). CrossRef S. Tanaka et al., "Double-twist cylinders in liquid crystalline cholesteric blue phases observed by transmission electron microscopy", Sci. Rep. 5, 16180 (2015). CrossRef Y. Li and S.-T. Wu, "Polarization independent adaptive microlens with a blue-phase liquid crystal", Opt. Express 19(9), 8045-8050 (2011). CrossRef N. Rong et al., "Polymer-Stabilized Blue-Phase Liquid Crystal Fresnel Lens Cured With Patterned Light Using a Spatial Light Modulator", J. of Disp. Technol. 12(10), 1008-1012 (2016). CrossRef J.-D. Lin et al., "Spatially tunable photonic bandgap of wide spectral range and lasing emission based on a blue phase wedge cell", Opt. Express 22(24), 29479-29492 (2014). CrossRef P. Joshi et al., "Tunable light beam steering device using polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystals", Photon. Lett. Poland 9(1), 11-13 (2017). CrossRef Ch.-W. Chen et al., "Temperature dependence of refractive index in blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Mater. Express 3(5), 527-532 (2013). CrossRef Y.-H. Lin et al., "Measuring electric-field-induced birefringence in polymer stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals based on phase shift measurements", J. Appl. Phys. 109, 104503 (2011). CrossRef J. Yan et al., "Direct measurement of electric-field-induced birefringence in a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal composite", Opt. Express 18(11), 11450-11455 (2010). CrossRef K.A. Rutkowska, K. Orzechowski, M. Sierakowski, "Wedge-cell technique as a simple and effective method for chromatic dispersion determination of liquid crystals", Photon. Lett. Poland 8(2), 51-53 (2016). CrossRef O. Chojnowska et al., "Electro-optical properties of photochemically stable polymer-stabilized blue-phase material", J. Appl. Phys. 116, 213505 (2014). CrossRef J. Yan et al., "Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071105 (2010). CrossRef M. Chen et al., "Electrically assisting crystal growth of blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Mater. Express 4(5), 953-959 (2014). CrossRef J. Kerr, Philos. Mag. 50, 337 (1875).
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31

Jin, Hyeong Min, Xiao Li, James A. Dolan, R. Joseph Kline, José A. Martínez-González, Jiaxing Ren, Chun Zhou, Juan J. de Pablo, and Paul F. Nealey. "Soft crystal martensites: An in situ resonant soft x-ray scattering study of a liquid crystal martensitic transformation." Science Advances 6, no. 13 (March 2020): eaay5986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay5986.

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Liquid crystal blue phases (BPs) are three-dimensional soft crystals with unit cell sizes orders of magnitude larger than those of classic, atomic crystals. The directed self-assembly of BPs on chemically patterned surfaces uniquely enables detailed in situ resonant soft x-ray scattering measurements of martensitic phase transformations in these systems. The formation of twin lamellae is explicitly identified during the BPII-to-BPI transformation, further corroborating the martensitic nature of this transformation and broadening the analogy between soft and atomic crystal diffusionless phase transformations to include their strain-release mechanisms.
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32

Nagaraj, Mamatha. "Liquid Crystals Templating." Crystals 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10080648.

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Liquid crystal templating is a versatile technique to create novel organic and inorganic materials with nanoscale features. It exploits the self-assembled architectures of liquid crystal phases as scaffolds. This article focuses on some of the key developments in lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystals templating. The procedures that were employed to create templated structures and the applications of these novel materials in various fields including mesoporous membranes, organic electronics, the synthesis of nanostructured materials and photonics, are described.
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Ravnik, Miha, and Jun-ichi Fukuda. "Templated blue phases." Soft Matter 11, no. 43 (2015): 8417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm01878a.

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We explore the templated blue phases I and II infiltrated with an achiral nematic liquid crystal using numerical modelling, demonstrating novel blue-phase like profiles and predicting a large optical Kerr effect.
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34

PANSU, BRIGITTE. "ARE SURFACES PERTINENT FOR DESCRIBING SOME THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PHASES?" Modern Physics Letters B 13, no. 22n23 (October 10, 1999): 769–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984999000968.

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Surfaces, like minimal surfaces, are commonly used to describe intricate thermotropic liquid crystalline phase structures: cubic phases, TGB phases, quadratic phases, blue phases, and smectic blue phases. Such geometrical models are good tools to visualize the competition between the various molecular interactions generating these phases although they often cannot lead to the prediction of the thermodynamic phase diagrams.
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35

Kim, Yeon-Wook, and Thomas F. Kelly. "Alternative Crystallization Phases in Sub-Micron Droplets of Fe-Ni Alloys." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100117303.

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When a liquid becomes highly supercooled, the crystal phases that nucleate from it may be one of several alternatives other than the primary crystallization phase. Even though these crystal phases would be metastable at the liquidus temperature of the primary crystallization phase, they may or may not be the most stable crystal phase at the nucleation temperature. Thus the term “metastable phase” is not generally applicable and the name “alternative crystallization phase” (ACP) is used.In order to determine whether a particular crystal phase may nucleate in a supercooled liquid, it is not sufficient to determine simply which phase has the greater liquidus temperature. The effect of liquid supercooling (relative to the liquidus temperature of each phase) on the nucleation of each possible phase must be considered. For a given situation (eg. liquid volume, cooling rate,…), the propensity of a given phase for nucleating from the supercooled liquid can be gauged by calculating a nucleation temperature for that phase [1].
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36

Iglesias, Wilder, Nicholas L. Abbott, Elizabeth K. Mann, and Antal Jákli. "Improving Liquid-Crystal-Based Biosensing in Aqueous Phases." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4, no. 12 (December 12, 2012): 6884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am301952f.

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37

Goodby, John W. "Twist grain boundary and frustrated liquid crystal phases." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 7, no. 5-6 (November 2002): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(02)00090-0.

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38

Matsunga, Y., and M. Terada. "Liquid Crystal Phases Exhibited by N,N′-Dialkanoyldiaminomesitylenes." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 141, no. 3-4 (December 1986): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268948608079618.

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39

Sugisawa, Shin-ya, and Yuka Tabe. "Induced smectic phases of stoichiometric liquid crystal mixtures." Soft Matter 12, no. 12 (2016): 3103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sm00038j.

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40

Hinshaw, George A., Rolfe G. Petschek, and Robert A. Pelcovits. "Modulated phases in thin ferroelectric liquid-crystal films." Physical Review Letters 60, no. 18 (May 2, 1988): 1864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.60.1864.

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41

Palacio-Betancur, Viviana, Julio C. Armas-Pérez, Stiven Villada-Gil, Nicholas L. Abbott, Juan P. Hernández-Ortiz, and Juan J. de Pablo. "Cuboidal liquid crystal phases under multiaxial geometrical frustration." Soft Matter 16, no. 4 (2020): 870–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm02021g.

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42

Dong, Ronald Y. "Nuclear spin relaxation in biaxial liquid crystal phases." Liquid Crystals 16, no. 6 (June 1994): 1101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678299408027879.

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43

Hatano, Jun, Masato Harazaki, Mihoko Sato, and Kin'ichi Iwauchi. "Ferrielectric sub-phases in antiferroelectric liquid crystal, MHPOBC." Ferroelectrics 156, no. 1 (June 1994): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199408215947.

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Matsuyama, Akihiko. "Biaxial nematic phases in rod/liquid crystal mixtures." Liquid Crystals 38, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2011.570795.

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45

Taylor, M. P., and J. Herzfeld. "Liquid-crystal phases of self-assembled molecular aggregates." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 5, no. 17 (April 26, 1993): 2651–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/5/17/002.

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46

Kuball, H. G., and G. Heppke. "From Chiral Molecules to Chiral Liquid Crystal Phases." Liquid Crystals Today 5, no. 1 (April 1995): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13583149508047583.

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47

Galerne, Yves. "The commensurate and incommensurate TGBC^* liquid crystal phases." European Physical Journal E 3, no. 4 (December 2000): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101890070006.

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48

Moryson, Hanka, Danuta Bauman, Wojciech Hilczer, and Stanislaw Hoffmann. "Molecular Orientation in Uniaxial Liquid Crystal Phases as Studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 54, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1999-0505.

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Abstract The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of 3/ß-doxyl-5α-cholestane dissolved in five liquid crystals have been recorded as a function of temperature in the isotropic and mesogenic phases. From these spectra the order parameter (P2) has been determined. The results have been com-pared with the data obtained from the optical birefringence measurements and from the polarized absorption spectra of the dichroic dye dissolved in liquid crystal host.
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Huang, Yuan Ming, Qing Lan Ma, and Bao Gai Zhai. "Effects of Cyclic Heating and Cooling on the Banana-Phase Growing Behaviors of Banana-Shaped Liquid Crystal 1,3-Phenylene-bis[4-(4-octyl phenylimino)methyl]benzoate." Key Engineering Materials 428-429 (January 2010): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.428-429.322.

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The effects of cyclic heating and cooling on the banana-phase growth behaviors of the prototype banana-shaped liquid crystal 1,3-phenylene-bis[4-(4-octylphenylimino)methyl]benzoate were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy, respectively. Cyclic heating and cooling can reduce the phase transition temperatures and increase the domain sizes of the banana phases of the banana-shaped liquid crystal. These results can be interpreted in terms of the nucleation and growth of the banana phases out of its isotropic phase of the banana-shaped liquid crystal.
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Hu, Yi, Kuan-Yi Wu, Tiantian Zhu, Peng Shen, Yi Zhou, Xiaohong Li, Chien-Lung Wang, Yingfeng Tu, and Christopher Y. Li. "Unique Supramolecular Liquid-Crystal Phases with Different Two-Dimensional Crystal Layers." Angewandte Chemie 130, no. 41 (September 13, 2018): 13642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201805717.

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