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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Liquid crystals and surfactant

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Academic literature on the topic 'Liquid crystals and surfactant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Liquid crystals and surfactant"

1

HONCIUC, MARIA, C. BORLESCU, and CARMEN POPA. "NEW LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS BASED ON SURFACTANTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 23 (September 10, 2002): 3545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202012104.

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We presented here the phase diagrams and the influence of the external electric field on the lyotropic liquid crystal phase (LLC) for some binary and pseudoternary systems based on surfactants. Binary systems are of the type surfactant/water (S/W) and the pseudoternary systems are of the type surfactant/oil/water (S/O/W). Two surfactants have been used: the lauryl alcohol ethoxilated with 11 molecules of ethylene oxide (LA11EO), which is a nonionic compound, and a mixture of LA11EO with the cationic surfactant named alkyl C 12– C 14-dimethyl-benzyl ammonium chloride. Based on these two types of surfactants, pseudoternary systems were prepared. Pine oil has been used as the oil. The region where the LLC phase appears depends on the concentration of the surfactant and that of the pine oil, respectively. It is strongly influenced by the nature of the surfactant and by the presence of the pine oil for the same type of surfactant. The influence of the external electric field, investigated by measuring the electric current appearing in the samples for different concentrations of surfactant and pine oil was found to be more important in the case of the systems based on the nonionic-cationic mixture of surfactants. The results are discussed in terms of a theoretical model based on the local thermal equilibrium approach for systems running nonstatic processes.

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Seddon, J. M. "Surfactant liquid crystals." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 6, no. 3 (June 2001): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(01)00097-8.

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DUTTON, HELEN, FLOR SIPERSTEIN, and GORDON TIDDY. "PRODUCT FORMULATION WITH SURFACTANT NANOSTRUCTURES: LIQUID CRYSTALS, SOFT SOAP AND A PIECE OF CAKE." COSMOS 07, no. 01 (June 2011): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607711000687.

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Surfactants self-associate in aqueous solutions to form micelles. Less well-known is that they form a wide range of liquid crystals — through self-association. These liquid crystals often occur in consumer products where they play an essential role in product stability and function. Some products are marketed in a liquid crystalline state although they are not recognized by the consumer (or, on occasion, by the manufacturer). This review describes the formation of micelles and the various liquid crystalline phases. These include lamellar, hexagonal, cubic and gel phases which have different long range structures but are based on micelles. The key factors linking surfactant molecular structure to liquid crystal architecture have been elucidated. These are the sizes of the surfactant hydrophobic tail(s) and head groups, together with the head group charge and the presence of any additives. Examples of liquid crystals in emulsion stabilization, household cleaners, conditioners, detergent liquid and some food are described.

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Huang, Xiangrong, Zhicheng Ye, Yazhuo Shang, Yifan He, Hong Meng, Yinmao Dong, Zhaohui Qu, Youting Liu, Shouhong Xu, and Honglai Liu. "Effect of Single/Mixed Surfactant Systems on Orientations of Liquid Crystals and Interaction of Proteins with Surfactants at Fluid Interfaces." Australian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 8 (2021): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch21063.

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A series of single surfactant systems, i.e, quaternary ammonium-based gemini surfactants with different spacers and alkyl chain lengths (m-n-m; m=12, n=2, 3, 4, 6; n=3, m=12, 14, 16), halogen-free surface-active ionic liquid (HF-SAILs) with different symmetries ([Cnmim][C12H25SO4]; n=6, 8, 10, 12), and single-chain cationic surfactants including 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C12mim]Br) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), along with certain combinations of different surfactants (12-3-12/[C12mim]Br and 12-3-12/DTAB) were applied to an aqueous/liquid crystal interface (ALI). All the surfactants could induce an orientational transition of liquid crystals (LCs) from a planar to homeotropic state, which caused a bright-to-dark optical shift. It was proved that double-chain surfactants and the mixed surfactants inclined to adsorb at the ALI triggering the orientational transition. Inspiringly, a quicker and more sensitive dark-to-bright optical response was observed for mixed surfactant system-decorated interfaces in contact with proteins (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme, and trypsin) as opposed to the single surfactant systems. The ALI decorated by the 12-3-12/[C12mim]Br system was particularly efficient and exhibited the most sensitive optical response for BSA (0.01ngmL−1). The order parameters (SCD) of surfactants tails at the interface and the free energy of proteins with 12-3-12 and [C12mim]Br were calculated, respectively. The results explain that the 12-3-12/[C12mim]Br-laden ALI shows a quicker and more sensitive optical response for BSA. This work inspired us to study mixed surfactant systems-decorated LC interfaces and further provides new insights for different chemical and biological applications.

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Yadav, Ramesh, K. Chandramani Singh, S. R. Choudhary, and P. C. Jain. "Location of Phase Boundaries of Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Employing Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy and Electrical Conductivity Measurement." Materials Science Forum 733 (November 2012): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.733.127.

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Different compositions of surfactant systems give rise to a rich variety of structures of aggregates. At higher concentrations of surfactant in water, the surfactant molecules aggregate to form lyotropic liquid crystals [1]. In the present work we have prepared two surfactant systems consisting of (i) 20% of cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (CTAB) in water, and (ii) 30% of tetra-decyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (TTAB) in water. Both the systems exhibit various lyotropic liquid crystal structures when an increasing amount of co-surfactant is added as third component [2, 3]. These liquid crystalline structures are very sensitive to the solution conditions such as co-surfactant concentration, temperature, ionic strength, counter ion polarizability etc. In this study, positron life time spectroscopy and conductivity measurement have been employed to locate various phases exhibited by the lyotropic liquid crystals. In addition to delineating various phase boundaries of the systems, positron annihilation technique has also yielded new findings.

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Firouzi, A., F. Atef, A. G. Oertli, G. D. Stucky, and B. F. Chmelka. "Alkaline Lyotropic Silicate−Surfactant Liquid Crystals." Journal of the American Chemical Society 119, no. 15 (April 1997): 3596–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja963007i.

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Kim, Namil, Dae-Yoon Kim, Minwook Park, Yu-Jin Choi, Soeun Kim, Seung Hee Lee, and Kwang-Un Jeong. "Optically isotropic liquid crystal media formulated by doping star-shaped cyclic oligosiloxane liquid crystal surfactants in twin nematic liquid crystals." Soft Matter 11, no. 19 (2015): 3772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00005j.

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Spicer, Patrick T., and Richard W. Hartel. "Crystal Comets: Dewetting During Emulsion Droplet Crystallization." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 9 (2005): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch05119.

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Liquid oil emulsion droplets can violently dewet their own solid crystals during crystallization as a result of surfactant adsorption. The crystal shape formed is a function of the relative rates of dewetting and crystallization as controlled by surfactant adsorption, cooling rate, and lipid purity. For negligible dewetting rates, crystals nucleate and grow within the droplet. At similar crystallization and dewetting rates, the droplet is propelled around the continuous phase on a crystalline ‘comet tail’ much larger than the original droplet. Rapid dewetting causes the ejection of small discrete crystals across the droplet’s oil–water interface.

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Abeyrathne, ARNM, ADLC Perera, and DN Karunaratne. "Surfactant behaviour of five carbohydrate liquid crystals." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 41, no. 3 (September 15, 2013): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v41i3.6055.

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Zakri, Cécile, Christophe Blanc, Eric Grelet, Camilo Zamora-Ledezma, Nicolas Puech, Eric Anglaret, and Philippe Poulin. "Liquid crystals of carbon nanotubes and graphene." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1988 (April 13, 2013): 20120499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0499.

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Liquid crystal ordering is an opportunity to develop novel materials and applications with spontaneously aligned nanotubes or graphene particles. Nevertheless, achieving high orientational order parameter and large monodomains remains a challenge. In addition, our restricted knowledge of the structure of the currently available materials is a limitation for fundamental studies and future applications. This paper presents recent methodologies that have been developed to achieve large monodomains of nematic liquid crystals. These allow quantification and increase of their order parameters. Nematic ordering provides an efficient way to prepare conductive films that exhibit anisotropic properties. In particular, it is shown how the electrical conductivity anisotropy increases with the order parameter of the nematic liquid crystal. The order parameter can be tuned by controlling the length and entanglement of the nanotubes. In the second part of the paper, recent results on graphene liquid crystals are reported. The possibility to obtain water-based liquid crystals stabilized by surfactant molecules is demonstrated. Structural and thermodynamic characterizations provide indirect but statistical information on the dimensions of the graphene flakes. From a general point of view, this work presents experimental approaches to optimize the use of nanocarbons as liquid crystals and provides new methodologies for the still challenging characterization of such materials.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liquid crystals and surfactant"

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Bleasdale, Thomas Anthony. "Surfactant liquid crystals in a range of polar solvents." Thesis, University of Salford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334033.

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Braganza, Clinton Ignatuis. "High Dielectric Constant Materials Containing Liquid Crystals." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1248065159.

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Crooks, Esther Rose. "Structure and photophysics of aqueous surfactant Câ†6â†0 phases." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245558.

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Patel, Neha Mehul. "Electrooptic Studies of Liquid Crystalline Phases and Magnetically Levitated Liquid Bridges." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1080932723.

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Brockbank, Sharon. "Surfactant stabilised gas microcells." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/1855f690-b30d-408f-81b4-e35bcbab6b63.

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Walsh, John Michael. "The relationship between surfactant architecture and liquid crystal formation." Thesis, University of Salford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419305.

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Buchanan, Paul George. "The synthesis and characterisation of novel long-chain dimethyl siloxane surfactants." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1994. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19403/.

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A basic introduction to liquid crystals and surfactants has been given, along with a description of the main techniques employed in the study of liquid crystals (in particular optical polarising microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction studies). Conventional surfactants comprise a polar head group and a hydrophobic, hydrocarbon chain ie. they are amphiphilic. Because long chains have high melting points the length of the alkyl chain in these compounds is limited to < ca C[18], as long chain surfactants are usually insoluble. Therefore, in this project the alkyl group has been replaced by a long, hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane chain. Polydimethylsiloxanes are low melting materials (glass transition at ca -120°C) with very flexible chains, hence surfactants based on them might be readily soluble in water. This project involves chemical attachment of amphiphilic mesogens to alpha-SiH terminated siloxanes of varying lengths and the examination of their surfactant properties. The following type of structure was successfully synthesised: CH[3]CH[2]CH[2]CH[2](Si (CH[3]) [2]O)n Si(CH[3])[2] - m where n = integer; m = amphiphilic mesogen. The amphiphilic head groups of these novel surfactants contained the salts of either a mono-, or a dicarboxylic acid. After the synthesis of these surfactants, the liquid crystal and micelle properties of the sodium and calcium salts, were investigated utilising a number of physical techniques eg. optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, some work on synergism has been described. When different types of surfactants are purposely mixed, what is sought is synergism, the condition when the properties of the mixture are better than those attainable with the individual components by themselves.

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Coleman, Nicholas Richard Boldero. "Direct liquid crystal templating of mesoporous silica and platinum." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302011.

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Yang, Yu. "Syntheses, photophysics and photochemistry of surfactant rhennium (I) complexes, potential applications as functional materials for second-harmonic generation, photoswitching and liquid crystals /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22055083.

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Mirkin, Roy John. "The phase behaviour of polyoxyethylene, surfactants, phospholipids, and their mixtures." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332777.

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Books on the topic "Liquid crystals and surfactant"

1

Bleasdale, Thomas Anthony. Surfactant liquid crystals in a range of polar solvents. Salford: University of Salford, 1992.

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2

Kaplan, Susan. Liquid crystals. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1990.

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3

Stegemeyer, Horst, and Heinz Behret, eds. Liquid Crystals. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08393-2.

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4

Chandrasekhar, S. Liquid crystals. 2nd ed. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

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Tschierske, Carsten, ed. Liquid Crystals. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27591-3.

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Paul, Bidyut K., and Satya P. Moulik, eds. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactant Science. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118854501.

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7

NATO, Advanced Research Workshop on Incommensurate Crystals Liquid Crystals and Quasi-Crystals (1986 Boulder Colo ). Incommensurate crystals, liquid crystals, and quasi-crystals. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.

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Scott, J. F. Incommensurate Crystals, Liquid Crystals, and Quasi-Crystals. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988.

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Scott, J. F., and N. A. Clark, eds. Incommensurate Crystals, Liquid Crystals, and Quasi-Crystals. New York, NY: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0184-5.

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10

David, Dunmur, ed. Liquid crystals: Fundamentals. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Liquid crystals and surfactant"

1

Bleasdale, T. A., and G. J. T. Tiddy. "Surfactant Liquid Crystals." In The Structure, Dynamics and Equilibrium Properties of Colloidal Systems, 397–414. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3746-1_27.

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Shin, Sung T., Satyendra Kumar, M. J. Greenhill-Hooper, G. Platz, C. Thunig, H. Hoffmann, J. Sjöblom, et al. "Surfactant Liquid Crystals: Phase Diagrams and Phase Behavior." In Surfactants in Solution, 545–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3836-3_43.

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Rey, Alejandro D., and E. E. Herrera-Valencia. "Rheological Theory and Simulation of Surfactant Nematic Liquid Crystals." In Self-Assembled Supramolecular Architectures, 21–77. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118336632.ch2.

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Romsted, Laurence S., E. Perez-Benito, E. Rodenas, Alka Shukla, Shyam S. Shukla, S. S. Katiyar, Ajay Kumar, et al. "Reactions in Micelles, Monolayers, and Liquid Crystals." In Surfactants in Solution, 575–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3836-3_46.

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Muñoz, J., C. Gallegos, and A. Santamaria. "Vicoelastic Properties of a Hexagonal Surfactant Liquid Crystal." In Third European Rheology Conference and Golden Jubilee Meeting of the British Society of Rheology, 371–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0781-2_128.

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Muñoz, J., M. C. Alfaro, and A. F. Guerrero. "Relaxation and Retardation Spectra of Lamellar Liquid Crystals in a Toluene/Nonionic Surfactant/Water System." In Progress and Trends in Rheology V, 533–34. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51062-5_259.

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Knock, Mona Marie, and Laurie S. Sanii. "Effect of Hydrophobization of Gold QCM-D Crystals on Surfactant Adsorption at the Solid-Liquid Interface." In ACS Symposium Series, 175–92. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2011-1070.ch011.

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de Oliveira, Mário J. "Liquid Crystals." In Equilibrium Thermodynamics, 317–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36549-2_17.

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Chang, Ning-Hui, Megumi Kinoshita, and Yasushi Nishihara. "Liquid Crystals." In Lecture Notes in Chemistry, 111–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32368-3_5.

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Selinger, Jonathan V. "Liquid Crystals." In Introduction to the Theory of Soft Matter, 131–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21054-4_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Liquid crystals and surfactant"

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Residori, Stefania, and Artyom Petrosyan. "Surfactant-controlled light-induced reorientation in dye-doped nematic liquid crystals." In Photonics Europe, edited by Paul L. Heremans, Michele Muccini, and Hans Hofstraat. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.545501.

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Yang, Jiang, Baoshan Guan, Guanke Yang, Junbin Chen, Yongjun Lu, Xiaohui Qiu, Zhen Yang, and Weixiang Cui. "Effect of Liquid Crystal on Gel Formation Rate of Viscoelastic Surfactant for Hydraulic Fracturing." In SPE Western Regional & AAPG Pacific Section Meeting 2013 Joint Technical Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/165367-ms.

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Jo, Hye Ran, Jun Yamamoto, Jan Lagerwall, and Giusy Scalia. "Effects of carbon nanotubes on a very low surfactant concentration lyotropic liquid crystal host." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Liang-Chy Chien, Antonio M. Figueiredo Neto, Kristiaan Neyts, and Masanori Ozaki. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2049189.

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Phuoc, Tran X., Yee Soong, and Minking K. Chyu. "Nanofluid Generation Using Multi-Beam Laser Ablation Technique." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52357.

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Multi-beam laser ablation in liquid was used to synthesize nanofluids of silver, Zinc, and aluminum in liquids. In our experiments, two single-mode, Q-switched Nd-Yag lasers operating at 1064 nm, pulse duration of 5.5 ns and 10 Hz rep rate were used. Our results have shown that both laser intensities and multi-beam ablation can increase the ablation rate and promote reduction of the particle sizes and particle size distribution. For silver, we have generated various samples of nanofluids with particles of sizes mainly in the range of 20 to 30 nm. These samples were stable for several months without the need of using dispersants or surfactants. However, for aluminum, the generated fluids were not stable and significant amount of solid precipitates were observed in the stock solutions. The size distribution was from about 5 nm to 300 nm indicating that the particle agglomerated and large distribution in sizes. Typical results from TEM analysis indicated that, for silver-water nanofluids, Ag nanoparticles were fcc single crystals. For aluminum, the particles had different shapes and sizes. These shapes were triangular, rectangular, and fibrous.

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Abou Zied, Osama K., Rauzah Hashim, and B. A. Timimi. "Amphitropic liquid crystal phases from polyhydroxy sugar surfactants: Fundamental studies." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Wolfgang J. Parak, Marek Osinski, and Xing-Jie Liang. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2083676.

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Praefcke, Klaus, D. Blunk, and A. Eckert. "Helical-chiral triphenylene liquid crystals." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Marzena Tykarska, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301248.

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Zienkiewicz, J., and Zbigniew Galewski. "Liquid crystalline properties of 4-hexyl-4'-alkoxyazobenzenes and 4-heptyl-4'-alkoxyazobenzenes." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Marzena Tykarska, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301249.

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Fujita, A., Kazutoshi Miyazawa, S. Matsui, Yasuyuki Gotoh, H. Takeuchi, and E. Nakagawa. "Series of LC compound containing polar conjugated terminal groups." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Marzena Tykarska, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301250.

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Douglass, Andrew G., Michelle Mierzwa, and Piotr Kaszynski. "Liquid crystals containing p-carborane." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Marzena Tykarska, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301251.

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Akopova, Olga, Anatoly Alexandrov, Tamara Pashkova, Lubov Kotovicz, Alexandr Kurnosov, and Adam Krowczynski. "Synthesis and mesophase studies of crown ether derivatives." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Marzena Tykarska, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301252.

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Reports on the topic "Liquid crystals and surfactant"

1

Abruna, Hector D. Electrochemistry in Liquid Crystals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada191554.

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Schmidt, V. H., and G. F. Tuthill. Electroactive polymers and liquid crystals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5234969.

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Percec, V. From Molecular to Macromolecular Liquid Crystals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada293170.

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Rosenblatt, Charles S. Nanoscopic Manipulation and Imaging of Liquid Crystals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1117505.

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Wiederrecht, G. P., and M. R. Wasielewski. Photorefractivity in polymer-stabilized nematic liquid crystals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656737.

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Hsiao, Vincent K., and Chih-Chien Chu. Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals: Fundamental Study and Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada582614.

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Wu, Shin-Tson. High Performance Liquid Crystals for Laser Communications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388296.

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Abbott, Nicholas L. Passive Sensor Materials Based on Liquid Crystals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada544761.

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Meyer, R. B. Interaction of Liquid Crystals with Inhomogeneous Surfaces. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada151557.

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Jacobs, Stephen, and Juergen Pohlmann. Optoelectronic Workshops 4: Liquid Crystals for Laser Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada202526.

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