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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid crystals and surfactant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

HONCIUC, MARIA, C. BORLESCU, and CARMEN POPA. "NEW LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALS BASED ON SURFACTANTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 23 (September 10, 2002): 3545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202012104.

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We presented here the phase diagrams and the influence of the external electric field on the lyotropic liquid crystal phase (LLC) for some binary and pseudoternary systems based on surfactants. Binary systems are of the type surfactant/water (S/W) and the pseudoternary systems are of the type surfactant/oil/water (S/O/W). Two surfactants have been used: the lauryl alcohol ethoxilated with 11 molecules of ethylene oxide (LA11EO), which is a nonionic compound, and a mixture of LA11EO with the cationic surfactant named alkyl C 12– C 14-dimethyl-benzyl ammonium chloride. Based on these two types of surfactants, pseudoternary systems were prepared. Pine oil has been used as the oil. The region where the LLC phase appears depends on the concentration of the surfactant and that of the pine oil, respectively. It is strongly influenced by the nature of the surfactant and by the presence of the pine oil for the same type of surfactant. The influence of the external electric field, investigated by measuring the electric current appearing in the samples for different concentrations of surfactant and pine oil was found to be more important in the case of the systems based on the nonionic-cationic mixture of surfactants. The results are discussed in terms of a theoretical model based on the local thermal equilibrium approach for systems running nonstatic processes.

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2

Seddon, J. M. "Surfactant liquid crystals." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 6, no. 3 (June 2001): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(01)00097-8.

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3

DUTTON, HELEN, FLOR SIPERSTEIN, and GORDON TIDDY. "PRODUCT FORMULATION WITH SURFACTANT NANOSTRUCTURES: LIQUID CRYSTALS, SOFT SOAP AND A PIECE OF CAKE." COSMOS 07, no. 01 (June 2011): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607711000687.

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Surfactants self-associate in aqueous solutions to form micelles. Less well-known is that they form a wide range of liquid crystals — through self-association. These liquid crystals often occur in consumer products where they play an essential role in product stability and function. Some products are marketed in a liquid crystalline state although they are not recognized by the consumer (or, on occasion, by the manufacturer). This review describes the formation of micelles and the various liquid crystalline phases. These include lamellar, hexagonal, cubic and gel phases which have different long range structures but are based on micelles. The key factors linking surfactant molecular structure to liquid crystal architecture have been elucidated. These are the sizes of the surfactant hydrophobic tail(s) and head groups, together with the head group charge and the presence of any additives. Examples of liquid crystals in emulsion stabilization, household cleaners, conditioners, detergent liquid and some food are described.

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4

Huang, Xiangrong, Zhicheng Ye, Yazhuo Shang, Yifan He, Hong Meng, Yinmao Dong, Zhaohui Qu, Youting Liu, Shouhong Xu, and Honglai Liu. "Effect of Single/Mixed Surfactant Systems on Orientations of Liquid Crystals and Interaction of Proteins with Surfactants at Fluid Interfaces." Australian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 8 (2021): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch21063.

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A series of single surfactant systems, i.e, quaternary ammonium-based gemini surfactants with different spacers and alkyl chain lengths (m-n-m; m=12, n=2, 3, 4, 6; n=3, m=12, 14, 16), halogen-free surface-active ionic liquid (HF-SAILs) with different symmetries ([Cnmim][C12H25SO4]; n=6, 8, 10, 12), and single-chain cationic surfactants including 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C12mim]Br) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), along with certain combinations of different surfactants (12-3-12/[C12mim]Br and 12-3-12/DTAB) were applied to an aqueous/liquid crystal interface (ALI). All the surfactants could induce an orientational transition of liquid crystals (LCs) from a planar to homeotropic state, which caused a bright-to-dark optical shift. It was proved that double-chain surfactants and the mixed surfactants inclined to adsorb at the ALI triggering the orientational transition. Inspiringly, a quicker and more sensitive dark-to-bright optical response was observed for mixed surfactant system-decorated interfaces in contact with proteins (such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme, and trypsin) as opposed to the single surfactant systems. The ALI decorated by the 12-3-12/[C12mim]Br system was particularly efficient and exhibited the most sensitive optical response for BSA (0.01ngmL−1). The order parameters (SCD) of surfactants tails at the interface and the free energy of proteins with 12-3-12 and [C12mim]Br were calculated, respectively. The results explain that the 12-3-12/[C12mim]Br-laden ALI shows a quicker and more sensitive optical response for BSA. This work inspired us to study mixed surfactant systems-decorated LC interfaces and further provides new insights for different chemical and biological applications.

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5

Yadav, Ramesh, K. Chandramani Singh, S. R. Choudhary, and P. C. Jain. "Location of Phase Boundaries of Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Employing Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy and Electrical Conductivity Measurement." Materials Science Forum 733 (November 2012): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.733.127.

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Different compositions of surfactant systems give rise to a rich variety of structures of aggregates. At higher concentrations of surfactant in water, the surfactant molecules aggregate to form lyotropic liquid crystals [1]. In the present work we have prepared two surfactant systems consisting of (i) 20% of cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (CTAB) in water, and (ii) 30% of tetra-decyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (TTAB) in water. Both the systems exhibit various lyotropic liquid crystal structures when an increasing amount of co-surfactant is added as third component [2, 3]. These liquid crystalline structures are very sensitive to the solution conditions such as co-surfactant concentration, temperature, ionic strength, counter ion polarizability etc. In this study, positron life time spectroscopy and conductivity measurement have been employed to locate various phases exhibited by the lyotropic liquid crystals. In addition to delineating various phase boundaries of the systems, positron annihilation technique has also yielded new findings.

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6

Firouzi, A., F. Atef, A. G. Oertli, G. D. Stucky, and B. F. Chmelka. "Alkaline Lyotropic Silicate−Surfactant Liquid Crystals." Journal of the American Chemical Society 119, no. 15 (April 1997): 3596–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja963007i.

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7

Kim, Namil, Dae-Yoon Kim, Minwook Park, Yu-Jin Choi, Soeun Kim, Seung Hee Lee, and Kwang-Un Jeong. "Optically isotropic liquid crystal media formulated by doping star-shaped cyclic oligosiloxane liquid crystal surfactants in twin nematic liquid crystals." Soft Matter 11, no. 19 (2015): 3772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00005j.

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8

Spicer, Patrick T., and Richard W. Hartel. "Crystal Comets: Dewetting During Emulsion Droplet Crystallization." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 9 (2005): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch05119.

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Liquid oil emulsion droplets can violently dewet their own solid crystals during crystallization as a result of surfactant adsorption. The crystal shape formed is a function of the relative rates of dewetting and crystallization as controlled by surfactant adsorption, cooling rate, and lipid purity. For negligible dewetting rates, crystals nucleate and grow within the droplet. At similar crystallization and dewetting rates, the droplet is propelled around the continuous phase on a crystalline ‘comet tail’ much larger than the original droplet. Rapid dewetting causes the ejection of small discrete crystals across the droplet’s oil–water interface.

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9

Abeyrathne, ARNM, ADLC Perera, and DN Karunaratne. "Surfactant behaviour of five carbohydrate liquid crystals." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 41, no. 3 (September 15, 2013): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v41i3.6055.

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10

Zakri, Cécile, Christophe Blanc, Eric Grelet, Camilo Zamora-Ledezma, Nicolas Puech, Eric Anglaret, and Philippe Poulin. "Liquid crystals of carbon nanotubes and graphene." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1988 (April 13, 2013): 20120499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0499.

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Liquid crystal ordering is an opportunity to develop novel materials and applications with spontaneously aligned nanotubes or graphene particles. Nevertheless, achieving high orientational order parameter and large monodomains remains a challenge. In addition, our restricted knowledge of the structure of the currently available materials is a limitation for fundamental studies and future applications. This paper presents recent methodologies that have been developed to achieve large monodomains of nematic liquid crystals. These allow quantification and increase of their order parameters. Nematic ordering provides an efficient way to prepare conductive films that exhibit anisotropic properties. In particular, it is shown how the electrical conductivity anisotropy increases with the order parameter of the nematic liquid crystal. The order parameter can be tuned by controlling the length and entanglement of the nanotubes. In the second part of the paper, recent results on graphene liquid crystals are reported. The possibility to obtain water-based liquid crystals stabilized by surfactant molecules is demonstrated. Structural and thermodynamic characterizations provide indirect but statistical information on the dimensions of the graphene flakes. From a general point of view, this work presents experimental approaches to optimize the use of nanocarbons as liquid crystals and provides new methodologies for the still challenging characterization of such materials.

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11

Dutt, Sunil, Prem Felix Siril, and Samy Remita. "Swollen liquid crystals (SLCs): a versatile template for the synthesis of nano structured materials." RSC Advances 7, no. 10 (2017): 5733–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra26390a.

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12

Schulz, P. C., J. E. Puig, G. Barreiro, and L. A. Torres. "Thermal transitions in surfactant-based lyotropic liquid crystals." Thermochimica Acta 231 (January 1994): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(94)80027-8.

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13

Braganza, L. F., M. Dubois, and J. Tabony. "Stabilization of lamellar oil–water liquid crystals by surfactant/ co-surfactant monolayers." Nature 338, no. 6214 (March 1989): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/338403a0.

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14

Mahajan, Jyotsna T., Nayan Gujarathi, Anil Jadhav, Vasim Pathan, and Lakshmikant Borse. "LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE SYSTEM FOR EFFECTIVE TOPICAL DELIVERY OF TOLNAFTATE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 6, no. 3 (July 20, 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v6i3.349.

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The present investigation deals with the formulation, optimization and evaluation of liquid crystalline cream of Tolnaftate. Brij-78 used as a surfactant, Cetostearyl alcohol was used as a co-surfactant and Silicon oil as a oil phase. Liquid crystalline cream system, has a potential for efficient delivery of Tolnaftate (1%), as topical dermal drug delivery system. The liquid crystalline system enhance the diffusion of water insoluble drug Tolnaftate through the skin for effective result. Liquid crystals (LC) are substances that flow like liquids but maintain some of the ordered structure characteristics of crystalline solids. Based on the ways that LCs are generated, they can be classified into two types 1) Thermotropic LCS and 2) Lyotropic LCs. Incorporation of the drug in liquid crystal increased its antimycotic activity against different antifungal microorganisms. Used surfactant enhance the penetration of drug and also improve the solubility of drug. The objective of this study was to increase the diffusion coefficient of drug through the formulation, and also to improve the availability of drug at the site of action. The prepared liquid crystalline cream exhibited the expected, viscosity, drug content, pH, spreadability, in vitro drug release and in vitro antimycotic inhibitory activity. Liquid crystalline cream for tolnaftate was found to be stable cream. It was found to have better in vitrorelease profile characteristics, and in vitro antimycotic activity, it can be concluded that the formulation F5 has better potential of antimicrobial activity and to enhance the diffusion of drug through the cream.

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15

Chen, Qibin, Junyao Yao, Xin Hu, Jincheng Shen, Yujie Sheng, and Honglai Liu. "Monolayer effect of a gemini surfactant with a rigid biphenyl spacer on its self-crystallization at the air/liquid interface." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 3 (April 25, 2015): 728–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715004938.

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A gemini surfactant with a biphenyl spacer can spontaneously generate crystals at the air/solution interface. X-ray crystallography reveals that surfactant molecules exhibit an almost fully extended conformation with interdigitating alkyl chains, together with an approximate co-planarity of two C—C—C planes in two alkyl chains of one gemini molecule, and a prominent dihedral angle between the benzene rings and C—C—C planes of the alkyl chains. Infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy shows that the gemini surfactant was stretched at the air/water interface, with the hydrocarbon chains oriented at a tilt angle of ∼75° with respect to the surface normal. In particular, the biphenyl group is more or less perpendicular to the water surface, and the C—C—C plane of the alkyl chain tends to be parallel to the water surface. Both results point out a remarkable similarity in the molecular conformation between the crystal and the monolayer. Meanwhile, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy results indicate that the crystallization of such gemini surfactants at the interface is contrary to the crystallization behavior in the bulk phase, meaning that the surfactant solution can only form a supersaturated solution as it is cooled, though the crystallization temperature of 296 K is lower than the Krafft temperature (∼303 K). Therefore, our findings indicate that the Gibbs monolayer of the gemini surfactant plays a critical role in its interfacial crystallization. Additionally, multiple weak intermolecular interactions, involving van der Waals interaction, π–π stacking and cationic–π interactions, as well as the hydrophobic effect during the aggregation of the gemini molecule in solution, are responsible for the formation of the interfacial crystal.

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16

Brake, Jeffrey M., Andrew D. Mezera, and Nicholas L. Abbott. "Effect of Surfactant Structure on the Orientation of Liquid Crystals at Aqueous−Liquid Crystal Interfaces†." Langmuir 19, no. 16 (August 2003): 6436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la034132s.

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17

Liu, Li Hua, Ying Bai, Fu Min Wang, and Ning Liu. "Fabrication and Characterizes of TiO₂ Nanomaterials Templated by Lyotropic Liquid Crystal." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.532.

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TiO2 nanomaterials were synthesized in lyotropic liquid crystal formed by nonionic surfactant TritonX-100 and TiOSO4 aqueous solution with NH3•H2O as precipitator. The lyotropic liquid crystals were characterized by means of POM and Low-angle XRD. FT-IR, TGA, XRD, TEM were used to characterize the TiO2 samples. It was found that all the lytropic liquid crystal were in lamellar liquid crysal phase and after casting the micro-structure of the LLC phase, the TiO2 samples were self-assemble to form lamellar, sphere and rod structures. According to the characterization results, possible formation mechanism was proposed.

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18

Cassidy, Marta A., and Gregory G. Warr. "Steric and Counterion Effects on Cationic Surfactant Self-Assembly into Micelles and Liquid Crystals." Australian Journal of Chemistry 56, no. 10 (2003): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch03116.

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The roles of head-group size and counterion association on aggregate morphology in solution and lyotropic phases of cationic surfactants (tetradecyl trimethyl-, tetradecyl triethyl-, and tetradecyl tripropylammonium) are examined, using salicylate as a strongly binding counterion. Larger head groups are found to inhibit the formation of low-curvature structures such as bilayers, and salicylate binding excludes spherical micelles, so that both effects tend to favour locally cylindrical aggregates. Interfacial probes and ion flotation show that the binding of salicylate is reduced by increasing head-group size. In addition, a novel demixing is observed with features similar to lower consolute behaviour of other cationic surfactant systems.

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19

Liu, Huizhong, Ling Wang, Yuanyuan Hu, Ziang Huang, Ying Sun, Shuli Dong, and Jingcheng Hao. "DNA thermotropic liquid crystals controlled by positively charged catanionic bilayer vesicles." Chemical Communications 56, no. 24 (2020): 3484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc00980f.

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20

Ropers, M. H., and M. J. Stébé. "Incorporation of Fluorocarbon in Fluorinated Surfactant Based Liquid Crystals." Langmuir 19, no. 8 (April 2003): 3137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la026243h.

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21

Petrossian, A., and S. Residori. "Surfactant enhanced reorientation in dye-doped nematic liquid crystals." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 60, no. 1 (October 2002): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2002-00321-x.

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22

Casillas, Norberto, Jorge E. Puig, Roberto Olayo, Timothy J. Hart, and Elias I. Franses. "State of water and surfactant in lyotropic liquid crystals." Langmuir 5, no. 2 (March 1989): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00086a017.

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23

Alam, Mohammad Mydul, Dharmesh Varade, and Kenji Aramaki. "Solubilization of triglycerides in liquid crystals of nonionic surfactant." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 325, no. 1 (September 2008): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.05.066.

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24

KULKARNI, SIDDHARTH, and PRACHI THAREJA. "SURFACTANT INDUCED INTERFACIAL ANCHORING TRANSITIONS IN NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTAL DROPLETS ON GLASS SURFACES." Surface Review and Letters 24, no. 04 (August 2, 2016): 1750044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x17500445.

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The interfacial adsorption of surfactants at planar nematic liquid crystal (NLC)–water interface induces an ordering transition from a tilted to perpendicular anchoring with the increase in surfactant concentration at [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the Critical Micelle Concentration of surfactants in water. In this study, we show that depending upon the surfactant structure a tilted to perpendicular NLC anchoring transition is observed at [Formula: see text] in 5CB droplets of size 50–70[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. Micrometer sized 5CB droplets are deposited on glass surfaces using flow coating of 5CB-in-ethanol solutions. When placed on 5CB drop decorated glass surfaces, the aqueous surfactant solutions of aliphatic chain surfactants (SDS, CTAB and CPBr) at [Formula: see text], result in an optical transition to a bright-cross texture attributed to the tilted anchoring of 5CB molecules at 5CB–water interface. At [Formula: see text], perpendicular anchoring of 5CB molecules at 5CB–water interface results in a droplet texture with a hedgehog defect. In contrast, aqueous solutions of SDBS lead to 5CB droplets with a bright-cross texture regardless of the surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase. These results indicate that the orientation of 5CB molecules is independent of the nature of the surfactant headgroup. In addition, 5CB droplet decorated OTS treated glass substrates show a hedgehog texture which disappears completely on exposure to organic vapors with the response time-dependent on the polarity of the vapor molecules.

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25

Shrestha, Lok Kumar, Rekha Goswami Shrestha, Jonathan P. Hill, Tohru Tsuruoka, Qingmin Ji, Toshiyuki Nishimura, and Katsuhiko Ariga. "Surfactant-Triggered Nanoarchitectonics of Fullerene C60 Crystals at a Liquid–Liquid Interface." Langmuir 32, no. 47 (June 15, 2016): 12511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01378.

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26

Ahmadi, Delaram, Najet Mahmoudi, Richard K. Heenan, David J. Barlow, and M. Jayne Lawrence. "The Influence of Co-Surfactants on Lamellar Liquid Crystal Structures Formed in Creams." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090864.

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It is well-established that oil-in-water creams can be stabilised through the formation of lamellar liquid crystal structures in the continuous phase, achieved by adding (emulsifier) mixtures comprising surfactant(s) combined (of necessity) with one or more co-surfactants. There is little molecular-level understanding, however, of how the microstructure of a cream is modulated by changes in co-surfactant and of the ramifications of such changes on cream properties. We investigate here the molecular architectures of oil-free, ternary formulations of water and emulsifiers comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate and one or both of the co-surfactants hexadecanol and octadecanol, using microscopy, small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle neutron scattering. We then deploy these techniques to determine how the structures of the systems change when liquid paraffin oil is added to convert them to creams, and establish how the structure, rheology, and stability of the creams is modified by changing the co-surfactant. The ternary systems and their corresponding creams are shown to contain co-surfactant lamellae that are subtly different and exhibit different thermotropic behaviours. The lamellae within the creams and the layers surrounding their oil droplets are shown to vary with co-surfactant chain length. Those containing a single fatty alcohol co-surfactant are found to contain crystallites, and by comparison with the cream containing both alcohols suffer adverse changes in their rheology and stability.

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27

Tran, Lisa, Hye-Na Kim, Ningwei Li, Shu Yang, Kathleen J. Stebe, Randall D. Kamien, and Martin F. Haase. "Shaping nanoparticle fingerprints at the interface of cholesteric droplets." Science Advances 4, no. 10 (October 2018): eaat8597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat8597.

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The ordering of nanoparticles into predetermined configurations is of importance to the design of advanced technologies. Here, we balance the interfacial energy of nanoparticles against the elastic energy of cholesteric liquid crystals to dynamically shape nanoparticle assemblies at a fluid interface. By adjusting the concentration of surfactant that plays the dual role of tuning the degree of nanoparticle hydrophobicity and altering the molecular anchoring of liquid crystals, we pattern nanoparticles at the interface of cholesteric liquid crystal emulsions. In this system, interfacial assembly is tempered by elastic patterns that arise from the geometric frustration of confined cholesterics. Patterns are tunable by varying both surfactant and chiral dopant concentrations. Adjusting the particle hydrophobicity more finely by regulating the surfactant concentration and solution pH further modifies the rigidity of assemblies, giving rise to surprising assembly dynamics dictated by the underlying elasticity of the cholesteric. Because particle assembly occurs at the interface with the desired structures exposed to the surrounding water solution, we demonstrate that particles can be readily cross-linked and manipulated, forming structures that retain their shape under external perturbations. This study serves as a foundation for better understanding inter-nanoparticle interactions at interfaces by tempering their assembly with elasticity and for creating materials with chemical heterogeneity and linear, periodic structures, essential for optical and energy applications.

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28

Sumer, Zeynep, and Alberto Striolo. "Manipulating molecular order in nematic liquid crystal capillary bridgesviasurfactant adsorption: guiding principles from dissipative particle dynamics simulations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 48 (2018): 30514–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp04492a.

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29

Topgaard, Daniel. "Director orientations in lyotropic liquid crystals: diffusion MRI mapping of the Saupe order tensor." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 12 (2016): 8545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp07251d.

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30

Kameta, Naohiro, and Hidenobu Shiroishi. "Correction: PEG-nanotube liquid crystals as templates for construction of surfactant-free gold nanorods." Chemical Communications 54, no. 65 (2018): 9091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc90347f.

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31

Huang, Zhaohui, Mengjiao Yi, Yihan Liu, Ping Qi, Aixin Song, and Jingcheng Hao. "Magnetic polymerizable surfactants: thermotropic liquid crystal behaviors and construction of nanostructured films." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 38 (2020): 16537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj03029e.

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Two polymerizable surfactants, 3-undecylene-1-vinylimidazolium bromide (C11VIMBr) and 3-dodecyl-1-vinylimidazolium bromide (C12VIMBr), were chosen to prepare magnetic surfactant monomers by introducing Mn2+, Gd3+ and Ho3+.

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32

McDaniel, Jesse G., Sriteja Mantha, and Arun Yethiraj. "Dynamics of Water in Gemini Surfactant-Based Lyotropic Liquid Crystals." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 120, no. 41 (October 11, 2016): 10860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b08087.

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33

Jennings, James, Brian Green, Tyler J. Mann, C. Allan Guymon, and Mahesh K. Mahanthappa. "Nanoporous Polymer Networks Templated by Gemini Surfactant Lyotropic Liquid Crystals." Chemistry of Materials 30, no. 1 (December 22, 2017): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b04183.

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34

Friberg, Stig E., Lingling Ge, and Rong Guo. "Swelling of Water/Nonionic Surfactant Lamellar Liquid Crystals: A Model." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 29, no. 5 (April 2008): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932690701753278.

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35

Makai, Melinda, Erzsébet Csányi, Imre Dékány, Zsolt Németh, and István Erős. "Structural properties of nonionic surfactant/glycerol/paraffin lyotropic liquid crystals." Colloid and Polymer Science 281, no. 9 (March 13, 2003): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-002-0851-4.

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36

Wang, Danping, Lin Feng, Binglei Song, Xiaomei Pei, Zhenggang Cui, and Danhua Xie. "Viscoelastic lyotropic liquid crystals formed in a bio-based trimeric surfactant system." Soft Matter 15, no. 20 (2019): 4208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02594k.

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37

Belyaeva, L. I., A. V. Ostapenko, V. N. Labusowa, and T. I. Sysoeva. "The state of the I crystallization massecuite food system with the cumulative effect of surfactants, sugar decolorant, descaling agent." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 4 (March 21, 2019): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-4-151-155.

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At the present stage for the sugar beet factories of the CIS countries in connection with the entry into the world market, a trend for high quality white sugar production appeared. It is shown that the white sugar quality is largely determined by the state of the food system of the I crystallization massecuite, in the formation of which technological aids for the functional groups of surfactants, sugar decolorants, and descaling agents (descalers) are used. It is noted that between the means applied, joint interactions are possible in the form of antagonism-synergism, which ultimately affect the white sugar quality. In this regard, it is advisable to study the cumulative effect of the means of these functional groups on the change in the state of the nutritional system of the massecuite I. This task was solved using the previously developed methodological approach based on determining of representative indicators of the solid and liquid phases of the massecuite food system — crystal content, heterogeneity coefficient, average crystals size, viscosity, chromaticity, calcium salts content, the optimal values of which indicate the food system steady state, deviations from them - unstable. The experiments scheme included 5 combinations with local and joint ontroduction of Defospum surfactant, E 221 sugar decolorant, Kebo DS descaler. It was revealed that with the combined application of surfactants and sugar decolorant, the food system of the massecuite was characterized by a steady state at the best values of indicators: the color of the liquid phase was 5.8% lower compared to the autonomous use of decolorant, viscosity - 1.6% lower than the autonomous use of surfactants. It was suggested that this is due to the synergistic effect, in the first case - surfactant on the functional effect of the sugar decolorant, in the second - on the contrary, the decolorant on the functional effect of the surfactant. It was shown that the sugar obtained from such a food system corresponded to the white sugar of the TC1 category. Descaler residual quantities migrating into the food system of the massecuite antagonist to the decolorant of sugar and surfactant, makes it unstable

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38

NATARAJAN, L. V., R. L. SUTHERLAND, V. P. TONDIGLIA, T. J. BUNNING, and W. W. ADAMS. "ELECTRO-OPTICAL SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLUME HOLOGRAMS IN POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 05, no. 01 (January 1996): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886359600009x.

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Electrically switchable volume holograms lead to the possiblity of real-time electro-optical control of diffractive optic components. We report here on the development of a novel photopolymer-liquid crystal composite material system for writing in a fast single step, high diffraction efficiency volume holograms, capable of switching in applied electric fields of low voltage. Switching of a first-order Bragg diffracted beam into the zero-order with an applied field of ~10 V/µm was observed. With the addition of a surfactant to our pre-polymer syrup, we observed lowering of the switching fields to ~5 V/µm. We report response times for switching and relaxation in the order of microseconds. Low voltage, high resolution scanning electron microscopy studies show that the Bragg gratings formed consist of periodic polymer dispersed liquid crystal planes. The addition of surfactant leads to formation of very uniform small (20–40 nm) nematic droplets. A simple model based on the shape of the liquid crystal droplets was applied to explain the switching fields and response times.

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39

Chen, Mengjun, Baoyong Liu, Xiaolin Wang, Yanxu Fu, Jingcheng Hao, and Hongguang Li. "Zero-charged catanionic lamellar liquid crystals doped with fullerene C60 for potential applications in tribology." Soft Matter 13, no. 36 (2017): 6250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm00800g.

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Well-ordered lamellar liquid crystals formed using a salt-free zero-charged catanionic surfactant mixture can be used for high loading of fullerene C₆₀, and the hybrid material shows good performance in tribological measurements.

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40

Lockwood, Nathan A., Juan J. de Pablo, and Nicholas L. Abbott. "Influence of Surfactant Tail Branching and Organization on the Orientation of Liquid Crystals at Aqueous−Liquid Crystal Interfaces." Langmuir 21, no. 15 (July 2005): 6805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la050231p.

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41

Pottage, Matthew J., Tamar L. Greaves, Christopher J. Garvey, Stephen T. Mudie, and Rico F. Tabor. "Controlling the characteristics of lamellar liquid crystals using counterion choice, fluorination and temperature." Soft Matter 11, no. 2 (2015): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm02109f.

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42

Kunieda, Hironobu, Kazuyo Ozawa, and Kuo-Lun Huang. "Effect of Oil on the Surfactant Molecular Curvatures in Liquid Crystals." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102, no. 5 (January 1998): 831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9726908.

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43

Bi, Shu-guang, Hai-yan Peng, Yong-gui Liao, Ya-jiang Yang, Bogumil Brycki, and Xiao-lin Xie. "MICROSTRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCES OF PVA DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALS CONTAINING GEMINI SURFACTANT." Acta Polymerica Sinica 012, no. 6 (July 20, 2012): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2012.11317.

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44

Martin, James D., Cristin L. Keary, Todd A. Thornton, Mark P. Novotnak, Jeremey W. Knutson, and Jacob C. W. Folmer. "Metallotropic liquid crystals formed by surfactant templating of molten metal halides." Nature Materials 5, no. 4 (March 19, 2006): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1610.

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45

Residori, Stefania, Grazia Russo, Sandra McConville, and Artyom Petrosyan. "Surfactant Controlled Light Induced Reorientation in Dye-Doped Nematic Liquid Crystals." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 429, no. 1 (May 2005): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400590930791.

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46

Blackmore, Eunice S., and Gordon J. T. Tiddy. "Phase behaviour and lyotropic liquid crystals in cationic surfactant–water systems." J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 84, no. 8 (1988): 1115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/f29888401115.

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47

Steck, Katja, Sonja Dieterich, Cosima Stubenrauch, and Frank Giesselmann. "Surfactant-based lyotropic liquid crystal gels – the interplay between anisotropic order and gel formation." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 16 (2020): 5335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00561d.

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48

Avilés, M. D., C. Sánchez, R. Pamies, J. Sanes, and M. D. Bermúdez. "Ionic Liquid Crystals in Tribology." Lubricants 7, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7090072.

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The present work intends to provide a brief account of the most recent advances in the use of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) in the field of tribology, that is, the development of new lubricants with the ability to reduce the coefficients of friction and the wear rates of materials under sliding conditions. After a definition of ILCs and their relationship with neutral liquid crystals (LCs) and ionic liquids (ILs), the review will be focused on the influence of molecular structure and composition on the tribological performance, the combination with base oils, surfactants or water, and the different sliding configuration and potential applications. The main mechanisms proposed in order to justify the lubricating ability of ILCs will be analyzed. Special emphasis will be made for recent results obtained for fatty acid derivatives due to their renewable and environmentally friendly nature.

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49

Llamas, Sara, Eduardo Guzmán, Francisco Ortega, and Ramón G. Rubio. "Adsorption of Mixtures of a Pegylated Lipid with Anionic and Zwitterionic Surfactants at Solid/Liquid." Colloids and Interfaces 4, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids4040047.

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This work explores the association of a pegylated lipid (DSPE-PEG) with different anionic and zwitterionic surfactants (pseudo-binary and pseudo-ternary polymer+ surfactant mixtures), and the adsorption of the polymer + surfactant aggregates onto negatively charged surfaces, with a surface charge density similar to that existing on the damaged hair epicuticle. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements shows that, in solution, the polymer + surfactant association results from an intricate balance between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, which leads to the formation of at least two different types of micellar-like polymer + surfactant aggregates. The structure and physicochemical properties of such aggregates were found strongly dependent on the specific nature and concentration of the surfactant. The adsorption of the polymer + surfactant aggregates onto negatively charged surface was studied using a set of surface-sensitive techniques (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, ellipsometry and Atomic Force Microscopy), which allows obtaining information about the adsorbed amount, the water content of the layers and the topography of the obtained films. Ion-dipole interactions between the negative charges of the surface and the oxyethylene groups of the polymer + surfactant aggregates appear as the main driving force of the deposition process. This is strongly dependent on the surfactant nature and its concentration, with the impact of the latter on the adsorption being especially critical when anionic surfactant are incorporated within the aggregates. This study opens important perspectives for modulating the deposition of a poorly interacting polymer onto negatively charged surfaces, which can impact in the fabrication on different aspects with technological and industrial interest.

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Sachan, Amit Kumar, and Joseph A. Zasadzinski. "Interfacial curvature effects on the monolayer morphology and dynamics of a clinical lung surfactant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): E134—E143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715830115.

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The morphology of surfactant monolayers is typically studied on the planar surface of a Langmuir trough, even though most physiological interfaces are curved at the micrometer scale. Here, we show that, as the radius of a clinical lung surfactant monolayer-covered bubble decreases to ∼100 µm, the monolayer morphology changes from dispersed circular liquid-condensed (LC) domains in a continuous liquid-expanded (LE) matrix to a continuous LC linear mesh separating discontinuous LE domains. The curvature-associated morphological transition cannot be readily explained by current liquid crystal theories based on isotropic domains. It is likely due to the anisotropic bending energy of the LC phase of the saturated phospholipids that are common to all natural and clinical lung surfactants. This continuous LC linear mesh morphology is also present on bilayer vesicles in solution. Surfactant adsorption and the dilatational modulus are also strongly influenced by the changes in morphology induced by interfacial curvature. The changes in morphology and dynamics may have physiological consequences for lung stability and function as the morphological transition occurs at alveolar dimensions.

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