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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid Embolic Agents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Mason, JR, C. Dodge, and G. Benndorf. "Quantification of tantalum sedimentation rates in liquid embolic agents." Interventional Neuroradiology 24, no. 5 (2018): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019918773443.

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Background Endovascular treatment (EVT) of brain arteriovenous malformations has evolved from cyanoacrylate derivatives such as N-butyl cyanoacrylate, an adhesive glue, to ethylene vinyl copolymer-based liquid embolics such as Onyx® and SQUID® dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Although these agents offer several advantages, their rapidly decreasing radiopacity, as a result of the sedimentation of tantalum powder, compromises visual control during EVT. This study aims to quantify and compare tantalum sedimentation rates of several liquid embolic agents, and determine their effects on radiopacity

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He, Ji’an, Mei Li, Yan Xu, et al. "In vitro characteristics of Epirubicin-loaded thermosensitive liquid embolic agent." Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 19, no. 6 (2023): 1597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_334_23.

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Objective: To investigate the drug loading and release rate of epirubicin-loaded thermosensitive liquid embolic agents in vitro. Materials and Methods: The drug loading and stability of epirubicin-loaded thermosensitive liquid embolic agents with or without iopromide were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the same method was used to determine the drug release rate of thermosensitive liquid embolic agents at different time points. Results: For epirubicin-loaded thermosensitive liquid embolic agents without iopromide, the average drug loading after filtration by membrane

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Pal, Amrita, Jeffrey Blanzy, Karime Jocelyn Rosas Gómez, Mark C. Preul, and Brent L. Vernon. "Liquid Embolic Agents for Endovascular Embolization: A Review." Gels 9, no. 5 (2023): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9050378.

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Endovascular embolization (EE) has been used for the treatment of blood vessel abnormalities, including aneurysms, AVMs, tumors, etc. The aim of this process is to occlude the affected vessel using biocompatible embolic agents. Two types of embolic agents, solid and liquid, are used for endovascular embolization. Liquid embolic agents are usually injectable and delivered into the vascular malformation sites using a catheter guided by X-ray imaging (i.e., angiography). After injection, the liquid embolic agent transforms into a solid implant in situ based on a variety of mechanisms, including p

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Young, Shamar, Alessandro Gasparetto, and Jafar Golzarian. "Liquid Embolics: A Guide to Currently Available and Pipeline Products." Digestive Disease Interventions 06, no. 01 (2021): 013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1740266.

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AbstractOver the last decade, several publications have reported the safety and efficacy of liquid embolics in a wide range of clinical indications. The expansion of clinical scenarios in which liquid embolics are utilized has been in part driven by some of the advantages these materials hold over other embolic agents. For instance, liquid embolics do not rely on the patient's ability to form clot and can be delivered more distally then coils at times. While several liquid embolics are commercially available, and in some cases have been for decades, there are limitations to these materials as

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Ko, Giho, Jin Woo Choi, Nohyun Lee, Dokyoon Kim, Taeghwan Hyeon, and Hyo-Cheol Kim. "Recent progress in liquid embolic agents." Biomaterials 287 (August 2022): 121634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121634.

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Jiang, Yonghe, Yang Zhang, Zhixiang Lu, et al. "Liquid embolic agents for interventional embolization." ChemPhysMater 1, no. 1 (2022): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chphma.2021.09.008.

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Leyon, Joe J., Swarupsinh Chavda, Allan Thomas, and Saleh Lamin. "Preliminary experience with the liquid embolic material agent PHIL (Precipitating Hydrophobic Injectable Liquid) in treating cranial and spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: technical note." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 8, no. 6 (2015): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2015-011684.

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BackgroundLiquid embolic agents are the preferred embolic material in endovascular treatment of pial and brain arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). There is little choice available in interventional neuroradiology practice other than two of the most commonly used liquid embolic agents—n-butyl cyanoacrylate and the Onyx liquid embolic system (ev3 Neurovascular, Irvine, California, USA). PHIL (Precipitating Hydrophobic Injectable Liquid) (Microvention, Inc California, USA) is a new liquid embolic agent, CE marked and available for clinical use in Europe.Objective

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Tiralongo, Francesco, Giulio Distefano, Monica Palermo, et al. "Liquid and Solid Embolic Agents in Gonadal Veins." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8 (2021): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081596.

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Male varicocele and pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) are common pathologies with high predominance in young patients, having a high impact on the quality of life and infertility. Lately, the use of different endovascular embolization techniques, with various embolizing agents, shows good technical results and clinical outcomes. With the aim of presenting the “state of the art” of endovascular techniques for the treatment of male varicocele and PCS, and to discuss the performance of the different embolic agents proposed, we conducted an extensive analysis of the relevant literature and we repor

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Sirakov, Stanimir S., Alexander Sirakov, Krasimir Minkin, et al. "Initial experience with precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid in cerebral arteriovenous malformations." Interventional Neuroradiology 25, no. 1 (2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019918798808.

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Background Precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid is a newly introduced liquid embolic agent for endovascular embolization with some technical advantages over other liquid embolic agents. We present our initial experience with precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid in the endovascular treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Methods From October 2015 to January 2018, 27 patients harboring cerebral arteriovenous malformations underwent endovascular embolization with precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid 25. Clinical features, angiographic results, procedural details, c

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International, Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR). "Advancing Vascular Care: Development of Steerable Microcatheter with Detachable Tip for Liquid Embolization of Vascular Aneurysm: In-vitro Analysis." International Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR) 9, no. 6 (2024): 149–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15449671.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> Ongoing advancements in vascular intervention are fueled by the pursuit of improved patient outcomes and procedural efficiency. This study presents a newly developed steerable microcatheter tailored for the delivery and retrieval of liquid embolic agents in vascular procedures, specifically targeting the obstruction of blood flow to aneurysms. Key to this research is the incorporation of a biocompatible and embolization tip that can be detached from the steerable microcatheter body using thermoplastic sleeves. This research distinguishes itself by utilizing medical-gr

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de Castro-Afonso, Luís Henrique, Felipe Padovani Trivelato, Marco Túlio Rezende, et al. "Transvenous embolization of dural carotid cavernous fistulas: the role of liquid embolic agents in association with coils on patient outcomes." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 10, no. 5 (2017): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013318.

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IntroductionTransvenous embolization is the standard treatment for dural carotid cavernous fistulas (DCCF). Although various embolic materials have been used, the best embolic material for the treatment of DCCF is still unknown.ObjectiveTo assess the safety and efficacy of different embolic materials used for the endovascular treatment of DCCF.MethodsA retrospective data analysis of a consecutive series of 62 patients presenting DCCF was performed. Clinical and radiological data from patients were assessed, and the embolic material used—coils or liquids—were compared between two groups of pati

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Vollherbst, Dominik F., Ruth Otto, Thuy Do, et al. "Imaging artifacts of Onyx and PHIL on conventional CT, cone-beam CT and MRI in an animal model." Interventional Neuroradiology 24, no. 6 (2018): 693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019918782692.

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Background and purpose A frequently reported drawback of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer-based liquid embolic agents is the production of artifacts in diagnostic imaging. New embolic agents, such as Precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid (PHIL; MicroVention, Tustin, CA, USA), are supposed to induce significantly fewer artifacts. The purpose of this study is to assess the degree of artifacts induced by the liquid embolic agents Onyx (Medtronic Neurovascular, Irvine, CA, USA) and PHIL in conventional computed tomography (CT), cone-beam CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an experime

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Ho, Faith LY, and René Chapot. "Removal of distal fragments of liquid embolic agents during arteriovenous malformation embolization using the TIGERTRIEVER 13: a technical report." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 12, no. 8 (2020): 794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015474.

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BackgroundArteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular lesions that may be treated by an endovascular approach using liquid embolic agents but the control of the liquid embolic agent remains poor and a potential complication may be distal migration of embolic material. The TIGERTRIEVER 13 is a new stent retriever designed for stroke thrombectomy and has a version ideal for distal occlusions. We report our experience in the removal of embolic agent which had migrated into the distal vessels using the TIGERTRIEVER during PHIL/Onyx embolization of AVMs.Clinical presentationsThree patients with

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Reig, Adam S., Scott Simon, and Robert A. Mericle. "Embolization of a giant pediatric, posttraumatic, skull base internal carotid artery aneurysm with a liquid embolic agent." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 4, no. 5 (2009): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.6.peds0953.

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Many treatments for posttraumatic, skull base aneurysms have been described. Eight months after an all-terrain-vehicle accident, this 12-year-old girl presented with right-side Horner syndrome caused by a 33 × 19–mm internal carotid artery aneurysm at the C-1 level. We chose to treat the aneurysm with a new liquid embolic agent for wide-necked, side-wall aneurysms (Onyx HD 500). We felt this treatment would result in less morbidity than surgery and was less likely to occlude the parent artery than placement of a covered stent, especially in a smaller artery in a pediatric patient. Liquid embol

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Piacentino, Filippo, Federico Fontana, Marco Curti, et al. "Non-Adhesive Liquid Embolic Agents in Extra-Cranial District: State of the Art and Review of the Literature." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 21 (2021): 4841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214841.

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This review focuses on the use of “new” generation of non-adhesive liquid embolic agents (NALEA). In literature, non-adhesive liquid embolic agents have mainly been used in the cerebral district; however, multiple papers describing the use of NALEA in the extracranial district have been published recently and the aim of this review is to explore and analyze this field of application. There are a few NALEA liquids such as Onyx, Squid, and Phil currently available in the market, and they are used in the following applications: mainly arteriovenous malformations, endoleaks, visceral aneurysm or p

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Comby, Pierre-Olivier, Kévin Guillen, Olivier Chevallier, et al. "Endovascular Use of Cyanoacrylate-Lipiodol Mixture for Peripheral Embolization: Properties, Techniques, Pitfalls, and Applications." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 19 (2021): 4320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194320.

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Endovascular embolization agents are particles and fluids that can be released into the bloodstream through a catheter to mechanically and/or biologically occlude a target vessel, either temporarily or permanently. Vascular embolization agents are available as solids, liquids, and suspensions. Although liquid adhesives (glues) have been used as embolic agents for decades, experience with them for peripheral applications is generally limited. Cyanoacrylates are the main liquid adhesives used for endovascular interventions and have a major role in managing vascular abnormalities, bleeding, and m

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Terada, Tomoaki, Yoshinari Nakamura, Kunio Nakai, et al. "Embolization of arteriovenous malformations with peripheral aneurysms using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer." Journal of Neurosurgery 75, no. 4 (1991): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1991.75.4.0655.

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✓ The authors report three cases of arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) with aneurysms arising from the feeding artery; all were successfully treated with a new nonadhesive liquid embolic material, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL). In two patients the AVM's were totally removed without difficulty, and in one the AVM was managed conservatively after embolization. No new neurological deficits appeared during or after embolization. After road-mapping techniques, EVAL was injected slowly until the feeding artery and aneurysm were completely obliterated. This embolic agent is easy to handle

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Jayaraman, M. V., M. L. Marcellus, S. Hamilton, et al. "Neurologic Complications of Arteriovenous Malformation Embolization Using Liquid Embolic Agents." American Journal of Neuroradiology 29, no. 2 (2008): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a0793.

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Howington, Jay U., Charles W. Kerber, and L. Nelson Hopkins. "Liquid embolic agents in the treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformations." Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 16, no. 2 (2005): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2004.08.013.

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Pop, Raoul, Luc Mertz, Annamaria Ilyes, et al. "Beam hardening artifacts of liquid embolic agents: comparison between Squid and Onyx." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 11, no. 7 (2018): 706–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014542.

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BackgroundInitial clinical experience with Squid shows subjectively reduced artifacts on post-embolization CT scans compared with Onyx. To further investigate these observations, we aimed to perform a comparison of artifacts between Squid and Onyx in a controlled in vitro model.Materials and methodsOnyx 18 and all four variants of Squid (Squid 18, Squid 18 low density (LD), Squid 12, Squid 12 LD) were each injected in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) compatible test tubes. The tubes containing precipitated embolic material were inserted in a CT phantom for conventional and flat panel CT acquisitions.

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Iampreechakul, Prasert, Korrapakc Wangtanaphat, Songpol Chuntaroj, et al. "Spontaneous complete regression of malignant cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula following partial transarterial embolization with liquid embolic material: Report of two cases." Surgical Neurology International 14 (September 1, 2023): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_594_2023.

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Background: Spontaneous complete regression of malignant cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSDAVFs) following partial transarterial embolization is an extremely uncommon phenomenon. The mechanism responsible for this condition remains unclear. Case Description: The authors describe two cases of malignant CSDAVFs (Cognard IIb and V) treated by partial transarterial embolization with liquid embolic agents after unsuccessful transvenous embolization through various routes. Follow-up cerebral angiography in these cases confirmed complete resolution of the fistulas. Conclusion: In our t

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Takao, H., Y. Murayama, T. Saguchi, et al. "Endovascular Treatment of Experimental Cerebral Aneurysms Using Thermoreversible Liquid Embolic Agents." Interventional Neuroradiology 12, no. 1_suppl (2006): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15910199060120s126.

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We have developed a new embolic agent, thermoreversible gelation polymer (TGP). This polymer is unique in that solidification occurs at body temperature. The utility of this new liquid embolic agent for the treatment of large experimental aneurysms was evaluated angiographically. TGP remains liquid at temperatures below the sol-gel transition temperature (TT) and becomes gelatinous above the TT. TGP can also be used to slowly deliver biologically active substances such as growth factors or engineered cells. In this study, TGP was mixed with radiopaque material without solvent. Bilateral common

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Mamalui-Hunter, Maria, Thomas Jiang, Keith M. Rich, Colin P. Derdeyn, and Robert E. Drzymala. "Effect of liquid embolic agents on Gamma Knife surgery dosimetry for arteriovenous malformations." Journal of Neurosurgery 115, no. 2 (2011): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.3.jns10717.

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Object The effectiveness of Gamma Knife stereotactic surgery to obliterate brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may be diminished by the preoperative adjunctive use of endovascular liquid embolic agents. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if commercially available liquid embolic agents reduce the radiation dose to the target because of attenuation of the 60Co beam. Methods The apparent linear attenuation coefficients for 120- to 140-keV radiographs in embolized regions were retrieved from CT scans for several patients with AVMs who had undergone embolization procedur

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Okada, Hideo, Joonho Chung, Daniel M. Heiferman, and Demetrius K. Lopes. "Assessment of human placenta as an ex-vivo vascular model for testing of liquid embolic agent injections with adjunctive techniques." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 10, no. 9 (2017): 892–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013474.

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PurposeThis project sought to test the utility of post-delivery human placenta (HP) as a vascular model for liquid embolic agent (LEA) simulation, along with adjunctive techniques.Materials and methodsTwelve LEA injections were performed under fluoroscopy in HP with two reflux control methods: dual lumen ‘mini’ balloon-catheter (n=9); and injection after proximal nBCA plug formation through a second microcatheter (‘pressure cooker’) (n=3). Measured outcomes included liquid embolic agent (LEA) advancement and reflux. Reflux was categorized into three grades: grade 0=no reflux; grade 1=occlusion

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Shi, Zhong-Song, Jordan Ziegler, Nestor R. Gonzalez, et al. "TRANSARTERIAL EMBOLIZATION OF CLIVAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE USING LIQUID EMBOLIC AGENTS." Neurosurgery 62, no. 2 (2008): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000316007.34259.26.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVFs) rarely involve the clivus. This report examines the clinical presentation, angiographic findings, endovascular management, and outcome of clival DAVFs. Particular attention was given to safety and efficacy of transarterial embolization using liquid embolic agents. METHODS We reviewed the clinical and radiological data of 10 patients with spontaneous clival DAVFs who were treated endovascularly at the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center between 1992 and 2006. RESULTS Nine patients presented with ocular symptoms and one p

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Bhalla, T., A. Spiotta, and F. Hui. "E-029 Balloon-augmented target vessel sacrifice with liquid embolic agents." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 4, Suppl 1 (2012): A58.2—A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010455c.29.

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Molyneux, Andrew J., and Stuart C. Coley. "Embolization of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations with an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Onyx liquid embolic system)." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 93, no. 2 (2000): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2000.93.2.0304.

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✓ In this paper the authors describe the first use of a new liquid embolic agent (Onyx) to treat spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Because its properties make it more predictable to use than currently available liquid agents, the authors believe that this material has great potential in the endovascular management of both spinal cord and brain AVMs. This very promising agent merits further clinical study.

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Shah, Aatman, Omar Choudhri, Henry Jung, and Gordon Li. "Preoperative endovascular embolization of meningiomas: update on therapeutic options." Neurosurgical Focus 38, no. 3 (2015): E7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.focus14728.

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In this review paper the authors analyze new therapeutic options for the embolization of meningiomas, as well as the future of meningioma treatment through recent relevant cohorts and articles. They investigate various embolic materials, types of meningiomas amenable to embolization, imaging techniques, and potential imaging biomarkers that could aid in the delivery of embolic materials. They also analyze perfusion status, complications, and new technical aspects of endovascular preoperative embolization of meningiomas. A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms “meningioma” a

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Cherednichenko, Yu V., L. A. Dzyak, and E. S. Tsurkalenko. "Experience of intracranial arteriovenous malformations endovascular treatment with advanced techniques and non-adhesive liquid embolic agents using." Endovascular Neuroradiology 33, no. 3 (2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26683/2304-9359-2020-3(33)-29-38.

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Objective ‒ to evaluate the possibility of endovascular embolization using non-adhesion of liquid embolic agents as monotherapy for the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM), its reliability and safety.Materials and methods. examination and gradual endovascular treatment of 64 patients (120 sessions) using non-adhesive liquid embolic agents. Patients were divided into two groups: with ruptured AVM (n = 43) and with unruptured (n = 21). In all cases of unruptured AVM, signs indicating an increased risk of rupture of the AVM were verified.Results. the average decrease in volume

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Elsenousi, Abdussalam, Victor A. Aletich, and Ali Alaraj. "Neurological outcomes and cure rates of embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations with n-butyl cyanoacrylate or Onyx: a meta-analysis." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 8, no. 3 (2014): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011427.

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BackgroundIn the past decade, preoperative endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) became an essential tool in the treatment of these entities. With the current expansion of technology and wide incorporation of new devices, the indications for the use of endovascular embolization have expanded to include embolization for cure. This has been facilitated by the wide use of the new liquid embolic agents (ethylene-vinyl alcohol co-polymer (EVOH)) in addition to n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA). The aim of this study was to review the current published literature for th

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Alexander, Michael J., and Marshall E. Tolbert. "Targeting Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations for Minimally Invasive Therapy." Neurosurgery 59, suppl_5 (2006): S3–178—S3–183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000238530.44912.01.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE: Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) embolization has been performed for nearly 40 years to reduce the risk of hemorrhage, to reduce symptomatic arteriovenous shunting, and to pretreat patients for surgical excision or radiosurgery. In some cases, embolization alone may be able to angiographically cure an AVM, although this is a small percentage of all AVMs. METHODS: This report reviews the current limitations of embolic therapy of cerebral AVMs from the standpoint of AVM angioarchitecture and the physical limitations of current embolic materials. In addition, it seeks

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Minici, Roberto, Massimo Venturini, Federico Fontana, et al. "Efficacy and Safety of Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH) Copolymer-Based Non-Adhesive Liquid Embolic Agents (NALEAs) in Transcatheter Arterial Embolization (TAE) of Acute Non-Neurovascular Bleeding: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study." Medicina 59, no. 4 (2023): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040710.

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Background and Objectives: Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is part of the daily practice of most interventional radiologists worldwide. The ideal liquid embolic agent is far from being identified. Non-adhesive liquid embolic agents (NALEA) harden from the outside to the inside, resulting in deep penetration, known as “magma-like” progression, which permits a more distal embolization with good control of the embolic material. This multicenter retrospective cohort study aims to assess the efficacy, feasibility and safety of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with ethylene-vinyl

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Pal, Amrita, Gabriel Zdrale, Michelle Loui, et al. "Development of Dual-Crosslinking N-Isopropylacrylamide-Based Injectable Hydrogel for Transcatheter Embolization in Swine Model." Gels 11, no. 3 (2025): 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11030156.

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For decades, endovascular embolization (EE) has been a common technique for the treatment of several vascular abnormalities where the affected vessel is occluded using biocompatible embolic agents. In this work, we developed a NIPAAm-based temperature responsive, dual-crosslinking biocompatible and non-toxic injectable hydrogel system as a liquid embolic agent for EE. The swelling and mechanical properties of the hydrogel were tuned and optimized for its in vivo application. The in vivo study was carried out with nine swine models, including three animals for exploratory study and six animals

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Kishore, Kislay, and Brian van Adel. "Retrieval of refluxed Onyx cast during a paediatric AVM embolisation." BMJ Case Reports 17, no. 8 (2024): e258422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2023-258422.

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Endovascular embolisation of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) has been greatly facilitated by liquid embolic agents. While advancements in catheter technology and techniques of creating a proximal plug minimise the risk of inadvertent proximal reflux of the embolysate, this remains one of the main complications associated with use of liquid embolics.We report a case of paediatric AVM embolisation which was complicated by parent vessel occlusion due to inadvertent proximal reflux of the embolysate in pericallosal artery. This was safely and effectively rescued using a stent retriever manoeuvre

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Lord, Jasmine, Hugh Britton, Sebastian G. Spain, and Andrew L. Lewis. "Advancements in the development on new liquid embolic agents for use in therapeutic embolisation." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 36 (2020): 8207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb01576h.

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Du, Ling-Ran, Xiao-Jing Lu, Hai-Tao Guan, et al. "Development and evaluation of liquid embolic agents based on liquid crystalline material of glyceryl monooleate." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 471, no. 1-2 (2014): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.036.

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Mohimen, Aneesh, Santhosh Kannath, and Jayadevan Rajan. "The Retrocorporeal Artery: An Alternative Route for Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula." Journal of Clinical Interventional Radiology ISVIR 01, no. 03 (2017): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603823.

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AbstractEndovascular transarterial embolization with liquid embolic agents is the primary modality of treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae. However, adequate distal percolation of the embolic material may not be achieved in all cases due to varying angiographic characteristics, necessitating further surgical treatment. In such situations, the presence of a retrocorporeal branch of the contralateral radicular artery may provide an alternative route to approach and embolization of the fistula. We describe two cases of treatment failure through the primary arterial feeder that was suc

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Simon, Scott D., Demetrius K. Lopes, and Robert A. Mericle. "Use of Intracranial Stenting to Secure Unstable Liquid Embolic Casts in Wide-Neck Sidewall Intracranial Aneurysms." Operative Neurosurgery 66, suppl_1 (2010): ons—92—ons—98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000350983.03348.06.

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Abstract Background: Onyx HD 500 (eV3, Irvine, CA) is a high-viscosity liquid embolic agent that has recently been approved in the United States as a humanitarian use device for the treatment of wide-neck sidewall intracranial aneurysms. Preliminary evidence suggest that liquid embolic agents can provide improved angiographic results with a lower incidence of recanalization compared to coil embolization. Objective: To report unstable Onyx casts and how to deal with them. Methods: We report 4 cases of intracranial aneurysms treated with Onyx HD 500 in which, after the aneurysm was successfully

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van Schaik, Theodorus G., Jorn P. Meekel, Arjan W. J. Hoksbergen, Ralph de Vries, Jan D. Blankensteijn, and Kak K. Yeung. "Systematic review of embolization of type I endoleaks using liquid embolic agents." Journal of Vascular Surgery 74, no. 3 (2021): 1024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.061.

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Hayes, Seth B., Jeremiah N. Johnson, Zachary Most, Mohamed Samy Elhammady, Dileep Yavagal, and Mohammad Ali Aziz-Sultan. "Transarterial embolization of intractable nasal and oropharyngeal hemorrhage using liquid embolic agents." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 7, no. 7 (2014): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011101.

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Griggs, Thomas J., James C. Andrews, Kyung J. Cho, and Gerald D. Abrams. "79 EXPERIMENTAL EMBOLIZATION OF THE CANINE HYPOGASTRIC ARTERY WITH LIQUID EMBOLIC AGENTS." Investigative Radiology 20, no. 6 (1985): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-198509000-00107.

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Varadharajan, Shriram, Arvinda Hanumanthapura Ramalingaiah, Jitender Saini, Arun Kumar Gupta, B. Indira Devi, and Ullas V. Acharya. "Precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid embolization of intracranial vascular shunts: initial experience and technical note." Journal of Neurosurgery 129, no. 5 (2018): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.6.jns16447.

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Precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid (PHIL) is a newly available liquid embolic agent for endovascular therapy. It is nonadhesive and composed of a biocompatible polymer dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide solvent and bonded covalently with iodine.In this report, the authors present their preliminary experience using PHIL in the treatment of intracranial vascular shunts. Between July 2015 and December 2015, 11 patients underwent endovascular embolization using the PHIL embolic agent. Five patients had arteriovenous malformations, 4 had dural arteriovenous fistulas, 1 patient had a carotid-c

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Zhuang, Zong, Qi Zhu, Xun-Zhi Liu, et al. "Efficacy of Liquid Embolic Agent Treatment in Hemorrhagic Peripheral Intracranial Aneurysms: A Single-Center Experience." Brain Sciences 12, no. 9 (2022): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091264.

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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of liquid embolization agents for treating various hemorrhagic peripheral intracranial aneurysms. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 38 patients who suffered from hemorrhagic peripheral intracranial aneurysms and were treated with liquid embolization agents. We used the modified Rankin scale for follow-up at 6 months postoperatively, and digital subtraction angiography follow-up was performed 6 months postoperatively. Results: Of the 38 patients (ten of simple peripheral intracranial aneurysms, six of Moyamoya disease (MMD), and 22 of arteriovenous malform

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Nakazawa, T., T. Isozumi, and K. Minouchi. "Embolization of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations with Non-Adhesive and Adhesive Liquid Embolic Agents." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 16, no. 6 (2003): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090301600661.

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Szatmáry, Zoltán, Jan Hillman, and Stephanos Finitsis. "Meningioma embolization with the pressure cooker technique using Squid 12." Interventional Neuroradiology 23, no. 4 (2017): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019917707328.

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Background Preoperative meningioma embolization may be performed with microparticles or liquid embolic agents. The pressure cooker technique (PCT) has recently been described for the embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Case We present the case of a 73-year-old woman with a large frontal interhemispheric meningioma that was successfully preoperatively embolized with the PCT using Squid 12, a new ethyl-vinyl alcohol copolymer embolic agent. The PCT presents considerable advantages relative to conventional embolization techniques such as deeper and faster tumor penetration a

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Bender, Lara, Thorsten Sichtermann, Jan Minkenberg, et al. "Evaluation of an endovascular aneurysm model in pigs for chronic experiments." Brain Circulation 11, no. 1 (2025): 77–85. https://doi.org/10.4103/bc.bc_112_24.

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Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cerebral aneurysms are a potentially life-threatening condition for humans. Due to the anatomical variability of different aneurysm types in human patients, animal models are indispensable for endovascular research. The aim of our study was to evaluate an endovascular aneurysm model in chronical experiments using 12 female Aachen minipigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For aneurysm creation in external carotid and subclavian arteries, Amplatzer vascular plugs were used as occlusion devices, leaving simple stumps that serve as surrogate aneurysms. If necessary and anatom

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Samaniego, Edgar A., Colin P. Derdeyn, Minako Hayakawa, David Hasan, and Santiago Ortega-Gutierrez. "In vivo evaluation of the new PHIL low viscosity in a swine rete mirabile model." Interventional Neuroradiology 24, no. 6 (2018): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019918784915.

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Introduction Few liquid embolic materials are available for treatment of arteriovenous malformations. We describe the in vivo experience with the new PHIL low viscosity (LV) liquid embolic agent in a swine rete mirabile model. Methods Eight swine were treated. Two animals underwent embolization of a rete with PHIL LV and the contralateral rete with Squid 12 (euthanized the same day). Six animals underwent embolization of the right rete: two with balloon flow arrest (euthanized at 14 d) and four with a microcatheter alone (euthanized at 14 and 90 d). Performance characteristics of the embolic a

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Raissi, Driss, Qian Yu, and S. Houssam Mardini. "Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed Embolization with Onyx®: The “Tattoo Effect”." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 8 (November 15, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcis.jcis_64_18.

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Endoscopic intervention is well validated for the control of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). In cases of refractory bleeding, transarterial embolization is a safe and effective alternative. Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) commonly known as Onyx® is an inherently black liquid embolic approved for use in cerebrovascular arteriovenous malformations and is increasingly used as an embolic agent in multiple peripheral and visceral territories. Onyx® has a uniquely undesirable property of causing black color discoloration when used in peripheral applications adjacent to the skin akin to a “tatt

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Maus, Volker, Finn Drescher, Lukas Goertz, Anushe Weber, Werner Weber, and Sebastian Fischer. "Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: A German Single-Center Experience." Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra 10, no. 2 (2020): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509455.

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Background and Purpose: Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are abnormal shunts between dural arteries and dural venous sinus or cortical veins. We report our experience with endovascular therapy of primary complex DAVFs using modern embolic agents. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of patients with DAVFs treated between 2015 and 2019. Patient demographics and technical aspects including the use of embolic agent, access to the fistula, number of treatments, occlusion rates, and complications were addressed. Angiographic treatment success was defined as complete occlusion

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Alfaro, Alejandro José Quiroz, Andrés Felipe Herrera Ortíz, Juan Andres Mejia, et al. "Traumatic scalp arteriovenous fistula post capillary implantation successfully treated using PHIL embolic agent." Surgical Neurology International 14 (January 13, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_1002_2022.

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Background: A traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the scalp due to hair transplantation (AVFHT) is a rare fistulous communication between branches of the arteries and draining veins in the scalp’s subcutaneous tissue. Its incidence is unknown and its clinical manifestations may range from a pulsatile mass to seldom epilepsy. Surgery and interventional approaches (percutaneous and endovascular embolization) using coils and embolic agents such as Onyx have been used as treatment options. The authors report a rare case of an AVFHT successfully treated through percutaneous and endovascular emboliza

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