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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid measurements'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Wertz, Ch, A. Tschersich, J. K. Lehmann, and A. Heintz. "Liquid–liquid equilibria and liquid–liquid interfacial tension measurements of mixtures containing ionic liquids." Journal of Molecular Liquids 131-132 (March 2007): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2006.08.021.

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2

Y. Yuen, Alexander, Luca Porcarelli, Robert H. Aguirresarobe, et al. "Biodegradable Polycarbonate Iongels for Electrophysiology Measurements." Polymers 10, no. 9 (2018): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10090989.

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In recent years, gels based on ionic liquids incorporated into polymer matrices, namely iongels, have emerged as long-term contact media for cutaneous electrophysiology. Iongels possess high ionic conductivity and negligible vapor pressure and can be designed on demand. In spite of the extensive efforts devoted to the preparation of biodegradable ionic liquids, the investigations related to the preparation of iongels based on biodegradable polymers remain scarce. In this work, biodegradable polycarbonate-based iongels are prepared by ring-opening polymerization of N-substituted eight ring memb

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3

Kuzmanović, Boris, Mathijs L. van Delden, Norbert J. M. Kuipers, and André B. de Haan. "Fully Automated Workstation for Liquid−Liquid Equilibrium Measurements." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 48, no. 5 (2003): 1237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je0340452.

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4

Waldner, Carina, and Ulrich Hirn. "Ultrasonic Liquid Penetration Measurement in Thin Sheets—Physical Mechanisms and Interpretation." Materials 13, no. 12 (2020): 2754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122754.

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Ultrasonic liquid penetration (ULP) measurements of porous sheets have been applied for a variety of purposes ranging from determining liquid absorption dynamics to surface characterization of substrates. Interpretation of ULP results, however, is complex as the ultrasound signal can be affected by several mechanisms: (1) air being replaced by the liquid in the substrate pores, (2) air bubbles forming during penetration, and (3) structural changes of the substrate due to swelling of the substrate material. Analyzing tailored liquids and substrates in combination with contact angle measurements

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5

Belarbi, Z., G. Guillaud, M. Maitrot, J. Huck, J. Simon, and F. Tournilhac. "Dielectric measurements of liquid crystals." Revue de Physique Appliquée 23, no. 2 (1988): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rphysap:01988002302014300.

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6

Buttsworth, D. R., S. J. Elston, and T. V. Jones. "Direct Full Surface Skin Friction Measurement Using Nematic Liquid Crystal Techniques." Journal of Turbomachinery 120, no. 4 (1998): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841798.

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New techniques for the direct measurement of skin friction using nematic liquid crystal layers are demonstrated. Skin friction measurements can be made using a molecular rotation time technique or an equilibrium orientation technique. A mathematical model describing the molecular dynamics of the nematic liquid crystal layer has been introduced. Theoretical results from the proposed mathematical model are in excellent agreement with the current experimental measurements. It is thus demonstrated that the present model captures the essential physics of the nematic liquid crystal measurement techn

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7

Rydholm, Tomas, Andreas Fhager, Mikael Persson, Shireen Geimer, and Paul Meaney. "Effects of the Plastic of the Realistic GeePS-L2S-Breast Phantom." Diagnostics 8, no. 3 (2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8030061.

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A breast phantom developed at the Supelec Institute was interrogated to study its suitability for microwave tomography measurements. A microwave measurement system based on 16 monopole antennas and a vector network analyzer was used to study how the S-parameters are influenced by insertion of the phantom. The phantom is a 3D-printed structure consisting of plastic shells that can be filled with tissue mimicking liquids. The phantom was filled with different liquids and tested with the measurement system to determine whether the plastic has any effects on the recovered images or not. Measuremen

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8

Archie, Chas N. "Viscosity and thermodynamic evidence for liquid 3He being nearly metamagnetic." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 11 (1987): 1421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-223.

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Study of the melting process in rapid melting of spin-polarized 3He reveals that the liquid's magnetic susceptibility is enhanced at moderate temperatures (above 30 mK) and moderate polarization (20–40%) but declines at higher polarization. The first transport measurement on the enhanced polarized liquid shows anomalous behavior. Together, these measurements favor a microscopic model in which, at moderate temperatures and as a function of polarization, the liquid approaches but does not achieve a new phase.

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9

Rolfes, I. "Obstacle-based self-calibration techniques for the determination of the permittivity of liquids." Advances in Radio Science 5 (June 12, 2007): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-5-29-2007.

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Abstract. In this contribution, different obstacle-based self-calibration techniques for the measurement of the dielectric properties of liquids are investigated at microwave frequencies. The liquid under test is contained inside a waveguide, which is connected to the ports of a vector network analyzer. The permittivity of the liquid is characterized on the basis of the measured scattering parameters. In order to extract the material parameters precisely and to eliminate systematic errors of the setup, calibration measurements have to be performed. For this purpose, different self-calibration

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10

Danielsson, L. "Evaluation of partition measurements in liquid—liquid segmented flow." Talanta 41, no. 8 (1994): 1377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(94)80032-4.

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11

Zuckerwar, Allan J., and David S. Mazel. "Sound speed measurements in liquid oxygen‐liquid nitrogen mixtures." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77, S1 (1985): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2022218.

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12

Mac Giolla Eain, Marc, Vanessa Egan, and Jeff Punch. "Film thickness measurements in liquid–liquid slug flow regimes." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 44 (December 2013): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2013.08.009.

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13

Rao, Yu, and Yamin Xu. "Liquid Crystal Thermography Measurement Uncertainty Analysis and Its Application to Turbulent Heat Transfer Measurements." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/898104.

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Liquid crystal thermography is an advanced nonintrusive measurement technique, which is capable of providing a high-accuracy continuous temperature field measurement, especially for a complex structured heat transfer surface. The first part of the paper presents a comprehensive introduction to the thermochromic liquid crystal material and the related liquid crystal thermography technique. Then, based on the aythors' experiences in using the liquid crystal thermography for the heat transfer measurement, the parameters affecting the measurement uncertainty of the liquid crystal thermography have

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14

Bair, Scott. "Elastohydrodynamic Film Forming With Shear Thinning Liquids." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 2 (1998): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834405.

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Recent advances in high pressure rheometry have elucidated the shear response of liquid lubricants at the high shear stress characteristic of the traction generating region of lubricated concentrated contacts. These new measurement techniques are used to characterize the shear response of shear thinning liquids at low (<10 MPa) shear stress. A recently developed numerical scheme for calculating film thickness is extended to accommodate sliding. Film thickness predictions are compared with measurements using shear thinning liquids including a polymer/mineral oil blend, a highly elastic liqui

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15

Németh, C., B. Mráz, L. Friedrich, A. Suhajda, B. Janzsó, and C. Balla. "Microbiological measurements for the development of a new preservation procedure for liquid egg." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 6 (2011): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/362/2010-cjfs.

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Since recently, the food industry has been increasingly using ready-to-process egg products as the basic materials instead of shell eggs. Subsequent to breaking shell eggs and completing pasteurisation, they are put on the market as liquid egg products or in powdered form as dried eggs. Consumers prefer liquid eggs which better preserve the advantageous properties of natural eggs, however, their shelf life is short with quick spoilage. We have examined, how long heat treatment is needed at temperatures below pasteurisation to influence the microbiological status of liquid egg products and in t

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16

Rechberger, Andreas, Robert Amsüss, Stefan Rossegger, Robert Breidler, and Gerald Steiner. "High Precision Vibration-Type Densitometers Based on Pulsed Excitation Measurements." Sensors 19, no. 7 (2019): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071627.

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Glass flexural resonators have established themselves as one of the de-facto standard methods for measuring the density of liquids in a laboratory environment. The core of this sensor is a U-Tube measuring cell whose oscillator’s resonance frequency changes with the mass of the liquid within the tube. This relationship can be used to derive the density of liquids in a fast and reliable way. In order to achieve the highest accuracy for the density measurement multiple physical effects (e.g., damping due to viscosity effects) need to be taken into account. For a reliable correction, additional m

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17

Shi, Jia Ming, Quirino Balzano, and Christopher C. Davis. "Broad Band Microwave Dielectric Measurement of Liquids with an Open-Ended Coaxial Probe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.191.

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The principles of the open-ended coaxial probe technique for the measurement of permittivity are described. Measurements of dielectric properties are carried out over a frequency range from 300MHz to 50GHz, with a system comprising an Agilent E8364B network analyzer and a connected 2.2mm diameter open-ended coaxial probe. Water, methanol and salines of 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.6M are used as calibration liquids or liquids to be measured. Measured permittivities are presented and compared with those calculated from the Cole-Cole equation. It is shown that, in order to get good results, the calibration liq

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18

Tkáč, Zdenko, Ľubomír Hujo, Juraj Tulik, Ján Kosiba, Daniela Uhrinová, and Vladimír Šinský. "Greening of Agricultural and Forestry Tractors." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 5 (2014): 1135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462051135.

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This publication deals with the draft of measurement chain for application of synthetic organic liquid Hydros Uni in agricultural tractor Zetor Proxima 7441. The used organic liquid was evaluated on the basis of its effect on the technical condition of hydrostatic converter UD 20. By the drafted measurement chain, it was performed individual measurements which were realized by specific engine speed and prescribed temperature. Then, the flow values were statistically analyzed. From the obtained results, it could be concluded that the proposed measurement chain meets the requirements for measu

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19

Ferraro, M., R. J. Kujala, J. L. Thomas, M. J. Glogowski, and M. M. Micci. "Near-Critical Liquid Oxygen Droplet Measurements." Journal of Propulsion and Power 14, no. 4 (1998): 579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.7646.

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20

Horio, M., E. Kamei, S. Yao, S. Ishikawa, and K. Matsunobu. "Dynamic Measurements on Polymer Liquid Crystals." International Polymer Processing 3, no. 4 (1988): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.880221.

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21

HORIO, Masao, Ei-ichi KAMEI, and Keiji MATSUNOBU. "Dynamic Measurements on Polymer Liquid Crystals." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi(Journal of the Society of Rheology, Japan) 16, no. 1 (1988): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology1973.16.1_27.

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22

Malmberg, D., J. Björkvall, J. Malm, and L. Bååth. "Preliminary microwave measurements on liquid slags." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 32, no. 1 (2005): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328105x15887.

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23

Stannarius, R., and H. Schmiedel. "Diffusion measurements in chiral liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals 5, no. 1 (1989): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678298908026380.

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24

Melchionni, D., and M. Norgia. "Optical system for liquid level measurements." Review of Scientific Instruments 85, no. 7 (2014): 075113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4890437.

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25

Filatov, O. P. "A model of liquid level measurements." Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 56, no. 12 (2016): 2084–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965542516120095.

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26

Wiberg, Roland, and Noam Lior. "Temperature measurements using thermochromic liquid crystals." Journal of Heat Transfer 126, no. 4 (2004): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1811722.

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27

El-Dessouki, Tawfik A., Mohammed Roushdy, Nabil I. Hendawy, Magdi M. Naoum, and Ayman A. Zaki. "Optical Measurements of Thermotropic Liquid Crystals." Journal of Modern Physics 04, no. 01 (2013): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2013.41008.

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28

Felici, R., F. Cilloco, and P. Bosi. "Neutron-diffraction measurements on liquid benzene." Molecular Physics 70, no. 3 (1990): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268979000101121.

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29

Rong, Yunhong, Christopher M. Gregson, and Alan Parker. "Thermogravimetric measurements of liquid vapor pressure." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 51 (August 2012): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2012.02.021.

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30

Khodier, Mohanad A., and Blake P. Tullis. "PIV measurements for oscillating liquid nappe." Journal of Hydro-environment Research 19 (March 2018): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2017.11.002.

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31

Clark, N. N., R. Seiss, and R. Turton. "Probe measurements in gas-liquid systems." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 3, no. 1 (1992): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-5986(92)90012-t.

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32

Schönhofer, Franz. "Liquid scintillation spectrometry in environmental measurements." Science of The Total Environment 173-174 (December 1995): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04761-1.

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33

Paradis, P. F., T. Ishikawa, Y. Saita, and S. Yoda. "Containerless Property Measurements of Liquid Palladium." International Journal of Thermophysics 25, no. 6 (2004): 1905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-004-7744-3.

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34

Kurihara, Kazue. "Surface forces measurement for materials science." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 4 (2019): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0101.

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Abstract This article reviews the surface forces measurement as a novel tool for materials science. The history of the measurement is briefly described in the Introduction. The general overview covers specific features of the surface forces measurement as a tool for studying the solid-liquid interface, confined liquids and soft matter. This measurement is a powerful way for understanding interaction forces, and for characterizing (sometime unknown) phenomena at solid-liquid interfaces and soft complex matters. The surface force apparatus (SFA) we developed for opaque samples can study not only

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35

Kazemeini, Seyed Mostafa, and Andrew J. Rosenthal. "Observations on the Instrumental Measurements of Liquid Food Stickiness." Proceedings 70, no. 1 (2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-07714.

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While we encounter sticky liquids in our daily life and are able to discriminate between them, instrumental measurements of stickiness are difficult to match to those that relate to our perception. In this paper, we examine some of the factors that influence instrumental measurements of stickiness in liquid foods. The shortcomings of using the maximum peak or the area under the curve are discussed, and a hitherto unused measure, the gradient of the force–distance curve, is suggested as a measure of tension per unit contact area. The zero-perimeter virtual probe, which compensates for the chang

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36

Wiles, M. C., D. J. Schiffrin, T. J. VanderNoot, and A. F. Silva. "Experimental artifacts associated with impedance measurements at liquid—liquid interfaces." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 278, no. 1-2 (1990): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(90)85130-w.

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37

Riesch, Christian, Erwin K. Reichel, Franz Keplinger, and Bernhard Jakoby. "Characterizing Vibrating Cantilevers for Liquid Viscosity and Density Sensing." Journal of Sensors 2008 (2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/697062.

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Miniaturized liquid sensors are essential devices in online process or condition monitoring. In case of viscosity and density sensing, microacoustic sensors such as quartz crystal resonators or SAW devices have proved particularly useful. However, these devices basically measure a thin-film viscosity, which is often not comparable to the macroscopic parameters probed by conventional viscometers. Miniaturized cantilever-based devices are interesting alternatives for such applications, but here the interaction between the liquid and the oscillating beam is more involved. In our contribution, we

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38

Prusińska-Kurstak, Edyta, Katarzyna Garbat, Aleksandra Kołakowska, and Stanisław J. Kłosowicz. "Liquid-crystalline composites for point temperature measurements." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 66, no. 2 (2017): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1886.

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The application of cholesteric liquid crystals and composites containing them for visualization of thermal field and temperature measurement is very well known. Despite all disadvantages as limited precision and adhesion to the studied surface, this method is still of interest. In this work, we present the results of preliminary studies on polymer-dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal (PDCLC) composites designed for visualization and measurement of point temperature changes which can be used in medical diagnostics. Basing on the results of former studies, the perspective PDCLC preparation metho

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39

Katoh, Kenji, Hideomi Fujita, Hideharu Sasaki, and Koichi Miyashita. "The Measurement of Solid-Liquid Contact Angles." Journal of Fluids Engineering 114, no. 3 (1992): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910054.

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A new method is proposed for measuring solid-liquid contact angles. The well-known phenomenon where the liquid meniscus formed under a downward facing solid surface spontaneously breaks at a certain height is utilized in the contact angle measurements. The relation between the contact angle and the critical height of the solid surface where the instability occurs was derived theoretically from the solid-liquid wetting behavior using a thermodynamic approach. From the theoretical model the contact angles can be obtained by measuring the critical height of the solid. The validity of the analysis

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40

Mertz Garcia, Jane, Edgar Chambers, and Kelsey Cook. "Visualizing the Consistency of Thickened Liquids With Simple Tools: Implications for Clinical Practice." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 1 (2018): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0160.

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Purpose Accurate texture modifications to thin liquids are a critical aspect of patients' nutritional health and well-being. This study explored the use of 3 tools (2 distance- and 1 time-measuring devices) to characterize texture-modified liquids. The objectives were to use the tools to measure modified liquids, to determine if measurements differentiated nectar and honey levels of modification, and to compare measurements with other published reports. Method We measured the flow distance of 33 prethickened water samples in centimeters (cm) using a line spread apparatus and a Bostwick Consist

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41

Tsuchiya, Y. "Liquid–liquid transition in elemental liquids investigated by sound velocity measurements: trends in the periodic table." Zeitschrift für Metallkunde 97, no. 4 (2006): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.101226.

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42

Bonilla Riaño, Adriana, Antonio Carlos Bannwart, and Oscar M. H. Rodriguez. "Film thickness planar sensor in oil-water flow: prospective study." Sensor Review 35, no. 2 (2015): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-09-2014-702.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study a multiphase-flow instrumentation for film thickness measurement, especially impedance-based, not only for gas–liquid flow but also for mixtures of immiscible and more viscous substances such as oil and water. Conductance and capacitive planar sensors were compared to select the most suitable option for oil – water dispersed flow. Design/methodology/approach – A study of techniques for measurement of film thickness in oil – water pipe flow is presented. In the first part, some measurement techniques used for the investigation of multiphase flows

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43

Takiguchi, Hiromi, Tamao Odake, Manabu Ozaki, Tomonari Umemura, and Kin-Ichi Tsunoda. "Liquid/Liquid Optical Waveguides Using Sheath Flow as a New Tool for Liquid/Liquid Interfacial Measurements." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 8 (2003): 1039–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203322259011.

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A liquid/liquid optical waveguide was constructed using a sheath flow. Since the refractive index of an organic solvent is generally higher than that of water ( nD = 1.33), light introduced into the inner organic flow should proceed with total multi-reflection within the inner flow, so that the inner part of the sheath flow acts as the core of an optical waveguide. This sheath flow liquid/liquid optical waveguide was stable and showed no substantial background scattering. Moreover, it is applicable to both miscible and immiscible liquid/liquid interfaces. Thus, it may become a new tool for stu

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44

Sun, Xiaodong, Sidharth Paranjape, Seungjin Kim, Hiroshi Goda, Mamoru Ishii, and Joseph M. Kelly. "Local Liquid Velocity in Vertical Air-Water Downward Flow." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 4 (2004): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1777235.

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This paper presents an experimental study of local liquid velocity measurement in downward air-water bubbly and slug flows in a 50.8 mm inner-diameter round pipe. The axial liquid velocity and its fluctuations were measured by a laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) system. It was found that the maximum liquid velocity in a downward two-phase flow could occur off the pipe centerline at relatively low liquid flow rates and this observation is consistent with other researchers’ results. The comparisons between the liquid flow rates measured by a magnetic flow meter and those obtained from the local LDA

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45

Frechen, F. B. "Odour emission inventory of German wastewater treatment plants - odour flow rates and odour emission capacity." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (2004): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0244.

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Wastewater Treatment plants can cause odour emissions that may lead to significant odour annoyance in their vicinity. Thus, over the past 20 years, several measurements were taken of the odour emissions that occur at WWTPs of different sizes, treatment technology, plant design and under different operating conditions. The specific aspects of odour sampling and measurement have to be considered. I presented some of the results of my odour emission measurements 11 years ago. However, it is now necessary to update the figures by evaluating newer measurement results obtained from measurements take

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46

Matrosov, Sergey Y., and David D. Turner. "Retrieving Mean Temperature of Atmospheric Liquid Water Layers Using Microwave Radiometer Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 5 (2018): 1091–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0179.1.

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AbstractA remote sensing method to retrieve the mean temperature of cloud liquid using ground-based microwave radiometer measurements is evaluated and tested by comparisons with direct cloud temperature information inferred from ceilometer cloud-base measurements and temperature profiles from radiosonde soundings. The method is based on the dependence of the ratio of cloud optical thicknesses at W-band (~90 GHz) and Ka-band (~30 GHz) frequencies on cloud liquid temperature. This ratio is obtained from total optical thicknesses inferred from radiometer measurements of brightness temperatures af

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47

Wålinder, M. E. P., and I. Johansson. "Measurement of Wood Wettability by the Wilhelmy Method. Part 1. Contamination of Probe Liquids by Extractives." Holzforschung 55, no. 1 (2001): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.005.

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Summary This work focuses on the influence of extractives during wetting measurements on wood. Fresh and aged veneers of extracted and non-extracted heart- and sapwood of pine were prepared, and the Wilhelmy method was used to study the wettability of these veneers. In this method, the force acting on the veneers was measured during immersion in and withdrawal from a series of probe liquids. The results suggest that some of the probe liquids become severely contaminated by extractives during the measurements on the non-extracted veneers, and that this strongly affects the wood wetting measurem

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48

Waseda, Yoshio, Masatoshi Saito, Changyong Park, and Kazuhiko Omote. "Partial structural functions of binary liquids estimated from anomalous X-ray scattering measurements." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (1998): 923–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597016828.

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A new apparatus has been built for structural studies of high-temperature liquids using the anomalous X-ray scattering (AXS) method with synchrotron radiation. AXS measurements were made in the asymmetrical reflection mode for a free liquid surface by changing the beam direction using an additional mirror system. The usefulness and capabilities of this new equipment were confirmed by obtaining the individual partial structural functions of liquid Bi30Ga70 alloy.

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49

Hamad, F. A., F. Imberton, and H. H. Bruun. "An optical probe for measurements in liquid - liquid two-phase flow." Measurement Science and Technology 8, no. 10 (1997): 1122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/8/10/013.

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50

Al-Shareef, Amer, P. Neogi, and Baojun Bai. "Force-based dynamic contact angle measurements in liquid-liquid-solid systems." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 147 (November 2016): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.06.012.

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