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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid permittivity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Raszewski, Zbigniew, Stanisław Kłosowicz, Jerzy Zieliński, and Rafał Mazur. "Dielectric properties of liquid crystals." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 72, no. 4 (2023): 15–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7909.

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In the paper, dielectric properties of liquid crystals, especially the nematic phase, arediscussed. An outline of the development of theories describing these properties is presented. Thestatic theory of dielectric permittivity of anisotropic nematic liquid crystals on Onsager, Maier andMeier approach is discussed in details. In this view, anisotropic properties of dielectric permittivityof nematics as well parameters describing these properties are presented.Keywords: material science, liquid crystals, nematics, dielectric permittivity, electron polarisability,constant and induced dipole mome

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2

Shirsavar, Reza, Saeid Mollaei, Mansoure Moeini Rizi, et al. "Effect of Permittivity on the Electric-Field-Driven Rotation Dynamics in a Liquid Film." Applied Mechanics 3, no. 1 (2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech3010005.

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Applying a constant electric field on a suspended film of liquid that carries an electric current, either by the transport of ions or surface charges, induces a rotation in the film. This system is known as “liquid film motor”. So far, the effect of permittivity of the liquid on its rotation has been ignored. We showed that the permittivity of the liquid can significantly affect the dynamics of rotation. Using an experimental approach, we studied the liquid film rotation for a broad range of pure liquids with diverse permittivities and surface tensions. We observed two different regimes of rot

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3

Tabassum, Shagufta, and V. P. Pawar. "Complex permittivity spectra of binary polar liquids using time domain reflectometry." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 08, no. 03 (2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x18500194.

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The study of complex properties in a binary mixture of polar liquids has been carried out in the frequency range of 10[Formula: see text]MHz to 30 GHz at 293[Formula: see text]K and 298[Formula: see text]K temperatures using time domain reflectometry. The complex properties of polar liquids in binary mixture give information about the frequency dispersion in the dielectric permittivity ([Formula: see text]) and dielectric loss ([Formula: see text]). The information regarding the orientation of electric dipoles in a polar liquid mixture is given by Kirkwood parameters. The Bruggeman parameters

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4

Xing, Lei, Yi Huang, Qian Xu, Saqer Alja'afreh, and Tingting Liu. "Complex Permittivity of Water-Based Liquids for Liquid Antennas." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 15 (2016): 1626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2016.2519542.

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5

Ehata, Katsufumi, Shenglei Che, and Norimasa Sakamoto. "A Technique for Permittivity Measurement of Ceramic Powders at Microwave Frequencies." Key Engineering Materials 320 (September 2006): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.320.185.

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Details of a new technique for the permittivity measurement of ceramic powders at microwave frequencies are described. Permittivity of a powder is calculated from the permittivity of liquid medium and that of the slurry made from the liquid medium and the powder. Measured permittivities of BaNd2Ti4O12 ceramic powders vary by processing conditions of the powders. This result is consistent with permittivities of composite substrates made from these powders and a thermosetting resin.

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6

Ma, Jialu, Jingchao Tang, Kaicheng Wang, Lianghao Guo, Yubin Gong, and Shaomeng Wang. "Complex Permittivity Characterization of Liquid Samples Based on a Split Ring Resonator (SRR)." Sensors 21, no. 10 (2021): 3385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103385.

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A complex permittivity characterization method for liquid samples has been proposed. The measurement is carried out based on a self-designed microwave sensor with a split ring resonator (SRR), the unload resonant frequency of which is 5.05 GHz. The liquid samples in capillary are placed in the resonant zone of the fabricated senor for high sensitivity measurement. The frequency shift of 58.7 MHz is achieved when the capillary is filled with ethanol, corresponding a sensitivity of 97.46 MHz/μL. The complex permittivity of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol (IPA) and deionized water at the resonant

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7

Ammar, Alhegazi, Zakaria Zahriladha, Azwan Shairi Noor, Sutikno Tole, A. Alahnomi Rammah, and Ismail Abu-Khadrah Ahmed. "Analysis and investigation of a novel microwave sensor with high Q-factor for liquid characterization." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 17, no. 2 (2019): 1065–70. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i2.11901.

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In this paper, a new design of microwave sensor with high Q-factor for liquid characterization is analyzed and investigated. The new microwave sensor is based on a gap waveguide cavity resonator (GWCR). The GWCR consists of upper plate, lower plate and array of pins on the lower plate. The liquid under test (LUT) is characterized by placing it inside the GWCR where the electric field concentrates using a quartz capillary that is passing through microfluidic channels. The results show that the proposed sensor has a high Q-factor of 4832. Moreover, the proposed sensor has the ability to characte

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8

Eremenko, Z. E., A. I. Shubnyi, A. Y. Kogut, and R. S. Dolia. "High loss liquid dielectric characterization: Comparison of microwave waveguide and resonator measurement techniques." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 9 (2020): 892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000628.

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AbstractThe microwave waveguide and resonator methods are compared as applied to the experimental determination of the dielectric properties of high loss liquids. A differential microwave waveguide cavity for measuring high loss liquids complex permittivity in a small volume has been designed and studied. This cavity consists of two circular waveguide cells with central rods made of quartz and surrounded by high loss liquid tested. The cells have different lengths to eliminate complex propagation coefficient measurement errors due to the diffraction effect on the ends of the layered waveguide

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9

Thakur, K. P., K. J. Cresswell, M. Bogosanovich, and W. S. Holmes. "Modeling the Permittivity of Liquid Mixtures." Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 34, no. 3 (1999): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08327823.1999.11688401.

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10

Gisse, P., J. Pavel, H. T. Nguyen, and V. L. Lorman. "Dielectric permittivity of antiferroelectric liquid crystals." Ferroelectrics 147, no. 1 (1993): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199308217179.

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11

Agarwal, Smriti, and Manoj Chandra Garg. "Design of an Accurate, Planar, Resonant Microwave Sensor for Testing a Wide Range of Liquid Samples." Electronics 13, no. 22 (2024): 4510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224510.

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In this paper, an inductively coupled capacitively loaded ring resonator (IC-CLRR)-based microwave resonant sensor has been proposed for the accurate identification of any unknown liquid sample and its permittivity estimation. The key element of this work is the sensor’s wide range capability towards the non-invasive testing of liquids covering a wide dielectric range of liquid samples, i.e., εr = 2 to 80. The proposed microwave sensor is etched over the FR-4 substrate and is excited by the microstrip line through inductive coupling. The placement of an unknown liquid sample in close proximity

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12

H., Aswathaman, Parthipan G., Thenappan T., Shoba A., and Shreedevi S. "DIELECTRIC CORRELATION AND EXCESS ENERGY STUDIES OF MIXTURES OF ANILINE AND BROMOBENZENE." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Technology 3, no. 1 (2018): 126–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1233609.

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The dielectric correlation and excess energy studies of the mixtures of aniline and bromobenzene have been studied for various mole ratios for 303K, 313K and 318K. From the values of static permittivity and refractive index, the dielectric parameters such as Kirkwood parameter, Bruggeman parameter, excess permittivity and thermodynamic excess free energy of the binary mixtures of polar-polar liquids are obtained and each parameter is discussed briefly. Dielectric parameters and excess values obtained were interpreted in terms of molecular interactions between molecular species in the liquid mi

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13

Yasin, Azhar, Nayab Gogosh, Syed Irfan Sohail, Syed Muzahir Abbas, Muhammad Farhan Shafique, and Abdelhady Mahmoud. "Relative Permittivity Measurement of Microliter Volume Liquid Samples through Microwave Filters." Sensors 23, no. 6 (2023): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23062884.

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This paper proposes a concept of dielectric characterization of low-volume liquid samples using the coupling coefficient of filters. The concept is validated through a two-pole substrate integrated waveguide filter in which the liquid under test is mounted on the coupling section between the two resonators. Unlike the conventional resonator perturbation method reported many times in the literature, this technique uses the coupling coefficient for sensing. The liquid sample is collected in a capillary tube and carefully positioned on the coupling section of the filter; the coupling coefficient

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14

Asghar Qureshi, Suhail, Zuhairiah Zainal Abidin, Huda A. Majid, Adel Y. I. Ashyap, and Bashar A. F. Esmail. "Unorthodox technique in sensing with the metamaterial-based resonator sensor at millimetre frequencies." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 31, no. 2 (2023): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i2.pp785-793.

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A metamaterial-based resonator is presented in this paper for liquid-sensing applications. The designed sensor operates at millimetre-wave (mm-w) frequencies, and it can characterise the samples that may possess identical characteristics. This paper relies on the extracted permittivity of the structure in the characterisation of the samples, mainly liquids. The sensor requires a very small amount of samples for sensing and it is used in distinguishing oil, ethanol, methanol, glycerol and water. A shift in the resonance frequency of about 200 MHz per unit increase in the epsilon value of sample

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15

Suhail, Asghar Qureshi, Zainal Abidin Zuhairiah, A. Majid Huda, Y. I. Ashyap Adel, and A. F. Esmai Bashar. "Unorthodox technique in sensing with the metamaterial-based resonator sensor at millimetre frequencies." Unorthodox technique in sensing with the metamaterial-based resonator sensor at millimetre frequencies 31, no. 2 (2023): 785–93. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i2.pp785-793.

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A metamaterial-based resonator is presented in this paper for liquid-sensing applications. The designed sensor operates at millimetre-wave (mm-w) frequencies, and it can characterise the samples that may possess identical characteristics. This paper relies on the extracted permittivity of the structure in the characterisation of the samples, mainly liquids. The sensor requires a very small amount of samples for sensing and it is used in distinguishing oil, ethanol, methanol, glycerol and water. A shift in the resonance frequency of about 200 MHz per unit increase in the epsilon value of sample

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16

Manaila-Maximean, Doina. "Effective Permittivity of a Multi-Phase System: Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films." Molecules 26, no. 5 (2021): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051441.

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This paper studies the effective dielectric properties of heterogeneous materials of the type particle inclusions in a host medium, using the Maxwell Garnet and the Bruggeman theory. The results of the theories are applied at polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films, nanoparticles (NP)-doped LCs, and developed for NP-doped PDLC films. The effective permittivity of the composite was simulated at sufficiently high frequency, where the permittivity is constant, obtaining results on its dependency on the constituents’ permittivity and concentrations. The two models are compared and discussed.

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17

Bazarova, Sayana B., Ivan G. Simakov, Chingis Zh Gulgenov, and Tumen Ch Ochirov. "Determination of the dielectric properties of water in a thin layer." Himičeskaâ fizika i mezoskopiâ 26, no. 1 (2024): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.62669/17270227.2024.1.8.

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A technique is proposed for determining the dielectric properties of water in a nanoscale layer at frequencies corresponding to orientation polarization. The method is based on the registration of the change in the velocity of elastic surface waves resulting from the interaction with a thin layer of a liquid. It was assumed that the dispersion of the dielectric permittivity of water in the thin layer is described by the Debye's equations of dielectric relaxation. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method, the values of the real part of the dielectric permittivity of adsor

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18

Dhanush, R., Kunde Santhosh Kumar, and M. Ganesh Madhan. "Design and Performance prediction of Liquid based Tunable Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2466, no. 1 (2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2466/1/012014.

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Abstract In this paper, we report a liquid-based tunable Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA), whose resonance is varied by loading the cavity installed in the CDRA with different volumes of liquid. The tunability of the CDRA is investigated by loading the cavity with two different types of liquids, one with lower permittivity (i.e.) oil and the other with higher permittivity (i.e.) water. CDRA loaded with oil is found to be tunable over a small frequency range of 32MHz (5.76GHz to 5.728GHz), whereas the change in water volume in the cavity provides a wide tuning range of 452MHz (5.

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19

Kita, Yasuo, Kenji Kiyohara, Motohisa Oobatake, Soichi Hayashi, and Katsunosuke Machida. "Large permittivity of computer simulated liquid cyanogen." Journal of Chemical Physics 101, no. 9 (1994): 7828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.468234.

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20

Wang, Yong, and Mohammed N. Afsar. "Measurement of complex permittivity of liquid dielectrics." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 34, no. 4 (2002): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.10427.

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21

Zukowski, Pawel, Przemyslaw Rogalski, Tomasz N. Kołtunowicz, et al. "DC and AC Tests of Moisture Electrical Pressboard Impregnated with Mineral Oil or Synthetic Ester—Determination of Water Status in Power Transformer Insulation." Energies 15, no. 8 (2022): 2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082859.

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In this study, the conductivity and permittivity of electrical pressboard—insulating liquid—water composites were investigated, and the electrical properties of the composites and water were analysed comparatively. Mineral oil and synthetic ester were used as insulating liquids. It was found that the presence of water caused an increase in the permeability of the composite in the frequency range below 100 Hz. The value of static permittivity determined by water in the content of 5 wt. % was approximately 15. To obtain this value caused by liquid water, its volume should be approximately five (

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22

Yeo, Junho, and Jong-Ig Lee. "High-Sensitivity Slot-Loaded Microstrip Patch Antenna for Sensing Microliter-Volume Liquid Chemicals with High Relative Permittivity and High Loss Tangent." Sensors 22, no. 24 (2022): 9748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249748.

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This paper proposes a microwave sensor based on a high-sensitivity slot-loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for measuring microliter-volume liquid chemicals with high relative permittivity and high loss tangent. A rectangular single-ring complementary split ring resonator (SR-CSRR) slot with a bottom-edge center split (BCS) was inserted along the upper radiating edge of the patch to enhance the relative permittivity sensitivity of the MPA. The first resonant frequency of the proposed SR-CSRR-BCS slot-loaded MPA showed the highest sensitivity compared to the resonant frequencies o

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23

Yoshinari, Takehisa, and Gordon R. Freeman. "Electron thermalization distance distribution and ion mobility in n-C6F14." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 3 (1992): 915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-122.

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Electron thermalization distances in liquid n-C6F14 were estimated from the electric field dependence of the free-ion yields at 0.3 ≤ E (MV/m) ≤ 3.7 and densities 1564 ≤ d (kg/m3) ≤ 1951; the latter correspond to 335.4 ≥ T (K) ≥ 191.3. The distance distribution function that best fits the data has a Gaussian body and power tail (YGP), the same as in n-alkanes and in C6F6 and SF6, but different from those in the liquids N2, CO, and CS2. The latter apparently capture electrons at higher energies than do the fluorine compounds. The static relative permittivity of liquid n-C6F14 was measured as a

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24

Trivedi, Chintan M., Vipinchandra A. Rana, and Hemantkumar A. Chaube. "Microwave Dielectric Relaxation in Binary Mixtures of Pyridine and 1-Propanol at Different Temperatures." Solid State Phenomena 209 (November 2013): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.209.86.

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Dielectric constant (ε′) and Dielectric loss (ε″) of the binary mixtures of the pyridine and 1-propanol have been measured at microwave frequencies of X-band and J-band at 303,313 and 323K temperatures. Static dielectric permittivity (ε0) of the liquid samples has been determined using precision LCR meter. Dielectric permittivity at optical frequency (ε∞) has also been measured. Determined values of Static dielectric permittivity (ε0) and complex permittivity (ε*) at 9.1 GHz frequency were used to evaluate relaxation time (τ). Determined parameters have been interpreted in terms of molecular i

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25

Borodina, Irina A., Boris D. Zaitsev, Andrey A. Teplykh, and Alexander P. Semyonov. "Determination of viscosity and dielectric constant of liquids using the equivalent circuit method using a resonator with a lateral electric field." Radioelectronics. Nanosystems. Information Technologies. 16, no. 4 (2024): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17725/j.rensit.2024.16.457.

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The paper presents a method for determining the viscosity and permittivity of a liquid using the equivalent circuit method. The parameters of the Mason equivalent circuit were found for a piezoelectric resonator with a lateral electric field made of PZT-19 ceramics. The frequency dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the electrical impedance of a resonator loaded with liquid samples with different viscosity and permittivity were measured. The fitting of the theoretical frequency dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the electrical impedance of a resonator loaded with mixtures

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26

Li, Zhongjun, Shuang Tian, Jiaxin Tang, Weichao Yang, Tao Hong, and Huacheng Zhu. "High-Sensitivity Differential Sensor for Characterizing Complex Permittivity of Liquids Based on LC Resonators." Sensors 24, no. 15 (2024): 4877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24154877.

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This paper proposes a high-sensitivity microstrip differential sensor for measuring the complex permittivity of liquids. The prototype of the differential sensor was formed by cascading two LC resonators on a microstrip transmission line based on stepped impedance. A strong electric field was found to be distributed in the circular patch of the LC resonator; therefore, a cylindrical micropore was set in the center of the circular LC resonator to measure the dielectric sample, which maximized the disturbance of the dielectric sample on the sensor. By optimizing the size of the circular LC reson

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27

Juman, A. Naser, A. Himdan Taki, A. Latif Issam, I. Mohammed Yousif, and H. Al-Dujaili Ammar. "Physical Properties of Pure and Nano Ag Doped Liquid Crystalline Compounds Containing 1,3,4-Oxadizole Unit." Journal of Progressive Research in Chemistry 3, no. 2 (2016): 109–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3969837.

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Dielectric properties and other physical properties such as electrical conductivity (AC) and relaxation time or activation energy have been studied for two systems pure LC [V]6,6, [V]7,6, [V]8,6, [V]6,7, [V]7,7 and [V]8,7 and their doped with silver nanoparticles. The results show the increasing in real dielectric permittivity έ with increasing length terminal chain. So the real dielectric permittivity increasing with raising temperature. To compare between the values of at (400) Hz and (4000) Hz we observe these values at the low frequency are larger than that in high frequency. Generally, on

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Seleznev, Nikita V., Kamilla Fellah, John Phillips, Siti Najmi Zulkipli, and Bastien Fournié. "Matrix Permittivity Measurements for Rock Powders." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 19, no. 02 (2016): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/170896-pa.

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Summary Formation water content is one of the key petrophysical quantities provided by dielectric logging. However, to determine water content from formation permittivity measurements, the rock matrix permittivity must be known. Uncertainty in the rock matrix permittivity values translates into uncertainty in the water-content estimate, which is especially important in low-porosity formations or complex lithologies. Matrix permittivity values are not well-known for a number of minerals and can also vary for the same type of mineral in different formations. Thus, a laboratory methodology for th

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Lonitz, Katrin, and Alan J. Geer. "Assessing the impact of different liquid water permittivity models on the fit between model and observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 1 (2019): 405–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-405-2019.

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Abstract. Permittivity models for microwave frequencies of liquid water below 0 ∘C (supercooled liquid water) are poorly constrained due to limited laboratory experiments and observations, especially for high microwave frequencies. This uncertainty translates directly into errors in retrieved liquid water paths of up to 80 %. This study investigates the effect of different liquid water permittivity models on simulated brightness temperatures by using the all-sky assimilation framework of the Integrated Forecast System. Here, a model configuration with an improved representation of supercooled

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30

Prasanna, Thushara Haridas, Mridula Shantha, Anju Pradeep, and Pezholil Mohanan. "Identification of polar liquids using support vector machine based classification model." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 11, no. 4 (2022): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v11.i4.pp1507-1516.

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<div align="left">The dispersive nature of polar liquids creates ambiguity in their identification process. It requires a long time and effort to compare the measured values with the available standard values to identify the unknown liquid. Nowadays machine learning techniques are being used widely to assist the measurement techniques and make predictions with great accuracy and less human effort. This paper proposes a support vector machine (SVM) based classification model for the identification of six polar liquids- butan-1-ol, dimethyl sulphoxide, ethanediol, ethanol, methanol and pro

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Thushara, Haridas Prasanna, Shantha Mridula, Pradeep Anju, and Mohanan Pezholil. "Identification of polar liquids using support vector machine based classification model." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 11, no. 4 (2022): 1507–16. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v11.i4.pp1507-1516.

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The dispersive nature of polar liquids creates ambiguity in their identification process. It requires a long time and effort to compare the measured values with the available standard values to identify the unknown liquid. Nowadays machine learning techniques are being used widely to assist the measurement techniques and make predictions with great accuracy and less human effort. This paper proposes a support vector machine (SVM) based classification model for the identification of six polar liquids-butan-1- ol, dimethyl sulphoxide, ethanediol, ethanol, methanol and propan-1-ol for a temperatu

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32

Reyes-Vera, Erick, G. Acevedo-Osorio, Mauricio Arias-Correa, and David E. Senior. "A Submersible Printed Sensor Based on a Monopole-Coupled Split Ring Resonator for Permittivity Characterization." Sensors 19, no. 8 (2019): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081936.

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This work presents a non-invasive, reusable and submersible permittivity sensor that uses a microwave technique for the dielectric characterization of liquid materials. The proposed device consists of a compact split ring resonator excited by two integrated monopole antennas. The sensing principle is based on the notch introduced by the resonators in the transmission coefficient, which is affected due to the introduction of the sensor in a new liquid material. Then, a frequency shift of the notch and the Q-factor of the proposed sensor are related with the changes in the surrounding medium. By

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Sihvola, Ari, Ebbe Nyfors, and Martti Tiuri. "Mixing Formulae and Experimental Results for the Dielectric Constant of Snow." Journal of Glaciology 31, no. 108 (1985): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000006419.

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Abstract This paper discusses dielectric properties of snow according to various dielectric models and compares them with experimental results. The complex permittivity of wet snow is assumed to consist of two parts, being the sum of the permittivity of dry snow (a mixture of ice and air) and the excess permittivity due to liquid water (resulting from the dielectric mixture of water and air). In particular the effect of liquid water is considered. Exponential models and structure-dependent models based on mixture theories by Taylor and Tinga and others are applied. It is shown that the assumpt

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Sihvola, Ari, Ebbe Nyfors, and Martti Tiuri. "Mixing Formulae and Experimental Results for the Dielectric Constant of Snow." Journal of Glaciology 31, no. 108 (1985): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000006419.

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AbstractThis paper discusses dielectric properties of snow according to various dielectric models and compares them with experimental results. The complex permittivity of wet snow is assumed to consist of two parts, being the sum of the permittivity of dry snow (a mixture of ice and air) and the excess permittivity due to liquid water (resulting from the dielectric mixture of water and air). In particular the effect of liquid water is considered. Exponential models and structure-dependent models based on mixture theories by Taylor and Tinga and others are applied. It is shown that the assumpti

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35

Shi, Jia Ming, Quirino Balzano, and Christopher C. Davis. "Broad Band Microwave Dielectric Measurement of Liquids with an Open-Ended Coaxial Probe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.191.

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The principles of the open-ended coaxial probe technique for the measurement of permittivity are described. Measurements of dielectric properties are carried out over a frequency range from 300MHz to 50GHz, with a system comprising an Agilent E8364B network analyzer and a connected 2.2mm diameter open-ended coaxial probe. Water, methanol and salines of 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.6M are used as calibration liquids or liquids to be measured. Measured permittivities are presented and compared with those calculated from the Cole-Cole equation. It is shown that, in order to get good results, the calibration liq

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Bakli, H., and K. Haddadi. "Microwave Interferometry Based On Open-ended Coaxial Technique for High Sensitivity Liquid Sensing." Advanced Electromagnetics 6, no. 3 (2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v6i3.428.

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This paper describes a modified open-ended coaxial technique for microwave dielectric characterization in liquid media. A calibration model is developed to relate the measured transmission coefficient to the local properties of the sample under test. As a demonstration, the permittivity of different sodium chloride solutions is experimentally determined. Accuracies of 0.17% and 0.19% are obtained respectively for the real and imaginary parts of dielectric permittivity at 5.9 GHz.

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Lim, Hongkie, Dong-Ho Lee, Jusung Kim, and Songcheol Hong. "Current-Mode Dielectric Spectroscopy for Liquid Permittivity Measurement." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 15, no. 4 (2021): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2021.3094212.

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Alizadeh Sarami, M., M. Moghadam, and A. Ghanadzadeh Gilani. "Modified dielectric permittivity models for binary liquid mixture." Journal of Molecular Liquids 277 (March 2019): 546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.12.149.

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Moolat, Remsha, Manoj Mani, Shameena V. Abdulrahiman, Anju Pradeep, Vasudevan Kesavath, and Mohanan Pezholil. "Liquid Permittivity Sensing Using Planar Open Stub Resonator." Journal of Electronic Materials 49, no. 3 (2020): 2110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07910-3.

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Szerement, Justyna, Aleksandra Woszczyk, Agnieszka Szypłowska, et al. "A Seven-Rod Dielectric Sensor for Determination of Soil Moisture in Well-Defined Sample Volumes." Sensors 19, no. 7 (2019): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071646.

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This paper presents a novel seven-rod sensor used for time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and frequency-domain reflectometry (FDR) measurements of soil water content in a well-defined sample volume. The probe directly measures the complex dielectric permittivity spectrum and for this purpose requires three calibration media: air, water, and ethanol. Firstly, electromagnetic simulations were used to study the influence of the diameter of a container on the sensitivity zone of the probe with respect to the measured calibration media and isopropanol as a verification liquid. Next, the probe was teste

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Gregory, Andrew P., Kristell Quéléver, Djamel Allal, and Ourouk Jawad. "Validation of a Broadband Tissue-Equivalent Liquid for SAR Measurement and Monitoring of Its Dielectric Properties for Use in a Sealed Phantom." Sensors 20, no. 10 (2020): 2956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102956.

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We report on the development of a method for measuring the permittivity and conductivity of fluids inside a sealed tank (or a pipe) by using an embedded coaxial probe. Permittivity and conductivity in the frequency range 600 MHz to 6 GHz are determined from measurements of a complex reflection coefficient by using a vector network analyser (VNA) that is connected to the embedded probe via a coaxial cable. Substitution methods for calibration of an inaccessible probe are studied in this paper. These require the VNA with attached cable to be calibrated prior to connecting the cable to the embedd

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Liu, Huan, and Yichao Meng. "Microwave Sensor for Dielectric Constant of Lossy Organic Liquids Based on Negative-Resistance Oscillation." Sensors 25, no. 3 (2025): 961. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030961.

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The dielectric constant, or permittivity, is a fundamental property that characterizes a material’s electromagnetic behavior, crucial for diverse applications in agriculture, healthcare, industry, and scientific research. In microwave engineering, accurate permittivity measurement is essential for advancements in fields such as biomedicine, aerospace, and microwave chemistry. However, conventional waveguide resonator methods face challenges when measuring high-loss materials, often leading to reduced accuracy and increased cost. This paper introduces a lightweight, compact system for dielectri

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Quan, Chun-He, Xiao-Yu Zhang, and Jong-Chul Lee. "Measurement of Complex Permittivity for Rapid Detection of Liquid Concentration Using a Reusable Octagon-Shaped Resonator Sensor." Micromachines 14, no. 3 (2023): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14030542.

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Substrate-integrated waveguides (SIWs) are widely used in microwave systems owing to their low cost and ease of integration. In this study, an SIW-based resonator that reacts to the complex permittivity variation of solutions with dimensions of 79.2 mm × 59.8 mm is introduced. This octagon-shaped sensor can be installed on a preliminary monitoring system to test water quality by observing the parameter variations caused by external factors. The resonant structure was used to test different concentrations of ethanol–water and acetone–water mixtures for verification. The resonant frequency and q

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Farhat, Iman, Lourdes Farrugia, Julian Bonello, Rafel Grima, Raffaele Persico, and Charles Sammut. "One-Port Coaxial Line Sample Holder Characterisation Method of Dielectric Spectra." Sensors 24, no. 17 (2024): 5573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24175573.

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A technique for solving the one-port closed coaxial transmission line sample holder scattering equation for complex permittivity inversion for lossy materials is presented. A non-linear least-squares procedure is used for the determination of parameters for the specification of the spectral functional form of the complex permittivity. The method allows for accurate retrieval of many low- and high-permittivity dielectric materials in the frequency range of 1 GHz to 3 GHz inserted into the coaxial cell. Using this method, the complex permittivity of a number of liquids and a Maltese soil known a

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Wang, Chen, Xiaoming Liu, Zhixiang Huang, Shuo Yu, Xiaofan Yang, and Xiaobang Shang. "A Sensor for Characterisation of Liquid Materials with High Permittivity and High Dielectric Loss." Sensors 22, no. 5 (2022): 1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051764.

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This paper reports on a sensor based on multi-element complementary split-ring resonator for the measurement of liquid materials. The resonator consists of three split rings for improved measurement sensitivity. A hole is fabricated at the centre of the rings to accommodate a hollow glass tube, through which the liquid sample can be injected. Electromagnetic simulations demonstrate that both the resonant frequency and quality factor of the sensor vary considerably with the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the liquid sample. The volume ratio between the liquid sample and glass tube is 0.

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Lian, Yiwei, and Kongshuang Zhao. "Broadband dielectric spectroscopy of micelles and microemulsions formed in a hydrophilic ionic liquid: the relaxation mechanism and interior parameters." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 4 (2018): 2605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj04813k.

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Useinova, S. "Application of the Variational Method in Studying of Polar Liquids and Their Concentrated Solutions." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/85/02.

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The developed new variational method for measuring the permittivity ξ' and dielectric losses ξ'' of polar liquids is free from a number of shortcomings. At which the minimum amplitude of the reflected wave (ρ) or the standing wave coefficient η takes place, and the value of ηm at this liquid thickness is based on measuring the thickness of the liquid layer in the cell. A variant of this method was considered in the assumption of the active value of the initial resistance of the waveguide section with liquid at the layer thickness corresponding to the minimum value of (ρ) or η, justified only f

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Matković, Anđela, and Antonio Šarolić. "The Effect of Freezing and Thawing on Complex Permittivity of Bovine Tissues." Sensors 22, no. 24 (2022): 9806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249806.

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The aim of this study was to investigate how the freezing and thawing of biological tissues affect their complex permittivity in the microwave frequency range from 0.5 MHz to 18 GHz. We measured the complex permittivity of ex vivo bovine tissues, including brain white and grey matter, liver, and muscle, using an open-ended coaxial probe. Bovine tissues were chosen for their availability and similarity to human tissue permittivity. The samples were measured at 25 °C, before they were frozen either in a commercial freezer below −18 °C or in liquid nitrogen, nominally at −196 °C. The measured per

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Reis, João Carlos R., T. P. Iglesias, Gérard Douhéret, and Michael I. Davis. "The permittivity of thermodynamically ideal liquid mixtures and the excess relative permittivity of binary dielectrics." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 11, no. 20 (2009): 3977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b820613a.

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Bu, Ling, Xiaoming Wu, Xiaohong Wang, and Litian Liu. "Liquid encapsulated electrostatic energy harvester for low-frequency vibrations." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, no. 1 (2012): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12459590.

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This article presents the modeling, fabrication, and testing of liquid encapsulated energy harvester using polyvinylidene fluoride electrets. Unlike harvesters reported in previous literature, this liquid encapsulated energy harvester uses flowing liquid rather than conventional resonating structures to induce variable capacitance and is more suitable for low-frequency applications. Prototypes injected with three types of liquid ( N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide, and glycerin) are tested in horizontal vibration and rotary motion mode, respectively. The results show that N, N-dim

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