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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid petroleum gas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Brito, Dagobert L., William Laney Littlejohn, and Juan Rosellon. "Pricing Liquid Petroleum Gas in Mexico." Southern Economic Journal 66, no. 3 (January 2000): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1061436.

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2

Örs, Safvet. "Cold injury from liquid petroleum gas." Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery 39, no. 3 (June 2005): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02844310510006150.

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3

Brito, Dagobert L., William Laney Littlejohn, and Juan Rosellón. "Pricing Liquid Petroleum Gas in Mexico." Southern Economic Journal 66, no. 3 (January 2000): 742–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2325-8012.2000.tb00285.x.

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4

Pedhekar, R. B., F. C. Raghuwanshi, and V. D. Kapse. "Liquid petroleum gas sensing performance enhanced by CuO modification of nanocrystalline ZnO-TiO2." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0083.

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AbstractNanocrystalline ZnO-TiO2 (with molar ratios 9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7 and 1:9) were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. Synthesized materials were examined with the help of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. Liquid petroleum gas sensing characteristics of the ZnO-TiO2 films were investigated at different operating temperatures. The ZnO-TiO2 thick film (with 1:1 molar ratio) exhibited good response toward liquid petroleum gas as compared to other investigated compositions. Further, liquid petroleum gas sensing characteristics of CuO modified ZnO-TiO2 thick films were investigated. 0.2 M CuO modified ZnO-TiO2 thick film exhibited excellent liquid petroleum gas sensing characteristics such as higher response (~ 1637.49 at 185 °C) with quick response time (~30 s), low recovery time (~70 s), excellent repeatability and stability at low operating temperature.

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5

Darshane, Sonali L., S. S. Suryavanshi, and I. S. Mulla. "Nanostructured nickel ferrite: A liquid petroleum gas sensor." Ceramics International 35, no. 5 (July 2009): 1793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.10.013.

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6

Zulfan, Tulus Burhanuddin Sitorus, and Taufiq Bin Nur. "Performance Gasoline Generator Engine Fueled Liquid Petroleum Gas." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1566 (June 2020): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1566/1/012025.

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7

Ozer, Salih, Mehmet Akcay, and Erdinc Vural. "Effects of liquefed petroleum gas use in a turbocharged stratified injection engine using ethanol/gasoline as pilot fuel." Thermal Science 25, Spec. issue 1 (2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200517010o.

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The production of engines using turbocharged stratified injection technology has increased rapidly in recent years. In addition, the use of liquefied petroleum gas, which is an environmental and economical fuel, is increasing in vehicles. While liquefied petroleum gas cannot be used in turbocharged stratified injection engines before, liquefied petroleum gas kits have become applicable to these types of engines with the development of technology. Turbocharged stratified injection is used to provide the first ignition of liquid fuel in engines. Therefore, liquid fuel is sprayed from the injector and then added on liquefied petroleum gas to burn liquefied petroleum gas. Thus, unlike other systems, liquefied petroleum gas in use with the increase in efficiency is also provided. Alcohols (ethanol, methanol, butanol, etc.) biomass fuels are alternative fuel characteristics. There are many studies on the use of alcohols in internal combustion engines. What distinguishes this study is that turbocharged stratified injection is used as a pilot fuel to burn liquefied petroleum gas in an engine. In the study, a vehicle with a turbocharged stratified injection motor equipped with prins liquefied petroleum gas system was used. For this purpose, the effects of 5% (E5), 10% (E10), and 20% (E20) ethanol addition on engine power, engine torque and exhaust emissions were investigated. The vehicle experiments were carried out by increasing the engine speed from 500-5500 rpm in the chassis dynamometer. The findings showed that with E10+liquefied petroleum gas fuel, there is an increase in engine power and engine torque. There is also a reduction in all CO, CO2, and HC emissions.

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8

Varotsis, Nikos, and Paul Guieze. "Microdistillation: A method combining gas and liquid chromatography to characterize petroleum liquids." Journal of Chromatography A 403 (January 1987): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96350-7.

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9

Majumder, S., S. Hussain, S. N. Das, R. B. Bhar, and A. K. Pal. "Silicon doped SnO2 films for liquid petroleum gas sensor." Vacuum 82, no. 8 (April 2008): 760–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2007.11.002.

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10

Loktionov, E., N. Pasechnikov, and V. Telekh. "Laser ignition of liquid petroleum gas at elevated pressures." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 927 (November 2017): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/927/1/012030.

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11

Das, D. K., S. Nerella, and D. Kulkarni. "Thermal Properties of Petroleum and Gas-to-liquid Products." Petroleum Science and Technology 25, no. 4 (April 16, 2007): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916460500294556.

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12

Kaminsky, R. D. "Estimation of Two-Phase Flow Heat Transfer in Pipes." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795071.

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Heat transfer can be of importance in the design of multiphase petroleum flowlines. However, heat transfer data for gas-liquid flows are available only for small-diameter pipes at low pressures. Moreover, existing prediction methods are largely not suited to petroleum pipeline conditions due to implicit use of simplistic two-phase flow models. In this work heat transfer estimation methods are derived for nonboiling gas-liquid flow in pipes of high Prandtl number liquids, such as crude oil. The methods are readily evaluated for engineering applications and are applicable to all flow regimes, except those with low liquid holdup. Comparison is made with literature data. Accuracies of ±33 percent are obtained in general. The methods explicitly couple with arbitrary prediction methods for two-phase flow pressure drop and liquid holdup. This explicit coupling makes plausible the hypothesis that predictions will be robust at conditions well beyond the range of the existing experimental data.

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13

UKEGAWA, Koji, Teruo KONDO, Akimitsu MATSUMURA, Katsuya KOGUCHI, and Etsuro NAKAMURA. "Hydrotreating of the mixed oils of coal liquid and petroleum gas oil. Effect of ratio of coal liquid to petroleum gas oil." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 64, no. 6 (1985): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.64.385.

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14

Cho, Sungwoo, and Kyoungdoug Min. "Injector control logic for a liquid-phase liquid petroleum gas injection engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 218, no. 1 (January 2004): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440704322829182.

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15

Gros, Jonas, Scott A. Socolofsky, Anusha L. Dissanayake, Inok Jun, Lin Zhao, Michel C. Boufadel, Christopher M. Reddy, and J. Samuel Arey. "Petroleum dynamics in the sea and influence of subsea dispersant injection duringDeepwater Horizon." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (August 28, 2017): 10065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612518114.

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During theDeepwater Horizondisaster, a substantial fraction of the 600,000–900,000 tons of released petroleum liquid and natural gas became entrapped below the sea surface, but the quantity entrapped and the sequestration mechanisms have remained unclear. We modeled the buoyant jet of petroleum liquid droplets, gas bubbles, and entrained seawater, using 279 simulated chemical components, for a representative day (June 8, 2010) of the period after the sunken platform’s riser pipe was pared at the wellhead (June 4–July 15). The model predicts that 27% of the released mass of petroleum fluids dissolved into the sea during ascent from the pared wellhead (1,505 m depth) to the sea surface, thereby matching observed volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions to the atmosphere. Based on combined results from model simulation and water column measurements, 24% of released petroleum fluid mass became channeled into a stable deep-water intrusion at 900- to 1,300-m depth, as aqueously dissolved compounds (∼23%) and suspended petroleum liquid microdroplets (∼0.8%). Dispersant injection at the wellhead decreased the median initial diameters of simulated petroleum liquid droplets and gas bubbles by 3.2-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively, which increased dissolution of ascending petroleum fluids by 25%. Faster dissolution increased the simulated flows of water-soluble compounds into biologically sparse deep water by 55%, while decreasing the flows of several harmful compounds into biologically rich surface water. Dispersant injection also decreased the simulated emissions of VOCs to the atmosphere by 28%, including a 2,000-fold decrease in emissions of benzene, which lowered health risks for response workers.

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16

Rozo Álvarez, Carlos Yezid, Lindsay Álvarez Pomar, Ernesto Gómez Vargas, and Imelda Lizcano Caro. "Sectorial analysis of liquefied petroleum gas." Visión electrónica 13, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 358–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22484728.15186.

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This article shows the results of the analysis performed to the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) sector, covering aspects related to its production and consumption, initially addressing the international scenario with countries such as Spain, Brazil, China, India and Ghana, to later make the analysis of the national scenario with a look at the participation of the sector within the energy matrix. Finally, a comparison of the international scenario with the national reality is made, concluding that the contribution of the sector to the economy of the country is quite small, it is not competitive despite having favorable environmental characteristics, making urgent its intervention in order to take it to be competitive within the basket of liquid fuels, in such a way that it becomes a viable alternative energy and is established from a public policy sector structure, allowing supply a market and meet social and economic needs.

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17

Morenov, Valentin, Ekaterina Leusheva, George Buslaev, and Ove T. Gudmestad. "System of Comprehensive Energy-Efficient Utilization of Associated Petroleum Gas with Reduced Carbon Footprint in the Field Conditions." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 4921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184921.

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This paper considers the issue of associated petroleum gas utilization during hydrocarbon production in remote petroleum fields. Due to the depletion of conventional oil and gas deposits around the globe, production shifts to hard-to-recover resources, such as heavy and high-viscosity oil that requires a greater amount of energy to be recovered. At the same time, large quantities of associated petroleum gas are extracted along with the oil. The gas can be utilized as a fuel for power generation. However, even the application of combined power modes (combined heat and power and combined cooling heat and power) cannot guarantee full utilization of the associated petroleum gas. Analysis of the electrical and heat loads’ graphs of several oil fields revealed that the generated thermal energy could not always be fully used. To improve the efficiency of the fuel’s energy potential conversion, an energy system with a binary power generation cycle was developed, consisting of two power installations—a main gas microturbine and an auxiliary steam turbine unit designed to power the technological objects in accordance with the enterprise’s power load charts. To provide for the most complete utilization of associated petroleum gas, a gas-to-liquid system is introduced, which converts the rest of the gas into synthetic liquid hydrocarbons that are used at the field. Processing of gas into various products also lowers the carbon footprint of the petroleum production. Application of an energy system with a binary power generation cycle makes it possible to achieve an electrical efficiency up to 55%, at the same time maintaining high efficiency of consumers’ energy supply during the year. The utilization of the associated petroleum gas in the developed system can reach 100%.

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18

Mora, María, Manuel Ramírez, Francisco Brocal, Manuel Ortuño, Augusto Beléndez, and Inmaculada Pascual. "Influence of Tert-Butylthiol and Tetrahydrofuran on the Holographic Characteristics of a Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal: A Research Line Toward a Specific Sensor for Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020254.

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Tert-Butylthiol (TBT) and tetrahydrothiophene (THT) are odorant substances added to natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas to help their detection by the human smell. In this research, TBT and THT are incorporated into a holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal and their influence in the main holographic characteristics of the photopolymer are studied in order to open the way towards the design of a holographic sensor to detect natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas.

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19

Zhao, Yansong, Zhonghua Chen, Fei Yang, and Yingpeng Zhen. "Ionic Liquid: A Promising Material for Petroleum Production and Processing." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 15 (October 20, 2020): 1763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824999200716151819.

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Ionic liquids can be utilized in petroleum science. However, significant attention has been paid to the utilization of ionic liquids in petroleum science by researchers. In this work, the recent development of the utilization of ionic liquids in petroleum science is introduced. First of all, ionic liquids can be utilized as an additive in the oil & gas industry, such as a surfactant, corrosion inhibitor, demulsifier, and dispersant. In addition, ionic liquids can be utilized in the separation process of oil & gas processing. For example, ionic liquids can be utilized to remove naphthenic acids from oils, extract toluene from alkanes, dissolution of asphaltene in oils, extract phenol from model oil, and separate oil mixtures in a combination of membranes. Ionic liquids can also be utilized in novel technology development for enhanced oil recovery, and oil field scale control process. Moreover, utilization of ionic liquids in gasoline desulfurization process is important and crucial, which is greener, lower cost, and safer compared with the traditional processing technology. Furthermore, ionic liquids can be utilized as novel solvents to form micro-emulsion. Some ionic liquids have task-specific functional groups, which can reduce the cost and improve the separation efficiency. The utilization of ionic liquids in the catalysis process of the oil & gas industry is also introduced in this work. In the end, the utilization of ionic liquids in the oil sand treatment process and asphaltene precipitation inhibition process is discussed. This work will benefit the novel environmentally friendly technology development using ionic liquids for oil & gas production and processing.

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20

Chaudhari, G. N., D. R. Bambole, and A. B. Bodade. "Structural and gas sensing behavior of nanocrystalline BaTiO3 based liquid petroleum gas sensors." Vacuum 81, no. 3 (October 2006): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2006.03.026.

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21

Chaisitsak, Sutichai. "Nanocrystalline SnO2:F Thin Films for Liquid Petroleum Gas Sensors." Sensors 11, no. 7 (July 11, 2011): 7127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s110707127.

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22

Oosterkamp, L. D., and F. Heurtaux. "New polymorph friction-stir-welded aluminium liquid petroleum gas tank." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 220, no. 1 (January 2006): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x69605.

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23

Segal, A., and M. Epstein. "Modeling of Solar Receiver for Cracking of Liquid Petroleum Gas." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 119, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2871832.

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The paper presents the model of an industrial solar receiver/reactor for thermal cracking of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) at the typical temperature range of 800–850°C. The concentrated solar radiation enters the receiver located on the ground and provided with a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) at the ceiling. This is achieved with a “reflecting solar tower.” The radiative model uses the classical concept of equivalent gray plane to represent a panel of 40 cracking tubes placed in parallel of a refractory wall of the receiver. The radiative flux distribution on each wall is calculated and the chemistry in each reactor tube is evaluated until convergence is achieved. The design of an industrial size receiver, its behavior, and performance have been evaluated using this model. The computer program based on this model was run for a variety of flow conditions, feed compositions, and pressures.

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24

Khadayate, R. S., J. V. Sali, S. B. Rane, and P. P. Patil. "Preparation and Characterization of WO3-Based Liquid Petroleum Gas Sensor." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 22, no. 2 (February 2, 2007): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426910601134153.

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25

Adland, Roar, Haiying Jia, and Jing Lu. "Price dynamics in the market for Liquid Petroleum Gas transport." Energy Economics 30, no. 3 (May 2008): 818–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.02.008.

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26

Ahmed, Yassin Mustafa, Hameed D. Lafta, A. A. Abdul Rahman, and Barzan Talib Salih. "Experimental Study of the Performance of Base Metal and Welding Line of the Household LPG Cylinder Manufactured in Kurdistan Region." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 4, no. 3 (August 12, 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.04.03.2019.04.

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Liquefied petroleum gas (propane or butane) is a colourless liquid which readily evaporates into a gas. It has no smell, although it will normally have an odour added to help detect leaks. Liquefied petroleum gas is stored and handled as a liquid when under pressure inside an LPG cylinder. Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders are subjected to various tests to ensure their compliance requirements as per standard. This research studied the durability of welding and performance of base metal of LPG home cylindrical in Kurdistan region. The experiments were carried out on an unformed plate and three types of LPG cylinder designated as A, B, and C and D. In this research standard tests for LPG cylinders were conducted. Three samples were extracted from each of LPG cylinders and unformed plate for each of tensile test, bending test and hardness test according to ISO 6892-2016 and ASME standards to examine the mechanical properties. In addition, chemical compositions also were carried out. These values are compared with standard.

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27

Wahid, Abdul, and Muhamad Taufiq Hidayat. "Analysis of chemical volume and composition to overcome liquid loading in gas well." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186703009.

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Many problems often occur in producing natural gas from well. Due to the existence of water content in natural gas or water drive mechanism, liquid (especially water) is also produced from gas well, following natural gas production. When gas critical rate is higher than gas production rate due to reservoir pressure decline, it will cause liquid accumulation in the bottom of well, avoiding natural gas to be well lifted from well bottom to surface. It is liquid loading. Chemical injection of 0.4 liquid that consists of ethoxy sulphate, alkane sulphonate, and petroleum sulphonate is effective to overcome liquid loading in natural gas well thus causing an increase in natural gas production by 57%.

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28

ASSUMPÇÃO, Luiz Carlos Fonte Nova de, Mônica Regina da Costa MARQUES, and Montserrat Motas CARBONELL. "CO-PYROLYSIS OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH PETROLEUM OF BACIA DE CAMPOS." Periódico Tchê Química 06, no. 11 (January 20, 2009): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v6.n11.2009.24_periodico11_pgs_23_30.pdf.

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In this study, the process of co-pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) residues with gas-oil was evaluated, varying the temperature and the amount of polypropylene fed to the reactor. The polypropylene samples and gas-oil were submitted to the thermal co-pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere, varying the temperature and the amount of PP. The influence of the gas-oil was evaluated carrying the co-pyrolysis in the absence of PP. The pyrolysed liquids produced by this thermal treatment were characterized by modified gaseous chromatography in order to evaluate the yield in the range of distillation of diesel. As a result, the increase of PP amount lead to a reduction in the yield of the pyrolytic liquid and to an increase of the amount of solid generated. The effect of temperature increase showed an inverse result. The results show that plastic residue co-pyrolysys is a potential method for chemical recycling of plastic products.

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29

Wang, Xin, Tong Ji Wang, and Li Min He. "Gas Bubble Distribution in Liquid Slug of Horizontal Air-Water Flow." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2926.

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The slug flow regime may be appeared in subsea gas-liquid pipeline of the offshore petroleum industry. The gas entrainment process and the gas bubble distribution in liquid slug are crucial for the model of slug flow. An experimental facility was constructed and the gas bubble distributions in the liquid slug were measured by the dual-tip conductivity probe. It is found that the entrained gas is broken up into small bubbles by the high turbulent shear stress in the turbulent shear layer in the mixing zone. The small bubbles are dispersed completely and the profiles of void fraction and bubble frequency have peaks in this layer. The mechanism of gas entrainment is also presented.

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30

Zhang, Qian, Li Shi, and Xuan Meng. "Deep adsorption desulfurization of liquid petroleum gas by copper-modified bentonite." RSC Advances 6, no. 12 (2016): 9589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra21729f.

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31

Joshi, A. A., A. N. Kalyankar, and A. L. Choudhari3. "Study of vanadium-modified zeolite as Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) sensor." Material Science Research India 6, no. 2 (December 25, 2012): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/060246.

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32

Okeke, Ikenna J., and Thomas A. Adams. "Combining petroleum coke and natural gas for efficient liquid fuels production." Energy 163 (November 2018): 426–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.058.

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33

Ghosh, D., B. Ghosh, S. Hussain, Subhajyoti Chaudhuri, R. Bhar, and A. K. Pal. "Novel BN/Pd composite films for stable liquid petroleum gas sensor." Applied Surface Science 263 (December 2012): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.10.001.

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34

Bian, Hai Jun, Wen Dong Xu, Xiu Xi Li, and Yu Qian. "A Novel Natural Gas Liquids Recovery Process from Oil Field Associated Gas with LNG Cryogenic Energy Utilization." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.820.

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A novel LNG cryogenic energy utilization process to recovery natural gas liquids from oil field associated gas is proposed. The proposed process uses the cryogenic energy of LNG and saves 62.6% of electricity, which is compared to the current electric refrigeration process. The proposed process recovers ethane, liquid petroleum gas (propane and butane) and heavier hydrocarbons, with total recovery rate of natural gas liquids up to 96.8%. Exergy analysis method is used to assess the new process. The results show that exergy efficiency of the new process is 44.3%, and compared to the current electric refrigeration process, exergy efficiency of the new process is improved by 16%. The proposed process has been applied in a conceptual design scheme of the cryogenic energy utilization and implemented for a 300 million tons/yr LNG receiving terminal in a northern Chinese harbor.

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35

Sych, O., A. Korniienko, and N. Yevtushenko. "FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS OF MIXED MOTOR GASOLINES." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 66 (2021): 860–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.66.64.

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The main types of petroleum components that are used in the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines are considered. For the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines, a low-octane base is used, to which high-octane components are added. In many cases, reformate (catalytic reforming gasoline) and isopentane (isopentane fraction) are used as high-octane components of mixed motor gasolines. Straight-run gasoline and stable gasoline are often used as the low-octane gasoline base of blended automobile gasolines. Reformate is a liquid mixture of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons used as a high-octane component of automobile (aviation) gasolines and raw materials in the production of aromatic hydrocarbons (arenas). The reformate is obtained by catalytic reforming of straight-run gasoline fractions. Isopentane (2-methylbutane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3) is a colorless, flammable liquid. The technical product is a mixture of isomeric pentanes and boils within 24 - 34°C. The isopentane fraction can be isolated from gas gasoline, from gasoline direct distillation of oil and gasoline catalytic cracking. Straight-run gasoline (nefras) is obtained from the processing of crude oil or gas condensate, oil shale or coal, natural gas or oil and gas. Straight run gasoline contains light gasoline fractions of direct distillation of oil with a boiling range of 35 - 180°C. Gas gasoline (gas stable gasoline) is obtained from natural and petroleum gases containing vapors of gasoline hydrocarbons. To separate them, the gases are compressed and cooled (compression method) or absorbed with oil or activated carbon. Gas gasoline is similar in chemical composition to straight-run gasoline, but contains lighter hydrocarbon fractions. The article discusses the results of a study of the listed petroleum components of mixed gasoline by gas-liquid chromatography. This method allows you to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of mixed motor gasolines and their components. It is shown that from readily available petroleum components (isopentane fraction, aromatic hydrocarbons and gas stable gasoline) without the use of sophisticated technological equipment, a gasoline mixture with high detonation resistance, which is falsified automobile gasoline, can be obtained by mixing method. When mixed in certain proportions of reformate, isopentane fraction and gas stable gasoline, it is possible to obtain marketable gasoline that will meet the requirements of regulatory documents for gasoline. The considered technology allows, when mixing commodity gasolines A-92 (A-95) with reformate, isopentane fraction and gasoline gas stable in the calculated proportions, to improve the operational characteristics (detonation resistance) of the obtained gasoline mixture or to increase the volume of the obtained gasoline mixture without improving its performance.

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36

Layer, B. "COMMONWEALTH PERSPECTIVE ON PETROLEUM TAXATION." APPEA Journal 39, no. 2 (1999): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98067.

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In 1997 the petroleum industry sought modifications to the petroleum resource rent tax (PRRT) regime which applies to all Commonwealth offshore areas except the North West Shelf Project area. Industry argued that the PRRT impeded deepwater exploration and development activity and the exploitation of large stranded gas deposits suitable for conversion to liquids such as LNG. Industry suggested that a more appropriate risk/reward balance in the tax structure could be achieved by providing a volume based PRRT exemption for projects located in water depth greater than 400 m and by increasing the uplift rates for unrealised losses. It was proposed that the risk premium for the general (development) expenditure carry forward rate be increased by five percentage points to the long term bond rate (LTRR) plus 10 percentage points. Another industry recommendation was that exploration expenditures incurred more than five years before the issue of a production license (PL), which currently attract the lower GDP factor rate (the five year rule), be uplifted at the long-term bond rate for the period prior to the five year mark and then rolled forward at LTBR plus 15 percentage points. In addition, industry asked that the reference date for the five year rule should be based on the application date for a PL and not the issue date. For integrated gas to liquid projects, industry requested clarification of the basis for valuing feedstock gas for determining gas liability.In response, the Commonwealth decided to adopt a gas transfer price (GTP) methodology based on a combination of established cost plus and net back formulas to be applied to the up and downstream stages of the project respectively. The difference in the price outcome of the two methods, the residual price, is split 50:50 to obtain the GTP. Details of how the residual price method will be applied are currently being finalised with a view to enacting legislation in 1999-2000. The Commonwealth also responded positively to the industry suggestion that the reference date of the five year rule be applied from the date of application for the PL on the proviso that the appropriate authority receives all information pertaining to a successful application. Recommended changes to the PRRT for deepwater areas and proposed increases to the carry forward rates of undeducted losses were rejected mainly on economic efficiency grounds.

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Lopez Jimenez, Bruno A., and Roberto Aguilera. "Flow Units in Shale Condensate Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 19, no. 03 (April 13, 2016): 450–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/178619-pa.

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Summary Recent work has shown that flow units characterized by process or delivery speed (the ratio of permeability to porosity) provide a continuum between conventional, tight-gas, shale-gas, tight-oil, and shale-oil reservoirs (Aguilera 2014). The link between the various hydrocarbon fluids is provided by the word “petroleum” in “Total Petroleum System” (TPS), which encompasses liquid and gas hydrocarbons found in conventional, tight, and shale reservoirs. The work also shows that, other things being equal, the smaller pores lead to smaller production rates. There is, however, a positive side to smaller pores that, under favorable conditions, can lead to larger economic benefits from organic-rich shale reservoirs. This occurs in the case of condensate fluids that behave as dry gas in the smaller pores of organic-rich shale reservoirs. Flow of this dry gas diminishes the amount of liquids that are released and lost permanently in a shale reservoir. Conversely, this dry gas can lead to larger recovery of liquids in the surface from a given shale reservoir and consequently more attractive economics. This study shows how the smaller pores and their associated dry gas can be recognized with the use of process speed (flow units) and modified Pickett plots. Data from the Niobrara and Eagle Ford shales are used to demonstrate these crossplots. It is concluded that there is significant practical potential in the use of process speed as part of the flow-unit characterization of shale condensate reservoirs. This, in turn, can help in locating sweet spots for improved liquid production. The main contribution of this work is the association of flow units and different scales of pore apertures for improving recovery of liquids from shale reservoirs.

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Arsenyev, A. A., D. S. Leontiev, M. D. Zavatsky, and V. V. Saltykov. "Oil and gas in Kurgan region." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2021-2-9-24.

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This article analyzes the prospects of petroleum potential in Kurgan region. The relevance of the work is due to the high degree of development of the traditional oil and gas recovery areas of Western Siberia, which leads to the need to organize search activities in areas with a low density of hydrocarbon resources. We have analyzed the results of exploratory drilling in the area of the Alabuga river in Kurgan region, and have studied the history of detections of onshore oil occurrences there. Based on the results of the retrospective analysis, the research area was determined, field work was performed to determine the state of search wells in the area, and a collection of geochemical soil and liquid samples was selected. The analysis of the samples revealed that all of them contain methane and its homologues up to and including pentane. The genesis of light methane homologs is related to the processes of catagenesis; their detection on the surface indicates active processes of generation and migration of petroleum hydrocarbons. Based on the analysis of archival materials and estimated ground-based geochemical studies, a conclusion is made about petroleum potential in Kurgan region.

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Hu, Jiancheng. "Coupled Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Model in Perforated Vertical Wells for Petroleum and Natural Gas." Energy Technology 3, no. 10 (July 31, 2015): 1018–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.201500121.

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Demirbag, Suzi, Salih Cetinkursun, Ilhami Surer, and Haluk Ozturk. "Bronchial Tear in a Child After a Liquid Petroleum Gas Tank Explosion." Pediatric Emergency Care 21, no. 7 (July 2005): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pec.0000169436.44562.26.

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Phani, A. R., S. Manorama, and V. J. Rao. "Preparation, characterization and electrical properties of SnO2 based liquid petroleum gas sensor." Materials Chemistry and Physics 58, no. 2 (March 1999): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-0584(98)00251-x.

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Sahay, P. P., and R. K. Nath. "Al-doped zinc oxide thin films for liquid petroleum gas (LPG) sensors." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 133, no. 1 (July 2008): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.02.014.

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Nemade, Kailash R., and Sandeep A. Waghuley. "Strontium oxide quantum dot decorated graphene composites for liquid petroleum gas sensing." Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society 1, no. 3 (September 2013): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22243682.2013.838375.

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Roy, Aashis S., Ameena Parveen, Ambika Prasad, and Koppalkar R. Anilkumar. "Influence of Ta2O5 on polyaniline surface for liquid petroleum gas sensing applications." Sensor Review 32, no. 2 (March 23, 2012): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602281211209455.

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Engelen, Steve, Payam Norouzzadeh, Wout Dullaert, and Bahareh Rahmani. "Multifractal features of spot rates in the Liquid Petroleum Gas shipping market." Energy Economics 33, no. 1 (January 2011): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.05.009.

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Cullen, Frances, and Paul Webber. "Unlocking Australia's oil future—exploration to exploitation." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09106.

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Since 2000 Australia has ceased to be self-sufficient in terms of oil production and petroleum demand. As a net importer of crude oil it is expected that imports will continue to fulfil a growing percentage of the country’s liquid petroleum needs. Analysts are predicting a decline in oil production over the next decade with current producing fields and discovered resources failing to fill the gap created by rising consumption. In an increasingly gas focussed industry, oil is competing with both liquefied natural gas (LNG) and coal seam gas (CSG) projects for investment. As one of the top 20 oil consumers in the world, Australia’s growing demand for petroleum liquids continues to highlight the declining domestic supply. This poster will identify and review the various components that will play a role in arresting the predicted decline curve. Exploration success in frontier basins is crucial along with the development of discovered resources in mature regions. In addition, future near-field and satellite exploration, with developments using existing infrastructure, will be instrumental in the stabilisation of oil production. This poster will also highlight planned high-impact exploration wells and examine the effect that potential discoveries could have on the country’s petroleum resources. Australia’s oil future could see a reduced dependence on imported crude, resulting from frontier exploration success opening up new oil provinces. Future options for oil production also include a re-evaluation of oil prone regions using new technology to develop discovered reserves and target higher risk and overlooked plays.

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Shen, Hua Dong, and Xin Hua Xiao. "The Software Design of a Gas-Liquid Separation and Metering System." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5286.

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On many occasions, gas phase and liquid phase of original mixture needed to be measured in the processes of petroleum, chemical, natural gas and other industry. A system of gas-liquid separation and metering were studied deeply in this paper. Kingview was taken as the software of the system. It realized dynamic show of the system state and generated various reports. Three of the functional modules were mainly introduced in the software design. The nucleus part of the system was the PID module. Its function was to regulate the aperture of the valve properly. The interface design of supervisory and report management is also described in detail. The testing on the spot has proved that system function and accuracy can meet the needs completely. The system has the characteristics of reasonable structure and stable performance. It provided a better solution to the means of gas-liquid separation.

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Boreham, C. J. "ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM IN THE BOWEN AND SURAT BASINS: GEOCHEMISTRY REVISITED." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94036.

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A detailed regional geochemical study of over 70 oils and condensates, eleven natural gases and over a hundred core samples from potential source rocks enable resolution of the generation and migration history of petroleum in the Bowen and Surat Basins. Biomarker analysis confirms a pre-Jurassic source for the petroleum. Stable carbon-isotope analysis further indicated a Permian-sourced petroleum and was able to differentiate a very minor and localised Triassic source contribution. The dominant source for the petroleum is terrestrial land plants as well as a minor contribution from bacteria and marine algae. In the north, Late Permian lower delta plain and alluvial Permian coals show the higher liquid potential compared with upper delta plain facies, while in the Taroom Trough, coals in the Blackwater Group have the highest liquid potential compared with mudrocks of the Blackwater Group, and sediments of the Back Creek Group. Initial liquid expulsion from the source rock occurred at vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of 0.65-0.7 per cent and continued to Ro of 1.05 per cent. This was followed by the main phase of gas generation between 1.05 per cent

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Srisathit, Suttikiat, and Panya Aroonjarattham. "The Effects of High Pressure Gas Burner Parameters on Thermal Efficiency for 2014 International Conference on Machining, Materials and Mechanical Technology (IC3MT)." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.729.

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The KB 5 high pressure gas burners are popularly and widely used at the food stands in Thailand. The gas burner models are of various properties depending on the each factory’s design. The differences of the designs affect the Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) consumption to a different extent. This study aimed to evaluate the parameters: the degrees of outer and inner ports; and the number of outer and inner ports of high pressure gas burners which are sold in Thailand. The thermal efficiency was tested with reference to the Standard Industrial stoves in household with liquid petroleum gas (TIS 2312-2549). The result showed that, by increasing the degrees of outer ports from 45 to 80, the thermal efficiency increased by 0.24%; while by increasing the degrees of inner ports from 50 to 60, the thermal efficiency increased 0.11%. By increasing the number of the outer ports from 35 to 38, the thermal efficiency increased 0.44%; while by increasing the number of inner ports from 9 to 15, the thermal efficiency increased by 0.22%. The development of high pressure gas burners should focus on adjusting the degrees and number of inner and outer ports for the overall improvement of the thermal efficiency.

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ADIWIBOWO, PRIYO HERU. "KARAKTERISITIK FLOW PATERN PADA ALIRAN DUA FASE GAS-CAIRAN MELEWATI PIPA VERTIKAL." Jurnal Teknik Industri 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2012): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol11.no2.117-122.

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Multi-phase flows are widely encountered in several engineering and industrial facilities, such as conventional steam power plants, evaporators and condensers, pressurized-water nuclear reactors, a wide variety of petroleum industries, chemicals and food processing industries. Surely, in the complex pipeline installation of these systems, vertical pipe will be commonly used for pipe connection. The purpose of this work is to investigate the flow pattern of gas-liquid two phase in the vertical pipe. Experiments will be performed in a 36 mm ID acrylic pipe vertical. Superifical liquid velocities and volumetric gas quality will be varied 0.3~1,1 m/s and 0.05~0.2 respectively. Digital camera will be used for flow pattern visualization in the vertical pipe. It was observed that effect of vertical pipe on flow pattern formed cluster bubbly flow for low volumetric gas quality with high superifical liquid velocities. For superifical liquid velocities with medium volumetric gas quality formed homogeneous bubbly flow and high volumetric gas quality is dense bubbly flow.

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