Academic literature on the topic 'Liquid phase content'
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Journal articles on the topic "Liquid phase content"
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Borrero-López, Oscar, Angel L. Ortiz, Fernando Guiberteau, and Nitin P. Padture. "Effect of liquid-phase content on the contact-mechanical properties of liquid-phase-sintered α-SiC." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27, no. 6 (January 2007): 2521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.09.012.
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Siegel, J. A., L. Mortelmans, E. van Cutsem, V. van den Maegdenbergh, M. de Roo, and J. L. Urbain. "Effect of Solid-Meal Caloric Content on Gastric Emptying Kinetics of Solids and Liquids." Nuklearmedizin 28, no. 04 (1989): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629481.
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In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the caloric content of a physiological test meal on the gastric emptying kinetics of solids and liquids. 22 healthy male volunteers were studied in two groups matched for age. After an overnight fast, each volunteer underwent the same test procedure; in the first group (G I), 10 volunteers received a meal consisting of bread,111In-DTPA water and 1 scrambled egg labeled with 99mTc-labelled sulphur colloid; in the second group (G II) 12 volunteers were given the same meal but with 2 labeled eggs in order to increase the caloric content of the solid phase meal. Simultaneous anterior and posterior images were recorded using a dualheaded gamma camera. Solid and liquid geometric mean data were analyzed to determine the lag phase, the emptying rate and the half-emptying time for both solids and liquids. Solid and liquid gastric half-emptying times were significantly prolonged in G II compared to G I volunteers. For the solid phased, the delay was accounted for by a longer lag phase and a decrease in the equilibrium emptying rate. The emptying rate of the liquid phase was significantly decreased in G II compared to G I. Within each group, no statistically significant difference was observed between solid and liquid emptying rates. We conclude that the caloric content of the solid portion of a meal not only alters the emptying of the solid phase but also affects the emptying of the liquid component of the meal.
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Wu, Shengli, Heping Li, Weili Zhang, and Bo Su. "Effect of Thermodynamic Melt Formation Characteristics on Liquid Phase Fluidity of Iron Ore in the Sintering Process." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040404.
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The liquid phase fluidity of iron ore is a vital index of fundamental sintering characteristics. In this paper, FactSage software and a visible microsintering test device were used to research the influence of the thermodynamic melt characteristics on the liquid phase fluidity under fixed CaO content conditions. The results show that the laws governing liquid phase fluidity of iron ore are significantly different with a fixed alkalinity and fixed CaO content of the sample. The liquid phase content at the sintering temperature is the most important thermodynamic melt formation characteristic affecting the liquid phase fluidity. In addition to the liquid phase content, other minerals also have a greater impact on liquid phase fluidity. Decreasing the viscosity of the liquid phase improves the liquid phase fluidity of the iron ore, and the effect of the SiO2 content of the iron ore on the mixed phase viscosity is greater than that of the Al2O3 content.
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Galván Montalvo, Juan Adrián, Claudia Verónica Silva Juárez, Víctor Hugo Compeán Jasso, Francisco De Anda Salazar, Viatcheslav Michournyi, and Andrei Gorbatchev. "Analysis of thermodynamic conditions to grow GaAsP epitaxial layers by LPE on GaAs and GaP substrates." MRS Advances 5, no. 63 (2020): 3327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.400.
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AbstractIn this work we have analysed the conditions to grow epitaxial layers by Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) from ternary Ga-As-P liquid phases on GaAs and GaP under initial conditions that are far away of the thermodynamic equilibrium. First, it is shown that the liquid-solid (L-S) interfaces are “stable” for all compositions of the liquid phases exclusively in contact with the GaP substrates. At the same time the elastic energy generated in mismatched GaAsyP1-y layers induces a reduction in the As content of the layer. Then, it should be expected that highly lattice mismatched epitaxial layers could be grown with small elastic energy, so that beyond certain stress the layers are initially non-planar having spatially separated but simultaneous local centres of nucleation and dissolution pits. These processes should cause a change on the composition of the liquid phase and, as consequence, the formation of the epitaxial islands with a composition gradient along its thickness. Our estimations show that in the case of contact of a Ga-As liquid phase with a GaP substrate the P content in the epitaxial islands increases with its thickness. The thermodynamic analysis was done with the CALPHAD method using SGTE data.
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Li, Heping, Shengli Wu, Zhibin Hong, Weili Zhang, Heng Zhou, and Mingyin Kou. "The Mechanism of the Effect of Al2O3 Content on the Liquid Phase Fluidity of Iron Ore Fines." Processes 7, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120931.
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The sintering process is significantly important for the ironmaking in China because of the large amount of sinter consumed. Al2O3 is an important element determining the quality and quantity of sinter. However, different conclusions have been made regarding the effects of Al2O3 on the amount and fluidity of the liquid phase formed in the sinter phase. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effects of Al2O3 content on the amount and fluidity of the liquid phase. The present work investigated the effects of different Al2O3 contents of iron ore fines on the liquid phase formation, mineral composition, and consolidation strength. The results showed that a small amount of Al2O3 increased the amount of calcium ferrite, making the liquid phase formation easier. As the Al2O3 content in iron ore fines increased, the liquidity index decreased continuously, while the fluidity and the consolidation strength of the sintered body were directly related to the content squared. The quality of the sinter is optimal when the Al2O3 content of the iron ore fines is about 2 wt % (the SiO2 content is 4 wt %).
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Zhu, Bin, Mingmei Zhu, Jie Luo, Xiaofei Dou, Yu Wang, Haijun Jiang, and Bing Xie. "Distribution Behavior of Phosphorus in 2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 Solid Solution Phase and Liquid Slag Phase." Metals 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081103.
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In this paper, the CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 dephosphorization slag system during the premier and middle stage of the converter process was studied, the effect of slag composition on the distribution ratio and activity coefficient of P in the n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 (recorded as nC2S-C3P) solid solution phase and liquid slag phase in the slag system was studied used by the high temperature experiment in laboratory, the theoretical calculation of thermodynamics, and the scanning electron microscope and the energy dispersive spectrometer (recorded as SEM/EDS). The research results show that when the FeO content in the liquid slag increases from 32.21% to 50.31%, the distribution ratio of phosphorus (recorded as LP) in the liquid slag phase increases by 3.34 times. When the binary basicity in the liquid slag increases from 1.08 to 1.64, the LP in the liquid slag phase decreases by 94.21%. In the initial slag, when the binary basicity increases from 2.0 to 3.5, the LP decreases by 70.07%. When FeO content increases from 38.00% to 51.92%, the LP increases by 6.15 times. When P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, the LP increased by 10.67 times. When the FeO content in the liquid slag increases from 32.21% to 50.31%, the activity coefficient of P2O5 in the liquid slag phase (recorded as γP2O5(L)) increases by 54.33 times. When the binary basicity in the liquid slag increases from 1.08 to 1.64, γP2O5(L) decreases by 99.38%. When the binary basicity increases from 2.0 to 3.5, the activity coefficient of P2O5 in the solid solution phase (recorded as γP2O5(SS)) in the solid solution phase decreases by 98.85%. When P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, γP2O5(SS) increases by 1.14 times. When the binary basicity decreases from 3.5 to 2.0, n decreases from 0.438 to 0.404. When the FeO content increases from 38.00% to 51.92%, n decreases from 0.477 to 0.319. When the P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, n decreases from 0.432 to 0.164. The decrease of binary basicity and the increase of FeO and P2O5 content in the initial slag can reduce the value of n and enrich more phosphorus in the solid solution phase. The results can not only provide a theoretical basis for industrial production, but also lay a theoretical foundation for finding more effective dephosphorization methods.
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German, Randall M., and Eugene A. Olevsky. "Modeling grain growth dependence on the liquid content in liquid-phase-sintered materials." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 29, no. 12 (December 1998): 3057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-998-0213-z.
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ICHITSUBO, Koki, Hiroki YAMASHITA, Takao TANOSAKI, and Shinya SATAKE. "RESEARCH OF HIGHLY FUNCTIONAL CEMENT THAT REDUCED INTERSTITIAL LIQUID PHASE CONTENT （PART 2 STUDY OF FURTHER REDUCTION OF INTERSTITIAL LIQUID PHASE CONTENT AND INCREASE OF C3S CONTENT）." Cement Science and Concrete Technology 63, no. 1 (2009): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14250/cement.63.62.
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Drennan, J., R. H. J. Hannink, D. R. Clarke, and T. M. Shaw. "Effect of furnace atmosphere and silica content on the consolidation behaviour of magnesia partially stabilised zirconia." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 1056–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178410.
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Magnesia partially stabilised zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ceramics are renowned for their excellent nechanical properties. These are effected by processing conditions and purity of starting materials. It has been previously shown that small additions of strontia (SrO) have the effect of removing the major contaminant, silica (SiO2).The mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood but the strontia appears to form a very mobile liquid phase at the grain boundaries. As the sintering reaches the final stages the liquid phase is expelled to the surface of the ceramic. A series of experiments, to examine the behaviour of the liquid grain boundary phase, were designed to produce compositional gradients across the ceramic bodies. To achieve this, changes in both silica content and furnace atmosphere were implemented. Analytical electron microscope techniques were used to monitor the form and composition of the phases developed. This paper describes the results of our investigation and the presentation will discuss the work with reference to liquid phase sintering of ceramics in general.
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Shen, Yupeng, Zhifu Huang, Lei Zhang, Kemin Li, Zhen Cao, Peng Xiao, and Yongxin Jian. "Sintering Mechanism, Microstructure Evolution, and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Added Mo2FeB2-Based Cermets." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081889.
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Four series of Mo2FeB2-based cermets with Ti contents between 0 wt.% and 1.5 wt.% in 0.5 wt.% increments were prepared by in situ reaction and liquid phase sintering technology. Influences of Ti on microstructure and mechanical properties of cermets were studied. It was found that Ti addition increases formation temperatures of liquid phases in liquid-phase stage. Ti atoms replace a fraction of Mo atoms in Mo2FeB2 and the solution of Ti atoms causes the Mo2FeB2 crystal to be equiaxed. In addition, the cermets with 1.0 wt.% Ti content exhibit the smallest particle size. The solution of Ti atoms in Mo2FeB2 promotes the transformation of Mo2FeB2 particles from elongated shape to equiaxed shape. With Ti content increasing from 0 wt.% to 1.5 wt.%, the hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS) first increase and then decrease. The maximum hardness and TRS occur with 1.0 wt.% Ti content. However, the fracture toughness decreases as Ti content increases. The cermets with 1.0 wt.% Ti content show excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, and the hardness, fracture toughness, and TRS are HRA 89.5, 12.9 MPa∙m1/2, and 1612.6 MPa, respectively.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liquid phase content"
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Lauermann, Felix, Fanny Finger, André Ehrlich, and Manfred Wendisch. "Analysis of Water Content Profiles in Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds during VERDI." Universität Leipzig, 2016. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16700.
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Airborne measurements of liquid water content (LWC) and ice water content (IWC) were performed in mixed-phase clouds during the field campaign VERDI in Canada in April and May 2012. In single-layer and multi-layer clouds different vertical profiles of LWC and IWC could be observed. For single layer clouds the maximum LWC occurred in the upper half of the clouds while the IWC had a maximum near the cloud base. This pattern was attributed to the sedimentation of ice particles. In the lowest cloud layer of a multi-layer system both LWC and IWC reached a maximum near cloud top. Together with measured particles size distributions this suggests the presence of the seeder-feeder-process described by Fleishauer et al. (2012) for mid-level clouds.Im Rahmen der VERDI-Kampagne im April und Mai 2012 in Kanada wurden flugzeuggetragene Messungen von Flüssigwassergehalt (LWC) und Eiswassergehalt (IWC) durchgeführt. Für Einschicht- und Mehrschichtwolkensysteme konnten unterschiedliche Vertikalprofile von LWC und IWC nachgewiesen werden. In Einschichtsystemen wurden die größten Flüssigwassergehalte in der oberen Wolkenhälfte und die größten Eiswassergehalte nahe der Wolkenunterkante gemessen. Diese Verteilung wurde auf die Sedimentation von Eispartikeln zurückgeführt. In der untersten Wolkenschicht eines Mehrschichtsystems befanden sich die Maxima von LWC und IWC nahe der Wolkenoberkante. Diese Beobachtung deutet zusammen mit gemessenen Partikelgrößenverteilungen auf das Vorhandensein des Seeder-Feeder- Prozesses hin, welcher von Fleishauer et al. (2012) für mittelhohe Wolken beschrieben wurde.
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Chen, Jingjing. "Water repellency effects on liquid- and vapor-phase water exchange in soil and clay minerals." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87583.
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Drought conditions and wildfires can induce soil water repellency. Precipitation shifts are expected to exacerbate drought and wildfire in regions such as the southeastern United States, making it critical to understand how repellency affects water exchange processes in soil. The objectives of this dissertation were to 1) quantify the water vapor sorption dynamics of two clay minerals in which water repellency was induced; 2) identify if and for how long wildfires in humid hardwood forests induce water repellency, 3) evaluate if organic carbon content and hydrophobic functional groups explain actual and potential soil water repellency; and 4) understand how vertical position (i.e., depth) of water repellent layers affect infiltration processes. To meet these objectives, a laboratory test was first conducted examining water vapor sorption processes in water-repellent clay minerals. Next, a field study occurred in two forests that experienced wildfires in late 2016: Mount Pleasant Wildfire Refuge, Virginia, and Chimney Rock State Park, North Carolina, United States. Measurements include water drop penetration time, soil water content, and tension infiltration. Complimentary laboratory tests quantified potential soil water repellency, soil organic carbon content and hydrophobic functional groups. Results showed that water repellency inhibited water vapor condensation because of altered mineral surface potentials and decreased surface areas. Burned hardwood forest soils presented water repellency for > 1 year, though laboratory measurements presented different trends than in situ measurements. Total organic carbon content and hydrophobic functional groups correlated with soil water repellency measured in the laboratory but not the field. Soil water content was lower in burned than unburned soils, and negatively correlated with water repellency. Water repellency in the surface layers significantly reduced relative water infiltration rates, whereas subsurface water repellency did not, and water repellency persisted longer in sites with surface compared to subsurface water repellency. Finally, while the wildfires increased the occurrence of water repellency, they did not alter the underlying relationship between relative infiltration and surface water repellency. Altogether, this study provided new insight into water repellency effects on water partitioning at soil-atmosphere interfaces, and presented evidence of soil and hydrological changes induced by wildfires in humid hardwood forests.PHD
Rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns that result from global climate change have the potential to induce long-term droughts, which may induce soil water repellency, as can wildfires that become more prevalent and damaging. Water repellency can alter the physical, chemical, and hydraulic properties of soil. These alterations may drive soil erosional processes and increase the mobility of surface-bound pollutants with the potential to reduce water quality and degrade down-gradient aquatic ecosystems. Thus, it is critical to understand how water repellency affects water movement in and through soils. Despite several decades of research towards this topic, some critical questions still remain. For example, how does water repellent soil influence water characteristics in the vapor phase (which is increasingly important under drought conditions)? Do wildfires in humid hardwood forests cause soil water repellency? If so, how long does water repellency persist? Do water repellency measurements using field and laboratory techniques correspond to one another? How does the depth of water repellent soil layer(s) affect water movement? In order to solve this questions, several tests were conducted in both field and laboratory. The field experiments occurred within forested hillslopes that underwent varying degrees of burning during widespread wildfires that affected the Southeastern United States in late 2016. Choosing two forested locations, we measured actual water repellency, soil moisture, and infiltration in burned and unburned sites after wildfire, and took loose samples for laboratory tests. In the lab, we tested potential water repellency on air-dried soil samples, soil organic carbon content and hydrophobic substance percentage. We also conducted water vapor sorption experiments to quantify water vapor exchange in two types of water repellent minerals: kaolinite and montmorillonite. The results showed that water repellency can affect water exchange between the subsurface and the atmosphere, by both limiting water vapor sorption and reducing liquid water infiltration. Soil organic matter and composition correlate well with potential water repellency measured in the laboratory, though less so with actual water repellency measured in the field. Instead, soil water content provided a high and inverse correlation with actual water repellency. Finally, water infiltration rates were influenced by the vertical position (depth) of water repellent layers, with water repellency at the soil surface causing much reduced initial infiltration rates compared to water-repellent layers in the subsurface.
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Vilč, Ladislav. "Vliv teploty a času na podíl krystalické a amorfní fáze v polypropylenu." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233299.
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is is a study of the relationship between structure, mechanical properties and relaxing behavior of the polypropylene. The structure was evaluated by the quantity the solid phase content (SPC). This was defined as mathematical result of free induction decay (FID) signal from pulsed 1H-NMR. The solid phase content is a quite new structural parameter representing the quantity for description of semi-crystalline polymers. Whereas pulsed 1H-NMR is non-destructive, accurate and repeatable, it becomes a unique tool for a description of mechanical, structural, physical-mechanical changes of polypropylene within the time and temperature. Particularly, this method registers the small changes in the time-dependant shipments during secondary crystallization with small structure changes.
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Alford, Shannon Recca. "Analytical method for detecting PCB derivatives at low levels in surface water samples by solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry." Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://library.msstate.edu/content/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-12142004-142520.
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DUMAS, HERBIN CHRISTINE. "Chromatographie en phase liquide et synthese organique, exemple d'un produit industriel : la cylcododecanone oxime." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066104.
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Les techniques de la chromatographie en phase liquide ont permis de mettre au point une separation optimisee des impuretes de la cyclododecanone oxime. La methode la plus performante est la chromatographie de partage a polarite de phases inversee sur un gel de silice greffee octadecyle avec une phase mobile ayant la composition suivante : methanol-acetonitrile-tetrahydrofurane-eau 33:24:3,5:39,5 (v/v). Une trentaine d'impuretes sont ainsi mises en evidence grace a l'emploi d'une colonne de petit calibre de 1 metre de long et de 1 millimetre de diametre interieur. Cette colonne contient 30000 plateaux theoriques. La duree de la separation est de 3,5 heures. L'identification d'un certain nombre de ces impuretes a ete effectuee par la conjonction de differentes methodes : couplage en ligne avec la spectrometrie de masse et chromatographie semi-preparative permettant d'isoler des quantites notables de certaines impuretes identifiees par la spectrometrie de masse differee de meme on a pu appliquer a ces impuretes la spectrometrie infrarouge par transformee de fourier
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Zhao, Lei. "Dynamics and Statics of Three-Phase Contact Line." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102649.
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Wetting, which addresses either spontaneous or forced spreading of liquids on a solid surface, is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and can be observed by us on a daily basis, e.g., rain drops falling on a windshield and lubricants protecting our corneas. The study of wetting phenomena can be traced back to the observation of water rising in a capillary tube by Hauksbee in 1706 and still remains as a hot topic, since it lays the foundation for a wide spectrum of applications, such as fluid mechanics, surface chemistry, micro/nanofluidic devices, and phase change heat transfer enhancement. Generally, wetting is governed by the dynamic and static behaviors of the three-phase contact line. Therefore, a deep insight into the dynamics and statics of three-phase contact line at nanoscale is necessary for the technological advancement in nanotechnology and nanoscience. This dissertation aims to understand the dynamic wetting under a molecular kinetic framework and resolve the reconfiguration of liquid molecules at the molecular region of contact line.
Water spreading on polytetrafluoroethylene surfaces is selected as a classical example to study the dynamic behaviors of three-phase contact line. To accommodate the moving contact line paradox, the excess free energy is considered to be dissipated in the form of molecular dissipation. As-formed contact line friction/dissipation coefficient is calculated for water interacting with PTFE surfaces with varying structures and is found to be on the same order of magnitude with dynamic viscosity. From an ab initio perspective, contact line friction is decomposed into contributions from solid-liquid retarding and viscous damping. A mathematical model is established to generalize the overall friction between a droplet and a solid surface, which is able to clarify the static-to-kinetic transition of solid-liquid friction without introducing contact angle hysteresis. Moreover, drag reduction on lotus-leaf-like surface is accounted for as well. For the first time, the concept of contact line friction is used in the rational design of a superhydrophobic condenser surface for continuous dropwise condensation.
We focus on the transport and reconfiguration of liquid molecules confined by a solid wall to shed light on the morphology of the molecular region of a three-phase contact line. A governing equation, which originates from the free energy analysis of a nonuniform monocomponent system, is derived to describe the patterned oscillations of liquid density. By comparing to the Reynolds transport theorem, we find that the oscillatory profiles of interfacial liquids are indeed governed in a combined manner by self-diffusion, surface-induced convection and shifted glass transition. Particularly for interfacial water, the solid confining effects give rise to a bifurcating configuration of hydrogen bonds. Such unique configuration consists of repetitive layer-by-layer water sheets with intra-layer hydrogen bonds and inter-layer defects. Molecular dynamics simulations on the interfacial configuration of water on solid surfaces reveal a quadratic dependence of adhesion on solid-liquid affinity, which bridges the gap between macroscopic interfacial properties and microscopic parameters.Doctor of Philosophy
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Herbaut, Rémy. "Dynamique des liquides sur substrat froid, avec solidification." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC006.
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Nous étudions l’étalement de liquides sur une surface froide, avec solidification. L’application visée est le secteur aéronautique qui est confronté à des problèmes de givrage lorsque l’avion est au sol. Le dégivrage s’effectue actuellement par un jet d’éthylène glycol, qui contribue à un surcoût pour les compagnies et une pollution non négligeable. Nos objectifs portent tout d’abord sur des questions fondamentales d’étalement d’une goutte sur un substrat à une température inférieure à la température de solidification. Sur une surface donnée, est-on capable de prédire si la goutte se solidifie ou s’étale dès son impact ? Quelles sont les formes prises par celle-ci, avant, pendant et après la solidification? Quel est le mécanisme de solidification et son influence sur la dynamique d’étalement ? Quel sont les paramètres qui contrôlent la dynamique des processus mis en jeu ? Plusieurs dispositifs et modélisations seront mis en œuvre en vue d’apporter des éléments de réponses à ces questions. Nos objectifs portent aussi sur des stratégies en vue d’éviter la congélation des gouttes et leur permettre de glisser avant leur congélation. La mise en oscillation d’une goutte ou le greffage de polymère en vue modifier l’état de surface seront également envisagés. Cette thèse tente d’apporter quelques éléments de compréhension nouveaux en se concentrant sur deux types d’écoulements très différent. Premièrement, l’avancée d’une ligne de contact en présence de solidification. Deuxièmement, la croissance d’une goutte solide sous alimentation continue en liquideWe study the liquids spreading on cold substrate, with solidification. The intended application is the aeronautical sector, which faces icing problems when the aircraft is on the ground. The deicing is currently carried out by an ethylene glycol jet, which contributes to an additional cost for the companies and a significant pollution. Our objectives focus on fundamental issues of spreading a drop on a substrate at a temperature below the solidification temperature. On a given surface, is it possible to predict whether the drop solidifies or spreads as soon as it is impacted ? What are the forms taken by it, before, during and after solidification? What is the solidification mechanism and its influence on the spreading dynamics? What are the parameters that control the dynamics of the processes involved ? Several devices and models will be implemented to provide some answers to these questions. Our goals also include strategies to avoid freezing drops and allowing them to slide before freezing. Oscillation of a droplet or grafting of polymer to modify the surface condition will also be considered. This thesis attempts to bring some new elements of understanding by focusing on two very different types of flows. First, the advance of a line of contact in the presence of solidification. Second, the growth of a solid drop under continuous liquid feed
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Oprisan, Ana. "Fluctuations, Phase Separation and Wetting Films near Liquid-Gas Critical Point." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/435.
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Gravity on Earth limits the study of the properties of pure fluids near critical point because they become stratified under their own weight. Near the critical point, all thermodynamic properties either diverge or converge and the heating and cooling cause instabilities of the convective flow as a consequence of the expansibility divergence. In order to study boiling, fluctuation and phase separation processes near the critical point of pure fluids without the influence of the Earth's gravity, a number of experiments were performed in the weightlessness of Mir space station. The experimental setup called ALICE II instrument was designed to suppress sedimentation and buoyancy-driven flow. Another set of experiments were carried out on Earth using a carefully density matched system of deuterated methanolcycloxexane to observe critical fluctuations directly. The set of experiments performed on board of Mir space station studied boiling and wetting film dynamics during evaporation near the critical point of two pure fluids (sulfur hexafluoride and carbon dioxide) using a defocused grid method. The specially designed cell containing the pure fluid was heated and, as a result, a low contrast line appeared on the wetting film that corresponded to a sharp change in the thickness of the film. A large mechanical response was observed in response to the cell heating and we present quantitative results about the receding contact lines. It is found that the vapor recoil force is responsible for the receding contact line. Local density fluctuations were observed by illuminating a cylindrical cell filled with the pure fluid near its liquid- gas critical point and recorded using a microscope and a video recorder. Microscopic fluctuations were analyzed both in sulfur hexafluoride and in a binary mixture of methanol cyclohexane. Using image processing techniques, we were able to estimate the properties of the fluid from the recorded images showing fluctuations of the transmitted and scattered light. We found that the histogram of an image can be fitted to a Gaussian relationship and by determining its width we were able to estimate the position of the critical point. The characteristic length of the fluctuations corresponding to the maximum of the radial average of the power spectrum was also estimated. The power law growth for the early stage of the phase separation was determined for two different temperature quenches in pure fluid and these results are in agreement with other experimental results and computational simulations.
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Solomenko, Zlatko. "Two-phase flows over complex surfaces : towards bridging the gap between computations and experiments with application to structured packings." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC047/document.
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Ces travaux de thèse s'incrivent dans le cadre du traitement de gaz acides et captage CO2 dans les colonnes à garnissages structurés. Les gaz à traiter réagissent avec un liquide s'écoulant à contre-courant sur des plaques métalliques dont la compléxité géométrique permet d'accroître l'aire d'échange, et donc l'efficacité du procédé. Dans un contexte de modélisation multi-échelles des contacteurs à garnissages structurés, les écoulements gaz-liquide à la plus petite échelle géométrique des plaques de garnissages (de l'ordre de l'épaisseur du film liquide) sont étudiés, pour améliorer la compréhension et la modélisation des écoulements diphasiques et phénomènes de mouillage dans les garnissages. L'objectif final est de développer une méthodologie CFD pour reproduire des écoulements diphasiques 3D sur des géométries complexes telles que les plaques de garnissages. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire de progresser en méthodes numériques et de proposer des méthodes expérimentales pour observer des écoulements de film liquide sur des géométries complexes. Ces travaux comprennent une partie numérique et une partie expérimentale. Un écoulement sur une plaque de garnissage structuré peut présenter des zones sèches, et donc des lignes de contact (dynamiques), ce qui présente un défi en simulation numérique à cause des différentes échelles de l'écoulement. La méthodologie employée ici en simulation numérique consiste à résoudre l'écoulement jusqu'à une échelle intermédiaire en modélisant les effets des plus petites échelles. Le code de calcul Two-Phase Level-Set a été utilisé et modifié dans ce but. Différentes méthodes level-set ont d'abord été testées de manière à identifier une méthode satisfaisante quant à la réduction des erreurs de conservation de masse, un problème rencontré en level-set. Il est ici montré que certaines combinaisons de schémas de discrétisation spatiale et temporelle permettent de réduire considérablement ces erreurs de conservation de masse. Après avoir réalisé de nombreux tests de validation, une nouvelle méthode numérique est proposée pour simuler les grandes échelles d'écoulements diphasiques 3D avec ligne de contact dynamique en level-set, dans des conditions réalistes. La méthode est ici validée pour des écoulements axisymétriques de gouttes simulés en 3D, en régime visqueux et en régime inertiel, et pour des écoulements de gouttes sur plan incliné. Les résultats sont en très bon accord avec d'autres travaux numériques et expérimentaux. Afin de faciliter l'utilisation de cette méthodologie pour des applications industrielles, un modèle sous-maille similaire a été implémenté dans un code VOF commercial; les résultats sont aussi en très bon accord avec d'autres travaux. En plus de ces développements numériques, une campagne expérimentale est mise en oeuvre pour observer des écoulements de film liquide sur une plaque de garnissage structuré. Les méthodes expérimentales employées sont d'abord testées et validées pour des écoulements de film plat ou ondulé sur plan incliné, et ensuite utilisées pour observer des écoulements de film sur des plaques de garnissage. L'épaisseur de film liquide est mesurée aux creux et aux crêtes des picots des plaques de garnissages, pour différents débits, par imagerie confocale chromatique. Des lois de puissance de l'épaisseur de film en fonction du Reynolds sont proposées; celles-ci sont très différentes suivant la position des relevés de mesure, aux creux ou aux crêtes des picots. La vitesse à l'interface de l'écoulement gaz-liquide est aussi mesurée, par PIV et PTV, en utilisant des particules hydrophobes. Les résultats montrent que le liquide a tendance à dévier du creux des canaux (corrugations), et la norme de la vitesse semblent présenter des extremums correspondant aux creux et crêtes des picots. [...]The work described in this thesis is motivated by the use of structured packing columns in acid gas treatment and post-combustion CO2 capture. In a counter-current mode, flue gases react with the liquid that flows down over metal sheets, the geometrical complexity of which allows increasing the specific interfacial area, and thereby the overall efficiency of the process. In the context of multiscale modeling of structured-packing contacting devices, the focus in this work is on the gas-liquid flows at the smallest geometrical scale of packing sheets, of the order of the liquid film thickness, aiming to improve understanding and modeling of two-phase flows and wetting phenomena in structured packings. The ultimate objective is to build up a CFD methodology to reproduce 3D two-phase flows over complex surfaces such as structured packing sheets. For this purpose, progress is necessary both in pertinent computational methods and in the adaptation of experimental methods for observing liquid film flows over complex surfaces. This thesis therefore consists of computational and experimental parts. Flows over structured packing sheets may exhibit dry zones, and hence (moving) contact lines, the numerical simulation of which presents a computational challenge due to the disparity in length scales involved. Here, the methodology for large-scale numerical simulations of flows with moving contact lines consists in resolving the flow down to an intermediate scale and modeling effects of smaller ones. The parallelized freeware Two-Phase Level-Set has been extended for this purpose. First though, because some level-set methods have been reproached to yield mass conservation issues, an assessment is made of the mass conservation properties of a range of level-set methods. It is demonstrated that the combined use of some spatial and temporal discretization schemes allows to drastically reduce mass conservation errors in level-set methods. Having thus implemented a level-set method with satisfactory performance at such tests (and others), a novel numerical method is proposed to perform 3D large-scale simulations of flows with moving contact lines in level-set, under realistic conditions. Validation tests of axisymmetric droplet spreading in a viscous, and in an inertial regime, simulated in 3D, and sliding drops are shown to be in excellent agreement with prior experimental and numerical work. The results show that complex contact-line dynamics observed in prior experimental studies on sliding droplets can be simulated using the present large-scale methodology. To facilitate dissemination of this work in industrial applications, a similar subgrid model has been implemented in a commercial volume-of-fluid code; results of validation tests are shown to be in excellent agreement with other work. These computational developments are accompanied by an experimental campaign to observe liquid film flows over structured packing sheets. All experimental methods used herein are tested and validated for flat and wavy films down an inclined plane before being used for observing liquid film flows over packing sheets. The film thickness is measured at local troughs and crests of small-scale corrugations of the structured packing sheet, for different flow rates, by Chromatic Confocal Imaging. Power laws of the Reynolds number for the mean liquid film thickness are suggested, with significant differences for measurements at crests compared to that at troughs. Interface velocity measurements are also performed by PIV and PTV using hydrophobic particles. Results reveal that the liquid tends to deviate from troughs of large-scale corrugations, and seems to exhibit local extrema of the velocity magnitude corresponding to troughs and crests of small-scale corrugations. [...]
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Garcin-Beyssac, Isabelle. "Contribution à l'étude du contenu hormonal des extraits placentaires par chromatographie liquide haute performance." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO1W037.
Full textBooks on the topic "Liquid phase content"
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T, Furlong Edward, Geological Survey (U.S.), and National Water-Quality Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory: Determination of pesticides in water by graphitized carbon-based solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Liquid phase content"
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Aveyard, Bob. "Adsorption of surfactants at liquid interfaces: thermodynamics." In Surfactants, 55–72. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828600.003.0004.
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The thickness and hence material content of a surface is generally unknown, and there are two common definitions of a surface/interface. In one the surface is treated as a phase distinct from the surrounding bulk phases, and in the other, due to Gibbs, the Gibbs dividing surface is supposed to be a plane, parallel to the physical interface. The former model gives rise to the surface concentrationΓs of a surfactant, and the Gibbs model introduces the surface excess concentration, Γσ. Some thermodynamic quantities for surfaces (e.g. surface chemical potential and Gibbs free energy for surfaces) are defined. Adsorption lowers interfacial tension by an amount termed the surface pressure, and the Gibbs adsorption equation allows the calculation of Γs or Γσ for a surfactant from the variation of interfacial tension of a liquid/fluid interface with surfactant concentration in bulk solution.
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S. Bhat, Ramesh. "Fabrication of Multi-Layered Zn-Fe Alloy Coatings for Better Corrosion Performance." In Liquid Metals [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99630.
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Zn-Fe compositionally modulated multilayer alloy (CMMA) coatings were developed onto low carbon steel from acid sulphate bath; and their corrosion resistance was calculated using Tafel polarization and impedance methods. The deposit layers were formed galvanostatically by single bath technique (SBT), using square current pulses. An optimal configuration for the growth of most corrosion resistant Zn-Fe coating was proposed and discussed. At maximum switching cathode current density (SCCD) (2.0–5.0 A dm−2), the deposit with 300 layers showed ~43 times superior corrosion resistance than the same thickness of monolayer coating. The improved corrosion resistance of multilayered coatings is due to small change in iron content, leading to change the phase structure of the alternate-layers of the alloy coatings. The surface morphology and structure of film and roughness of the deposit were assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. Thus, superior corrosion resistance of Zn-Fe multilayer coatings was used for industrial applications including defense, machinery and automobile etc.
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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge, and Demetri P. Petrides. "Extraction." In Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0009.
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Extraction is a process in which two phases come into contact with the objective of transferring a solute or particle from one phase to the other. For the separation and purification of biological products, the phases are most commonly immiscible liquids, and the solute is in soluble form. In certain instances, however, one phase is a liquid and the other phase is a solid; the extraction of caffeine from coffee beans is one example. Although most extractions in biotechnology involve the transfer of soluble bioproducts, organelles and cells have at times been transferred between phases. An organic solvent is often used as the extracting liquid when the solute to be extracted is stable in the organic solvent, typical examples being low molecular weight antibiotics. It is usually not feasible to extract proteins with organic solvents, since proteins are often denatured or degraded as a result of contact with the organic solvent. Proteins can often be successfully extracted by means of two immiscible liquid phases that consist of solutions of two water-soluble but incompatible polymers, or one polymer plus a high concentration of certain salts. Extraction usually comes early in the purification process for a bioproduct and typically would precede a high-resolution step such as chromatography. Extraction is often advantageous because it can bring about a significant reduction in volume and/or can separate the desired product from cells or cell debris. It is desirable to reduce the volume as soon as possible in the process, since large volumes typically lead to large costs. The extractions of interest in the purification of biotechnological and pharmaceutical products are mainly liquid-to-liquid, and this is the emphasis in this chapter. The basic definitions and principles of extraction are developed first, followed by an explanation of scale-up and design procedures for the extractors most commonly used for bioproducts. After completing this chapter, the reader should be able to do the following: • Define and use key constants such as the partition coefficient, solvent-to-feed ratio, and extraction factor. • Explain the factors that affect the partitioning of biomolecules.
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Lipiński, Tomasz. "Homogeneous Modifier-Treated AlSi10Mg Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties." In Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000263.
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The microstructure of an unmodified hypoeutectic Al–Si alloy comprises large primary alpha phase and eutectic alpha phase dendrites and eutectic beta phase crystals. The mechanical properties of silumins can be improved through chemical modification. This article discusses the modification of an EN AC-AlSi10Mg hypoeutectic alloy with the use of a modifier made of processed alloys and an Al–Si alloy solidified at the velocity of 373, 473, 573, and 673 K/s. The applied alloys were referred to as homogeneous modifiers. The content of modifiers in the silumin alloy reached 0.3%–1.5% by weight. The alloy was subjected to tensile strength, relative elongation, and hardness tests before and after modification. The alloy was cast into a sand mold. The results of the study indicate that alloy microstructure can be modified and its mechanical properties can be improved by incorporating the proposed homogeneous modifiers into a liquid alloy. Mechanical properties were improved when an Al–Si modifier with higher silicon content than the modified alloy was used and when the cooling rate was increased to 573 K/s. A further increase in the cooling rate of the modifier did not lead to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties.
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Sheshukov, Oleg, and Michael Mikheenkov. "Peculiarities of Portland Cement Clinker Synthesis in the Presence of a Significant Amount of SO3 in a Raw Mix." In Cement Industry - Optimization, Characterization and Sustainable Application. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94915.
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Due to the depletion of the raw material base and a technogenic materials addition into a raw mix for the Portland cement clinker synthesis, sulfur and its oxides amount in a raw mix increases. According to literature the Portland cement clinker synthesis in the presence of a sulfur oxides significant amount is difficult. As the content of SO3 in the raw mix increases the amount of C2S increases while C3S and C3A amount decrease. With an equal total content of C2S and C3S in the clinker their ratio C3S/C2S decreases with an increased content of SO3. These factors lead to a deterioration in the Portland cement clinker quality. The clinker formation reactions thermodynamic analysis and some experimental studies allow determining reasons for the Portland cement clinker quality deterioration. It was found that the presence significant amount of a SO3 in the raw mix the synthesis in solid phase of low-basic C4A3S¯ (ye’elimite) is the thermodynamically preferred rather than high-basic C3A and C4AF. As a result, excess and crystallized free lime inhibits the C3S synthesis through the liquid phase. The experimental studies result helped to develop a methodology for calculating the composition of a raw mix from materials with significant amount of SO3. It allows to reduce the SO3 negative effect on the Portland cement clinker synthesis and to obtain high-quality Portland cement.
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Yoon, Hongkyu, A. J. Valocchi, and C. J. Werth. "Impact of spatially distributed nonaqueous phase liquid saturation and water content on soil vapor extraction in heterogeneous porous media." In Computational Methods in Water Resources: Volume 1, 757–66. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5648(04)80097-2.
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Oleg Aleksandrovich, Ivanin, Larina Olga Mikhailovna, Lavrenov Vladimir Aleksandrovich, Sinelshchikov Vladimir Aleksandrovich, Sytchev Georgy Aleksandrovich, and Zaichenko Victor Mikhailovich. "Two-Stage Pyrolytic Conversion of Biomass." In Gasification [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96670.
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The widespread adoption of biomass as an energy fuel is hindered by a number of its significant drawbacks, such as low heating value, low ash melting point, low bulk density etc. Technological solutions that allow to fully overcome these shortcomings and ensure high economic performance have not yet been proposed, although there is a significant demand for them. A new technology for thermal processing of biomass into gas fuel, based on the pyrolysis process, has been developed at the Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JIHT RAS). The degree of energy conversion of the processed raw materials in the proposed technology is about 75%. The gas fuel yield is ∼1.3 m3/kg of biomass, and its heating value, on average, is 11 MJ/m3. The content of the liquid phase in the energy gas obtained by the developed technology is not more than 50 mg/m3. The gas produced by the technology under consideration on average consists of 90% hydrogen and carbon monoxide. According to existing standards, this gas can be used as a fuel for mini-CHP with gas-piston engines. A promising direction for using this gas is the production of liquid motor fuels.
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"CONTENTS." In Fast Liquid-Phase Processes in Turbulent Flows, 6–8. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12188-1.
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H.L. Silva, Benjamim, and Cesar A.M. Abreu. "Quantitative of Mass Transfer in Liquid-Liquid Operations of Oil-Alcohol-Glycerin Systems." In Advances in Mass Transfer [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98926.
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The effects of mass transfer were quantified for the effective performance of mixtures between partially miscible phases, or for the promotion of their separations. To consolidate the analysis of heterogeneous liquid–liquid processes, variations in the composition of the liquid phases over the evolution of contact operations were considered, detailing the physical mechanisms involved in the mixtures of oil (soy, sunflower) and alcohol (methanol, ethanol), and in the separation between biodiesel and glycerin. Based on experimental evaluations, the average distribution coefficients for triglycerides (oil-alcohol) and glycerol (biodiesel-glycerin) were estimated at 1.31 and 1.46, and 3.42 × 10−2 and 4.06 × 10–2, for soybean and sunflower, respectively, while their mass transfer coefficients, depending on their concentration ranges in the phase, varied in orders of magnitude from 10−2 s−1 to 10–4 s−1. Including the values of the physical parameters, a heterogeneous model for the alkaline transesterification of soybean oil (methanol, ethanol, NaOH, 25°C, 40°C, 60°C, 600 rpm) was validated.
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Carey, Van P. "Wetting Phenomena and Contact Angles." In Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena, 69–108. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429082221-3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Liquid phase content"
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Li, Tongda, Wei Qiao, Hao Li, Qizhen Sun, Zhijun Yan, and Deming Liu. "Distributed acoustic sensor based sand content detection in solid–liquid two-phase flow." In Asia Communications and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acpc.2020.t1a.3.
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Lee, Jae Ho, Kwang-Soo Bae, Soo In Jo, You-Jin Lee, Chang-Jae Yu, and Jae-Hoon Kim. "Low voltage driven polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal device with combined in-plane and fringe field." In 2012 3rd IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content (IC-NIDC 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnidc.2012.6418831.
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RUDOFF, R., E. BACHALO, W. BACHALO, and J. OLDENBURG. "Liquid water content measurements using the Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel." In 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-298.
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Reyes, Miguel A., Jorge E. Pacheco, Juan C. Mari´n, Luis R. Rojas, and Jose´ Rinco´n. "Numerical Simulation and Experiments of the Multiphase Flow in a Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separator." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98399.
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A Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone separator (LLCC) is a device used in the petroleum industry to separate the oil-water mixture obtained from the well. The use of this device has not been widespread due to the lack of tools for predicting its separation capability. This paper presents a numerical and experimental study of the fluid dynamic performance of this type of cylindrical cyclone separators. The use of numerical simulations would reduce the time and cost necessary to obtain information for predicting the behavior of the equipment. The objective of this study is to determine if CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) techniques are able to reproduce the behavior of a LLCC separator. The CFD software examined was ANSYS-CFX 5.6™ and numerical simulations were carried out using the dispersed model with oil as the dispersed phase. The oil and water mixture entering the separator is divided due to centrifugal and buoyancy forces in an upper (oil rich) exit and a bottom (water rich) exit. The separation capability is determined as the maximum amount of water removed from the mixture with the minimum amount of oil content in the water rich exit. The experiments were conducted in a transparent LLCC separator that allows the visualization of the mixture and the measurement of the oil content. Experiments were conducted for three variables: mixture velocity and water content at the entrance, and the split ratio. The split ratio is defined as the bottom exit flow rate divided by the water flow rate at the entrance. The results showed that CFD tools are able to reproduce the oil content obtained from the experiments for all analyzed conditions. Additionally, the mixture distribution images from numerical and experimental data showed good agreement. This study confirms the capacity of CFD tools for the multiphase flow analysis of LLCC separators.
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Mistry, Shweta. "Characterization of glycerol monooleate and water based liquid crystalline structure phase transitions induced by variation in temperature and water content." In Virtual 2021 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am21.606.
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Kurt, Safa Kutup, Krishna Deo Prasad Nigam, and Norbert Kockmann. "Two-Phase Flow and Mass Transfer in Helical Capillary Flow Reactors With Alternating Bends." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2015-48416.
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Microstructured devices have gained much attention in R&D and industry as they offer large specific surface area with enhanced mass and heat transfer. Helically coiled tubular devices in micro-scale can further increase the performance in terms of transport phenomena, as secondary flow (Dean vortices) enhances the radial mixing along the tube. In the content of this work liquid-liquid mass transfer of different helical capillary flow reactors was investigated and compared with straight capillaries by using water/acetone/butyl acetate test systems for liquid extraction. Helically flow capillary reactors with alternating bends and straight capillaries were fabricated by using FEP tubes (fluorinated ethylene propylene) with inner diameter of 1 mm. Slug flow was introduced within the reactors by utilizing T-shaped mixing elements at the inlet. In order to obtain robust and precise downstream analyses, a continuously working, in-line phase splitter was fabricated and connected to the outlets of the reactors. It instantaneously splits the organic and aqueous phases depending on their wettability characteristics. Total volumetric flow rate was varied in the range of 1–8 mL min−1 and volumetric flow ratios (aq/org) in the range of 0.5–2.0. Effects of contact time, volumetric flow ratio, and the reactor geometry on extraction efficiency were investigated for the experiments at ambient temperature by generating slug flow patterns. Experimental results revealed that the helical capillary flow reactors offer higher extraction efficiency up to 20 % compared to straight capillaries at constant contact times. Hence, these types of reactors can be applied for liquid-liquid mass transfer processes, which require longer residence time due to slow mass transfer rates.
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Watson, Kyle A., William T. Stringfellow, Edwin R. Pejack, John J. Paoluccio, and Ravi K. Jain. "A Liquid Torrefication Process for Producing a Storable, Energy-Dense Fuel From Biomass Feedstock." In ASME 2010 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2010-27083.
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This paper discusses a novel process for creating torrefied wood pellets by using a liquid torrefication process. Torrefication is a type of pyrolysis process originally developed for converting wood to an energy-dense material with properties similar to coal that would be more compact and practical to ship long distances and store outdoors. Torrefied wood has been used in specialized metallurgy and other industrial applications, but wide-scale utilization of torrefication for biofuel production has not been commercialized. Virtually all of the processing methods used in the past involve exposing biomass to hot, inert gas in an oxygen free environment; this gas-phase torrefication has a number of drawbacks, including a net-negative overall energy balance; generation of polluted gas that is difficult to treat or control; safety issues associated with the intrusion of oxygen into the inert gas; large equipment size and associated initial capital cost; operating cost; and manufacture of a nonuniform product. This paper discusses a technique that uses a heat treatment fluid in lieu of an inert gas which has numerous advantages over gas-phase torrefication and resolves many of the problems resulting from the commercial application of gasphase torrefication. This process for converting biomass to biofuel using a liquid-phase torrefication process is being developed under the trade name CNFbiofuel™ where CNF is an acronym for Carbon Neutral Fuel. The CNF Biofuel process has been developed on a small scale and results of preliminary testing are presented. Measurements of the energy content for the proposed biofuel process indicate an 18% increase in energy content for torrefied versus untreated wood pellets. Furthermore, the energy density measurements of these treated samples were also consistently higher than the untreated samples. Measurements have also been performed in order to measure the hydrophobic ability of the treated pellets and the results indicate that saturation with water has only a small effect on energy content. The heating value was determined to be reduced by only 2.2% on average after soaking in water for six hours and then being allowed to dry for 12 hours. The potential advantages of liquid-phase torrefication over any currently available gas-phase process are discussed.
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Bouyer, E., M. Müller, R. H. Henne, and G. Schiller. "SiC Coating Synthesis by RF Induction Plasma Spraying from Liquid Silane Precursor." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0919.
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Abstract In this paper a process based on both Thermal Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (TPCVD) and Suspension Plasma Spraying (SPS) is applied on r.f. induction thermal plasma for α/β-SiC ceramic synthesis and deposition. The starting materials are low-cost liquid disilanes. The resulting coatings are investigated by means of SEM and XRD. Results on the influence of the processing parameters (i.e. pressure, spray distance, substrate temperature, plasma gas nature and composition, precursor composition, atomization parameters) on the coating phase and microstructure are shown. Control of the microstructure (or nanostructure) as well as of the phase content, namely the ratio α/β can be achieved. A processing route presenting the elementary steps of SiC TPCVD is also proposed.
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Fostiropoulos, Stavros Rafail, Ilias Malgarinos, George Strotos, Nikolaos Nikolopoulos, Emmanouil Kakaras, Phoevos Koukouvinis, and Manolis Gavaises. "Numerical investigation of the role of heat transfer in bubble dynamics." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4691.
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Bubble dynamics is generally described by the well-known Rayleigh-Plesset (R-P) equation in which the bubblepressure (or equivalently the bubble density) is predefined by assuming a polytropic gas equation of state with common assumptions to include either isothermal or adiabatic bubble behaviour. The present study examines the applicability of this assumption by assuming that the bubble density obeys the ideal gas equation of state, while the heat exchange with the surrounding liquid is estimated as part of the numerical solution. The numerical model employed includes the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations along with the energy equation, while the liquid- gas interface is tracked using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) methodology; phase-change mechanism is assumed to be insignificant compared to bubble heat transfer mechanism. To assess the effect of heat transfer and gas equation of state on bubble behaviour, simulations are also performed for the same initial conditions by using a polytropic equation of state for the bubble phase without solving the energy equation. The accuracy of computations is enhanced by using a dynamic local grid refinement technique which reduces the computational cost and allows for the accurate representation of the interface for the whole duration of the phenomenon in which the bubble size changes significantly. A parametric study performed for various initial bubble sizes and ambient conditions reveals the cases for which the bubble behaviour resembles that of an isothermal or the adiabatic one. Additional to the CFD simulations, a 0-D model is proposed to predict the bubble dynamics. This combines the solution of a modified R-P equation assuming ideal gas bubble content along with an equation for the bubbletemperature based on the 1st law of thermodynamics; a correction factor is used to represent accurately the heattransfer between the two phases.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4691
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Das, Prodip K., Xianguo Li, and Zhong-Sheng Liu. "Modeling of Liquid Water Transport in Cathode Catalyst Layer of PEM Fuel Cells." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85189.
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The performance of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell is significantly affected by liquid water generated at the cathode catalyst layer (CCL). Conversely, the ionic conductivity of PEM is directly proportional to its water content; it must have sufficient water. Therefore, it is essential to maintain a delicate water balance, which seems difficult without properly understanding liquid water transport from the CCL. In the present study, a one-dimensional analytical solution of liquid water transport across the CCL is derived from the fundamental transport equations. The effect of CCL wettability on liquid water transport and the effect of liquid water “flooding” on reactant transport have been investigated. It has been observed that hydrophilic characteristic of a CCL plays significant role on the liquid water transport. The liquid water saturation in a hydrophilic CCL can be reduced by increasing the surface wettability or lowering contact angle. Based on a dimensionless time constants analysis, it has been shown that liquid water production from the phase change process is negligible compared to water production from the electrochemical process.
Reports on the topic "Liquid phase content"
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Eaton, W. C. Test Plan: Phase 1 demonstration of 3-phase electric arc melting furnace technology for vitrifying high-sodium content low-level radioactive liquid wastes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/82490.
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Holmes, M. J., M. V. Scotto, and S. Y. Shiao. Glass melter system technologies for vitrification of high-sodium-content low-level, radioactive, liquid wastes: Phase 1, SBS demonstration with simulated low-level waste. Final test report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/274906.
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de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes, and Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.
Full textAbstract:
Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.