Journal articles: 'Liquid phase content'

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Borrero-López, Oscar, Angel L. Ortiz, Fernando Guiberteau, and Nitin P. Padture. "Effect of liquid-phase content on the contact-mechanical properties of liquid-phase-sintered α-SiC." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27, no. 6 (January 2007): 2521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.09.012.

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Siegel, J. A., L. Mortelmans, E. van Cutsem, V. van den Maegdenbergh, M. de Roo, and J. L. Urbain. "Effect of Solid-Meal Caloric Content on Gastric Emptying Kinetics of Solids and Liquids." Nuklearmedizin 28, no. 04 (1989): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629481.

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In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the caloric content of a physiological test meal on the gastric emptying kinetics of solids and liquids. 22 healthy male volunteers were studied in two groups matched for age. After an overnight fast, each volunteer underwent the same test procedure; in the first group (G I), 10 volunteers received a meal consisting of bread,111In-DTPA water and 1 scrambled egg labeled with 99mTc-labelled sulphur colloid; in the second group (G II) 12 volunteers were given the same meal but with 2 labeled eggs in order to increase the caloric content of the solid phase meal. Simultaneous anterior and posterior images were recorded using a dualheaded gamma camera. Solid and liquid geometric mean data were analyzed to determine the lag phase, the emptying rate and the half-emptying time for both solids and liquids. Solid and liquid gastric half-emptying times were significantly prolonged in G II compared to G I volunteers. For the solid phased, the delay was accounted for by a longer lag phase and a decrease in the equilibrium emptying rate. The emptying rate of the liquid phase was significantly decreased in G II compared to G I. Within each group, no statistically significant difference was observed between solid and liquid emptying rates. We conclude that the caloric content of the solid portion of a meal not only alters the emptying of the solid phase but also affects the emptying of the liquid component of the meal.

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Wu, Shengli, Heping Li, Weili Zhang, and Bo Su. "Effect of Thermodynamic Melt Formation Characteristics on Liquid Phase Fluidity of Iron Ore in the Sintering Process." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040404.

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The liquid phase fluidity of iron ore is a vital index of fundamental sintering characteristics. In this paper, FactSage software and a visible microsintering test device were used to research the influence of the thermodynamic melt characteristics on the liquid phase fluidity under fixed CaO content conditions. The results show that the laws governing liquid phase fluidity of iron ore are significantly different with a fixed alkalinity and fixed CaO content of the sample. The liquid phase content at the sintering temperature is the most important thermodynamic melt formation characteristic affecting the liquid phase fluidity. In addition to the liquid phase content, other minerals also have a greater impact on liquid phase fluidity. Decreasing the viscosity of the liquid phase improves the liquid phase fluidity of the iron ore, and the effect of the SiO2 content of the iron ore on the mixed phase viscosity is greater than that of the Al2O3 content.

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Galván Montalvo, Juan Adrián, Claudia Verónica Silva Juárez, Víctor Hugo Compeán Jasso, Francisco De Anda Salazar, Viatcheslav Michournyi, and Andrei Gorbatchev. "Analysis of thermodynamic conditions to grow GaAsP epitaxial layers by LPE on GaAs and GaP substrates." MRS Advances 5, no. 63 (2020): 3327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.400.

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AbstractIn this work we have analysed the conditions to grow epitaxial layers by Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) from ternary Ga-As-P liquid phases on GaAs and GaP under initial conditions that are far away of the thermodynamic equilibrium. First, it is shown that the liquid-solid (L-S) interfaces are “stable” for all compositions of the liquid phases exclusively in contact with the GaP substrates. At the same time the elastic energy generated in mismatched GaAsyP1-y layers induces a reduction in the As content of the layer. Then, it should be expected that highly lattice mismatched epitaxial layers could be grown with small elastic energy, so that beyond certain stress the layers are initially non-planar having spatially separated but simultaneous local centres of nucleation and dissolution pits. These processes should cause a change on the composition of the liquid phase and, as consequence, the formation of the epitaxial islands with a composition gradient along its thickness. Our estimations show that in the case of contact of a Ga-As liquid phase with a GaP substrate the P content in the epitaxial islands increases with its thickness. The thermodynamic analysis was done with the CALPHAD method using SGTE data.

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Li, Heping, Shengli Wu, Zhibin Hong, Weili Zhang, Heng Zhou, and Mingyin Kou. "The Mechanism of the Effect of Al2O3 Content on the Liquid Phase Fluidity of Iron Ore Fines." Processes 7, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7120931.

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The sintering process is significantly important for the ironmaking in China because of the large amount of sinter consumed. Al2O3 is an important element determining the quality and quantity of sinter. However, different conclusions have been made regarding the effects of Al2O3 on the amount and fluidity of the liquid phase formed in the sinter phase. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effects of Al2O3 content on the amount and fluidity of the liquid phase. The present work investigated the effects of different Al2O3 contents of iron ore fines on the liquid phase formation, mineral composition, and consolidation strength. The results showed that a small amount of Al2O3 increased the amount of calcium ferrite, making the liquid phase formation easier. As the Al2O3 content in iron ore fines increased, the liquidity index decreased continuously, while the fluidity and the consolidation strength of the sintered body were directly related to the content squared. The quality of the sinter is optimal when the Al2O3 content of the iron ore fines is about 2 wt % (the SiO2 content is 4 wt %).

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Zhu, Bin, Mingmei Zhu, Jie Luo, Xiaofei Dou, Yu Wang, Haijun Jiang, and Bing Xie. "Distribution Behavior of Phosphorus in 2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 Solid Solution Phase and Liquid Slag Phase." Metals 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081103.

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In this paper, the CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 dephosphorization slag system during the premier and middle stage of the converter process was studied, the effect of slag composition on the distribution ratio and activity coefficient of P in the n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 (recorded as nC2S-C3P) solid solution phase and liquid slag phase in the slag system was studied used by the high temperature experiment in laboratory, the theoretical calculation of thermodynamics, and the scanning electron microscope and the energy dispersive spectrometer (recorded as SEM/EDS). The research results show that when the FeO content in the liquid slag increases from 32.21% to 50.31%, the distribution ratio of phosphorus (recorded as LP) in the liquid slag phase increases by 3.34 times. When the binary basicity in the liquid slag increases from 1.08 to 1.64, the LP in the liquid slag phase decreases by 94.21%. In the initial slag, when the binary basicity increases from 2.0 to 3.5, the LP decreases by 70.07%. When FeO content increases from 38.00% to 51.92%, the LP increases by 6.15 times. When P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, the LP increased by 10.67 times. When the FeO content in the liquid slag increases from 32.21% to 50.31%, the activity coefficient of P2O5 in the liquid slag phase (recorded as γP2O5(L)) increases by 54.33 times. When the binary basicity in the liquid slag increases from 1.08 to 1.64, γP2O5(L) decreases by 99.38%. When the binary basicity increases from 2.0 to 3.5, the activity coefficient of P2O5 in the solid solution phase (recorded as γP2O5(SS)) in the solid solution phase decreases by 98.85%. When P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, γP2O5(SS) increases by 1.14 times. When the binary basicity decreases from 3.5 to 2.0, n decreases from 0.438 to 0.404. When the FeO content increases from 38.00% to 51.92%, n decreases from 0.477 to 0.319. When the P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, n decreases from 0.432 to 0.164. The decrease of binary basicity and the increase of FeO and P2O5 content in the initial slag can reduce the value of n and enrich more phosphorus in the solid solution phase. The results can not only provide a theoretical basis for industrial production, but also lay a theoretical foundation for finding more effective dephosphorization methods.

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German, Randall M., and Eugene A. Olevsky. "Modeling grain growth dependence on the liquid content in liquid-phase-sintered materials." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 29, no. 12 (December 1998): 3057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-998-0213-z.

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ICHITSUBO, Koki, Hiroki YAMASHITA, Takao TANOSAKI, and Shinya SATAKE. "RESEARCH OF HIGHLY FUNCTIONAL CEMENT THAT REDUCED INTERSTITIAL LIQUID PHASE CONTENT （PART 2 STUDY OF FURTHER REDUCTION OF INTERSTITIAL LIQUID PHASE CONTENT AND INCREASE OF C3S CONTENT）." Cement Science and Concrete Technology 63, no. 1 (2009): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14250/cement.63.62.

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Drennan, J., R. H. J. Hannink, D. R. Clarke, and T. M. Shaw. "Effect of furnace atmosphere and silica content on the consolidation behaviour of magnesia partially stabilised zirconia." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 1056–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100178410.

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Magnesia partially stabilised zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ceramics are renowned for their excellent nechanical properties. These are effected by processing conditions and purity of starting materials. It has been previously shown that small additions of strontia (SrO) have the effect of removing the major contaminant, silica (SiO2).The mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood but the strontia appears to form a very mobile liquid phase at the grain boundaries. As the sintering reaches the final stages the liquid phase is expelled to the surface of the ceramic. A series of experiments, to examine the behaviour of the liquid grain boundary phase, were designed to produce compositional gradients across the ceramic bodies. To achieve this, changes in both silica content and furnace atmosphere were implemented. Analytical electron microscope techniques were used to monitor the form and composition of the phases developed. This paper describes the results of our investigation and the presentation will discuss the work with reference to liquid phase sintering of ceramics in general.

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Shen, Yupeng, Zhifu Huang, Lei Zhang, Kemin Li, Zhen Cao, Peng Xiao, and Yongxin Jian. "Sintering Mechanism, Microstructure Evolution, and Mechanical Properties of Ti-Added Mo2FeB2-Based Cermets." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081889.

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Four series of Mo2FeB2-based cermets with Ti contents between 0 wt.% and 1.5 wt.% in 0.5 wt.% increments were prepared by in situ reaction and liquid phase sintering technology. Influences of Ti on microstructure and mechanical properties of cermets were studied. It was found that Ti addition increases formation temperatures of liquid phases in liquid-phase stage. Ti atoms replace a fraction of Mo atoms in Mo2FeB2 and the solution of Ti atoms causes the Mo2FeB2 crystal to be equiaxed. In addition, the cermets with 1.0 wt.% Ti content exhibit the smallest particle size. The solution of Ti atoms in Mo2FeB2 promotes the transformation of Mo2FeB2 particles from elongated shape to equiaxed shape. With Ti content increasing from 0 wt.% to 1.5 wt.%, the hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS) first increase and then decrease. The maximum hardness and TRS occur with 1.0 wt.% Ti content. However, the fracture toughness decreases as Ti content increases. The cermets with 1.0 wt.% Ti content show excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, and the hardness, fracture toughness, and TRS are HRA 89.5, 12.9 MPa∙m1/2, and 1612.6 MPa, respectively.

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Stamenkovic, Ivica, Olivera Stamenkovic, Ivana Bankovic-Ilic, Miodrag Lazic, Vlada Veljkovic, and Dejan Skala. "The gas holdup in a multiphase reciprocating plate column filled with carboxymethylcellulose solutions." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 12 (2005): 1533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0512533s.

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Gas holdup was investigated in a gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reciprocating plate column (RPC) under various operation conditions. Aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt, CMC) solutions were used as the liquid phase, the solid phase was spheres placed into interplate spaces, and the gas phase was air. The gas holdup in the RPC was influenced by: the vibration intensity, i.e., the power consumption, the superficial gas velocity, the solids content and the rheological properties of the liquid phase. The gas holdup increased with increasing vibration intensity and superficial gas velocity in both the two- and three-phase system. With increasing concentration of the CMC PP 50 solution (Newtonian fluid), the gas holdup decreased, because the coalescence of the bubbles was favored by the higher liquid viscosity. In the case of the CMC PP 200 solutions (non-Newtonian liquids), the gas holdup depends on the combined influence of the rheological properties of the liquid phase, the vibration intensity and the superficial gas velocity. The gas holdup in the three-phase systems was greater than that in the two-phase ones under the same operating conditions. Increasing the solids content has little influence on the gas holdup. The gas holdup was correlated with the power consumption (either the time-averaged or total power consumption) and the superficial gas velocity.

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Bączek, Tomasz, and Barbara Sparzak. "Ionic Liquids as Novel Solvent Additives to Separate Peptides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 61, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2006-11-1210.

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Abstract A novel analytical approach involving the addition of an ionic liquid into the mobile phase of the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) system during the optimization of chromatographic separation of peptides was demonstrated. Different behavior of peptides in the TLC sytem was observed after the addition of 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate to the eluent in comparison to the system without the ionic liquid. The objective of the work was to study the effect of the addition of different contents of ionic liquid to the mobile phase comprising mostly water and to observe the behavior of peptides’ retention. The potential usefulness of environmentally friendly ionic liquids for the optimization of separation of peptides was demonstrated. An increase of Rf values was observed with increasing the ionic liquid content in the mobile phase. The benefits of the used approach were related to the separation achieved. Finally, quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR) were used for the studies on the predictions of peptides’ retention in the TLC systems with the addition of ionic liquid in terms of the predictions performed recently in HPLC systems.

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Achtert, Peggy, Ewan J. O'Connor, Ian M. Brooks, Georgia Sotiropoulou, Matthew D. Shupe, Bernhard Pospichal, Barbara J. Brooks, and Michael Tjernström. "Properties of Arctic liquid and mixed-phase clouds from shipborne Cloudnet observations during ACSE 2014." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 14983–5002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14983-2020.

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Abstract. This study presents Cloudnet retrievals of Arctic clouds from measurements conducted during a 3-month research expedition along the Siberian shelf during summer and autumn 2014. During autumn, we find a strong reduction in the occurrence of liquid clouds and an increase for both mixed-phase and ice clouds at low levels compared to summer. About 80 % of all liquid clouds observed during the research cruise show a liquid water path below the infrared black body limit of approximately 50 g m−2. The majority of mixed-phase and ice clouds had an ice water path below 20 g m−2. Cloud properties are analysed with respect to cloud-top temperature and boundary layer structure. Changes in these parameters have little effect on the geometric thickness of liquid clouds while mixed-phase clouds during warm-air advection events are generally thinner than when such events were absent. Cloud-top temperatures are very similar for all mixed-phase clouds. However, more cases of lower cloud-top temperature were observed in the absence of warm-air advection. Profiles of liquid and ice water content are normalized with respect to cloud base and height. For liquid water clouds, the liquid water content profile reveals a strong increase with height with a maximum within the upper quarter of the clouds followed by a sharp decrease towards cloud top. Liquid water content is lowest for clouds observed below an inversion during warm-air advection events. Most mixed-phase clouds show a liquid water content profile with a very similar shape to that of liquid clouds but with lower maximum values during events with warm air above the planetary boundary layer. The normalized ice water content profiles in mixed-phase clouds look different from those of liquid water content. They show a wider range in maximum values with the lowest ice water content for clouds below an inversion and the highest values for clouds above or extending through an inversion. The ice water content profile generally peaks at a height below the peak in the liquid water content profile – usually in the centre of the cloud, sometimes closer to cloud base, likely due to particle sublimation as the crystals fall through the cloud.

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Zhang, Qian Qian, and Wei Rong Chen. "Effect of Al and Zn Content on the Preparation of Semisolid Mg-Al-Zn Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.27.

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The thermodynamic parameter and microstructure of three contents as-cast magnesium alloys were researched by phase picture, X-ray diffraction and thermodynamic analysis, whereafter prepared semisolid billets by strain induced melt activation (SIMA). The microstructure observation and rheology parameter analysis demonstrated that add zinc content consumedly reduced formation temperature of semisolid microstructure, decreased isothermal holding time, and accelerated microstructure evolution. With increasing zinc content, the semisolid morphology better and better that is propitious to semisolid process. The analysis verified that on the one hand, with increasing aluminum and zinc content the melting point of compound and the nucleation temperature of liquid phase decreased, and the nucleation quantity of liquid phase increased; on the other hand, with increasing alloy content the as-cast microstructure much finer, which to caused much more fine and spherical semisolid microstructure.

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Wang, Jin San. "Thermodynamic Study of Equilibrium Phase in Quasicrystalline Strengthened Magnesium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 1043–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.1043.

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In order to optimize the composition and microstructure of quasicrystalline strengthened Mg-based alloy, the equilibrium phases of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloys with three components were studied by using thermodynamic calculation. The calculated results showed that the equilibrium phases of the three alloys were mainly Liquid phase, α-Mg matrix phase, α-Zr dispersed phase, quasicrystalline strengthening I phase, W phase and Z phase. It was observed that the specific content and temperature range of these phases were different. Among them, alloy 3 had the highest quasicrystalline content. And alloys 1 and 2 contained dispersed phase α-Zr which can lead to grain refinement.

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Lu, De Ping, Wei Guo, Jiang Jiang, Lei Lu, Jin Zou, Qing Feng Fu, and Ke Ming Liu. "Effect of Carbon on the Microstructure of a Cu-Fe Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 279 (August 2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.279.49.

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The effect of C addition on the microstructure of a Cu-Fe alloy was investigated by combining the calculation of phase diagram (calphad) and the experimental research. The calphad results indicated that the addition of C substantially enlarged the zone of liquid immiscibility gap in the metastable phase diagram of Cu-Fe alloy. In addition, the larger the addition content of C was, the more obvious the phenomenon was. As a result, the presence of trace amounts of C in the Cu-Fe alloy containing 5~20% (wt.) Fe would cause the liquid phase separation of Cu-rich and Fe-rich liquid phases during the solidification process of the alloy. The experimental results showed that the dendritic secondary phase in the as-cast microstructure of the Cu-14Fe alloy tended to be spheroidized after the addition of C due to the separation of Cu-rich and Fe-rich liquid phases. With the increasing content of C, the volume fraction and the average diameter of the spherical Fe-rich particles both increased. The calphad conclusions are in agreement with the experimental results.

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Iljana, Mikko, Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen, and Timo Fabritius. "Estimation of Iron Ore Pellet Softening in a Blast Furnace with Computational Thermodynamics." Metals 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101515.

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In blast furnaces it is desirable for the burden to hold a lumpy packed structure at as high a temperature as possible. The computational thermodynamic software FactSage (version 7.2, Thermfact/CRCT, Montreal, Canada and GTT-Technologies, Aachen, Germany) was used here to study the softening behavior of blast furnace pellets. The effects of the main slag-forming components (SiO2, MgO, CaO and Al2O3) on liquid formation were estimated by altering the chemical composition of a commercial acid pellet. The phase equilibria for five-component FeO-SiO2-CaO-MgO-Al2O3 systems with constant contents for three slag-forming components were computed case by case and the results were used to estimate the formation of liquid phases. The main findings of this work suggested several practical means for the postponement of liquid formation at higher temperatures: (1) reducing the SiO2 content; (2) increasing the MgO content; (3) reducing the Al2O3 content; and (4) choosing suitable CaO contents for the pellets. Additionally, the olivine phase (mainly the fayalitic type) and its dissolution into the slag determined the amount of the first-formed slag, which formed quickly after the onset of softening. This had an important effect on the acid pellets, in which the amount of the first-formed slag varied between 10 and 40 wt.%, depending on the pellets’ SiO2 content.

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Coppola, Luigi, Domenico Gabriele, Isabella Nicotera, and Cesare Oliviero. "Rheological Properties of the Reverse Mesophases of the Pluronic L64/P-Xylene/Water System." Applied Rheology 14, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2004-0018.

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Abstract The behaviour of reverse micellar solution and reverse hexagonal and lamellar liquid crystal phases in pluronic L64/water/p-xylene ternary system was investigated by rheological techniques. Samples with an increasing water content along the amphiphilic copolymer-lean side of the ternary phase diagram were analysed at different temperatures and a different behaviour was evidenced by both dynamic and steady tests for each considered phase, depending on the morphology of structure (micellar, lamellar, hexagonal phases). It was observed that the reverse micelles size increases with increasing water concentration and decreases with increasing temperature, without any phase transition. On the contrary the normal micelles become anisometric on temperature, showing a transition to a liquid crystalline phase. The observed mechanical spectra of the liquid crystalline phases are typical of hexagonal and lamellar phases according to the literature [1, 2]. A phase transition with temperature was found for both liquid crystalline phase (lamellar and hexagonal) by rheological tests and was confirmed by ocular inspection.

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Bondioli, M. J., Claudinei dos Santos, B. G. Simba, and Kurt Strecker. "Oxidation of Silicon Carbide Ceramics Obtained by Liquid Phase Sintering." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.616.

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In this work, silicon carbide ceramics were developed by liquid phase sintering using AlN-Y2O3 as additive. Two compositions were obtained using SiC powders and different contents of AlN-Y2O3. The powders were mixed/homogeneizated and subsequently dried and deagglomerated. Powder mixtures were compacted by cold isostatic pressing. Samples were sintered at 2080oC, for 1h, under 0.2 MPa-N2 atmosphere. Sintered samples were characterized by X-Ray diffraction and density. The oxidation behavior was investigated and related to the densification and additive-content. Samples were submitted to the tests at 1200, 1300 or 1400oC, in air for 120 hours. Weight gain of the samples is plotted as function of the exposure time, obtaining the evolution of the oxidation on the surface of the samples. Based on the results, the parabolic oxidation content (kp) and activation energy were determined. The results indicate that the samples present parabolic behavior in all conditions. The activation energy results indicate that the phenomena of diffusion of oxygen ions into the oxide layer and interfacial reactions between oxide layer and intergranular phase are the responsible for oxidation mechanism.

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Lane, Ralph H., and Janis L. Smathers. "Monitoring Aldehyde Production During Frying by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 6 (November 1, 1991): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.6.957.

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Abstract Acrolein (2-propenal) and other low molecular weight aldehydes (LMWAs) formed by degradation of the frying medium (triglycerides) were monitored by liquid chromatography (LC) during preparation of fried items. LMWA contents of coatings from codfish and of doughnuts and their volatiles that codistill with steam are monitored by trapping the vapors and distillate from the food matrix in a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution. The resulting hydrazones are partitioned from the aqueous phase, first into isooctane and then into acetonitrile for LC analysis. The hydrazones are separated and quantified on a C18 reversed-phase column with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase. LMWAs are confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. No difference was found in LMWA content in coatings from fish fillets fried at 182 or 204°C. Cake doughnuts were higher in acrolein content than yeast-raised doughnuts prepared under similar conditions. Freshness of the frying medium, frying time, and batch size did not seem to influence LMWA production from doughnuts. Results indicated that most of the LMWAs formed codistilled with steam during frying rather than remaining with the food item.

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Yuan, Hudie, Hongfeng Yin, Yun Tang, Hang Shuai, Yalou Xin, and Xilou Pu. "Influence of High-Temperature Liquid on Phase Composition and Morphology of Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation Products from Coal Gasification Slag." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061346.

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In this paper, the products using three kinds of coal gasification slags as starting materials were obtained via carbothermal reduction-nitridation at 1450 °C. The effects of high-temperature liquid on the phase composition and morphology of the samples were investigated by XRD and SEM, while the content of high-temperature liquid was calculated by the computer software package FactSage. The results show that: (1) the existence of high-temperature liquid phase is beneficial to the formation and growth of Ca-α-SiAlON phase; (2) The formation of long-columnar Ca-α-SiAlON were greatly affected by the content and viscosity of liquid phase, which is in non-linear relationship with aspect ratios of Ca-α-SiAlON. Among the three kinds of slags, the HT slag with relatively high liquid phase content and the lowest viscosity is the most favorable to the growth of elongated Ca-α-SiAlON grain; the aspect ratio of the formed Ca-α-SiAlON is the largest; Compared to the SH slag with the highest liquid phase content and viscosity, Ca-α-SiAlON prepared from TE slag possesses the smallest aspect ratio, which exhibits equiaxed grain morphology.

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Konukcu, F., A. Istanbulluoglu, and I. Kocaman. "Determination of water content in drying soils: incorporating transition from liquid phase to vapour phase." Soil Research 42, no. 1 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03048.

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In arid and semi-arid environments, soil profiles often exhibit a liquid–vapour displacement known as evaporation front characterised by a critical matric potential (ψme) or water content (θe) located somewhere inside the unsaturated zone above a watertable (WT). The objective of this study was to determine the θe including the range of water content (θ) in the transition zone from liquid to vapour both theoretically and experimentally for different soil textures under saline and non-saline WTs. Characteristic shapes of water content and salt concentration profiles were the criteria to obtain θe experimentally, and the θ–diffusivity relationship was used to compute the θe and θ range in the transition zone. Measured θe values of 0.05 and 0.12 m3/m3 under non-saline WT and 0.07 and 0.15 m3/m3 under saline WT were in agreement with the computed values of 0.05 and 0.10 m3/m3 for sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively. The model calculates roughly the same θe for saline and non-saline conditions. Besides experimental soils, θe and range of θ in the transition zone were calculated for silty loam and coarse sand. The lighter the soil texture, the smaller is θe and the steeper the transition zone. The results were further compared with those calculated by different authors.

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Smith, D., B. Waldron, and F. C. Campbell. "Response of migrating motor complex to variation of fasting intraluminal content." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 263, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): G533—G537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1992.263.4.g533.

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The characteristics of the phases of the migrating motor complex (MMC) were studied in the antrum, duodenum, and jejunum after alteration of intraluminal gas and acaloric fluid in 17 healthy volunteers. Aspiration of gas and fluid from the upper gastrointestinal tract reduced motor activity. In the antrum and duodenum, phase II contraction amplitude decreased, while in the duodenum and jejunum, the duration of phase II decreased and phase I increased. Phase III contraction frequency decreased in the duodenum only. Intragastric instillation of gas caused an increase of phase II duration and contraction amplitude in all regions. Similar effects were observed after intragastric instillation of fluid. Fasting periodic motor activity is responsive to volume changes of intraluminal gas and acaloric liquid content.

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Adeniyi, Kayode I., Francis Bernard, Connor E. Deering, and Robert A. Marriott. "Water content of liquid H2S in equilibrium with the hydrate phase." Fluid Phase Equilibria 529 (February 2021): 112865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2020.112865.

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Johnson, John L., Justin J. Brezovsky, and Randall M. German. "Effect of liquid content on distortion and rearrangement densification of liquid-phase-sintered W-Cu." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 36, no. 6 (June 2005): 1557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0247-4.

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Voňka, Petr, Monika Hubková, and Vít Meistr. "Calculation of water content in water–methane system." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 75, no. 3 (2010): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009508.

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Two methods to calculate the water content of water (1)–methane (2) system in the liquid–gas and ice–gas regions at temperatures from 253 to 373 K are proposed and tested in this work. Both are based on the assumption that the influence of methane solubility in liquid water on the calculated water content can be neglected (i.e., only pure water is considered in the liquid phase). A survey of experimental data is also given.

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27

Cowie, J. M. G., and H. W. Hunter. "Optical properties of side-chain liquid crystal copolymers of monosubstituted cholesteryl itaconate and a non-chiral mesogen." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-223.

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New mono- and disubstituted cholesteryl derivatives of itaconic acid have been prepared and their thermotropic liquid crystalline behaviour examined. The monosubstituted derivative has been homopolymerized, and also copolymerized with a non-chiral mesogen 4-cyanophenyl-4′-(6-acryloyl oxyhexyloxy) benzoate. Examination of the series of copolymers prepared, using differential scanning calorimetry and hot-stage polarizing microscopy, showed that when the content of the cholesteryl itaconate was high, both a smectic-A phase (SA) and a cholesteric phase (N*) were present. It was found that the SA phase could be eliminated by lowering the content of the cholesteryl itaconate in the copolymers, giving samples that displayed only the N* phase over a much wider temperature range. The samples in the N* phase also exhibited selective reflection of visible light that changed from short to long wavelengths as the samples were cooled from the isotropic melt. These colours can be locked into the glassy state of the polymer by quenching below the glass transition temperature, but only if the SA phase is absent. It was also noted that at high contents of the cholesteryl itaconate the selective reflection appears to occur in the ultraviolet region. Keywords: itaconic acid, copolymers, liquid crystalline polymers, cholesteric phases, selective reflection.

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28

Burns, Garth B., and Paul J. Ke. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Hypoxanthine Content in Fish Tissue." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 3 (May 1, 1985): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.3.444.

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Abstract A liquid chromatography (LC) method for determining the hypoxanthine content in fish tissues has been developed. Hypoxanthine is extracted with 0.6M perchloric acid, and determined by LC on a reverse phase microparticulate column with UV absorbance detection. The mobile phase is 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 4.5). The percent relative standard deviation for measurements by the recommended method was less than 7% with a detection limit of 10 ng. Recoveries of hypoxanthine added to various fish tissues were better than 90%. The operational errors, interferences, and recoveries for spiked samples have been investigated and compare favorably with an established xanthine oxidase enzyme method. The described LC method is simple, rapid, and specific for measuring hypoxanthine content in various fish tissues. Some post-mortem studies have indicated the method may also be used for the determination of adenosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate, and inosine.

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Mota, Ana C. S., Jéssika M. Santos, Marina S. Pereira, and Carlos H. Ataíde. "Microwave drying of olefins from drill cuttings and analysis of the organic phase recovered during drying operation." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2019066.

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The main objective of the present work was to study the influence of different operating conditions in the microwave drying of drill cuttings and an eventual degradation of the condensed liquid collected during this operation. For this, a Central Composite Design (CCD) was used, considering three independent variables at three levels: initial olefin content (7.5, 10, and 12.5% w/w), power (250, 500, and 750 W), and time (5, 10, and 15 min); the residual olefin content being the response analyzed in the conducted tests without monitoring or control of the cutting’s temperature. All three variables studied were statistically significant, presenting a positive or negative effect on residual olefin content. As expected, the initial olefin content had a negative effect on the response. On the other hand, when considering the applied power and the drying time, the effect on decontamination yield was positive. The results showed that cuttings can be decontaminated at lower levels than those required by environmental legislation (offshore drilling), reaching residual olefin mass contents of less than 1%. Finally, the organic phase of recovered liquids, after the condensation of vapors produced during drying, was analyzed by gas chromatography technique. It was observed greater olefin degradation in the longer and higher power tests, especially in samples of condensed liquid collected inside the microwave oven.

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Kang, Zhi Qiang, Yu Bo Zhang, Xue Yang, Guo Hui Feng, and Lin Zhang. "Numerical Study on the Impact of Second Phase Content on the Solidification of Al-Pb Hypermonotectic Alloys." Materials Science Forum 896 (March 2017): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.896.209.

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Based on the Euler-Euler method and the conservation equation, a mathematical model for describing the non-steady processes of mass transfer, transmission, heat transfer, solute transport and nonstationary process of nucleation in liquid-liquid separation of Al-Pb monotectic alloys was established. The influence of the second phase content on the solidification microstructure of Al-Pb alloy was analyzed by numerical simulation by combining the calculated temperature field and velocity field with the kinetic equation of controlling solidification microstructure evolution. The results show that the lower the second phase content is, the more uniform the temperature field distribution is, and the lower the velocity of the second phase droplets is. The average diameter and volume fraction of the second phase droplets in the Al-5wt%Pb alloy samples were lower than that in the Al-10wt%Pb alloy samples under the same conditions. It is concluded that the lower the content of the second phase, the liquid - liquid phase separation and decomposition behavior of liquid immiscible liquid in the immiscible zone are relatively slow, and the more easily the droplets of the second phase are distributed uniformly in alloy solidification structure of the matrix.

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Tarantseva, K. R., M. I. Yakhkind, A. K. Mishra, M. A. Marynova, E. A. Polyanskova, and A. A. Goryacheva. "Systems of two immiscible liquids for a new type of membraneless fuel cells using renewable fuel." E3S Web of Conferences 161 (2020): 01062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016101062.

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Systems of two immiscible liquids are proposed for a new type of membraneless fuel cells using renewable fuel, in which the stationary phase boundary carries out a role of membrane. These systems consist of water, alcohol (preferable ethanol) and a number of electrolytes (salts and bases) leading to the layering of aqueous alcohol. In such systems top phase has significant alcohol content and insignificant electrolyte content, bottom phase has significant electrolyte content and insignificant alcohol content. To study the layering conditions in these systems, binodal curves were plotted for three two-phase liquid systems (EtOH + K2CO3 + H2O; EtOH + K3PO4 + H2O, EtOH + KOH + H2O), using the cloud point method. Comparison of our experimental data with the results of other authors showed that they are consistent for the first and second systems, and the temperature dependence of the binodal curves is clearly visible for the third system. The specific system EtOH – 30 % m/m; KOH – 40 % m/m; H2O – 30 % m/m was taken as the basis for studies of fuel cells based on two immiscible liquids. A further area of research lies in the field of optimizing the composition of both phases, studying the processes of mass transfer in these systems and their physicochemical characteristics.

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Carey, Lawrence D., Jianguo Niu, Ping Yang, J. Adam Kankiewicz, Vincent E. Larson, and Thomas H. Vonder Haar. "The Vertical Profile of Liquid and Ice Water Content in Midlatitude Mixed-Phase Altocumulus Clouds." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 2487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc1885.1.

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Abstract The microphysical properties of mixed-phase altocumulus clouds are investigated using in situ airborne measurements acquired during the ninth Cloud Layer Experiment (CLEX-9) over a midlatitude location. Approximately ⅔ of the sampled profiles are supercooled liquid–topped altocumulus clouds characterized by mixed-phase conditions. The coexistence of measurable liquid water droplets and ice crystals begins at or within tens of meters of cloud top and extends down to cloud base. Ice virga is found below cloud base. Peak liquid water contents occur at or near cloud top while peak ice water contents occur in the lower half of the cloud or in virga. The estimation of ice water content from particle size data requires that an assumption be made regarding the particle mass–dimensional relation, resulting in potential error on the order of tens of percent. The highest proportion of liquid is typically found in the coldest (top) part of the cloud profile. This feature of the microphysical structure for the midlatitude mixed-phase altocumulus clouds is similar to that reported for mixed-phase clouds over the Arctic region. The results obtained for limited cases of midlatitude mixed-phase clouds observed during CLEX-9 may have an implication for the study of mixed-phase cloud microphysics, satellite remote sensing applications, and the parameterization of mixed-phase cloud radiative properties in climate models.

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Zaitseva, T. A., T. A. Perezhogina, S. N. Medvedeva, and L. V. Kokorina. "Study of nicotine content in the aerosols of ENDS of various designs." New Technologies 17, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2021-17-1-33-45.

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The aim of the research is to study the features of aerosol mixture on various types of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) on a laboratory linear smoking machine to develop requirements both for the devices themselves and for the nicotine content in aerosol of liquids for ENDS. The analysis of data on aerosol collection on various types of nicotine-containing products (NCP) is relevant and in the future will allow to develop recommendations and proposals for establishing safety requirements for such devices and the composition of the aerosol produced. Since manufacturers position ENDS (e-cigarettes) as low-risk for health devices, the study of ENDS is an urgent task. The principle of operation of the devices is not associated with the combustion of tobacco as when smoking cigarettes. The article presents the results of the analysis of the nicotine content in the solid-liquid phase of the aerosol of ENDS devices. The issues of assessing the content of nicotine in the aerosol of the solid-liquid phase of innovative nicotine-containing products of such brands as «LUXLITE», «Von Erl My» and «eGo AIO» have been considered. Currently, a unified approach to the regulation of NCP and control of the content of toxic substances in the aerosol has not been developed, which leads to the use of various modes of aerosol collection on laboratory smoking machines. The article presents the aerosol collection parameters, since there are no regulatory measures to control the safety of electronic nicotine delivery systems. To determine the nicotine content in ENDS aerosol, it is recommended to use the ISO 20768 method, since when using ISO 20768exp, the stable operation of ENDS devices decreases. It has been found that different devices produce different amounts of nicotine according to the ISO 20768: 2018 aerosol collection regime. The nicotine content in the solid-liquid phase of the ENDS aerosol is influenced by the duration of the puff, and the nicotine content in the aerosol of the ENDS solid-liquid phase depends on the individual characteristics of the device operation.

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Chala, Ayele Teressa, Svatopluk Matula, Kamila Báťková, and František Doležal. "Evaluation of methods for water and non-volatile LNAPL content measurement in porous media." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 1 (January 23, 2019): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/80/2018-swr.

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Proper characterization of contaminants in subsurface helps to clean up effectively the contaminated sites. In this study, different methods were used to quantify non-volatile light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) and water from sample columns subjected to different water to LNAPL ratios. The objective of the study was to evaluate methods for porous media water and LNAPL contents analysis. The liquids were sampled from the sample columns using activated carbon pellets (ACP). Sample columns water content was also measured using soil moisture sensors. Dielectric mixing model (DMM) was evaluated for the estimation of LNAPL content after water and LNAPL contents of the sample columns were determined through gravimetric analysis method. The result shows that it was possible to sample both water and LNAPL using ACP proportionally but with high standard deviations. It also shows that more liquid was sampled from sample columns subjected to only one liquid compared to sample columns subjected to two liquids. On the other hand, analysis of water and LNAPL using gravimetric analysis method gave the best result although the presence of LNAPL resulted in underestimation of water content at higher LNAPL contents. Meanwhile, the presence of LNAPL modified the bulk relative permittivity (εa) of the sample columns and resulted in overestimation of water contents measured using soil moisture sensors at higher LNAPL content. The modification of εa was used for the estimation of LNAPL using DMM. The evaluation of the model with known water and LNAPL contents and in estimating the LNAPL content of the other sample columns shows that the model could be used for the proper estimation of LNAPL in porous media.

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Lin, Xiao Li, Wen Yan, Qing Jie Chen, Nan Li, San Bao Ma, and Wen Ying Zhou. "Effect of Spinel Content on the Reaction of Porous Periclase-Spinel Ceramics and Cement Clinker." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.581.

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Corrosion of five porous ceramics with near apparent porosities (26%~29%) and different spinel contents by cement clinker was conducted, and the effect of the spinel content on the reaction between porous periclase-spinel ceramics and cement clinker was investigated by SEM, EDS, and FactSage® thermo-chemical software, etc. It can be found that : (1) The dissolution rate of periclase into cement clinker is slow whereas that of spinel into cement clinker is fast; (2) The more the spinel content in the porous ceramics, the higher the dissolution rate of porous ceramics into cement clinker, then the higher corrosion index; the dissolution of spinel into cement clinker changes the composition of the penetrated slag and made the viscosity increases; (3) For the specimens with similar pore size and low viscosity of penetrated liquid phase, the more the liquid content, the higher the penetration degree of liquid to specimens; the further penetration will be stopped with an increase of liquid viscosity, then the contact area between refractory and cement clinker decreases, in the result, the corrosion index decreases. When spinel contents is 0~10mol%, porous periclase-spinel ceramics possess higher penetration resistance and corrosion resistance.

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Varavva, Artem I., Vladimir E. Vershinin, and Dmitry V. Trapeznikov. "Numerical modeling of the degassing process of a gas-liquid mixture in hydrocyclone." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 5, no. 3 (October 14, 2019): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2019-5-3-213-229.

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Centrifugal separators — hydrocyclones — are widely used in many areas of the national economy to separate mixtures of substances of different densities. Hydrocyclones can be used for phase separation in oil, water and gas flow measurement units. The flow from the well is initially a three-phase mixture. The hydrocyclone separates the gas and liquid phases at the inlet of the measuring unit, which are then transferred to separate gas and liquid measurement units. Maintaining the accuracy of the phase flow measurement when using hydrocyclones in the measuring units requires high quality separation over a wide range of flow rates and phase contents. One of the directions of forecasting the characteristics of the separation process is based on the numerical solution of the equations of hydrodynamics of multiphase flows. Modern software of computational hydrodynamics allows to solve problems of such class in three-dimensional statement and thus to estimate efficiency of work of the device and its metrological characteristics. This paper studies the processes of separation of gas-liquid mixture in hydrocyclone at different volume gas content and phase flow rates. The authors present a mathematical model with indication of the main assumptions and formulate the boundary conditions of the problem. Calculations were carried out on the open platform OpenFOAM with the use of interFoam solver. The results of numerical modeling have determined the basic structures of currents in the hydrocyclone. The influence of the initial gas content on the separation efficiency at different flow rates is investigated. The main reasons for the decrease in separation efficiency at low gas content values are revealed. In addition, the influence of the guiding elements on the separation process is considered.

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Adeniyi, Kayode I., Connor E. Deering, and Robert A. Marriott. "The Saturated Water Content of Liquid Propane in Equilibrium with the sII Hydrate." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 6295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236295.

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In order to prevent solids from forming during the transportation and handling of liquid propane, C3H8(l), the fluid is dehydrated to a level below the water dew point concentration for the coldest operating temperature. Thus, accurate calculation of the saturation water content for C3H8 is important to determine the designed allowable concentration in liquid C3H8. In this work, we measured the water content of liquid C3H8 in the presence of the structure II hydrate from p = 1.081 to 40.064 MPa and T = 241.95 to 276.11 K using a tunable diode absorption spectroscopy technique. The water content results were modelled using the reference quality reduced Helmholtz equations and the Sloan et al. model for the non-hydrate and hydrate phases, respectively. Calculations show a good agreement (an average difference of less than 12 ppm) when compared to our measurements. Furthermore, the model was also used for calculating the dissociation temperatures for three phase loci, where a relative difference greater than 5 K was observed compared to the literature, hence our previously model reported by Adeniyi et al. is recommended for three phase loci calculations.

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Johansen, Helle N., K. E. Bach Knudsen, Brittmarie Sandström, and F. Skjøth. "Effects of varying content of soluble dietary fibre from wheat flour and oat milling fractions on gastric emptying in pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 75, no. 3 (March 1996): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960138.

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AbstractFour pigs fitted with a gastric cannula were fed on a wheat-flour-based diet (WF) and three oat-based diets, consisting mainly of oat flour (OF), rolled oats (RO) or oat bran (OB), for 1 week each. The stomach contents were collected quantitatively daily at 0·5, 1, 2, 3 or 5 h after feeding. The viscosity (mPa. s) of the liquid fraction of stomach contents 1 h after feeding was 1·7 with diet WF, 15 with diet OF, 30 with diet RO and approximately 400 with diet OB. The viscosity and the concentration of β-glucan in the liquid phase was to some extent determined by the dietary level of β-glucan in the diet. However, there was a trend towards a lower viscosity after longer exposure to the gastric juices. The correlation between logarithmic values for viscosity and concentration of β-glucan in the liquid phase of digesta was r 0·45. On centrifugation of digesta there was a higher proportion present in the sediment phase when the pigs were fed on diets with a higher content of soluble dietary fibre (DF), suggesting that the digesta was more coherent. This possibility was supported by the higher water-holding capacity (WHC) of the sediment. Feeding diets with oats containing a higher soluble DF content led to lower recoveries of digesta, PEG 4000 (liquid-phase marker), and the DF components β-glucan and arabinoxylan in the first hour after feeding. No effect related to the DF content of the diet was seen in the gastric emptying of starch and Cr2O3(solid-phase marker). In conclusion, soluble DF from oatsincreased the viscosity of stomach contents and increased the ability of the dry matter to retain water. Higher levels of soluble DF led to higher recoveries of digesta, the liquid phase and DF itself in the initial stage of gastric emptying, whereas no effect was seen on the gastric emptying of starch.

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Kuang, Jing Zhong, Xiang Chuan Zhao, Fang Shi, and Hai Ying Cao. "Study on Influence Factors of Fly Ash and Metakaolin Based Geopolymer." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2322.

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Gepolymeric material is a new building material, which not only has the characteristics of organic polymer, ceramic and cement but also unique properties. The effects of four factors on the strength of fly ash and metakaolin based geopolymer were discussed with the orthogonal tests in this study, including fly ash content, NaOH solution concentration, solid-liquid ratio and the content of sodium silicate in the liquid phase. The results show that: content of fly ash 30%, NaOH solution concentration 12mol/L, solid-to-liquid ratio 4.5 and the content of sodium silicate in the liquid phase 65% is the best condition preparation of fly ash and metakaolin based geopolymer.

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Kamarudin, Aliah Nursyahirah, Mohd Mustafa Awang Kechik, Muralidhar Miryala, Sunsanee Pinmangkorn, Masato Murakami, Soo Kien Chen, Hussein Baqiah, Aima Ramli, Kean Pah Lim, and Abdul Halim Shaari. "Microstructural, Phase Formation, and Superconducting Properties of Bulk YBa2Cu3Oy Superconductors Grown by Infiltration Growth Process Utilizing the YBa2Cu3Oy + ErBa2Cu3Oy + Ba3Cu5O8 as a Liquid Source." Coatings 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040377.

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The infiltration growth (IG) process is well-known as the most established technique consisting of Y2BaCuO5 (Y211) precursor powders and liquid phases toward the fabrication of bulk YBa2Cu3Oy (Y123) superconductor for high field industrial applications. We have reported the fabrication of Y123 bulks using this technique at various ratios of liquid phase source. In this study, the use of liquid phase source toward the infiltration growth of bulk Y123 superconductors at different ratios of Y123 and ErBa2Cu3Oy (Er123) mixed with Ba3Cu5O8 (Y035) was investigated to control the Y211 secondary phase content in bulk Y123 samples. The liquid phase content was optimized by varying the mass. The sample fabricated using Y123 liquid phase (Y1Er0) showed the onset of critical temperature Tc-onset = 91.85 K. Tc-onset slightly decreased with the addition of Er123. Microstructure analysis revealed a uniform distribution of Y211 secondary phase particles in the Y123 matrix. The Y1Er0 sample had the smallest of Y211 particle size among the samples with average size of 0.992 μm. The formation of this smaller-sized Y211 particles with uniform distributions that act as an effective pinning center, had improved the critical current density, Jc of the sample Y1Er0 at 77 K with H//c-axis having the highest Jc 54.15 kA/cm2 and 11.45 kA/cm2 in self-field and 2 T, respectively. The binary mixed of rare earth superconductors (Y123 + Er123) used in the liquid phase could be used to further improve the superconducting properties of Y123 single grains.

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Doležal, Bohuslav, and Robert Holub. "Approximate relations for determining the activity coefficient at very low concentration by the method of variation of solute concentration." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 3 (1985): 704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19850704.

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The calculation of activity coefficients at very low concentration is described from the experimental data obtained by the method of the variation of solute concentration for a way of saturation with ensured sufficiently long contact time of the liquid and gas phases and intensive stirring of both phases when the amount of the observed component in the vapour phase above the solution is negligible with regard to its content in the liquid phase. Two variants of experimental procedure were considered: stripping by a pure inert gas and by a gas saturated with solvent vapours. The relations derived can be used either directly for computer calculations or on introducing some simplifying assumptions for a rapid manual calculation with a good agreement of the results.

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Yan, W., N. Li, and B. Q. Han. "Effects of microsilica content on microstructure and strength of lightweight castable refractories containing porous corundum-spinel aggregate." Science of Sintering 41, no. 3 (2009): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0903275y.

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High-strength, lightweight castable refractories based on spinel were prepared by introducing porous corundum-spinel aggregate and appropriate microsilica. The effects of microsilica content on microstructure and properties of lightweight castable refractories were investigated using SEM, XRD, mercury porosimetry measurements and FactSage thermochemical software. It's found that microsilica was almost dissolved into a liquid phase at high temperature, which promoted liquid sintering. With increasing microsilica content, the matrices became denser and average pore size of matrices increased, then apparent porosity decreased, crushing strength increased and content of liquid phase in castables at 1600?C increased. The appropriate microsilica content is 0.65 to 1.95 wt%, which reaches to a compromise among apparent porosity (33-38%), crushing strength (82-125MPa) and liquid content (1.80~4.97 wt%).

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Ivanov, Yu F., V. E. Gromov, D. A. Romanov, O. V. Ivanova, and A. D. Teresov. "Liquid-phase boriding of high-chromium steel." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 7 (October 5, 2020): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-7-539-547.

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Using the methods of modern physical materials science, structuralphase states and tribological properties of 12Kh18N10T steel, subjected to electroexplosive alloying with titanium and boron and subsequent electron-beam processing in various modes depending on electron beam energy density, exposure pulse duration and their quantity have been analyzed. It has been established that electroexplosive alloying of steel with titanium and boron leads to formation of surface layer with multiphase submicro-nanocrystalline structure, characterized by presence of micropores, microcracks, and microcraters. Complex processing, combining electroexplosive alloying and subsequent irradiation with high-intensity pulsed electron beam, leads to formation of 60 μm thick multiphase submicro-nanocrystalline surface layer. It is shown that phase composition of surface layer of steel is determined by mass ratio of titanium and boron during electroexplosive alloying. Microhardness of modified layer is defined by relative mass fraction of titanium borides in surface layer and can be more than 18 times higher than microhardness of steel in its initial state (before electroexplosive alloying). Modes of complex processing have been determined at which surface layer containing exclusively titanium borides and intermetallic compounds based on titanium and iron is formed. The maximum (approximately 82 % by weight) titanium boride content is observed when steel is processed at regime with the highest mass of boron powder in the sample (mB = 87.5 mg; mTi /mB = 5.202). With decrease in mass of boron powder, relative content of borides in surface layer of steel decreases. It was found that integrated processing of steel is accompanied by sevenfold increase in microhardness of surface layer, wear resistance of steel increases by more than nine times.

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Agarwal, Gaurav, and Robert F. Speyer. "Effect of rate controlled sintering on microstructure and electrical properties of ZnO doped with bismuth and antimony oxides." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 9 (September 1997): 2447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0323.

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Various rate controlled sintering (RCS) schedules were used on isostatically pressed particulate compacts of ZnO with Bi2O3 and Sb2O3 additives. For low additive content, smaller average grain sizes with more rapid RCS schedules were attributable to thermal schedules which minimized the time at elevated temperatures where grain growth could occur. β–Bi2O3, Zn7Sb2O12, and Zn2Sb3Bi3O14 phases formed during/after sintering. Elevated heat-treatment temperatures favored the formation of Zn7Sb2O12 and additional β–Bi2O3, while Zn2Sb3Bi3O14 was dominant in sintered samples where the RCS schedule did not result in temperatures in excess of 1100 °C. Zn2Sb3Bi3O14 precipitated during sintering, functioning as grain boundary pinning sites which impeded ZnO grain growth. Bismuth and antimony oxide-based liquid facilitated sintering at lower temperatures, which in turn resulted in decreased average grain size. Rapid RCS schedules for samples with low dopant content resulted in lower sintering temperatures, since time was not allowed for Zn2Sb3Bi3O14 precipitation to deplete the liquid phase. For higher dopant contents, liquid phase was adequately plentiful, wherein longer RCS schedules resulted in lower sintering temperatures. Increasing concentration of second phase generally fostered decreased grain size and attenuated the effect of thermal schedule on the microstructure. Electrical resistance and breakdown voltage increased consistent with decreasing ZnO average grain size.

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45

Syahputra, M. Rio, Ferry F. Karwur, and Leenawaty Limantara. "Analisis Komposisi dan Kandungan Karotenoid Total dan Vitamin A Fraksi Cair dan Padat Minyak Sawit Kasar (CPO) Menggunakan KCKT Detektor PDA." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 10, no. 2 (November 20, 2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.10.2.89-97.

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This study was carried out on two phases of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) to determine the total and composition ofcarotenoid and vitamin A content. Total of carotenoid was analyzed using spectrophotometer UV-Vis, and then theresult was calculated by Gross (1991) equation. The vitamin A content was calculated by NAS-NRC equation (1974).The type and composition of both phases of CPO were determined by Choo’s method (1994) by using HPLC withPhoto Diode Array (PDA) detector. The sample was prepared in two methods, with and without saponification. Theresult shows that total carotenoids in liquid and solid phase of CPO are 536 ± 13.2 g/g (liquid), 352 ± 17.7 μg/g(solid) and the vitamin A were 89.4 ± 2.2 RE (liquid), 58.7 ± 3.0 RE (solid), respectively. The carotenoid compositionsof both phases of CPO were dominated by - and -carotenes. The result shows that - and -carotenes preparedby saponification method in liquid phase are 29.03% and 60.88%, and without saponification (direct method) are28.14% and 59.44%. The result for solid phase shows that - and -carotenes by saponification are 25.89% and60.81%, and without saponification (direct method) are 30.00% and 56.92%. The research also shows the advantagesof using HPLC with PDA detector for identification and analysis of type and carotenoid composition.

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Zeng, Xiao Le, Shi Qiang Lu, Jian Min Zeng, Zhi Liu Hu, and De Guang Cao. "Effect of Calcite Content on Firing Characteristics and its Sintering Properties of Nixing Pottery." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.560.

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According to the characteristics that purple red of nixing pottery contains an amount of calcite; different samples were fired with different content of calcite in the mud and varying temperature under oxidizing conditions. The phase composition and microstructure were analyzed. The results show that number and size of pores in the sintered samples increased and pore morphology changed from irregular closed hole to round closed then converted to irregular inter-connected one along with the increase of calcite content. As calcite content in the mud increases the viscosity of liquid phase decreases while the crystalline phase gradually increased as sintering, thus wollastonite phase transformed into eutectic phase of aluminum scapolite and wollastonite, and quartz content gradually reduced. Higher sintering temperatures and content of calcite were helpful to the reduction in viscosity, as calcite content increased gradually, the amount of liquid phase increased at first then decreased.

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Bourouina, Amine, Valérie Meille, and Claude de Bellefon. "About Solid Phase vs. Liquid Phase in Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010060.

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A critical review of conclusions about the putative heterogeneous mechanism in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling by supported Pd solids is reported. In the first section, the turnover frequencies (TOF) of 20 well-established homogeneous catalysts are shown to be in the range 200 to 1,000,000,000 h − 1 . The evidences used to prove a heterogeneous mechanism are discussed and another interpretation is proposed, hypothesizing that only the leached species are responsible for the catalytic reaction, even at ppb levels. Considering more than 40 published catalytic systems for which liquid phase Pd content have been reported, activities have been computed based on leached Pd concentrations and are shown to be in the range TOF 150 to 70,000,000 h − 1 . Such values are compatible with those found for the well-established homogeneous catalysts which questions the validity of the conclusions raised by many papers about the heterogeneous (solid) nature of Suzuki-Miyaura catalysis. Last, a tentative methodology is proposed which involves the rational use of well-known tests (hot-filtration test, mercury test…) to help to discriminate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms.

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Fukaya, Yukinobu, Takuro Nakano, and Hiroyuki Ohno. "Rheopectic Gel Formation of Stimuli-Responsive Ionic Liquid/Water Mixtures." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 1 (2017): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16228.

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A new class of hydrophobic and polar ionic liquids was prepared by coupling hydrophobic tetraoctylphosphonium cation and polar phosphonate-derived anions. Mixtures of these ionic liquids and water showed lower critical solution temperature-type phase behaviour. Furthermore, these mixtures displayed thermoreversible, however, non-linear viscosity change despite their large content of water. The abrupt increase in the viscosity was explained by the occurrence of rheopectic gelation of the ionic liquid/water mixtures by external stimuli such as shear stress.

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She, J. H., and K. Ueno. "Effect of additive content on liquid-phase sintering on silicon carbide ceramics." Materials Research Bulletin 34, no. 10-11 (July 1999): 1629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-5408(99)00172-5.

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Luk'yanov, A. N., E. N. Lysov, V. I. Petrov, and N. P. Shinov. "Influence of pressure oscillations on gas-phase content in gas-liquid flow." Journal of Engineering Physics 56, no. 1 (January 1989): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00870454.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid phase content'

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