Journal articles: 'Liquid sensing'

1

Ota, Hiroki. "(Invited) Stretchable Sensing Devices Combining Ionic Liquids and Soft Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 36 (2022): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02361321mtgabs.

Full text

Abstract:

In recent years, a variety of ultra-flexible devices have been proposed. Their applications include wearable devices and soft robots. Among ultra-flexible devices, the devices with stretchablity is attracting attention as next-generation sensing devices. In such devices, ionic liquids can be used as a sensing material. Ionic liquids are polymers in a liquid state and their structure can be easily altered, For example, ionic liquids can be developed reactive to temperature, humidity, light, gases, and many other factors. Furthermore, since they are in a liquid state, they are durable against device stretching. In this study, we report on a stretchable sensing device using ionic liquids. In particular, by using liquid metal and CNT(Carbon nanotube) as electrode materials, we propose a super-stretchable device and a super-flexible device with transparency and high breathability. <Temperature/humidity/oxygen/optical sensors using liquid metal electrodes> liquid metal was used as electrode, and ionic liquids as a sensing material. Equivalent circuit of the sensors were established based on Nyquist plot The sensor showed stable sensitivity to temperature without hysteresis as shown with a 0.039/°C increase in conductivity, which is quite high compared to other reports. We also show proof of concept for humidity, oxygen gas, and optical sensings using four kinds of ionic liquids, 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([EMIM][Otf]), 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]), 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMPYR][NTf2]) and 1-butyl-3-(4-phenylazobenzyl)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([Azo][NTf2]) for optical sensing. The sensitivity of each ionic liquid to humidity and oxygen differed depending on the ionic liquid. For each type of stimuli, the sensing can be optimized by choosing the proper ionic liquid. In addition, using [Azo][NTf2], we demonstrate optical sensing and memory in this study. < Transparent and Breathable Ion Gel-based Sensors using CNT> highly transparent, ultra-flexible, and gas-permeable polymer thin-film sensors using ion gels as the sensing material, which demonstrated the capacity for selective detections, were proposed. Particularly, simultaneous and independent sensing of temperature and humidity was demonstrated in this study. The sensors were fabricated using a simple spray coating method on a thin silicone rubber film (around 25 µm thickness). Owing to their thin-film shape, they showed more than 80% visible light transmittance and a higher gas permeability of 58.7 g/m2 h than the human transepidermal water loss. Simultaneous and independent detection of temperature and humidity was achieved with a high sensitivity of 15.9%/°C and 2.5%/percentage of relative humidity, respectively, using two types of gels with ionic liquids. These results suggest that the easily modifiable nature of ionic liquids contribute to the development of stretchable electronics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Liang, Yumeng, Anfu Zhou, Huanhuan Zhang, Xinzhe Wen, and Huadong Ma. "FG-LiquID." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 3 (2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478075.

Full text

Abstract:

Contact-less liquid identification via wireless sensing has diverse potential applications in our daily life, such as identifying alcohol content in liquids, distinguishing spoiled and fresh milk, and even detecting water contamination. Recent works have verified the feasibility of utilizing mmWave radar to perform coarse-grained material identification, e.g., discriminating liquid and carpet. However, they do not fully exploit the sensing limits of mmWave in terms of fine-grained material classification. In this paper, we propose FG-LiquID, an accurate and robust system for fine-grained liquid identification. To achieve the desired fine granularity, FG-LiquID first focuses on the small but informative region of the mmWave spectrum, so as to extract the most discriminative features of liquids. Then we design a novel neural network, which uncovers and leverages the hidden signal patterns across multiple antennas on mmWave sensors. In this way, FG-LiquID learns to calibrate signals and finally eliminate the adverse effect of location interference caused by minor displacement/rotation of the liquid container, which ensures robust identification towards daily usage scenarios. Extensive experimental results using a custom-build prototype demonstrate that FG-LiquID can accurately distinguish 30 different liquids with an average accuracy of 97%, under 5 different scenarios. More importantly, it can discriminate quite similar liquids, such as liquors with the difference of only 1% alcohol concentration by volume.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Zhang, Boyu, and Zhijiao Chen. "A Simple AMC Antenna for Liquid Monitoring in an Infusion Bag." Sensors 25, no. 6 (2025): 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061675.

Full text

Abstract:

Running-out detection of the liquids in an infusion bag is important for medical treatment. This paper proposed a simple low-cost sensing scheme with an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) antenna for liquid-running-out detection in infusion bags. The proposed antenna consists of a dipole antenna supported by an AMC layer. It operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band in the without-liquid state, in the 2.0 GHz ISM band in the with-liquid state, and can be used for liquid sensing. The AMC layer isolates interference from the surrounding environment such as the standing pole. It also enhances antenna performance and improves monitoring sensitivity. This gives a peak gain of 6.45 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 98% in the without-liquid state. Meanwhile, the with-liquid state can achieve a peak gain of 4.5 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 93%. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured, verifying its sensing performance of the liquid in the infusion bag. This antenna’s design is flexible, compact, precise, and suitable for biomedical wireless sensing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Scanlon, Seth Thomas. "Liquid crystal immune sensing." Science 364, no. 6442 (2019): 747.5–748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.364.6442.747-e.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Zeng, Hansong, and Yi Zhao. "Liquid-state motion sensing." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 154, no. 1 (2011): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.11.069.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Herzog, Grégoire, Shane Flynn, and Damien W. M. Arrigan. "Macromolecular sensing at the liquid-liquid interface." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 307 (August 17, 2011): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/307/1/012055.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Fujikawa, Masaki, and Kenta Miyazaki. "Design and Evaluation of the Transparent Liquid Leakage Sensing Device." International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 3, no. 4 (2015): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmmm.2015.v3.201.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

B S, Nikhil Chandra, Roopa J, Harigovind A, and Ajay Bharadwaj. "A Review on Capacitive Liquid Level Sensing Techniques." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (2021): 654–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05312.

Full text

Abstract:

For contemporary communities, liquid-level management is of great significance. Liquid-level monitoring is utilized in a variety of industrial applications, including food processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, chemical manufacturing, and water purification systems. Liquids are used in critical applications such as rocket fuel tanks, medical equipment, etc. These systems are prone to accidents caused by liquid leakages and liquid turbulence. Hence it is necessary to prevent such mishaps and save resources and additional costs which are incurred due to the same. This necessitates the design and development of liquid-level sensing systems that are used to detect and monitor the level of liquid. There are many techniques that can be used to sense the level of liquid-like mechanical floats, ultrasonic sensors, fibre optic cables, LASER systems, light dependant resistors, image processing, etc. Capacitive sensing has emerged as one of the booming technologies due to its simplistic design, responsiveness, accuracy, noise immunity, and easy deployment. It has evolved over time and is now a vital feature of a variety of products. This paper aims to review the existing capacitive sensing mechanisms and attempts to serve as a foundation for unexplored sensor geometries. A comparative analysis has been presented to assess the performance of the proposed techniques. Coplanar capacitive sensors are found to be effective over cylindrical capacitive sensors due to a decrease in size, simple design, and cost-effectiveness while maintaining the same accuracy, resolution and sensitivity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Ahmad, Shaheen, Ramin Khosravi, Ashwin K. Iyer, and Rashid Mirzavand. "Wireless Capacitive Liquid-Level Detection Sensor Based on Zero-Power RFID-Sensing Architecture." Sensors 23, no. 1 (2022): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010209.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, a new method for the wireless detection of liquid level is proposed by integrating a capacitive IDC-sensing element with a passive three-port RFID-sensing architecture. The sensing element transduces changes in the liquid level to corresponding fringe-capacitance variations, which alters the phase of the RFID backscattered signal. Variation in capacitance also changes the resonance magnitude of the sensing element, which is associated with a high phase transition. This change in the reactive phase is used as a sensing parameter by the RFID architecture for liquid-level detection. Practical measurements were conducted in a real-world scenario by placing the sensor at a distance of approximately 2 m (with a maximum range of about 7 m) from the RFID reader. The results show that the sensor node offers a high sensitivity of 2.15∘/mm to the liquid-level variation. Additionally, the sensor can be used within or outside the container for the accurate measurement of conductive- or non-conductive-type liquids due to the use of polyethylene coating on the sensitive element. The proposed sensor increases the reliability of the current level sensors by eliminating the internal power source as well as complex signal-processing circuits, and it offers real-time response, linearity, high sensitivity, and excellent repeatability, which are suitable for widespread deployment of sensor node applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Pan, Zhihui, Ying Huang, and Hai Xiao. "Multi-Parameter Sensing Device to Detect Liquid Layers Using Long-Period Fiber Gratings." Sensors 18, no. 9 (2018): 3094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093094.

Full text

Abstract:

Insoluble liquids show layers such as water and oil. The detection of the exact interface locations and the level changes for layered liquids are of paramount importance for chemistry purifications, liquid storage in reservoirs, oil transportation, and chemical engineering. However, accurately measuring liquid layers is challenging. This paper introduces a multi-parameter sensing device based on a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensor simultaneously detecting boundary and level changes of layered liquids. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the sensor device would respond to the liquid interface change as a sharp and sudden resonant wavelength change, while it would show a gradual and steady resonant wavelength change to the level changes of layered liquids. The lab experiments also showed that the sensor device has a higher sensitivity when a higher LPFG cladding mode is used.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Zhou, Yu, Yang Zou, Chao Gao, et al. "Investigation of film bulk acoustic resonators for sensing applications in liquid environment." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 21 (2022): 213501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0124829.

Full text

Abstract:

The thin film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) has emerged as a promising choice for liquid sensors because of its high frequency and sensitivity. To investigate the potential of FBAR devices working as the liquid sensors, we study the operating law of FBAR in liquid environments and explore the different loading effects of liquid on the shear mode and longitudinal mode. By analyzing the device and liquid interactions, we modify the Mason model of FBAR in the liquid environment. Subsequently, the influence of the piezoelectric film with different tilt angles and liquids on the characteristics of FBAR is discussed. We also prepared Sc0.2Al0.8N film-based FBAR to confirm the influence of different liquid environments on the resonant performances. The results show that the frequency drift of FBAR in the shear mode is related to density and viscosity of liquid, and the frequency drift of FBAR in the longitudinal mode is related to bulk modulus and density of liquid. The resonant frequency of FBAR in the shear mode is more sensitive with glycerol solution than that of FBAR in the longitudinal mode. This work can provide a research basis for the application of FBAR liquid sensors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Tian, Junfei, Tina Arbatan, Xu Li, and Wei Shen. "Liquid marble for gas sensing." Chemical Communications 46, no. 26 (2010): 4734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c001317j.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Riesch, Christian, Erwin K. Reichel, Franz Keplinger, and Bernhard Jakoby. "Characterizing Vibrating Cantilevers for Liquid Viscosity and Density Sensing." Journal of Sensors 2008 (2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/697062.

Full text

Abstract:

Miniaturized liquid sensors are essential devices in online process or condition monitoring. In case of viscosity and density sensing, microacoustic sensors such as quartz crystal resonators or SAW devices have proved particularly useful. However, these devices basically measure a thin-film viscosity, which is often not comparable to the macroscopic parameters probed by conventional viscometers. Miniaturized cantilever-based devices are interesting alternatives for such applications, but here the interaction between the liquid and the oscillating beam is more involved. In our contribution, we describe a measurement setup, which allows the investigation of this interaction for different beam cross-sections. We present an analytical model based on an approximation of the immersed cantilever as an oscillating sphere comprising the effective mass and the intrinsic damping of the cantilever and additional mass and damping due to the liquid loading. The model parameters are obtained from measurements with well-known sample liquids by a curve fitting procedure. Finally, we present the measurement of viscosity and density of an unknown sample liquid, demonstrating the feasibility of the model.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Kano, Shinya, and Harutaka Mekaru. "(Digital Presentation) Rapid Electrical Impedance Analysis to Identify Liquid Isomers Using Nanoparticle Thin Film." ECS Transactions 109, no. 15 (2022): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10915.0039ecst.

Full text

Abstract:

A rapid noncontact analysis method to identify liquid isomers using an insulating nanoparticle thin film is outlined in this study. Rapid electrical analysis of chemical liquids is a promising technique for on-site evaluation. A silica nanoparticle thin film is utilized as a sensing layer. Headspace vapor from the liquid is condensed in the nanoscale void between nanoparticles, and an ionic conduction through the condensed vapor occurs under the application of AC voltage. The transient response of the electrical impedance depends on the vapor pressure and conductivity of the liquid isomers. A chemical liquid of structural isomers was identified by monitoring the impedance during exposure to its headspace vapor. The response time of the film impedance was 10.6, 4.7, 7.5, and 2.4 s, in 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and tert-butyl alcohol, respectively. The isomer recovery time after the exposure to ambient air was less than 2 s for all samples. It is feasible to identify polar chemical liquids rapidly by combining this sensing mechanism and machine learning models in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Teng, Chuanxin, Houquan Liu, Hongchang Deng, et al. "Liquid Level Sensor Based on a V-Groove Structure Plastic Optical Fiber." Sensors 18, no. 9 (2018): 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093111.

Full text

Abstract:

A high sensitivity and easily fabricated liquid level sensor based on the V-groove structure plastic optical fiber (POF) was described. In the design, the V-groove structure on the POF is produced by using a die-press-print method, which effectively reduces the complexity of the fabrication process and makes it easier for mass production of liquid level sensors. This greatly enhances the usefulness of the proposed sensor in cost effective liquid level sensing applications. The transmission characteristic of the POF could be changed when the V-groove structure was immerged or emerged by the rising or falling liquid. The liquid level sensing performances for the sensor probes with different structural parameters were investigated, and the sensor performances for the liquids with different refractive indices and the sensor dynamic response were also tested. Experimental results show that the sensor’s sensitivity can reach 0.0698 mm−1, with a resolution of 2.5 mm. Results also show that the sensor has a fast response time of 920 ms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Liao, Kai-Wei, Max T. Hou, Hiroyuki Fujita, and J. Andrew Yeh. "Liquid-based tactile sensing array with adjustable sensing range and sensitivity by using dielectric liquid." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 231 (July 2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2014.07.007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Chung, Ya Chien, Tzyy Yih Yang, Chen Tung Chi, Jin Yih Lin, Wei Chun Cheng, and Jhih Yang Jhang. "A Sensing Device on Liquid Density." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.582.

Full text

Abstract:

This study presents a device, which can be used to detect density of various liquid. The device is composed of at least three buoys and a mechanism that is balanced by rotary moment. The design of the device presented in this study is based on the moment balanced position of the buoy on liquid. Designing parameters such as mass and volume of the buoys, relative angles of installation, and distance between the mass center and rotation center are adjustable. The device can be designed not only as a detector of liquid density but also a logic sensor of liquid density. The device will turn over and rotate 180o when density of the liquid reached some value, which can be preset in designing by adjusting relative parameters. The device has been practically tested that when the density of liquid changes from 1 g/cm3 to 0.933 g/cm3, the position of balanced angle changes about 90o. Turn over rotation occurs at the density of 0.933 g/cm3, which is about 2.8% of error from the designed value, 0.96 g/cm3. This device is proved to be feasible.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Zhang, Yingzi, Yulong Hou, Yanjun Zhang, et al. "A Multipoint Liquid Level Sensor Based on Two Twisted Polymer Optical Fibers in a Race-Track Helical Structure." Journal of Sensors 2018 (June 4, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4914382.

Full text

Abstract:

A multipoint liquid level sensor based on the RI modulation of macrobend polymer optical fiber (POF) couplers is proposed. By twinning two twisted POFs around a race-track column, a series of U-shaped sensing heads are achieved. The output power in the passive fiber declines in a step form while the sensing heads are immersed into liquid in turn. The introduction of UV optical cement in the gap between two POFs improves the side-coupling ratio, increasing the attenuation per step. For the measurement range of 100 cm, the resolution is 2 cm. The sensor can differentiate different liquids with low temperature dependence.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Shang, Fei, Panlong Yang, Dawei Yan, Sijia Zhang, and Xiang-Yang Li. "LiquImager." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3643509.

Full text

Abstract:

WiFi has gradually developed into one of the main candidate technologies for ubiquitous sensing. Based on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) WiFi devices, this paper proposes LiquImager, which can simultaneously identify liquid and image container regardless of container shape and position. Since the container size is close to the wavelength, diffraction makes the effect of the liquid on the signal difficult to approximate with a simple geometric model (such as ray tracking). Based on Maxwell's equations, we construct an electric field scattering sensing model. Using few measurements provided by COTS WiFi devices, we solve the scattering model to obtain the medium distribution of the sensing domain, which is used for identifing and imaging liquids. To suppress the signal noise, we propose LiqU-Net for image enhancement. For the centimeter-scale container that is randomly placed in an area of 25 cm × 25 cm, LiquImager can identify the liquid more than 90% accuracy. In terms of container imaging, LiquImager can accurately find the edge of the container for 4 types of containers with a volume less than 500 ml.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Mahajne, Said, Dafne Guetta, Stella Lulinsky, Slava Krylov, and Yoav Linzon. "Liquid Mass Sensing Using Resonating Microplates under Harsh Drop and Spray Conditions." Physics Research International 2014 (December 31, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/320324.

Full text

Abstract:

We have performed in situ real time mass sensing of deposited liquid volatile droplets and sprays using plate-like microstructures, with robust and reusable performance attained over harsh conditions and multiple cycles of operation. A home-built electrooptical sensing system in ambient conditions has been used. The bimorph effect on the resonant frequency of altered mass loading, elasticity, and strain had been carefully compared, and the latter were found to be negligible in the presence of nonviscous liquids deposited on top of our microplate devices. In resonant mode, the loaded mass has been estimated from measured resonant frequency shifts and interpreted from a simple, uniformly deposited film model. A minimum submicrogram detectable mass was estimated, suggesting the system’s potential for robust, fast, and reusable sensing capabilities, in the presence of volatile liquids under harsh operation conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Li, Lan Ying, Wei Cheng Jiang, and Yong He. "Liquid Crystal Biosensors." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.834.

Full text

Abstract:

The liquid crystal (LCD) biosensor is a new research area of sensor technology, which integrates the modern biotechnology and advanced electronic sensing technology. The feasibility and the principle of the LCD biosensor were mainly introduced in this paper. The chitosan films exhibited cholesteric phase LCD texture which can be seen by using the polarizing microscope (POM), and there is a main endothermic peak and exothermic peak of chitosan LCD solution in the DSC heating curve and cooling curve respectively. Chitosan maybe will be used as a sensing material by using its LCD characteristics. The development prospects are predicted.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Cheng, C. J., C. T. Feng, M. Z. Atashbar, W. Wlodarski, and K. Kalantar-Zadeh. "Guided SH-SAW Sensing System for Liquid Viscosity Sensing Applications." Sensor Letters 9, no. 2 (2011): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2011.1572.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Gueddida, Abdellatif, Yan Pennec, Ana Luiza Silveira Fiates, Michael Johannes Vellekoop, Bernard Bonello, and Bahram Djafari-Rouhani. "Acoustic Sensor Based on a Cylindrical Resonator for Monitoring a Liquid Flow." Crystals 12, no. 10 (2022): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101398.

Full text

Abstract:

We present a numerical investigation of an acoustic sensor based on a cylindrical resonator to monitor the acoustic properties of liquids flowing in a tube. The sensor design consists of a hollow cylindrical washer surrounding the tube, which carries the liquid, and which can be filled during the sensing process. Due to the impedance mismatch between the liquid and the solid washer, we demonstrate the presence of high-quality factor resonances associated with the acoustic properties of the liquid (such as velocity, density, or viscosity) appearing as sharp spectral features in the transmission and detection measurements. An appropriate choice of geometrical parameters allows either to obtain two distinct resonances associated with the liquid and the surrounding washer or to overlap the narrow resonance of the liquid with the broad resonance of the washer and achieve a Fano-type resonance from their interaction. The sensitivity of the resonances to the acoustic properties of the liquid are investigated as a function of the geometrical parameters. We show that for highly viscous fluids, the vanishing of very narrow peaks can be avoided by increasing the thickness of the washer and, therefore, decreasing the quality factors. The calculations are performed in the framework of a finite element method. Our design provides a promising platform for sensing several acoustic characteristics of liquids flowing in tubes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Villmow, Tobias, Sven Pegel, Andreas John, Rosina Rentenberger, and Petra Pötschke. "Liquid sensing: smart polymer/CNT composites." Materials Today 14, no. 7-8 (2011): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(11)70164-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Johari, M. A. M., A. Al Noman, M. I. M. Abdul Khudus, et al. "Microbottle resonator for formaldehyde liquid sensing." Optik 173 (November 2018): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.08.022.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Smith, C. R., D. R. Sabatino, and T. J. Praisner. "Temperature sensing with thermochromic liquid crystals." Experiments in Fluids 30, no. 2 (2001): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003480000154.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Oliva-Ramírez, Manuel, Siang-Lin Wang, Víctor Rico-Gavira, Carmen López-Santos, Shih-Kang Fan, and Agustín R. González-Elipe. "Optofluidic liquid sensing on electromicrofluidic devices." Materials Research Express 7, no. 3 (2020): 036407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab7fdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Saini, Apurve, Vassilios Kapaklis, and Max Wolff. "Electrical Sensing in a Magnetic Liquid." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 16 (2019): 6948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2910727.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Karstens, U., C. Simmer, and E. Ruprecht. "Remote sensing of cloud liquid water." Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 54, no. 1-4 (1994): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01030057.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Önen, Onursal. "Dispersion and Sensitivity Analysis of Quasi-Scholte Wave Liquid Sensing by Analytical Methods." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9876076.

Full text

Abstract:

Ultrasonic-guided wave sensing relies on perturbation of wave propagation by changing physical properties of the target media. Solid waveguides, through which guided waves can be transduced between the transducer and the target media, are frequently employed for liquid sensing and several other applications. In this manuscript, liquid sensing sensitivity of dispersive quasi-Scholte waves, which are guided interface waves that travel at the solid-liquid boundary, is investigated. Dispersion analysis of quasi-Scholte waves is done and sensitivities of quasi-Scholte waves to changes in fluid density and speed of sound in a dipstick configuration are analyzed. An experimentally verified analytical model based on a global matrix approach is employed in a nondimensional manner to generate representative dispersion and sensitivity surfaces. Optimum configurations with respect to the material properties of the liquid and of the waveguide are illustrated, which would enable optimal quasi-Scholte liquid sensing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Reyes-Vera, Erick, G. Acevedo-Osorio, Mauricio Arias-Correa, and David E. Senior. "A Submersible Printed Sensor Based on a Monopole-Coupled Split Ring Resonator for Permittivity Characterization." Sensors 19, no. 8 (2019): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081936.

Full text

Abstract:

This work presents a non-invasive, reusable and submersible permittivity sensor that uses a microwave technique for the dielectric characterization of liquid materials. The proposed device consists of a compact split ring resonator excited by two integrated monopole antennas. The sensing principle is based on the notch introduced by the resonators in the transmission coefficient, which is affected due to the introduction of the sensor in a new liquid material. Then, a frequency shift of the notch and the Q-factor of the proposed sensor are related with the changes in the surrounding medium. By means of a particular experimental procedure, commercial liquids are employed to obtain the calibration curve. Thus, a mathematical equation is obtained to extract the dielectric permittivity of liquid materials with unknown dielectric properties. A good match between simulated and experimental results is obtained, as well as a high Q-factor, compact size, good sensitivity and high repeatability for use in sensing applications. Sensors like the one here presented could lead to promising solutions for characterizing materials, particularly in determining material properties and quality in the food industry, bio-sensing and other applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Sairi, Masniza, and Damien W. M. Arrigan. "Liquid / Liquid Interface-Based Electrochemical Sensing of Ractopamine and Salbutamol." Procedia Chemistry 20 (2016): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.07.012.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

La Cognata, Sonia, Riccardo Mobili, Francesca Merlo, et al. "Sensing and Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Dicarboxylates Using Dicopper Cryptates." ACS Omega 5, no. 41 (2020): 26573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03337.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Amemiya, Shigeru, Yushin Kim, Ryoichi Ishimatsu, and Benjamin Kabagambe. "Electrochemical heparin sensing at liquid/liquid interfaces and polymeric membranes." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 399, no. 2 (2010): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4056-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Ramou, Efthymia, Guilherme Rebordão, Susana I. C. J. Palma, and Ana C. A. Roque. "Stable and Oriented Liquid Crystal Droplets Stabilized by Imidazolium Ionic Liquids." Molecules 26, no. 19 (2021): 6044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26196044.

Full text

Abstract:

Liquid crystals represent a fascinating intermediate state of matter, with dynamic yet organized molecular features and untapped opportunities in sensing. Several works report the use of liquid crystal droplets formed by microfluidics and stabilized by surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In this work, we explore, for the first time, the potential of surface-active ionic liquids of the imidazolium family as surfactants to generate in high yield, stable and oriented liquid crystal droplets. Our results show that [C12MIM][Cl], in particular, yields stable, uniform and monodisperse droplets (diameter 74 ± 6 µm; PDI = 8%) with the liquid crystal in a radial configuration, even when compared with the standard SDS surfactant. These findings reveal an additional application for ionic liquids in the field of soft matter.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Dejband, Erfan, Yibeltal Chanie Manie, Yu-Jie Deng, Mekuanint Agegnehu Bitew, Tan-Hsu Tan, and Peng-Chun Peng. "High Accuracy and Cost-Effective Fiber Optic Liquid Level Sensing System Based on Deep Neural Network." Sensors 23, no. 4 (2023): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042360.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, a novel liquid level sensing system is proposed to enhance the capacity of the sensing system, as well as reduce the cost and increase the sensing accuracy. The proposed sensing system can monitor the liquid level of several points at the same time in the sensing unit. Additionally, for cost efficiency, the proposed system employs only one sensor at each spot and all the sensors are multiplexed. In multiplexed systems, when changing the liquid level inside the container, the float position is changed and leads to an overlap or cross-talk between two sensors. To solve this overlap problem and to accurately predict the liquid level of each container, we proposed a deep neural network (DNN) approach to properly identify the water level. The performance of the proposed DNN model is evaluated via two different scenarios and the result proves that the proposed DNN model can accurately predict the liquid level of each point. Furthermore, when comparing the DNN model with the conventional machine learning schemes, including random forest (RF) and support vector machines (SVM), the DNN model exhibits the best performance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Ying, Zhihua, Yin Long, Fan Yang, et al. "Self-powered liquid chemical sensors based on solid–liquid contact electrification." Analyst 146, no. 5 (2021): 1656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an02126a.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Biswas, Kalyan. "Design of a Sensor System Using Fiber Bragg Grating for Liquid Level and Liquid Density Measurement." Sensor Letters 18, no. 12 (2020): 889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4304.

Full text

Abstract:

In this work, a simple but versatile sensing system for very accurate sensing of liquid level and liquid density is presented. The sensor works based on basic strain sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and principle of liquid obeying Archimedes’ law of buoyancy. In this system, a cylindrical shaped mass suspended from a Fiber Bragg Grating and partially immersed in the liquid to be sensed. If the liquid level in the container or liquid density varies, that change the up thrust on the suspended mass and load on the Fiber will be changed accordingly. The change in the load on Fiber changes strain on the FBG and the reflected Bragg wavelength also changes. The proposed device with proper calibration should be able to carry out real time and nonstop liquid level and liquid density measurements. A mathematical analysis of the system considering liquid properties and geometrical structure of the suspended mass is presented here. Sensitivity of the system for liquid level monitoring is also reported. Achieved results shows the path for the utilization of the proposed sensor system for precise liquid density measurement and liquid level sensing in very large storage tanks used for commercial/residential applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Di, Yue, Yuyan Zhang, and Yintang Wen. "Self-sensing artificial muscle based on liquid crystal elastomer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2954, no. 1 (2025): 012059. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2954/1/012059.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract With the rapid advancement of flexible material technology, there is an increasing demand for intelligent actuation materials with self-sensing capabilities to accommodate diverse application requirements in complex environments. This paper proposes a self-sensing artificial muscle based on liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) materials, which integrates sensing and actuation functions to enhance the adaptability and controllability of flexible actuators in challenging conditions. The artificial muscle system combines a low-voltage-driven actuation module with a flexible sensing module. Through the coupling of LCE materials with an electrothermal film, bio-inspired deformation is achieved under low voltage. By incorporating a microcrack-structured grid-shaped flexible sensor, coupled with the actuation module, the system realizes an integrated sensing-actuation functionality, enabling the actuator to dynamically adjust its movements based on sensor feedback. Experimental results demonstrate that the artificial muscle exhibits excellent grasping performance. The self-sensing capability effectively addresses the issues of insufficient actuation force and lack of feedback in traditional actuation materials, providing a novel solution for the integrated design of sensing and actuation in flexible actuators.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Mekawy, Moataz, and Jin Kawakita. "Recent Sensing Technologies of Imperceptible Water in Atmosphere." Chemosensors 10, no. 3 (2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10030112.

Full text

Abstract:

Accurate detection and quantitative evaluation of environmental water in vapor and liquids state expressed as humidity and precipitation play key roles in industrial and scientific applications. However, the development of supporting tools and techniques remains a challenge. Although optical methods such as IR and LASER could detect environmental water in the air, their apparatus is relatively huge. Alternatively, solid detection field systems (SDFSs) could recently lead to a revolution in device downsizing and sensing abilities via advanced research, mainly for materials technology. Herein, we present an overview of several SDFS based sensing categories and their core materials mainly used to detect water in atmosphere, either in the vapor or liquid phase. We considered the governing mechanism in the detection process, such as adsorption/desorption, condensation/evaporation for the vapor phase, and surface attach/detach for the liquid phase. Sensing categories such as optical, chilled mirror, resistive, capacitive, gravimetric sensors were reviewed together with their designated tools such as acoustic wave, quartz crystal microbalance, IDT, and many others, giving typical examples of daily based real scientific applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Maidi, Abdul Mu’iz, Pg Emeroylarffion Abas, Pg Iskandar Petra, Shubi Kaijage, Nianyu Zou, and Feroza Begum. "Theoretical Considerations of Photonic Crystal Fiber with All Uniform-Sized Air Holes for Liquid Sensing." Photonics 8, no. 7 (2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8070249.

Full text

Abstract:

A novel liquid-infiltrated photonic crystal fiber model applicable in liquid sensing for different test liquids—water, ethanol and benzene—has been proposed. One core hole and three air hole rings have been designed and a full vector finite element method has been used for numerical investigation to give the best results in terms of relative sensitivity, confinement loss, power fraction, dispersion, effective area, nonlinear coefficient, numerical aperture and V-Parameter. Specially, the assessed relative sensitivities of the proposed fiber with water, ethanol and benzene are 94.26%, 95.82% and 99.58%, respectively, and low confinement losses of 1.52 × 10−11 dB/m with water, 1.21 × 10−12 dB/m with ethanol and 6.01 × 10−16 dB/m with benzene, at 1.0 μm operating wavelength. This novel PCF design is considered simple and can be easily fabricated for practical use, and the assessed waveguide properties has determined the potential applicability in real liquid sensing applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Oliveira, Ana Rita, Henrique M. A. Costa, Efthymia Ramou, Susana I. C. J. Palma, and Ana Cecília A. Roque. "Effect of Polymer Hydrophobicity in the Performance of Hybrid Gel Gas Sensors for E-Noses." Sensors 23, no. 7 (2023): 3531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073531.

Full text

Abstract:

Relative humidity (RH) is a common interferent in chemical gas sensors, influencing their baselines and sensitivity, which can limit the performance of e-nose systems. Tuning the composition of the sensing materials is a possible strategy to control the impact of RH in gas sensors. Hybrid gel materials used as gas sensors contain self-assembled droplets of ionic liquid and liquid crystal molecules encapsulated in a polymeric matrix. In this work, we assessed the effect of the matrix hydrophobic properties in the performance of hybrid gel materials for VOC sensing in humid conditions (50% RH). We used two different polymers, the hydrophobic PDMS and the hydrophilic bovine gelatin, as polymeric matrices in hybrid gel materials containing imidazolium-based ionic liquids, [BMIM][Cl] and [BMIM][DCA], and the thermotropic liquid crystal 5CB. Better accuracy of VOC prediction is obtained for the hybrid gels composed of a PDMS matrix combined with the [BMIM][Cl] ionic liquid, and the use of this hydrophobic matrix reduces the effect of humidity on the sensing performance when compared to the gelatin counterpart. VOCs interact with all the moieties of the hybrid gel multicomponent system; thus, VOC correct classification depends not only on the polymeric matrix used, but also on the IL selected, which seems to be key to achieve VOCs discrimination at 50% RH. Thus, hybrid gels’ tunable formulation offers the potential for designing complementary sensors for e-nose systems operable under different RH conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Min Liu, Min Liu, Bingyue Zhao Bingyue Zhao, Xu Yang Xu Yang, and Jingyun Hou Jingyun Hou. "Seven-core photonic liquid crystal fibers for simultaneous mode shaping and temperature sensing." Chinese Optics Letters 15, no. 6 (2017): 060601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201715.060601.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Ota, Hiroki. "(Invited) Fabriations and Applications Using Liquid Metal Towards Stretchable Electronics." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 34 (2023): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02341672mtgabs.

Full text

Abstract:

Highly deformable devices have many potential applications, including wearable electronics, robotics and health monitoring. Mechanically deformable devices and sensors can conformally cover electronic systems on curved or soft surfaces. Liquids deform more easily than solids, so sensors and actuators that utilise liquids trapped in soft templates as sensing components are ideal platforms for such applications. Such highly deformable electronics using ultra-flexible conductive materials are called stretchable electronics. Liquid metals (LMs) are one of the leading materials. In the last few years, liquid metals have steadily gained interest, especially in the field of flexible soft electronics and related applications. The term liquid metal has several definitions and many research efforts are underway to utilise liquid metals in various fields. The simplest definition can be given as 'a composite of low-melting alloys that retain their liquid state at room temperature, are easily deformable and have high electrical conductivity'. Here, an overview of liquid metals, new processing methods, sensors and actuators, batteries and smart devices are reported in focus. To date, we have adopted a patterned method using microfluidic channels with regard to processing methods for liquid metals such as EGaIn and Galinstan. Microfluidic channels are one of the most accurate and reliable method of producing electrode patterns among the three processing methods, although they are limited by the substrate material and pattern design for pattern fabrication. The creation of microfluidic channels follows the method used in Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and micro Total Analysis Systems (microTAS). In practice, the molds are fabricated by photolithography using SU-8 photoresist. Rubber materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are poured into the mold and allowed to cure. Microfluidic channels are fabricated by chemically bonding the flat PDMS with the PDMS to which the pattern has been transferred. We have succeeded in fabricating a two-dimensional pattern of liquid metal by the method described above. Furthermore, we have successfully fabricated microfluidic channels by 3D printing of rubber materials and constructed 3D circuits by using liquid metal. As liquid metal is a liquid material, processing methods centred on "printing" processing can be used, and the most suitable processing method can be selected according to the device and application. Physical sensors such as strain sensors and chemical sensors such as oxygen gas sensors have been reported using liquid metal wiring. By optimising the wiring of the liquid metal, capacitor structures and resistors can be fabricated. By encapsulating these in a flexible material, PDMS, it is possible to realize sensors that can measure displacements such as strain. Indeed, by optimising three sensor structures, we have reported a physical sensor capable of sensing three sensing modes: two-dimensional tension and vertical compression. However, taking into account the actual application in wearable devices for healthcare applications such as pulse rate, a detection sensitivity below 1 k Pa is required. The authors realized a high-sensitivity pressure sensor by using a Wheatstone bridge circuit structure for the liquid metal wiring in the PDMS to form a Diaphragm sensor. In fact, a pulse rate sensing device was realized based on the developed device. Furthermore, a PDMS glove capable of measuring 16 points simultaneously was realized by attaching the developed pressure sensor to a hand mold using 3D printing5). Such physical sensors are very easy to construct and can be realized with one type of liquid metal. While there are many different types of liquid metals as described above, liquid metals easily mix when they come into contact with each other. Therefore, the authors proposed a "liquid" state heterojunction using ionic liquids and liquid metals with extremely low vapor pressure. By using ionic liquids [EMIM][Otf], [EMIM][PF6] and [EMPYR][NTf2], sensors for temperature, humidity and oxygen gas were realized. Furthermore, with regard to their sensitivity, the detection sensitivity was 10 times higher than that of normal metal temperature and humidity sensors for temperature and humidity sensors. In this study, heterojunctions were realized using microfluidics. Due to the low Reynolds number of the microfluidics, the robustness of the liquid state heterojunction with respect to deformation was also very high due to the high viscosity effect, making the configuration suitable for stretchable sensors. In addition to electrodes and sensors, development of batteries and smart devices has also been initiated and will be reported in this presentation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Leite, F. L., C. E. Borato, W. T. L. da Silva, P. S. P. Herrmann, O. N. Oliveira, and L. H. C. Mattoso. "Atomic Force Spectroscopy on Poly(o-ethoxyaniline) Nanostructured Films: Sensing Nonspecific Interactions." Microscopy and Microanalysis 13, no. 4 (2007): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927607070262.

Full text

Abstract:

Atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) was used to measure interaction forces between the tip and nanostructured layers of poly(o-ethoxyaniline) (POEA) in pure water and CuSO4solutions. When the tip approach and retraction were carried out at low speeds, POEA chains could be physisorbed onto the Si3N4tip via nonspecific interactions. We conjecture that while detaching, POEA chains were stretched and the estimated chain lengths were consistent with the expected values from the measured POEA molecular weight. The effects from POEA doping could be investigated directly by performing AFS measurements in a liquid cell, with the POEA film exposed to liquids of distinct pH values. For pH ≥ 6.0, the force curves normally displayed an attractive region for POEA, but at lower pH values—where POEA is protonated—the repulsive double-layer forces dominated. Measurements in the liquid cell could be further exploited to investigate how the film morphology and the force curve are affected when impurities are deliberately introduced in the liquid. The shape of the force curves and the film morphology depended on the concentration of heavy metal in the liquid cell. AFS may therefore be used to study the interaction between film and analyte, with important implications for the understanding of mechanisms governing the sensing ability of taste sensors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Pedhekar, R. B., F. C. Raghuwanshi, and V. D. Kapse. "Liquid petroleum gas sensing performance enhanced by CuO modification of nanocrystalline ZnO-TiO2." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 3 (2016): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0083.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractNanocrystalline ZnO-TiO2 (with molar ratios 9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7 and 1:9) were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. Synthesized materials were examined with the help of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. Liquid petroleum gas sensing characteristics of the ZnO-TiO2 films were investigated at different operating temperatures. The ZnO-TiO2 thick film (with 1:1 molar ratio) exhibited good response toward liquid petroleum gas as compared to other investigated compositions. Further, liquid petroleum gas sensing characteristics of CuO modified ZnO-TiO2 thick films were investigated. 0.2 M CuO modified ZnO-TiO2 thick film exhibited excellent liquid petroleum gas sensing characteristics such as higher response (~ 1637.49 at 185 °C) with quick response time (~30 s), low recovery time (~70 s), excellent repeatability and stability at low operating temperature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Maidi, Abdul Mu’iz, Izaddeen Yakasai, Pg Emeroylariffion Abas, et al. "Design and Simulation of Photonic Crystal Fiber for Liquid Sensing." Photonics 8, no. 1 (2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8010016.

Full text

Abstract:

A simple hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber model with liquid-infiltrated core for different liquids: water, ethanol and benzene, has been proposed. In the proposed structure, three air hole rings are present in the cladding and three equal sized air holes are present in the core. Numerical investigation of the proposed fiber has been performed using full vector finite element method with anisotropic perfectly match layers, to show that the proposed simple structure exhibits high relative sensitivity, high power fraction, relatively high birefringence, low chromatic dispersion, low confinement loss, small effective area, and high nonlinear coefficient. All these properties have been numerically investigated at a wider wavelength regime 0.6–1.8 μm within mostly the IR region. Relative sensitivities of water, ethanol and benzene are obtained at 62.60%, 65.34% and 74.50%, respectively, and the nonlinear coefficients are 69.4 W−1 km−1 for water, 73.8 W−1 km−1 for ethanol and 95.4 W−1 km−1 for benzene, at 1.3 µm operating wavelength. The simple structure can be easily fabricated for practical use, and assessment of its multiple waveguide properties has justified its usage in real liquid detection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Jacobson, S. A., J. M. Korba, L. C. Lynnworth, T. H. Nguyen, G. F. Orton, and A. J. Orazietti. "Low-Gravity Sensing of Liquid/Vapor Interface and Transient Liquid Flow." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 34, no. 2 (1987): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/t-uffc.1987.26934.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Ozasa, Kazunari, Jee Soo Lee, Simon Song, Masahiko Hara, and Mizuo Maeda. "Chemical Sensing via Chemotaxis of Euglena gracilis Confined in an Isolated Micro-Aquarium." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.95.

Full text

Abstract:

On-chip cytotoxicity sensing for liquid substances was investigated by using the microbial chemotaxis of Euglena gracilis. The Euglena cells were confined in a closed-type micro-aquarium in a PDMS microchip, and the micro-aquarium was isolated from two microchannels to flow test and reference liquid substances. Small molecules of liquids permeated into PDMS and diffused into the water in the micro-aquarium, and thus, the chemical concentration gradient of test liquids was built in the micro-aquarium. The negative chemotactic movements of Euglena cells were observed for ethanol down to 0.5% within 2-5 min after the injection of diluted ethanol into one of the separated microchannels (counter reference = pure water). On the other hand, when 0.5% H2O2was introduced as a test liquid (counter reference = pure water), the Euglena cells fell into continuous rotation instead of single step turning and/or straight forward swimming. As a result, total swimming activity in the micro-aquarium decreased even after H2O2flow was switched back to water. The observation shows that the types of cytotoxic effects can be identified through the cell movement analysis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Jan, Rahim, Amir Habib, Zaffar M. Khan, et al. "Liquid exfoliated graphene smart layer for structural health monitoring of composites." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 12 (2016): 1565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16672729.

Full text

Abstract:

Graphene nanosheets were exfoliated from graphite using liquid exfoliation method. Smart sensing layer was prepared by dispersing graphene nanosheets in thermoplastic polyurethane. The smart sensing layers thus obtained were pasted on to the glass fiber laminated composite specimens. The sensing layer due to its piezoresistivity was employed for detecting strains in the composite specimens. The results show that the smart sensing layer can be employed for strain sensing in the composite structures. The results hold promise for various applications of these sensors for structural health monitoring in composite parts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Liquid sensing'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles