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Academic literature on the topic 'Liquid sprays'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 January 2023

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Liquid sprays"

1

Kapusta, Łukasz Jan, Jakub Bachanek, Changzhao Jiang, Jakub Piaszyk, Hongming Xu, and Mirosław Lech Wyszyński. "Liquid Propane Injection in Flash-Boiling Conditions." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 6257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196257.

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This study aimed to investigate the influence of flash-boiling conditions on liquid propane sprays formed by a multi-hole injector at various injection pressures. The focus was on spray structures, which were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by means of spray-tip penetration and global spray angle. The effect of flash boiling was evaluated in terms of trends observed for subcooled conditions. Propane was injected by a commercial gasoline direct injector into a constant volume vessel filled with nitrogen at pressures from 0.1 MPa up to 6 MPa. The temperature of the injected liquid was kept constant. The evolution of the spray penetration was observed by a high-speed camera with a Schlieren set-up. The obtained results provided information on the spray evolution in both regimes, above and below the saturation pressure of the propane. Based on the experimental results, an attempt to calibrate a simulation model has been made. The main advantage of the study is that the effects of injection pressure on the formation of propane sprays were investigated for both subcooled and flash-boiling conditions. Moreover, the impact of the changing viscosity and surface tension was limited, as the temperature of the injected liquid was kept at the same level. The results showed that despite very different spray behaviours in the subcooled and flash-boiling regimes, leading to different spray structures and a spray collapse for strong flash boiling, the influence of injection pressure on propane sprays in terms of spray-tip penetration and spray angle is very similar for both conditions, subcooled and flash boiling. As for the numerical model, there were no single model settings to simulate the flashing sprays properly. Moreover, the spray collapse was not represented very well, making the simulation set-up more suitable for less superheated sprays.

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Hardalupas, Y., and J. H. Whitelaw. "Interaction Between Sprays From Multiple Coaxial Airblast Atomizers." Journal of Fluids Engineering 118, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835507.

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Phase Doppler measurements of size, velocity, liquid flux, and average mass fractions were obtained in sprays produced by three identical coaxial airblast atomizers, with their axes placed in a triangular arrangement at distances of two air jet diameters from each other; the arrangement simulates the spray interaction in the preburner of the space shuttle main engine with water and air respectively replacing the liquid oxygen and hydrogen of the preburner sprays. Each nozzle comprised a liquid jet with exit diameter of 2.3 mm centred in a 8.95 mm diameter air stream. Two liquid flowrates were examined, while the air flowrate was kept constant, resulting in Weber number at the exit of the nozzle around 1100, air-to-liquid momentum ratio 8.6 and 38, velocity ratio 24 and 51, mass flowrate ratio 0.35 and 0.75, liquid jet Reynolds number 10,000 and 21,000 and air jet Reynolds number around 108,000. The air flow characteristics were compared to the flow without liquid injection. Up to 10 air jet diameters from the nozzle exit, individual spray characteristics dominated and maximum Sauter mean diameters, typically around 150 μm, and liquid flux were observed on the geometrical axes of the nozzles. Spray merging was strong in the region between the nozzle axes, where the Sauter mean diameter reduced and the liquid flux and the mean and rms of the fluctuations of the axial velocity of the droplets and the air flow increased relative to the single spray. Downstream of 25 air jet diameters from the nozzle exit, the multiple sprays merged to a single spray-like flow produced by a nozzle located at the centre of the triangular region between the nozzle axes. Reduction of the liquid flowrate by 50 percent, improved atomization by 25 percent, shortened the axial distance from the nozzles where the individual spray characteristics disappeared by 30 percent and increased the air flow turbulence by 20 percent. Droplet coalescence was negligible for high liquid flowrates, but for reduced liquid flowrates coalescence became important and the Sauter mean diameter increased with the axial distance from the exit by around 15 percent. Spray merging increased the air flow turbulence and the local mass fraction distribution of the air in the region between the nozzle axes by around 50 and 40 percent respectively relative to the single sprays, resulting in a fuel rich region with increased gas flow turbulence which may influence the ignition process in the preburner of the space shuttle main engine.

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Post, Scott L., and Rory L. Roten. "A Review of the Effects of Droplet Size and Flow Rate on the Chargeability of Spray Droplets in Electrostatic Agricultural Sprays." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 4 (2018): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12516.

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Abstract. The chargeability of liquid sprays is an important factor in determining the deposition efficiency of electrostatic pesticide sprays. The Rayleigh limit provides information on the maximum amount of charge a spray droplet can carry as a function of droplet size and liquid properties. This article reviews the literature to determine what fraction of the Rayleigh limit is achievable. Typically, less than 10% of the Rayleigh limit charge is obtained. The droplet charge per unit mass decreases with increasing droplet size and liquid flow rate. A correlation equation is derived from published data to predict spray droplet charge per unit mass from droplet size, flow rate, and charging voltage. Keywords: Droplet size, Electrostatic charging, Spray drift, Sprayers, Ultra-low volume spraying.

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Goodwin, M. S., and G. Wigley. "A Study of Transient Liquid Sheets and Their Relationship to GDI Fuel Sprays(Spray Technologies, Atomization)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2004.6 (2004): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2004.6.271.

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Luo, Meng, Pingping Zhu, Usman Rana, Hu Ma, Zhendong Yu, and Oskar J. Haidn. "Modeling Investigation of Liquid Oxygen Flashing Spray with CFD." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2235, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2235/1/012061.

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Abstract Injection of cryogenic propellants (e.g. liquid oxygen) into low-pressure environment (e.g. upper-stage rocket engine) may trigger flashing phenomenon, which severely affects the propellants’ mixing and combustion. In order to unveil the characteristics of flashing sprays, numerical models of flashing sprays were developed and validated. First, a developed model based on Adachi-correlation was employed for the flashing spray simulation. The results show good agreements with the experiments, both for the flashing spray morphology and temperature distribution. In the near-injector region, the flashing evaporation dominates the spray vaporization with the evaporation mass flow rate of about 2 orders of magnitude higher than that by the other heat transfers, whereas downstream the injector, the external heat transfer (i.e. heat conduction and convection) does. Furthermore, a new flashing spray model based on the nucleate boiling theory was proposed, which shows an improved agreement of the droplet temperature between the simulation and test data.

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Poursadegh, Farzad, Oleksandr Bibik, Boni Yraguen, and Caroline L. Genzale. "A multispectral, extinction-based diagnostic for drop sizing in optically dense diesel sprays." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419866034.

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Diesel sprays present a challenging environment for detailed quantitative measurement of the liquid field, and to date, there have been only a few efforts to characterize drop sizes within the family of Engine Combustion Network (ECN) diesel sprays. Drop sizing diagnostics, including optical microscopy and Ultra-Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS), have been recently demonstrated in Spray A/D ECN activities, but little data exist to validate these results. This work therefore seeks to extend the available ECN data on the liquid phase field and provide a new comparative data set for assessment of previous ECN drop sizing measurements. In particular, this work presents the development of a two-wavelength, line-of-sight extinction measurement to examine liquid volume fraction and the corresponding droplet field in high-pressure fuel sprays. Here, extinction of lasers emitting at 10.6 μm and 0.633 μm are used for the measurement. To enable quantification of the liquid field in optically dense regions of the spray, a transfer function is developed to account for the influence of multiple scattering. The developed diagnostic is then applied to n-dodecane sprays from the ECN Spray A and Spray D injectors at varying fuel rail pressures and atmospheric chamber condition. Overall, the results show a reasonable agreement with droplet sizes measured using USAXS, as well as from more recent measurements using a Scattering-Absorption Measurement Ratio (SAMR) technique also developed in our group. This is particularly the case near the spray periphery, where on average, less than 40% difference in the measured Sauter mean diameter is observed. Nonetheless, an apparent discrepancy is observed between drop sizes from different diagnostics close to the jet centerline (i.e. nearly 100% difference between available data for Spray D injector). Moreover, the presented diagnostic shows an improved capability in the dilute regions of the spray, where x-ray-based diagnostics are generally subject to high noise and low signal sensitivity.

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Shelton, A. M., W. T. Wilsey, and S. E. Webb. "Control of Fall Armyworm (FAW) by Aerial Applications of Liquid Insecticides, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.119a.

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Abstract One commercial field, located near Avon, NY, was used for this test. The field was divided into 4 sections and each section contained a subsection of 100 plants in the silking stage. On the silks of each of the 400 plants, 15 newly hatched FAW larvae were deposited on 3 Aug. On 5 Aug, each section was sprayed with 1 of 3 insecticides. Additional sprays of each insecticide were applied on 13 and 19 Aug. A spray of Penncap was substituted for the 19 Aug EPN spray because of PHI. A Grumman Air Cat, delivering 3 gal/acre, was used to apply the sprays. At harvest (29 Aug), 50 ears from each treatment were evaluated for damage.

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Zhou, Xinyi, Tie Li, Yijie Wei, and Ning Wang. "Scaling liquid penetration in evaporating sprays for different size diesel engines." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 9 (December 6, 2019): 1662–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419889835.

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Scaled model experiments can greatly reduce the cost, time and energy consumption in diesel engine development, and the similarity of spray characteristics has a primary effect on the overall scaling results of engine performance and pollutant emissions. However, although so far the similarity of spray characteristics under the non-evaporating condition has been studied to some extent, researches on scaling the evaporating sprays are still absent. The maximum liquid penetration length has a close relationship with the spray evaporation processes and is a key parameter in the design of diesel engine spray combustion system. In this article, the similarity of maximum liquid penetration length is theoretically derived based on the hypotheses that the spray evaporation processes in modern high-pressure common rail diesel engines are fuel–air mixing controlled and local interphase transport controlled, respectively. After verifying that the fuel injection rates are perfectly scaled, the similarity of maximum liquid penetration length in evaporating sprays is studied for three scaling laws using two nozzles with hole diameter of 0.11 and 0.14 mm through the high-speed diffused back-illumination method. Under the test conditions of different fuel injection pressures, ambient temperatures and densities, the lift-off law and speed law lead to a slightly increased maximum liquid penetration length, while the pressure law can well scale the maximum liquid penetration length. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analyses based on the hypothesis that the spray evaporation processes are fuel–air mixing controlled, indicating that the local interphase transports of energy, momentum and mass on droplet surface are not rate-controlled steps with respect to spray evaporation processes.

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Jassim, Ahmad K., Basim A. Abd Alhay, Rakad K. Abd Al Kadhim, Fatima Kh Hato, and Dhaa A. Hashim. "A Comparison of Soybean Oil Methyl Ester and Diesel Sprays behavior and atomization characteristics." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i1.162.

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The present numerical study compares between spray characteristics of diesel and soybean oil methyl ester (SME biodiesel) under non-evaporating sprays. The spray structure of diesel and biodiesel fuel (soybean oil) in a common rail injection system are investigated and compared with that of available experimental data used image processing and atomization performance analysis. The proposed approach for the liquid phase based on the statistical properties of sprays be used to describe the liquid and gas phases in an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. The main concept for this model is the possibility of describing a poly disperse spray by using moments of a drop number size distribution function. The main reason for less spray tip penetration in the (SME) comparing with diesel because a larger droplet diameters is the higher density, viscosity and surface tension of (SME). The effect of fuel properties on the near nozzle structure is studied. The comparisons are referring that the spray drag, breakup and collision processes are promoted.

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Jasim, Noor Mohsin. "A Comparison of Soybean Oil Methyl Ester and Diesel Sprays Behavior and Atomization Characteristics." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no. 4 (May 7, 2021): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i4.206.

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The present numerical study compares between spray characteristics of diesel and soybean oil methyl ester (SME biodiesel) under non-evaporating sprays. The spray structure of diesel and biodiesel fuel (soybean oil) in a common rail injection system are investigated and compared with that of available experimental data used image processing and atomization performance analysis. The proposed approach for the liquid phase, which based on the sprays’ statistical properties, is used to present the gas and liquid phases in an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. The main concept for this model is the possibility of describing a poly disperses spray by using moments of a drop number size distribution function. The main reason for less spray tip penetration in the (SME) comparing with diesel because a larger droplet diameters is the higher density, surface tension and viscosity of (SME). The fuel properties effect on the near nozzle structure is studied. The comparisons are referring that the spray drag, breakup and collision processes are promoted.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liquid sprays"

1

Singh, Jaswant. "Gas entrainment by liquid sprays." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432173.

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Goodwin, Martin. "Transient liquid sheets and their relationship to GDI sprays." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14379.

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Developments m Gasoline Direct Injection, GDI, technology have enhanced the viability of long tenn SI engine development. Many automotive manufacturers are developing and offer production cars with first generation GDI engines. GDI fuel injection strategies provide power and effi ciency improvements, due to superior fuel metering, incylinder mixture preparation and the ability to run throttle-less under di fferent combustion modes depending on engine load. Although significant improvements in perfonnance and economy have been demonstrated, work is still required to optimise the GDI strategies fo r varying engine loads and emissions. Matching liquid fuel sheet break up and atomisation timescales to those of the charge motion occurring in the engine cylinder is essential. Many fundamental studies have investigated the mechanisms of liquid sheet break up, however, most have concentrated on steady state low pressure conditions. It is felt that little can be applied from these studies to analyse high pressure GDI sprays which produce an initial liquid sheet annulus then a complex hollow cone spray, transient in nature due to the cyclic behaviour of an SI engine. This experimental study assesses the liquid fuel sheet break up mechanism of a GDI pressure-swirl injector in the pressure range 10-50 bar. The fundamental study simplifies the problems associated with a 3-dimensional spray by considering a 2-dimensional transient liquid sheet and characterising the sheet wave structure and break up process. A unique rotary valve has been specifically designed and manufactured to allow the break up of a transient flat liquid sheet to be studi ed under an injection pressure range of 10-50 bar. A precursor to liquid sheet break up is the appearance of perforations in the sheet. The onset of perforations in the fl at sheet were measured as a function of distance downstream from the nozzle for a range of sheet velocities 12-36m/s; i.e. Reynolds number range 800 - 2400. This highlighted a peak in the perforation onset length between 20 and 25 bar injection pressure; i.e. sheet velocity of approximately 25m/s. Subsequent increases of sheet velocity lead to a reduction in the perforation onset length, strongly indicating that above 25rn/s, aerodynamic forces dominated the sheet break up process. Spreading the liquid laterally, introduced sheet stretching, which affected the position of the perfo ration onset by as much as 30% at higher injection pressures. Estimations of sheet thickness at the perforation location were calculated to be in the range 0.05-0. llrrun. Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV, and Laser Doppler Anemometry, LDA, was used to assess the liquid sheet velocity flow field, which indicated the presence of large velocity gradients in both the axial direction and across the sheet respectively.

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Khan, Nazmul. "Sparse Lagrangian MMC-LES Combustion Modelling of Liquid Sprays." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/39312/.

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This thesis provides a detailed investigation of turbulent combustion modelling of liquid sprays. Modelling of liquid sprays is a challenging task due to the existence of a wide range of complexities in both liquid and gas phases and their interaction in the spray and combustion process. In such multiphase flow, there is a need to address all physical processes involved in each individual phase and jointly in the interaction of phases. In a multiphase flow, there are physical processes with respect to flow, energy, chemical reactions, and flame propagation. In the liquid phase, the physical processes include dispersion, evaporation, volatile formation and exchange of heat and mass transfer with the gas phase. In the gas phase, there is turbulent flow, mixing and chemical reactions. The model that is derived and validated in this thesis extends the existing capabilities of liquid spray modelling by introducing a novel model for heat and mass transfer in the liquid phase that is coupled with the gas phase simulation. The model is comprised of an Eulerian LES model for the gas phase mass, momentum, and reference mixture fraction, a Lagrangian fuel particle (LFP) model for the dispersion, evaporation, heat and mass transfer and volatile formation, and a second Lagrangian stochastic particle model based on a multiple mapping conditioning (MMC) to represent the turbulent reacting chemistry. This study simulates three experimental validation cases from the University of Sydney combustion lab: non-reacting kerosene, evaporating acetone and reacting acetone. The axial and radial profiles of droplets, gas velocity and gas phase temperature are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Importantly the results of the finite volume and Lagrangian stochastic particle schemes are shown to be consistent with each other.

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Khan, Nazmul. "Sparse Lagrangian MMC-LES Combustion Modelling of Liquid Sprays." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17689.

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This thesis provides a detailed investigation of turbulent combustion modelling of liquid sprays. Modelling of liquid sprays is a challenging task due to the existence of a wide range of complexities in both liquid and gas phases and their interaction in the spray and combustion process. In such multiphase flow, there is a need to address all physical processes involved in each individual phase and jointly in the interaction of phases. In a multiphase flow, there are physical processes with respect to flow, energy, chemical reactions, and flame propagation. In the liquid phase, the physical processes include dispersion, evaporation, volatile formation and exchange of heat and mass transfer with the gas phase. In the gas phase, there is turbulent flow, mixing and chemical reactions. The model that is derived and validated in this thesis extends the existing capabilities of liquid spray modelling by introducing a novel model for heat and mass transfer in the liquid phase that is coupled with the gas phase simulation. The model is comprised of an Eulerian LES model for the gas phase mass, momentum, and reference mixture fraction, a Lagrangian fuel particle (LFP) model for the dispersion, evaporation, heat and mass transfer and volatile formation, and a second Lagrangian stochastic particle model based on a multiple mapping conditioning (MMC) to represent the turbulent reacting chemistry. This study simulates three experimental validation cases from the University of Sydney combustion lab: non-reacting kerosene, evaporating acetone and reacting acetone. The axial and radial profiles of droplets, gas velocity and gas phase temperature are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Importantly the results of the finite volume and Lagrangian stochastic particle schemes are shown to be consistent with each other.

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Shen, Jihua. "Formation and characteristics of sprays from annular viscous liquid jet breakup." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ32723.pdf.

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Manin, Julien Luc. "ANALYSIS OF MIXING PROCESSES IN LIQUID AND VAPORIZED DIESEL SPRAYS THROUGH LIF AND RAYLEIGH SCATTERING MEASUREMENTS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/10189.

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Desde su introducción, los motores de combustión interna alternativos han sido desarrollados con el fin de reducir el consumo y mejorar el rendimiento y facilidad de conducción. Con el tiempo, la contaminación se ha convertido en un factor crítico para los gobiernos y como consecuencia se han introducido regulaciones para reducir las emisiones contaminantes de los motores. Con el constante progreso tecnológico requerido por las normas contra la contaminación, la inyección directa se ha vuelto indispensable en cuanto a los motores Diesel. La introducción de combustible en la cámara de combustión permite un alto nivel de control sobre la liberación de energía del proceso de combustión. Con las novedosas estrategias de combustión empleadas, el proceso de inyección se ha convertido en el tema principal y el chorro es el factor principal. El trabajo realizado a lo largo de este estudio para analizar el proceso de mezcla aire-combustible se basa en el desarrollo de técnicas láser de diagnóstico. Inicialmente, la inyección de Diesel se ha estudiado en una atmósfera isoterma para evitar la evaporación del combustible (dodecano) a través del uso de una iluminación estructurada para medir la distribución de la mezcla mediante el control de la dispersión de Mie. La aplicación de la dispersión de Rayleigh en la parte evaporada del chorro inyectado en una cámara a alta temperatura ha permitido la obtención de la distribución de combustible en una situación equivalente a la existente en un motor real. El análisis y comparación de los distintos parámetros del chorro inyectado en condiciones de baja o alta temperatura da la posibilidad de entender mejor lo que es el proceso de mezcla en los motores Diesel. Por otra parte, según el estado del fluido inyectado, líquido o gaseoso, las condiciones experimentales tendrán diferentes efectos y la mezcla aire-combustible también tendrá un comportamiento distinto.
Manin ., JL. (2011). ANALYSIS OF MIXING PROCESSES IN LIQUID AND VAPORIZED DIESEL SPRAYS THROUGH LIF AND RAYLEIGH SCATTERING MEASUREMENTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/10189
Palancia

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Palmero, David A. "Comparison of cyclic voltammetry and HPLC for the determination of phenol in over-the counter sore throat sprays /." View abstract, 1999. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1540.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Central Connecticut State University, 1999.
Thesis advisor: James V. Arena, Ph. D. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry." Includes bibliographical references (leaf 48).

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8

Hieber, Simone E. "An investigation of the mesh dependence of the stochastic discrete droplet model applied to dense liquid sprays." [Houghton, MI] : Michigan Technological University, 2001. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=dipl&nr=105.

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Sushanta, Mitra. "Breakup Process of Plane Liquid Sheets and Prediction of Initial Droplet Size and Velocity Distributions in Sprays." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/931.

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Spray models are increasingly becoming the principal tools in the design and development of gas turbine combustors. Spray modeling requires a knowledge of the liquid atomization process, and the sizes and velocities of subsequently formed droplets as initial conditions. In order to have a better understanding of the liquid atomization process,the breakup characteristics of plane liquid sheets in co-flowing gas streams are investigated by means of linear and nonlinear hydrodynamic instability analyses. The liquid sheet breakup process is studied for initial sinuous and varicose modes of disturbance. It is observed that the sheet breakup occurs at half-wavelength intervals for an initial sinuous disturbance and at full-wavelength intervals for an initial varicose disturbance. It is also found that under certain operating conditions, the breakup process is dictated by the initial varicose disturbance compare to its sinuous counterpart. Further, the breakup process is studied for the combined mode and it is found that the sheet breakup occurs at half- or full-wavelength intervals depending on the proportion of the individual sinuous and varicose disturbances. In general, the breakup length decreases with the increase in the Weber number, gas-to-liquid velocity and density ratios. A predictive model of the initial droplet size and velocity distributions for the subsequently formed spray is also formulated here. The present model incorporates the deterministic aspect of spray formation by calculating the breakup length and the mass-mean diameter and the stochastic aspect by statistical means through the maximum entropy principle based on Bayesian entropy. The two sub-models are coupled together by the various source terms signifying the liquid-gas interaction and a prior distribution based on instability analysis, which provides information regarding the unstable wave elements on the two liquid-gas interfaces. Experimental investigation of the breakup characteristics of the liquid sheet is performed by a high speed CCD camera and the measurement of the initial droplet size and distributions is conducted by phase-Doppler interferometry. Good agreement of the theoretical breakup length with the experiment is obtained for a planar, an annular and a gas turbine nozzle. The predicted initial droplet size and velocity distributions show reasonably satisfactory agreement with experimental data for all the three types of nozzles. Hence this spray model can be utilized to predict the initial droplet size and velocity distributions in sprays, which can then be implemented as a front-end subroutine to the existing computer codes.

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Regan, Nicholas J. "The characterisation of liquid sprays injected from circular and non-circular nozzles into high speed subsonic cross-airstreams." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38645/.

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This study was motivated by a need to better understand the sprays that can develop when oil leaks occur in gas turbine engines. Current gas turbine engines incorporate an extensive network of oil distribution pipes which deliver lubrication oil to bearings and seals at various locations across the engine. Parts of the oil pipe network are situated in hot, high pressure engine cavities where an oil leak, from a fractured pipe or leaking seal, could ignite and lead to an engine fire. Oil leaks in gas turbine engines create liquid injection in cross-airstream situations, a subject which has been widely studied for combustion systems. However, previous studies are almost exclusively based on circular nozzle geometries. For a fractured oil pipe, the geometry through which the oil leaks approximates to a slot shape rather than a circular nozzle. Sprays which develop in cross-airstreams are most sensitive to the parameters of Weber number (Weg eq) and momentum flux ratio (q). A wide range for these parameters are considered to be possible in engine oil leak scenarios because of the variety of crack dimensions possible and range of airflow conditions across the different sections of the engine; from zero to in excess of We g eq = 4000 and q = 300 could be possible in extreme cases. The aim of this study was to generate and then characterise sprays in representative conditions. The main focus was the characterisation of the droplets which formed in the sprays, with the key objective of providing validation data for CFD codes. Droplet characterisation was performed using a phase Doppler particle analysis system. High speed video as well as pulsed laser sheet digital imaging were also used in the study to provide insight into upstream features of the spray field. A 0.5 x 5.38 mm slot shaped nozzle geometry was used in two orientations; perpendicular alignment ↓↓⦶ and parallel alignment ↓↓⦶ . Water was injected into a cross-airstream over a twelve point test matrix with momentum flux ratios (q) values within the range of 4 ≳ q ≳ 32 and Weber number (We g eq) values within the range of 300 ≳ We g eq ≳ 1600. The position of the spray was highly dependent on slot nozzle orientation. The spray was considerably further offset from the nozzle injection wall in parallel alignment ↓↓⦶ , compared to the perpendicular alignment ↓↓⦶. However, the centre-line distribution of Arithmetic Mean Diameter (AMD) was similar for both orientations, albeit offset further from the injection wall for the parallel slot nozzle. The underlying structure of droplet size distribution was consistent with results for sprays from circular nozzles. At low liquid injection pressures the sprays produced by the perpendicular aligned slot ↓↓⦶ exhibited impingement, producing large droplets in the near wall region. Where impingement was not present, the data showed that AMD was not significantly influenced by the orientation of the slot nozzle; with all tests generating results in the range of 16 μm ≳ AMD ≳ 80 μm.

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Books on the topic "Liquid sprays"

1

Alan, Williams. Combustion of liquid fuel sprays. London [England]: Butterworths, 1989.

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2

Chang, Sang-Ku. Hydrodynamics of liquid jet sprays: Physiochemical analysis and computer simulation. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1991.

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3

Kokkala, Matti. Extinguishment of liquid fires with sprinklers and water sprays: Analysis of the test results. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1990.

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4

Simakov, Nikolay N. Liquid Spray from Nozzles. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12446-5.

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5

Rajakaruna, Hobinanuwan Tikiri Banda. A mathematical model for liquid fuel spray combustion. Leicester: De Montfort University, 1997.

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J, Dunkley John, ed. Atomization of melts for powder production and spray deposition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

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Merrill, Craig F. Spray generation for liquid wall jets over smooth and rough surfaces. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.

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International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (5th 1991 National Institute of Standards and Technology). ICLASS-91: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Edited by Semerjian Hratch G, Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems., and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.

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International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (5th 1991 National Institute of Standards and Technology). ICLASS-91: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Edited by Semerjian Hratch G, Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems., and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.

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Technology), International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (5th 1991 National Institute of Standards and. ICLASS-91: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Liquid sprays"

1

Ashgriz, N., X. Li, and A. Sarchami. "Instability of Liquid Sheets." In Handbook of Atomization and Sprays, 75–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7264-4_3.

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Mashayek, A., and N. Ashgriz. "Dynamics of Liquid Droplets." In Handbook of Atomization and Sprays, 97–123. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7264-4_4.

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Ashgriz, N., and A. L. Yarin. "Capillary Instability of Free Liquid Jets." In Handbook of Atomization and Sprays, 3–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7264-4_1.

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Mashayek, A., and N. Ashgriz. "Atomization of a Liquid Jet in a Crossflow." In Handbook of Atomization and Sprays, 657–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7264-4_29.

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Schmidt, Johannes Benedikt, Jan Breitenbach, Ilia V. Roisman, and Cameron Tropea. "Interaction of Drops and Sprays with a Heated Wall." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 333–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09008-0_17.

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AbstractSpray-wall interactions take place in many technical applications such as spray cooling, combustion processes, cleaning, wetting of surfaces, coating and painting, etc. The outcome of drop impact onto hot surfaces depends on a variety of parameters like for example material and thermal properties of the liquid and wall, substrate wetting properties, surrounding conditions which determine the saturation temperature, spray impact parameters and surface temperature. The aim of the current project is to improve knowledge of the underlying physics of spray-wall interactions. As an important step towards spray impact modeling first a single drop impact onto hot substrates is considered in detail. Various regimes of single drop impact, such as thermal atomization, magic carpet breakup, nucleate boiling and thermosuperrepellency, observed at different wall temperatures, ambient pressures and impact velocities, have been investigated experimentally and modelled theoretically during the project period. The heat flux, an important parameter for spray cooling, has been modeled not only for single drop impacts but also for sprays within many regimes. The models show a good agreement with experimental data as well as data from literature.

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Yarin, A. L. "Bending and Buckling Instabilities of Free Liquid Jets: Experiments and General Quasi-One-Dimensional Model." In Handbook of Atomization and Sprays, 55–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7264-4_2.

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Cadman, P. "Shock Tube Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Sprays at High Temperatures." In Shock Waves @ Marseille II, 179–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78832-1_30.

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Rees, Andreas, and Michael Oschwald. "Experimental Investigation of Transient Injection Phenomena in Rocket Combusters at Vacuum with Cryogenic Flash Boiling." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 211–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09008-0_11.

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AbstractThe substitution of the toxic hydrazine in current high-altitude rocket engines like upper stages or reaction control thrusters by green propellants is a major key driver in the current technology development of rocket propulsion systems. Operating these kind of rocket engines at high-altitude leads to a sudden pressure drop in the liquid propellants during their injection into the combustion chamber with a near-vacuum atmosphere prior to ignition. The resulting superheated thermodynamic state of the liquid causes a fast and eruptive evaporation which is called flash boiling. The degree of atomisation is important for a successful ignition and a secure operation of the rocket engine. The development and operation of a cryogenic high-altitude test bench at DLR Lampoldshausen enables the systematical experimental characterization of cryogenic flash boiling due to its ability to adjust and control the injection parameters like temperature, pressure or geometry. Several test campaigns with liquid nitrogen (LN2) were performed using two optical diagnostic methods: First, flash boiling LN2 spray patterns were visualised by means of high-speed shadowgraphy and, secondly, we determined the droplet size and velocity distributions in strongly superheated LN2 sprays with the help of a laser-based Phase Doppler system (PDA). The experimental data generated within these measurement campaigns provide defined boundary conditions as well as a broad data base for the numerical modelling of cryogenic flash boiling like e.g. the publications [8, 9].

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Zhang, Guijuan, Gaojin Wen, and Shengzhong Feng. "Two-Way Coupled Sprays and Liquid Surface: A GPU-Based Multi-Scale Fluid Animation Method." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 187–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16405-7_11.

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Iyengar, Venkat S., K. Sathiyamoorthy, J. Srinivas, P. Pratheesh Kumar, and P. Manjunath. "Measurements of Droplet Velocity Fields in Sprays from Liquid Jets Injected in High-Speed Crossflows Using PIV." In Proceedings of the National Aerospace Propulsion Conference, 93–102. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5039-3_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Liquid sprays"

1

Sankar, S., D. Buermann, W. Bachalo, and D. Robart. "Nonintrusive characterization of liquid-liquid mixing in sprays." In 33rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-138.

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Ramezani, Ali Reza, and Akbar Ghafourian. "Sprays Angle Variation of Liquid-Liquid Swirl Coaxial Injectors." In 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-3747.

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Siebers, Dennis L. "Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980809.

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Hutcheson, Paul S., John W. Chew, Rex B. Thorpe, Colin Young, and Nicholas J. Regan. "Modelling of Liquid Leakage Sprays in Crossflow." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59494.

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The leakage and transport of oil within secondary air system cavities is of interest in oil and air system design, for which CFD can be used as a predictive tool. This paper focuses on the leakage of oil from cracks into a high speed crossflow, idealised as round nozzles at Weber numbers and momentum flux ratios relevant to those in an aero-engine. Simulations were performed using the Euler-Lagrangian approach implemented in a commercial CFD code (FLUENT), including sub-models for breakup, deforming droplet drag, collisions/coalescence and turbulent dispersion. CFD predictions were compared with experimental data from two independent studies. The calculated position of the centre-of-mass of the spray plume agreed well with experiment in all cases, but the penetration was found to be under-estimated. Differences in droplet sizes between experiments could not be explained by variations in the the gas Weber number alone, and a review of the literature has highlighted the importance of the liquid to gas viscosity ratio in determining droplet size trends. Experimental trends in droplet size with changing viscosity ratios were captured by CFD simulations, and droplet SMD was predicted within 20% of experiment. It is concluded that the sub-models used within an Euler-Lagrangian approach can be useful tools for the prediction of droplet size, although further improvements in breakup and coalescence modelling will be necessary if greater accuracy is required.

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Pischke, Philipp, and Reinhold Kneer. "COLLISIONAL TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN DENSE LIQUID SPRAYS." In Proceedings of CHT-15. 6th International Symposium on ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER , May 25-29, 2015, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.2015.intsympadvcomputheattransf.1540.

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Araneo, Lucio, Robert Dondè, Lucio Postrioti, and Andrea Cavicchi. "Analysis of PDA measurements in double injection GDI sprays." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.5007.

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A N-heptane spray from a GDI multi-hole injector operated in ambient air at fixed conditions and with doubleinjection commands is studied with different experimental techniques to better understand the spray behaviors, focusing the analysis on the effect of different dwell times between the two pulses. Results from spray photographic analysis, fuel injected quantity, droplet velocity and sizing by Phase Doppler Anemometry are presented and compared. The peculiarities and usefulness of a complementary application of the different techniques is illustrated. The two spray pulses have the same time length, so that the first spray evolves in a nearly quiescent and clean ambient, while the second, nominally identical to the first one, evolves in its trailing edge. The direct comparison allows an immediate perception of the differences among the two sprays, at the different dwell times, where the shorter tested, 160 microseconds, was chosen as the one that shows the first appreciable effect with at least one of the used techniques; the differences are clearly evident in the PDA results, sufficiently visible from the injection rate, not appreciable in the imaging at short distance. The effect of the longerdwell times becomes more evident and is illustrated.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.5007

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Boust, Bastien, Quentin Michalski, Alain Claverie, Clément Indiana, and Marc Bellenoue. "Characterization of Liquid Impinging Jet Injector Sprays for Bi-Propellant Space Propulsion: Comparison of PDI and High-Magnification Shadowgraphy." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.5001.

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Impinging jet sprays are investigated in the reference case of like-doublet injector, for application to bi-propellantcombustion. Green propellants are considered, namely ethanol as a fuel and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer, that is well represented by water. This study reports original comparisons between standard spray characterization (PDI) and high-magnification shadowgraphy of the spray (2.5 x 3.2 mm, 2.5 µm per pixel) based on short laser backlight illumination (5 ns). Shadowgraphy images describe accurately the inner spray structure and provide the size and velocity of droplets. This diagnostic is used to analyse the influence of jet momentum (driven by injection pressure) on impinging jet atomization, as well as the evolution of spray topology, drop size distribution and average diameter along the spray centreline. The application of shadowgraphy to the dense region of water and ethanol sprays shows the different atomization behaviour of these two fluids with respect to their surface tension. Elliptical droplets are characterized inside the spray, which confirms the interest of a direct visualization of droplets in suchdense sprays.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.5001

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Sommerfeld, Martin, and Santiago Lain. "Numerical analysis of sprays with an advanced collision model." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4785.

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Modelling of collisions between liquid droplets in the frame of a Lagrangian spray simulation has still many openissues, especially when considering higher viscous droplets and if colliding droplets have a large size difference. A generalisation of the collision maps is attempted based on the behaviour of characteristic points, namely the triple point where bouncing, coalescence and stretching separation coincide and the critical Weber-number where reflexive separation first occurs in head-on collisions. This is done by correlating experimental data with respect to the Capillary number with the Ohnesorge-number for the triple point and the critical Weber-number is also well described by a correlation the Ohnesorge-number. Based on these results the boundary line between stretching separation and coalescence is found by adapting the Jiang et al. (1992) correlation. For the upper boundary of reflexive separation the shifted Ashgriz and Poo (1990) correlation is used. It was however so far not possible to predict the lower bouncing boundary through the Estrade et al. (1999) boundary line correctly. The proposed boundary-line models were validated for various liquid, however still considering only a size ratio of one. With the developed three-line boundary model Euler/Lagrange numerical calculations for a simple spray system were conducted and the droplet collisions were analysed with respect to their occurrence. Droplet collision modelling is performed on the basis of the stochastic droplet collision model, also considering the influence of impact efficiency, which so far was neglected for most spray simulations. The comparison with measurements showedreasonable good agreement for all properties.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4785

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Manin, Julien, Cyril Crua, and Lyle M. Pickett. "Transcritical mixing of sprays for multi-component fuel mixtures." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.5065.

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The mixing of fuels with oxidizer has been an increasingly interesting area of research with new engine technologiesand the need to reduce emissions, while leveraging efficiency. High-efficiency combustion systems such as diesel engines rely on elevated chamber pressures to maximize power density, producing higher output. In such systems, the fuel is injected under liquid state in a chamber filled with pressurized air at high temperatures. Theoretical calculations on the thermodynamics of fuel mixing processes under these conditions suggest that the injected liquid can undergo a transcritical change of state. Our previous experimental efforts in that regard showed through high- speed imaging that spray droplets transition to fluid parcels mixing without notable surface tension forces, supporting a transcritical process. Only mono-component fuels were used in these studies to provide full control over boundary conditions, which prevented extrapolation of the findings to real systems in which multi-component fuels are injected. Multi-component fuels add another layer of complexity, especially when detailed experiments serve model development, requiring the fuels to be well characterized. In this work, we performed high-speed microscopy in the near-field of high-pressure sprays injected into elevated temperature and pressure environments. A reference diesel fuel and several multi-component surrogates were studied and compared to single component fuels. The results support that a transition occurs under certain thermodynamic conditions for all fuels. As anticipated, the transition from classical evaporation to diffusive mixing is affected by ambient conditions, fuel properties, droplet size and velocity, as well as time scales. Analogous to previous observations made with the normal alkane sprays, the behavior of the multi-component fuels correlate well with their bulk critical properties.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.5065

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Kapusta, Łukasz Jan. "LIF/Mie Droplet Sizing of Water Sprays from SCR System Injector using Structured Illumination." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.5031.

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Recent trends in SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) systems development increase requirements for UWS (UreaWater Solution) injection. Close-coupled SCR system designs decrease the distance available for water evaporation and urea decomposition. Due to that, much effort is put into static mixing elements design improvement and injection process enhancement. So far, most experimental studies on UWS spray formation were based on Mie scattering visualization using global illumination and shadowgraphy imaging. High speed imaging of Mie signal with global illumination allows to determine global spray parameters such as penetration and angle but does not give information on droplet sizes. Droplet size determination, due to relatively large droplets generated by SCR injectors, can be done with Mie scattering or backlight imaging methods. Then the visualized area becomes narrowed since high magnification is required. Determination of droplet size distribution across whole spray in such arrangement requires number of measurements. LIF/Mie (Laser Induced Fluorescence/Mie scattering) technique provides an attractive alternative for rapid determination of droplet size distribution across the whole spray. This method however suffers from multiple scattering effects which might affect droplet size distribution results even in relatively dilute sprays.In this study, LIF/Mie ratio distribution across sprays from commercial automotive injector for SCR systems was determined by simultaneous LIF and Mie detection using structured illumination. Moreover, the results were compared with conventional LIF/Mie imaging. Nd:YAG pulse laser was used as a light source. Second harmonic beam of 532 nm was used to illuminate the sprays. Instead of UWS pure water doped with Eosin Y was used. The results showed that conventional images exhibited much stronger background signal. Moreover, the conventional imaging was sensitive to reflections from experimental setup elements, specifically reflections from LIF camera filter. These two observations prove the importance of using SLIPI for LIF/Mie droplets sizing in sprays for SCR systems. At the same time the obtained results showed that under certain conditions (no accidental reflections in the background) conventional imaging provides similar LIF/Mie ratio as structured illumination. The results showed that the LIF/Mie ratio remains unchanged over the spray cloud. This suggests that SMD remains unchanged as well. The slight increase of LIF/Mie ratio far from the injector outlet could be caused by absence of small droplets due to lower momentum and thus lower penetration distance. This assumption however should be verified with PIVmeasurement.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.5031

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Reports on the topic "Liquid sprays"

1

Faeth, G. M., and W. J. Dahm. Liquid Breakup in Dense Sprays. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444329.

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Domoto, Paul A., Dennis Katuuramu, Gail R. Nonnecke, and Lynn R. Schroeder. Thinning Scab-resistant Apples with Liquid Lime Sulfur Sprays during Bloom. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2378.

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Liljegren, James C. A Model of Airborne Particle Removal by a Liquid Drop Spray. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1480508.

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Bravo, Luis, and Chol-Bum Kweon. A Review on Liquid Spray Models for Diesel Engine Computational Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada603658.

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Lee, J. Y., E. Lubarsky, and B. T. Zinn. Suppression of Combustion Instability by Controlling Spray Properties in Liquid-Fueled Combustors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada412486.

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Genzale, Caroline. Development of a Turbulent Liquid Spray Atomization Model for Diesel Engine Simulations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1785712.

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Hoover, J. B., R. S. Sheinson, A. Maranghides, and B. H. Black. Initial Evaluation of a Water Spray Cooling System, in Flammable Liquid Storage Room Fires. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390660.

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Oefelein, Joseph. Development of high-fidelity models for liquid fuel spray atomization and mixing processes in transportation and energy systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1494618.

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