Journal articles: 'Liquide de pyrolyse'

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Luck, F., C. Bonnin, G. Niel, and G. Naud. "Caractérisation des sous-produits d'oxydation des boues en conditions sous-critiques et supercritiques." Revue des sciences de l'eau 8, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705234ar.

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L'élimination de la matière organique et la réduction de volume des boues peuvent être obtenues par incinération, par oxydation sous pression en milieu humide ("wet air oxidation") ou par combustion en eau supercritique ("supercritical water oxidation"). Une étude en autoclave agité a permis de comparer sur une même boue d'épuration les performances des deux techniques d'oxydation voie humide et d'oxydation supercritique, en mettant l'accent sur les sous-produits résiduels en phase liquide et la composition de la phase gaz. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'élimination de la DCO dépend fortement de la température: l'abattement de la DCO passe de 70 % à 235 °C à 94 % à 430 °C. L'azote organique de la boue est transformé en NH4+ mais seule une élimination limitée de l'azote totale est obtenue à 430 °C. Les sous-produits résiduels dans la phase liquide sont constitués en majorité d'acides gras, d'aldéhydes et de cétones, l'acide acétique étant prédominant. Hormis le CO2, les sous-produits gazeux majeurs formés par des réactions complexes comme la pyrolyse, le réformage et la méthanation sont CO, H2 et CH4. Dans les conditions supercritiques, tous les sous-produits gazeux sont fortement oxydés. L'augmentation de la température de traitement permet d'obtenir un résidu solide de plus en plus inerte, les cendres obtenues en conditions supercritiques contenant moins de 1 % de matière organique. Les performances des deux procédés étudiés laissent envisager leur développement à moyen terme comme voies alternatives d'élimination des boues.

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Joo, Junghee, Heeyoung Choi, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, and Jechan Lee. "Pyrolysis of Denim Jeans Waste: Pyrolytic Product Modification by the Addition of Sodium Carbonate." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 5035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225035.

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Quickly changing fashion trends generate tremendous amounts of textile waste globally. The inhomogeneity and complicated nature of textile waste make its recycling challenging. Hence, it is urgent to develop a feasible method to extract value from textile waste. Pyrolysis is an effective waste-to-energy option to processing waste feedstocks having an inhomogeneous and complicated nature. Herein, pyrolysis of denim jeans waste (DJW; a textile waste surrogate) was performed in a continuous flow pyrolyser. The effects of adding sodium carbonate (Na2CO3; feedstock/Na2CO3 = 10, weight basis) to the DJW pyrolysis on the yield and composition of pyrolysates were explored. For the DJW pyrolysis, using Na2CO3 as an additive increased the yields of gas and solid phase pyrolysates and decreased the yield of liquid phase pyrolysate. The highest yield of the gas phase pyrolysate was 34.1 wt% at 800 °C in the presence of Na2CO3. The addition of Na2CO3 could increase the contents of combustible gases such as H2 and CO in the gas phase pyrolysate in comparison with the DJW pyrolysis without Na2CO3. The maximum yield of the liquid phase pyrolysate obtained with Na2CO3 was 62.5 wt% at 400 °C. The composition of the liquid phase pyrolysate indicated that the Na2CO3 additive decreased the contents of organic acids, which potentially improve its fuel property by reducing acid value. The results indicated that Na2CO3 can be a potential additive to pyrolysis to enhance energy recovery from DJW.

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ASSUMPÇÃO, Luiz Carlos Fonte Nova de, Mônica Regina da Costa MARQUES, and Montserrat Motas CARBONELL. "CO-PYROLYSIS OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH PETROLEUM OF BACIA DE CAMPOS." Periódico Tchê Química 06, no. 11 (January 20, 2009): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v6.n11.2009.24_periodico11_pgs_23_30.pdf.

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In this study, the process of co-pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) residues with gas-oil was evaluated, varying the temperature and the amount of polypropylene fed to the reactor. The polypropylene samples and gas-oil were submitted to the thermal co-pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere, varying the temperature and the amount of PP. The influence of the gas-oil was evaluated carrying the co-pyrolysis in the absence of PP. The pyrolysed liquids produced by this thermal treatment were characterized by modified gaseous chromatography in order to evaluate the yield in the range of distillation of diesel. As a result, the increase of PP amount lead to a reduction in the yield of the pyrolytic liquid and to an increase of the amount of solid generated. The effect of temperature increase showed an inverse result. The results show that plastic residue co-pyrolysys is a potential method for chemical recycling of plastic products.

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Purevsuren, Barnasan, Otgonchuluun Dashzeveg, Ariunaa Alyeksandr, Narangerel Janchig, and Jargalmaa Soninkhuu. "Pyrolysis of pine wood and characterisation of solid and liquid products." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 45 (December 28, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v19i45.1086.

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Pyrolysis of pine wood was carried out at different temperatures and the yields of solid (biochar), liquid (tar and pyrolysed water) and gas products were determined. Temperature around 500 ºC was determined as an optimal heating temperature of pyrolysis and approximately 27.1% hard residue (biochar), 21.46% tar, 20.04% pyrolysed water and 31.30% gas were obtained by pyrolysis. The thermal stability indices of pine wood are relatively low, which are indications of its low thermal stability and high yield of volatile matter (Vdaf = 90.3%). The thermal stability indices of pyrolysis of solid residue show that it is characterised by a very high thermal stability than its initial sample, for example, there was an increase of Т5% 7.7 and Т15% 3.8 times. The chemical composition of pyrolysed tar of pine wood has also been determined. Were obtained 4 different fractions with varying boiling temperature ranges of pine wood pyrolysed tar and have determined the yields of each fraction. Neutral tar was analysed by GC/MS and 20 aliphatic compounds, 25 aromatic compounds and 18 polar compounds were determined.

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Murat, Martyna, Jaromír Lederer, Alena Rodová, and José Miguel Hidalgo Herrador. "Hydrodeoxygenation and pyrolysis of free fatty acids obtained from waste rendering fat." Eclética Química Journal 45, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v45.3.2020.p28-36.

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Non-edible fats are a common renewable feedstock for the biofuels production to avoid partially the use of edible feeds and fossil fuels. The aim of this work was the use of waste rendering fat to produce pyrolyzed and hydrogenated oils. The feedstock was hydrolyzed producing free fatty acids and glycerol + residues. The free fatty acids were pyrolyzed (with and without metal sulfides metal supported catalyst) or hydrotreated separately. An autoclave closed hermetically in nitrogen (pyrolysis) or hydrogen (hydrotreatment) atmosphere was used. Gaseous products were analyzed by GC‑FID/TCD. Liquid products were analyzed by Simulated Distillation (ASTM D2887) and FT-IR (attenuated total reflectance technique). For the pyrolysis, the main gaseous products were carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, and propane. For the hydrotreatment, the total amount of gases produced was much lower being the main product the carbon dioxide. For liquids, the hydrotreatment of the free fatty acids produced the respective hydrocarbons by decarboxylation reaction and the pyrolysis produced a mixture of compounds with lighter boiling ranges compared to the original free fatty acids. The use of a metal sulfide metal supported catalyst in the pyrolysis led to a higher amount of hydrogen production. but similar boiling range liquid products compared to the non-catalytic test.

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Serve, L., F. Gadel, J. L. Lliberia, and J. L. Blaz. "Caractères biogéochimiques de la matière organique dans la colonne d'eau et les sédiments d'un écosystème saumâtre: l'étang de Thau - Variations saisonnières." Revue des sciences de l'eau 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705369ar.

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Le long de la côte méditerranéenne française du Golfe du Lion, l'étang de Thau présente des caractères assez particuliers. Il est parfois soumis à des conditions anoxiques appelées "malaigues" qui résultent de l'accumulation de matières organiques durant la période chaude liée au développement des macrophytes. Ces dépôts organiques associés aux biomasses résultant des activités conchylicoles et aux apports extérieurs contribuent en cours d'année aux échanges biogéochimiques entre la colonne d'eau et les dépôts. Dans ce même milieu, l'analyse de la distribution et de la nature de la matière organique par des méthodes fines comme la chromatographie liquide haute performance ou la pyrolyse a permis de préciser son origine et son évolution dans la colonne d'eau et les dépôts. Durant les quatre saisons, les particularités de la matière organique ont donc été analysées en terme d'accumulation, de dégradation et de conservation. L'été constitue une période de production et de dégradation. L'automne est principalement caractérisé par des processus dégradatifs et des apports terrigènes (composés phénoliques). L'hiver correspond à une période de relative stabilité de la matière organique consécutive aux conditions froides. Le printemps enfin représente une période de reprise de l'activité biologique produisant une matière organique fraîche riche en sucres. Sous les tables conchylicoles on observe un accroissement de la matière organique dans la colonne d'eau et les dépôts. Mais les processus actifs de dégradation réduisent considérablement la quantité de matière organique déposée. Les résultats de ces mécanismes varient selon les stations sous table et hors table. Dans les dépôts les résultats de la dégradation dans la colonne d'eau amènent à une décroissance des composés biodégradables et à un accroissemenet des composés résistants comme les phénols et les hydrocarbures aromatiques. Ces processus de minéralisation s'accroissent vers la profondeur dans les dépôts au profit du pôle aromatique. Les relations entre les nutriments et la matière organique qui constitue à la fois leur source et leur puits se marquent bien sous les tables conchylicoles où les sels nutritifs s'accumulent en surface.

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Asueta, Asier, Laura Fulgencio-Medrano, Rafael Miguel-Fernández, Jon Leivar, Izotz Amundarain, Ana Iruskieta, Sixto Arnaiz, Jose Ignacio Gutiérrez-Ortiz, and Alexander Lopez-Urionabarrenechea. "A Preliminary Study on the Use of Highly Aromatic Pyrolysis Oils Coming from Plastic Waste as Alternative Liquid Fuels." Materials 16, no. 18 (September 20, 2023): 6306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16186306.

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In this work, the low-temperature pyrolysis of a real plastic mixture sample collected at a WEEE-authorised recycling facility has been investigated. The sample was pyrolysed in a batch reactor in different temperature and residence time conditions and auto-generated pressure by following a factorial design, with the objective of maximising the liquid (oil) fraction. Furthermore, the main polymers constituting the real sample were also pyrolysed in order to understand their role in the generation of oil. The pyrolysis oils were characterised and compared with commercial fuel oil number 6. The results showed that in comparison to commercial fuel oil, pyrolysis oils coming from WEEE plastic waste had similar heating values, were lighter and less viscous and presented similar toxicity profiles in fumes of combustion.

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Fombu, A. H., A. E. Ochonogor, and O. E. Olayide. "Use of Response Surface Methodology in Optimizing the Production yield of Biofuel from Cashew Nut Shell through the Process of Pyrolysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1178, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1178/1/012017.

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Abstract A fixed bed pyrolysis reactor was used to pyrolyze Cashew nut shell (CNS). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was then used to study the pyrolysis process. One Factor at a Time (OFAT) experiment was applied using different factors and levels. The OFAT results showed that the highest pyrolysis liquid yield was 57.8 wt.%. Two levels from each factor were chosen to run the RSM (applying Central Composite Design (CCD)) by forming two levels three factors (23) design. A quadratic model suggested by the Design Expert (version 11) software was used to predict the yield. The maximum liquid yield from the RSM was 61.3 wt. %.

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CARNEIRO, Débora da Silva, and Mônica Regina da Costa MARQUES. "CO-PYROLYSIS OF POLYETHYLENE S WASTE WITH BACIA DE CAMPOS'S GASOIL." Periódico Tchê Química 07, no. 13 (January 20, 2010): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v7.n13.2010.17_periodico13_pgs_16_21.pdf.

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In this work the process of co-pyrolysis of polyethylene plastic residue was carried through with petroleum, in a temperature of 550°C. First, the polyethylene samples and petroleum had been submitted the thermal co-pyrolysis in inert atmosphere. Later they had been evaluated the efficiency of the process with variation of the amount of polyethylene residue added to the petroleum. The generated pyrolytic liquids had been characterized by modified gaseous chromatography, with the objective to evaluate the generation of fractions in the band of the distillation of diesel. It can be observed that the increase of the amount of PE in the half reactional favors the reduction of the income of pyrolytic liquid and the increase of the amount of generate solid. The results show that plastic residue co-pyrolysys is a potential method for chemical recycling of plastic products.

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Van Rensburg, Melissa Lisa, S'phumelele Lucky Nkomo, and Ntandoyenkosi Malusi Mkhize. "Characterization and pyrolysis of post-consumer leather shoe waste for the recovery of valuable chemicals." Detritus, no. 14 (March 31, 2021): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.14064.

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Majority of post-consumer leather footwear currently ends up in landfill sites with adverse environmental impacts. Current waste recovery options have proven largely unsuccessful in minimizing this waste stream. This study investigates whether leather from post-consumer footwear can be pyrolyzed using gram-scale (fixed-bed) and microgram-scale (TGA) pyrolysis reactors. The investigation was conducted using final pyrolysis process temperatures between 450 and 650 °C and solid residence times of 5 to 15 minutes. The purpose of the experiments was to assess the waste recovery potential of leather pyrolysis products for valuable chemicals. The pyrolysis product fractions (solid, liquid, and gas) distribution were investigated, optimal pyrolysis conditions presented, and the product fractions characterized for their elemental and chemical composition using ultimate and GC-MS analysis. The distribution of the product fractions proved leather footwear pyrolysis was viable under the given conditions. The completion of leather footwear pyrolysis was evident at 650°C since the solid yield reached a constant value of approximately 25 wt.%. The liquid fraction was maximized within the temperature range of 550-650°C (Max= 54 wt.%), suggesting optimal pyrolysis conditions within this range. The higher heating values (HHVs) of the pyrolysis leather oil (33.6 MJ/kg) and char (25.6 MJ/kg) suggested their potential application for energy or fuel. The liquid fraction comprised predominantly of nitrogen derivatives and potential applications areas include use in the production of fertilizers, chemical feedstocks, or the pharmaceutical industry. This study proved that leather from post-consumer footwear can be pyrolyzed and provided valuable insight into its characterization and potential applications areas.

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Musta, Rustam, Muh Siddik Ibrahim, and Laily Nurliana. "Identifikasi Senyawa Penyusun Produk Cair Hasil Pirolisis Aspal Alam dari Lawele Kabupaten Buton." Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia 9, no. 1 (June 8, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v9i1.3568.

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Identification of Liquid Product Compounds from Natural Asphalt Pyrolysis from Lawele, Buton Regency has been carried out. This research is intended toidentify the content of the compounds contained in the liquid fraction from the pyrolysis of Lawele's natural asphalt. This is a research experimentwith natural asphalt material was simply pyrolyzed at a temperature of 350oC with a little vacuum. The resulting liquid products were analyzed using the GC-MS instrument and analysis showed that there were 24 compounds contained in the liquid fraction resulting from the pyrolysis of Lawele asphalt with 2 main components, namely Phenol (C6H6O) of 16.45% and acetic acid (C2H4O2) of 12.47%. Another important product is alkane derivatives, namely Undekane (C11H24) and cyclo-octene (C8H14) which can be used as fuel.

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Liu, Juan, Xia Li, and Qing Jie Guo. "Study of Catalytic Pyrolysis of Chlorella with γ-Al₂O₃ Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 873 (December 2013): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.873.562.

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Chlorella samples were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor with γ-Al2O3 or ZSM-5 molecular sieve catalyst at 600°C. Liquid oil samples was collected from pyrolysis experiments in a condenser and characterized for water content, kinematic viscosity and heating value. In the presence of catalysts , gas yield decreased and liquid yield increased when compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis at the same temperatures. Moreover, pyrolysis oil from catalytic with γ-Al2O3 runs carries lower water content and lower viscosity and higher heating value. Comparison of two catalytic products, the results were showed that γ-Al2O3 has a higher activity than that of ZSM-5 molecular sieve. The acidity distribution in these samples has been measured by t.p.d, of ammonia, the γ-Al2O3 shows a lower acidity. The γ-Al2O3 catalyst shows promise for production of high-quality bio-oil from algae via the catalytic pyrolysis.

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Wang, Wei Jin, Feng Wen Yu, Long Chao Gao, Guo Dong Zhang, and Jian Bing Ji. "Effect of Molten Alkali on Pyrolysis of Fatty Acid Sodium Salts to Hydrocarbon." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.182.

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The molten alkali was investigated on the pyrolysis of fatty acid sodium salts; furthermore, the difference of pyrolysate between saturate and un-saturate fatty acid sodium salts was also given. In the presence of molten alkali, the pyrolysis of saturated sodium stearate leaded to high content of alkanes (nearly 60%) and low content of oxygen-containing compounds (almost 3%). But for the pyrolysis of un-saturated sodium oleate, high amount of aromatics (nearly 24%) and low amount of oxygen-containing compounds (1%) were detected. Compared with the pyrolysis without molten alkali, less oxygen-containing compounds were found in liquid pyrolysates. Therefore, molten alkali not only prompted deoxygenation of fatty acid sodium salts to hydrocarbons, but also had effect on the distribution of different compounds. In the process of pyrolysis, molten alkali partly changes into sodium carbonate. And the different raw materials also affected the distributions of pyrolysate.

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Djoukouo, Nadia H. D., Boris M. K. Djousse, Henri G. Djoukeng, Daniel A. M. Egbe, Brillant D. Wembe, and Fabrice C. Kouonang. "Study of ecological charcoal production from agricultural waste." E3S Web of Conferences 354 (2022): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235403007.

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Wood fuel is undoubtedly the main source of energy for cooking in sub-Saharan Africa as it represents more than three quarter of household energy consumption. The exploitation of wood for fuel purposes contributes to forest degradation. It is becoming urgent to diversify domestic energy sources. Substituting other forms of energy with traditional ones is extremely difficult due to low income of the population and culinary habits. In this context, ecological charcoal seems to be an attractive alternative to wood energy. Agricultural waste was collected, dried to a moisture content of less than 10%. Waste was pyrolysed and the resulting carbonaceous material mixed with a binder and extruded to form briquettes. Three binders were tested: starch, clay and arabic gum. The pyrolysis of biomass generated three by-products: a solid (biochar), liquid and gaseous product. This process took 3 hours 45 minutes to convert 1tonne of waste into 390 kg of biochar and 133 liters of pyrolyser oil. After testing, biochar/binder ratios of 27/1.1, 27/2.7 and 27/2.1 for starch, gum arabic and clay, respectively, at a compaction pressure of 7.8 bar were validated.

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Khan, Mohammad Rafiq, Marat-ul-Ain, Rauf Ahmad Khan, and Hammad Khan. "Transformation of Plastic Solid Waste into Liquid Fuel." Scientific Inquiry and Review 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/sir/2020/43/984.

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The study being reported here was conducted to convert plastic waste,a major source of solid pollution in Pakistan, into liquid fuel by application of Thermal Pyrolysis. A pyrolysis reactor consisting of high strength Pyrex round bottom flask was constructed in the laboratory and used for converting plastic waste into liquid fuel. A 280g sample of plastic waste was pyrolyzed and the resultant products were 120g liquid oil, 100g solid residueand 60g gas.Thus, the yield of liquid fuel from the plastic waste was 43% wt. along with solid mass 36%wt. and gas 21 % wt. The results clearly indicate that there is a significant potential of producing liquid fuel from plastic waste in Pakistan andthe world.

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Bulut, Adnan, and Selhan Karagöz. "Pyrolysis of Table Sugar." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/172039.

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Table sugars were pyrolyzed at different temperatures (300, 400, and 500°C) in a fixed-bed reactor. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on yields of liquid, solid, and gaseous products was investigated. As expected the yield of liquid products gradually increased and the yield of solid products gradually decreased when the pyrolysis temperature was raised. The yield of liquid products was greatest (52 wt%) at 500°C. The composition of bio-oils extracted with diethyl ether was identified by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The following compounds were observed in bio-oils produced from the pyrolysis of table sugar at 500°C: 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose, 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, and cyclotetradecane liquid product. The relative concentration of 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural was the highest in bio-oils obtained from pyrolysis of table sugars at 500°C.

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Lu, Tao, Hao Ran Yuan, Shun Gui Zhou, Hong Yu Huang, Kobayashi Noriyuki, and Yong Chen. "On the Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge: The Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar, Liquid and Gas Fractions." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3412.

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Pyrolytic conversion of sewage sludge to biochar, oil and gas is an environmentally and economically acceptable way comparable to conventional options for sewage sludge disposal. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of pyrolysis temperature on production of biochar fraction for agronomic application, oil and gas fractions for energy utilization. Sewage sludge samples collected from an urban sewage treatment plant were pyrolysed in a bench–scale quartz tubular furnace over the temperature range of 300-700°C.The results indicated that the biochar fraction yield decreased, the yields of liquid (oil and water) fraction and gas fraction increased by evaluating the pyrolysis temperature. Concentration of heavy metals and nutrient elements present in biochar varied with pyrolysis temperature, the heating value of oil from liquid fraction fluctuated between 26938.3 and 30757.9kJ/kg, the heating value of gas fraction increased from 4012kJ/Nm3 to 12077 kJ/Nm3 with the increasing pyrolysis temperature.

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Sa'diyah, Khalimatus, Fatchur Rohman, Winda Harsanti, Ivan Nugraha, and Nur Ahmad Febrianto. "Pyrolysis of Coconut Coir and Shell as Alternative Energy Source." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 7, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v7i2.11393.

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Biomass waste can be used as raw material for bio-oil manufacture. One of the biomass is coconut coir and shell waste, commonly used as a substitute for firewood and handicraft materials. Therefore it takes effort to use coconut coir and shell to increase its economic value. One of the waste processing efforts is through pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is the heating process of a substance in the absence of oxygen and produces products of solids, liquids and gases. The product of pyrolysis liquid is called bio-oil which can be used as alternative energy source. In this study, coconut coir and shell was pyrolysed as bio-oil. It also studied pyrolysis operating temperature and the amount of yield of bio-oil produced. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor with a pressure of 1 atm and a varying operating temperature of 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C for 60 minutes. The reactor was equipped with a condenser as a cooling column. The mass of raw materials used was 500 grams with a size of 0.63 mm. The results of the research show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced. For coconut coir pyrolysis it was obtained the highest yield of 34.2%, with density of 1.001 g/ml and viscosity of 1.351 cSt. As for coconut shell pyrolysis it was obtained highest yield of 45,2% with density of 1,212 g/ml and viscosity of 1.457 cSt. From the result of analysis using FTIR, the functional group of bio-oil was the most compound of phenol and alkene.

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Kordatos, K., A. Ntziouni, S. Trasobares, and V. Kasselouri-Rigopoulou. "Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes on Zeolite Substrate of Type ZSM-5." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.722.

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The present work deals with the synthesis of carbon nanotube-zeolite composites using as method the catalytic liquid spray pyrolysis. The nanotubes were formed after pyrolysis of toluene on the surface of a zeolite of type ZSM-5, which was used as a catalytic substrate. ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized using the autoclave process and full characterized. Prior to the pyrolyses, the catalytic substrates were produced by mixing a certain amount of zeolite with a solution of Fe(NO3)3•9H2O of specific concentration. The obtained materials from the spray pyrolysis were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry-differential analysis (TG-DTA).

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MALELAK, G. E. M., G. M. SIPAHELUT, and I. G. N. JELANTIK. "ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF BEEF SE’I GIVEN VARIOUS LIQUID SMOKE WHICH PIROLISED IN DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE." Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan 24, no. 1 (August 4, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mip.2021.v24.i01.p01.

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Experiment objecitve was to determine liquid smoke characteristics made from various type of woods that was pyrolysed at different temperatures and its effect on se’i organoleptic. This experiment used completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of P1: se’i without liquid smoke (con- trol); P2: se’i given liquid smoke kusambi 300 oC; P3: se’i given liquid smoke kusambi 350 oC; P4: se’i given liquid smoke kusambi 400 oC; P5: se’i given bidara liquid smoke 300 oC; P6: given 350 oC liquid smoke bidara; P7: se’i given bidara liquid smoke 400 oC; P8: se’i given guava liquid smoke 300 oC; P9: se’i given guava liquid smoke 350 oC; P10: se’i given guava liquid smoke 400 oC. Results showed that kusambi, guava and bidara liquid smoke which was pyrolyzed at different temperatures had a significant effect (P<0.05) on acid, phenol and carbonyl of liquid smoke, se’i color and tatste. In conclusion; bidara liquid smoke with pyrolysed at 300 0C and 350 0C contains the highest carbonyl and phenols, but it is not suitable for se’i processing, because it causes dark se’i color and lowers taste score. Kusambi liquid smoke and guava are suitable for se’i processing.

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Solar, Jon, Blanca Caballero, Isabel De Marco, Alexander López-Urionabarrenechea, and Naia Gastelu. "Optimization of Charcoal Production Process from Woody Biomass Waste: Effect of Ni-Containing Catalysts on Pyrolysis Vapors." Catalysts 8, no. 5 (May 4, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8050191.

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Woody biomass waste (Pinus radiata) coming from forestry activities has been pyrolyzed with the aim of obtaining charcoal and, at the same time, a hydrogen-rich gas fraction. The pyrolysis has been carried out in a laboratory scale continuous screw reactor, where carbonization takes place, connected to a vapor treatment reactor, at which the carbonization vapors are thermo-catalytically treated. Different peak temperatures have been studied in the carbonization process (500–900 °C), while the presence of different Ni-containing catalysts in the vapor treatment has been analyzed. Low temperature pyrolysis produces high liquid and solid yields, however, increasing the temperature progressively up to 900 °C drastically increases gas yield. The amount of nickel affects the vapors treatment phase, enhancing even further the production of interesting products such as hydrogen and reducing the generated liquids to very low yields. The gases obtained at very high temperatures (700–900 °C) in the presence of Ni-containing catalysts are rich in H2 and CO, which makes them valuable for energy production, as hydrogen source, producer gas or reducing agent.

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Kojic, Ivan, Achim Bechtel, Friedrich Kittinger, Nikola Stevanovic, Marko Obradovic, and Ksenija Stojanovic. "Study of pyrolysis of high density polyethylene in the open system and estimation of its capability for co-pyrolysis with lignite." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 83, no. 7-8 (2018): 923–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc171215027k.

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Pyrolysis of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the open system was studied. A plastic bag for food packing was used as a source of HDPE. Pyrolysis was performed at temperatures of 400, 450 and 500?C, which were chosen based on thermogravimetric analysis. The HDPE pyrolysis yielded liquid, gaseous and solid products. Temperature rise resulted in the increase of conversion of HDPE into liquid and gaseous products. The main constituents of liquid pyrolysates are 1-n-alkenes, n-alkanes and terminal n-dienes. The composition of liquid products indicates that the performed pyrolysis of HDPE could not serve as a standalone operation for the production of gasoline or diesel, but preferably as a pre-treatment to yield a product to be blended into a refinery or petrochemical feed stream. The advantage of a liquid pyrolysate in comparison to crude oil is the extremely low content of aromatic hydrocarbons and the absence of polar compounds. The gaseous products have desirable composition and consist mainly of methane and ethene. The solid residues do not produce ash by combustion and have high calorific values. Co-pyrolysis of HDPE with mineral-rich lignite indicated positive synergetic effect at 450 and 500?C, which is reflected through the increased experimental yields of liquid and gaseous products in comparison to theoretical ones.

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Li, Qing Gang, Shao Ming Dong, Zhen Wang, Ping He, Hai Jun Zhou, Jin Shan Yang, Bin Wu, and Jian Bao Hu. "Fabrication of ZrC-SiC Powders by Means of Liquid Precursor Conversion Method Using ZrC Precursor and Polycarbosilane." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.715.

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ZrC-SiC powders were fabricated by means of liquid precursor conversion method, using Zr containing polymer precursor and polycarbosilane. The effects of staring reagents and the pyrolysis temperature on the fabrication of ZrC-SiC powders were studied. Results show that ZrC-SiC powders with different ZrC/SiC ratio could be formed when the staring reagents were different. Pyrolysis temperature affects the pyrolysed product. When temperature was lower, less amount of ZrC was formed in the powder. The size of crystallite and morphology of the synthesized powders were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

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Grycová, Barbora, Ivan Koutník, Adrian Pryszcz, and Miroslav Kaloč. "Application of pyrolysis process in processing of mixed food wastes." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2016-0004.

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Abstract The food industry produces large amounts of solid and also liquid wastes. Different waste materials and their mixtures were pyrolysed in the laboratory pyrolysis unit to a final temperature of 800°C with a 10 minute delay at the final temperature. After the pyrolysis process of the selected wastes a mass balance of the resulting products, off-line analysis of the pyrolysis gas and evaluation of solid and liquid products were carried out. The highest concentration of methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide were analyzed during the 4th gas sampling at a temperature of approx. 720–780°C. The concentration of hydrogen was measured in the range from 22 to 40 vol.%. The resulting iodine numbers of samples CHFO, DS, DSFW reach values that indicate the possibility of using them to produce the so-called “disposable sorbents” in wastewater treatment. The WC condensate can be directed to further processing and upgrading for energy use.

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J Sani and T Abubakar. "Production and characterization of bio-oil from algae using pyrolysis." Open Access Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 032–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjet.2021.1.1.0109.

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Pyrolysis of the algae (chlorophyceac) was carried out using fixed bed reactor at 4500C. The mass balance of the pyrolysed algae were liquid fraction (oil) (10%), gaseous product (11%), solid product (char) (79%) and extent of conversion (21%. The proximate analysis of powdered sample was carried out in accordance with the official method of analytical chemistry (AOAC). The moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon determined were 3 + 0.33, 70.3 + 0.5, 6.3 + 0.3 and 20.2 + 0.07 respectively. The result obtained indicate that algae (chlorophyceae) could be used as feedstock for generation of pyrolysed oil which could probably be upgraded to fuel for both domestic and industrial purposes.

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Lisa Ginayati, M. Faisal, and Suhendrayatna. "PEMANFAATAN ASAP CAIR DARI PIROLISIS CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT SEBAGAI PENGAWET ALAMI TAHU." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 4, no. 3 (September 29, 2015): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v4i3.1474.

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This research aims to utilize the coconut-palm shell waste to be processed as liquid smoke grade I, used for natural preservative of tofu. The process used to produce the liquid smoke is by using pyrolysis method. The pyrolysis temperatures used ware 300 oC, 340 oC, and 380oC, with liquid smoke concentration of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. Purification of liquid smoke from grade III to grade I was made through two distillation phases at temperature of 200 oC. The produced liquid smoke grade I was then utilized to preserve the tofu in order to increase its storing period. The testing towards durability of the preserved tofu was done by Total Volatile Base (TVB) and Organoleptic. Based on the TVB values test, the tofu can last for 56 hours when it was soaked in liquid smoke, while the durability of the tofu without soaked in liquid smoke was only 16 hours. Results of the organoleptic test showed that 90% of respondents favor the taste, flavor, and texture of the liquid smoke-soaked tofu, which was pyrolysed at 340oC and at concentration of 0.5%. the TVB Value at these condition was 19.61mg N%.

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Kaliappan, S., M. Karthick, Pravin P. Patil, P. Madhu, S. Sekar, Ravi Mani, Francisca D. Kalavathi, S. Mohanraj, and Solomon Neway Jida. "Utilization of Eco-Friendly Waste Eggshell Catalysts for Enhancing Liquid Product Yields through Pyrolysis of Forestry Residues." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (June 7, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3445485.

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In this study, catalytic and noncatalytic pyrolysis of Prosopis juliflora biomass was carried out in a fluidized bed reactor. This study highlights the potential use of forestry residues with waste eggshells under a nitrogen environment. The experiments were conducted to increase the yield of bio-oil by changing the parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, particle size, and catalyst ratio. Under noncatalytic pyrolysis, a maximum bio-oil yield of 40.9 wt% was obtained when the feedstock was pyrolysed at 500°C. During catalytic pyrolysis, the yield of bio-oil was increased by up to 16.95% compared to the noncatalytic process due to the influence of Ca-rich wastes on devolatilization behavior. In particular, the existence of alkali and alkaline-earth metals present in eggshells might have positive effects on the decomposition of biomass material. The bio-oil obtained through catalytic pyrolysis under maximum yield conditions was analyzed for its physical and chemical characterization by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).

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Kusworo, Tutuk Djoko, Widayat Widayat, Athaya Fairuz Mahadita, Dila Firizqina, and Dani Puji Utomo. "Bio-oil and Fuel Gas Production from Agricultural Waste via Pyrolysis: A Comparative Study of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) and Rice Husk." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 64, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.14553.

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Biomass-based energy from agricultural wastes is a promising alternative energy source since its abundant supply and renewable. Biomass is converted into gas and liquid fuel through biochemical or thermochemical treatments. In this work, oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and rice husk are pyrolyzed to produce gas and liquid fuel. The reactor temperature and feed mass are varied to obtain the best operating condition in a semi-batch pyrolysis reactor. The experimental results showed that the best operating temperature in pyrolysis process to produce bio-oils from OPEFB and rice husk was at 500 °C with 4.3 % (w/w) and 2.6 % (w/w) of bio-oil yields, respectively. The pyrolysis product distribution and their chemical composition are strongly affected by operating condition and the types of biomass. The GC-MS analysis results showed that the primary pyrolysis products components consist of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids, phenols, ketones and aldehydes. Thermodynamic properties such as thermal conductivity of the biomass also influenced the product distribution of the biomass pyrolysis.

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Saringat, Muhammad Ilmam B., Ayub M. Som, Norhayati Talib, and Mohammad Asadullah. "Kinetic Parameters of Biomass Pyrolysis – Comparison between Thermally Thick and Fine Particles of Biomass." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.340.

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In this study, kinetic parameters of fast and slow pyrolysis is compared. For fast pyrolysis, cylindrical wood pieces of 20 mm diameter and 50 mm length is pyrolysed in a tube furnace at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 500°C. Solid, liquid and gas products are collected and the yields are calculated. For slow pyrolysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used using sawdust from the same biomass. Using the experimental data from two different methods the kinetic parameters are calculated such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the two different pyrolysis methods. For fast pyrolysis the parameters are found to be E = 32.5 kJ/mol andA= 35/min and for slow pyrolysis Es= 50.48 kJ/mol andAs= 3179.86/min. The large difference between the values show that kinetic studies and modelling work using thermogravimetric analysis data is not suitable for commercial scale simulation. Also, the pre-exponential value for fast pyrolysis shows that the kinetic equation used from flash pyrolysis is not exactly suitable for this situation. Therefore, it is recommended that more studies on the kinetic parameters of fast pyrolysis of thermally thick biomass need to be done.

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Permanasari, Ayu Ratna. "The Pyrolysis Reactor Design and The Effect of Liquid Smoke from Coconut Shell on Microbial Contamination of Tofu." Current Journal: International Journal Applied Technology Research 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/ijatr.v1i2.28.

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Liquid smoke is a natural food preservative which can be made of coconut shells through the pyrolysis process. This study aimed to design a pyrolysis reactor and utilize the coconut shell waste to produce liquid smoke as a natural preservative of tofu. 1.5 kg of chopped coconut shell was pyrolyzed at 400C for 5 hours and produced 488 mL of grade 3 liquid smoke with a yield of 34.23%. The liquid smoke was then purified by extraction using ethyl acetate (1: 1 ratio) solvent and 70C temperature for 2 hours. The extract was then distilled at 80C and produced grade 1 liquid smoke. This liquid smoke had an acid content of 12.26% and a phenol content of 0.73%. This liquid smoke was then applied to tofu for 3 days and analyzed the microbial contamination. The smallest amount of microbial contamination was found in the samples of yellow tofu and white tofu coated with liquid smoke and stored in the refrigerator for 1.4 × 105 CFU / mL and 8 × 103 CFU/ml.

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Beis, Sedat H., Saikrishna Mukkamala, Nathan Hill, Jincy Joseph, Cirila Baker, Bruce Jensen, Elizabeth A. Stemmler, et al. "Fast pyrolysis of lignins." BioResources 5, no. 3 (May 14, 2010): 1408–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.3.1408-1424.

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Three lignins: Indulin AT, LignoboostTM, and Acetocell lignin, were characterized and pyrolyzed in a continuous-fed fast pyrolysis process. The physical and chemical properties of the lignins included chemical composition, heat content, ash, and water content. The distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was used to describe the pyrolysis of each lignin. Activation energy distributions of each lignin were quite different and generally covered a broad range of energies, typically found in lignins. Process yields for initial continuous-fed fast pyrolysis experiments are reported. Bio-oil yield was low, ranging from 16 to 22%. Under the fast pyrolysis conditions used, the Indulin AT and LignoboostTM lignin yielded slightly more liquid product than the Acetocell lignin. Lignin kinetic parameters and chemical composition vary considerably and fast pyrolysis processes must be specified for each type of lignin.

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Frišták, Vladimír, H. Dail Laughinghouse, and Stephen M. Bell. "The Use of Biochar and Pyrolysed Materials to Improve Water Quality through Microcystin Sorption Separation." Water 12, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 2871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102871.

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Harmful algal blooms have increased globally with warming of aquatic environments and increased eutrophication. Proliferation of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and the subsequent flux of toxic extracellular microcystins present threats to public and ecosystem health and challenges for remediation and management. Although methods exist, there is currently a need for more environmentally friendly and economically and technologically feasible sorbents. Biochar has been proposed in this regard because of its high porosity, chemical stability, and notable sorption efficiency for removing of cyanotoxins. In light of worsening cyanobacterial blooms and recent research advances, this review provides a timely assessment of microcystin removal strategies focusing on the most pertinent chemical and physical sorbent properties responsible for effective removal of various pollutants from wastewater, liquid wastes, and aqueous solutions. The pyrolysis process is then evaluated for the first time as a method for sorbent production for microcystin removal, considering the suitability and sorption efficiencies of pyrolysed materials and biochar. Inefficiencies and high costs of conventional methods can be avoided through the use of pyrolysis. The significant potential of biochar for microcystin removal is determined by feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, and the physiochemical properties produced. This review informs future research and development of pyrolysed materials for the treatment of microcystin contaminated aquatic environments.

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Cerdà, J., A. Cirera, A. Vilà, R. Diaz, A. Cornet, and J. R. Morante. "SnO₂ nanocristalino mediante pirólisis líquida." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 39, no. 4 (August 30, 2000): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2000.v39.i4.819.

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Gift, M. D. Mohan, Savita Verma, Kalapala Prasad, K. Kathiresan, Rohi Prasad, T. Logeswaran, Suresh Ghotekar, D. V. Thao, and J. Isaac JoshuaRamesh Lalvani. "Green Catalytic Pyrolysis: An Eco-Friendly Route for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals by Blending Oil Industry Wastes and Waste Furniture Wood." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (September 6, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9381646.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is converted into liquid products through pyrolysis, which can be used as an alternative fuel for heating applications and industrial chemicals. Pyrolysis liquid is a mixture of many oxygenated fractions which deteriorates its burning properties. Through specific bond cleavage reactions like deoxygenation, cracking, and decarbonylation, catalysts in the pyrolysis process can be used to improve the quality of pyrolysis liquid. In this study, biochar produced by carbonization of printed circuit boards was used for catalytic reforming processes to produce energy-rich liquids and chemicals from a mixture of karanja seed oil cake and waste furniture wood. The catalytic process was performed by changing the reactor temperature from 300°C to 700°C at 50°C intervals. The results showed a maximum liquid oil recovery of 53.9 wt% at 500°C. Compared to the noncatalytic reaction, pyrolysis of biomass with biochar recovered 11.59% more liquid. This study demonstrated a viable technique to recover more liquid products and industrial chemicals by employing sustainable catalysts from e-waste. The physical analysis of the liquid showed that the liquid can be used as a fuel for boilers and furnaces. The chemical characterization through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) showed the presence of various chemical elements used for medicinal and industrial applications.

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Hizaddin, Hanee F., Irfan Wazeer, Nur Afrina Muhammad Huzaimi, Lahssen El Blidi, Mohd Ali Hashim, Jean-Marc Lévêque, and Mohamed K. Hadj-Kali. "Extraction of Phenolic Compound from Model Pyrolysis Oil Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: Computational Screening and Experimental Validation." Separations 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9110336.

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Green Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are considered here as an alternative to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids (IL) for the extraction of phenolic compounds from pyrolysis oil. Although ionic liquids have shown a promising future in extraction processes, DESs possess not only most of their remarkable physico-chemical properties, but are also cheaper, easier to prepare and non-toxic, increasing the infatuation with these new moieties to the detriment of ionic liquids. In this work, phenol was selected as a representative of phenolic compounds, and toluene and heptane were used to model the pyrolysis oil. COSMO-RS was used to investigate the interaction between the considered Dess, phenol, n-heptane, and toluene. Two DESs (one ammonium and one phosphonium based) were subsequently used for experimental liquid–liquid extraction. A ternary liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) experiment was conducted with different feed concentrations of phenol ranging from 5 to 25 wt% in model oil at 25 °C and at atmospheric pressure. Although both DESs were able to extract phenol from model pyrolysis oil with high distribution ratios, the results showed that ammonium-based DES was more efficient than the phosphonium-based one. The composition of phenol in the raffinate and extract phases was determined using gas chromatography. A similar trend was observed by the COSMO-RS screening for the two DESs.

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Abbas, Ammar S., and Fahmi Abuelgasim Mohamed. "Production and Evaluation of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel from Thermal Pyrolysis of Virgin Polyethylene Plastics." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 16, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2015.1.3.

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Pyrolysis of virgin polyethylene plastics was studied in order to produce hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The pyrolysis process carried out for low and high-density polyethylene plastics in open system batch reactor in temperature range of 370 to 450°C. Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the virgin plastics showed that the degradation ranges were between 326 and 495 °C. The results showed that the optimum temperature range of pyrolysis of polyethylene plastics that gives highest liquid yield (with specific gravity between 0.7844 and 0.7865) was 390 to 410 °C with reaction time of about 35 minutes. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy gave a quite evidence that the produced hydrocarbon liquid fuel consisted mainly alkanes and the x-ray diffraction showed no sulfur in the produced hydrocarbon liquids.

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Sotoudehnia, Farid, and Armando G. McDonald. "Upgrading Mixed Agricultural Plastic and Lignocellulosic Waste to Liquid Fuels by Catalytic Pyrolysis." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111381.

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Agriculture generates non-recyclable mixed waste streams, such as plastic (netting, twine, and film) and lignocellulosic residues (bluegrass straw/chaff), which are currently disposed of by burning or landfilling. Thermochemical conversion technologies of agricultural mixed waste (AMW) are an option to upcycle this waste into transportation fuel. In this work, AMW was homogenized by compounding in a twin-screw extruder and the material was characterized by chemical and thermal analyses. The homogenized AMW was thermally and catalytically pyrolyzed (500–600 °C) in a tube batch reactor, and the products, including gas, liquid, and char, were characterized using a combination of FTIR, GC-MS, and ESI-MS. Thermal pyrolysis wax products were mainly a mixture of straight-chain hydrocarbons C7 to C44 and oxygenated compounds. Catalytic pyrolysis using zeolite Y afforded liquid products comprised of short-chain hydrocarbons and aromatics C6 to C23. The results showed a high degree of similarity between the chemical profiles of catalytic pyrolysis products and gasoline.

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Kumar, Sachin, and R. K. Singh. "Thermolysis of High-Density Polyethylene to Petroleum Products." Journal of Petroleum Engineering 2013 (May 30, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/987568.

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Thermal degradation of plastic polymers is becoming an increasingly important method for the conversion of plastic materials into valuable chemicals and oil products. In this work, virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was chosen as a material for pyrolysis. A simple pyrolysis reactor system has been used to pyrolyse virgin HDPE with an objective to optimize the liquid product yield at a temperature range of 400°C to 550°C. The chemical analysis of the HDPE pyrolytic oil showed the presence of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenyl ring substitution bands. The composition of the pyrolytic oil was analyzed using GC-MS, and it was found that the main constituents were n-Octadecane, n-Heptadecane, 1-Pentadecene, Octadecane, Pentadecane, and 1-Nonadecene. The physical properties of the obtained pyrolytic oil were close to those of mixture of petroleum products.

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Lim, Mooktzeng, and Ee Sann Tan. "Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for Organic and Plastic Waste Pyrolysis Pilot Plant in Malaysia." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (September 27, 2023): 14280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914280.

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Organic and plastic waste (OPW) is diverted from landfills in order to lower carbon emissions. Nevertheless, modern pyrolysis techniques are frequently utilized in laboratories (using feedstocks that weigh less than 1 kg), which employ costly pure nitrogen gas (N2). This study developed a fast pyrolysis system to produce pyrolysis oil or liquid (PyOL) from OPW using flue gas as the pyrolysis agent. The added benefits included the efficient value-added chemical extractions and the non-thermal plasma reactor upgraded PyOL. OPW was also pyrolyzed at a pilot scale using flue gas fast pyrolysis in this study. In addition to lowering operational expenses associated with pure N2, flue gas reduced the lifecycle carbon emissions to create PyOL. The results indicated that considerable material agglomeration occurred during the OPW pyrolysis with an organic-to-plastic-waste (O/P) ratio of 30/70. Furthermore, the liquid yields were 5.2% and 5.5% when O/P was 100/0 (305 °C) and 99.5/0.5 (354 °C), respectively. The liquid yields also increased when polymers (polypropylene) were added, enhancing the aromatics. Two cases were employed to study their techno-economic feasibility: PyOL-based production and chemical-extraction plants. The mitigated CO2 from the redirected OPW and flue gas produced the highest revenue in terms of carbon credits. Moreover, the carbon price (from RM 100 to 150 per ton of CO2) was the most important factor impacting the economic viability in both cases. Plant capacities higher than 10,000 kg/h were economically viable for the PyOL-based plants, whereas capacities greater than 1000 kg/h were financially feasible for chemical-extraction plants. Overall, the study found that the pyrolysis of OPW in flue gas is a viable waste-to-energy technology. The low liquid yield is offset by the carbon credits that can be earned, making the process economically feasible.

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Eseyin, Anthonia E., Kieran I. Ekpenyong, S. M. Dangoggo, Onyanobi Abel Anyebe, and Emad M. El-Giar. "Product Distribution in the Low Temperature Conventional Pyrolysis of Nigerian Corn Stalks." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2015): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss1.300.

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In view of the global energy crises and the ongoing renewable energy studies, clear understanding of the product distribution in the pyrolysis of lignocellulose from different corn plant components is required. Unextracted lignocellulose from the dry corn stalks was pyrolysed at 200oC and 250oC for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes, respectively in an in house reactor. Liquid (bio-oil), gaseous and solid (bio-char) products were obtained. Their volumes and masses were determined. The volumes of the liquid and gaseous products produced increased with retention time and temperature while the masses of the solid products decreased with retention time and temperature. The pyrolysed corn stalks produced 17.93% bio-oil, 43.33% bio-char and 38.74% gases. The reaction order and rate constants were determined. The reaction was found to be first order. The bio-oil compounds that were detected by GCMS were identified from the MS library and characterized into: acids, ester, alcohol, phenol, alkane, multicomponent compounds and miscellaneous oxygenates. The bio-oils samples obtained were shown to be comparable with those produced by other processes.

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Shashkov, Mikhail V., Yulia S. Sotnikova, Pavel A. Dolgushev, and Maria V. Alekseeva. "Development of Comprehensive Analysis of Pyrolysis Products for Lignocellulose Raw Materials and Sludge Sediments by Chromatographic Methods." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Chemistry 14, no. 4 (December 2021): 489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1998-2836-0240.

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This paper presents a study of the pyrolysis products organic raw materials (bio-oil and sludge sediments of treatment facilities) by chromatographic methods. A feature of the work is to optimize the sample preparation procedure by fractionating the pyrolysis products. Using the method of gel permeation chromatography, molecular weight distribution of pyrolysis products was assessed. Determination of the water content in these objects (by Karl Fischer titration) was used to assess the possibility of their direct analysis by gas chromatography. A sample of sludge pyrolysis and several fractions obtained from a bio-oil sample were analyzed. By the method of two-dimensional gas chromatography, where a selfdeveloped column based on an ionic liquid was used as the first measurement column, the pyrolysate of sludge sediments and the ether fraction of bio-oil were analyzed. The obtained chromatograms and quantitative results are presented

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Thurn, Nicholas, Mary Williams, and Michael Sigman. "Application of Self-Organizing Maps to the Analysis of Ignitable Liquid and Substrate Pyrolysis Samples." Separations 5, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations5040052.

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Classification of un-weathered ignitable liquids is a problem that is currently addressed by visual pattern recognition under the guidelines of Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, ASTM E1618-14. This standard method does not separately address the identification of substrate pyrolysis patterns. This report details the use of a Kohonen self-organizing map coupled with extracted ion spectra to organize ignitable liquids and substrate pyrolysis samples on a two-dimensional map with groupings that correspond to the ASTM-classifications and separate the substrate pyrolysis samples from the ignitable liquids. The component planes give important information regarding the ions from the extracted ion spectra that contribute to the different classes. Some additional insight is gained into grouping of substrate pyrolysis samples based on the nature of the unburned material as a wood or non-wood material. Further subclassification was not apparent from the self-organizing maps (SOM) results.

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Haji, Abdul Gani. "Komponen Kimia Asap Cair Hasil Pirolisis Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit." Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v9i3.779.

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Chemical components of liquid smoke which is produced via pyrolisis of palm oil solid waste have been analyzed by using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Solid waste consists of shell, empty fruit bunch, and palm fiber. Solid waste was obtained from palm oil manufactory in Tanjung Semantok, Aceh province. The objective of this research was to investigate the chemical components in liquid smoke obtained from various palm oil solid waste. Sample was pyrolyzed at 500°C for 5 hours by using tube furnace reactor type 21100 which is equipped by thermolyne as temperature adjustment. The yield of pyrolysis from shell, empty fruit bunch and palm fiber are 52,02; 29,59; and 34,88%, respectively. The results showed that 27; 13 and 11 compounds of chemical were observed in liquid smoke obtained by pyrolysis of shell, empty fruit bunch, and palm fiber, respectively. Overall, acetic acid and phenol are the highest concentration of chemical obtained in this research.

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Musadi, Maya R., Siti Salma, Faza Rozada, Nazhifa Rifda Annisaa, Anissa Lucyana, Fanny Faulina, and Farhan Khalid. "Investigation of the Effects of Temperature and Catalyst on the Liquid Products of Waste Lubricant Oil Catalytic Pyrolysis." E3S Web of Conferences 484 (2024): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448401001.

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Catalytic pyrolysis is the process in which organic materials undergo catalytic thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen. In this study, catalytic pyrolysis was conducted by heating waste lubricant oil in a modified catalytic reactor for 60 minutes at 350, 450, and 550°C. Furthermore, the effect of a catalyst on the pyrolysis of waste lubricant oil was investigated. The catalyst used was natural zeolite with particle sizes of 70/100 mesh, 200/250 mesh and > 400 mesh. The catalytic pyrolysis liquid products obtained were then analyzed to determine the viscosity, density, heat value and composition of carbon compounds. The results show that temperature, the addition of catalysts and the catalyst particle size affect the physical and chemical properties of liquid products. On the basis of these properties, liquid products can be grouped into several types of liquid fuels namely, gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The liquid products obtained with a catalytic pyrolysis at temperature 550°C and catalyst particle size of > 400 mesh have a density, viscosity, yield and heating value of 829.760 kg/m3, 1.9508 mPa⋅s, 45.33% and 10.981 calories/gram, respectively. The composition of carbon compounds in liquid products is 20.39% for C < 8 compounds and 79.61% for C8-C18 compounds. These liquids are similar to gasoline, kerosene and diesel.

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Fulgencio-Medrano, Laura, Sara García-Fernández, Asier Asueta, Alexander Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, Borja B. Perez-Martinez, and José María Arandes. "Oil Production by Pyrolysis of Real Plastic Waste." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030553.

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The aim of this paper is for the production of oils processed in refineries to come from the pyrolysis of real waste from the high plastic content rejected by the recycling industry of the Basque Country (Spain). Concretely, the rejected waste streams were collected from (1) a light packaging waste sorting plant, (2) the paper recycling industry, and (3) a waste treatment plant of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The influence of pre-treatments (mechanical separation operations) and temperature on the yield and quality of the liquid fraction were evaluated. In order to study the pre-treatment effect, the samples were pyrolyzed at 460 °C for 1 h. As pre-treatments concentrate on the suitable fraction for pyrolysis and reduce the undesirable materials (metals, PVC, PET, inorganics, cellulosic materials), they improve the yield to liquid products and considerably reduce the halogen content. The sample with the highest polyolefin content achieved the highest liquid yield (70.6 wt.% at 460 °C) and the lowest chlorine content (160 ppm) among the investigated samples and, therefore, was the most suitable liquid to use as refinery feedstock. The effect of temperature on the pyrolysis of this sample was studied in the range of 430–490 °C. As the temperature increased the liquid yield increased and solid yield decreased, indicating that the conversion was maximized. At 490 °C, the pyrolysis oil with the highest calorific value (44.3 MJ kg−1) and paraffinic content (65% area), the lowest chlorine content (128 ppm) and more than 50 wt.% of diesel was obtained.

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Fombu, A. H., A. E. Ochonogor, and O. E. Olayide. "Characterization of Cashew Nut Shell Pyrolysis Liquid: As a Source of Sustainable Energy and a Precursor in many Chemical Industries." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1178, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1178/1/012013.

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Abstract 20 g cashew nut shell (CNS) was pyrolyzed in a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor at a temperature of 700 °C, heating rate of 100 °C/min, and time of 45 minutes. The cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) obtained was 61.3 %. Proximate and ultimate analyses, viscosity (cp), density (g/ml), pH, FT-IR, and GC-MS were carried out on the liquid. The results from the GC-MS and FT-IR analyses showed that the liquid consist mainly of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The GC-MS analysis showed the different compounds present in this liquid and their relative abundance. From analyses, the liquid had an ash content of 0.06 %, sulphur content of 0.30 %, density of 0.992 g/ml, and a pH of 4.3.

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Zhao, Chenxi, Yupeng Xing, Wei Lv, Juhui Chen, Xiaogang Liu, Aihui Chen, and Xianli Liu. "Effect of pyrolysis temperature on volatile products from hazelnut shells: products characteristics and antioxidant activity assessment of liquid products." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 19, no. 4 (March 9, 2021): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2020-0217.

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Abstract It is being considered to pyrolyze lignin-rich biomass samples (hazelnut shells, HSs) into bio-fuels and chemicals to solve energy shortages and environmental concerns, volatile products (including liquid products and gas products) were produced and characterized from HSs pyrolysis at 400–1000 °C. With the temperature increases, the maximum output of liquid products was up to 35.79% produced at 700 °C, gas products yields increased from 21.82 to 55.46%. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) study indicated that liquid products from HSs riched in phenolic compounds, exceed 42% of liquid products and increased as the temperature rises. The application experiment showed that HSs liquid products had a significant role in antioxidant activity, and revealed that not limited to phenols, all compounds containing phenolic hydroxyl structure act as antioxidant. Composition analysis of gas products showed that more combustible gases were produced at the higher temperature, resulted in the significant increase in gas products higher heating value (HHV) from 6.21 to 24.36 MJ/kg.

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AlMohamadi, Hamad, Abdulrahman Aljabri, Essam R. I. Mahmoud, Sohaib Z. Khan, Meshal S. Aljohani, and Rashid Shamsuddin. "Catalytic Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste: Effects of Pyrolysis Parameters." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 2 (March 17, 2021): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10499.342-352.

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Burning municipal solid waste (MSW) increases CO2, CH4, and SO2 emissions, leading to an increase in global warming, encouraging governments and researchers to search for alternatives. The pyrolysis process converts MSW to oil, gas, and char. This study investigated catalytic and noncatalytic pyrolysis of MSW to produce oil using MgO-based catalysts. The reaction temperature, catalyst loading, and catalyst support were evaluated. Magnesium oxide was supported on active carbon (AC) and Al2O3 to assess the role of support in MgO catalyst activity. The liquid yields varied from 30 to 54 wt% based on the experimental conditions. For the noncatalytic pyrolysis experiment, the highest liquid yield was 54 wt% at 500 °C. The results revealed that adding MgO, MgO/Al2O3, and MgO/AC declines the liquid yield and increases the gas yield. The catalysts exhibited significant deoxygenation activity, which enhances the quality of the pyrolysis oil and increases the heating value of the bio-oil. Of the catalysts that had high deoxygenation activity, MgO/AC had the highest relative yield. The loading of MgO/AC varied from 5 to 30 wt% of feed to the pyrolysis reactor. As the catalyst load increases, the liquid yield declines, while the gas and char yields increase. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Gupta, Murlidhar, Jacques Monnier, Eric Turriff, and Mark Boyd. "Partial deoxygenation of biomass derived pyrolysis liquids." E3S Web of Conferences 61 (2018): 00018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186100018.

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Biomass pyrolysis liquids (also known as bio-oil), are derived from renewable lignocellulosic biomass residues by fast pyrolysis process. These second-generation oxygenated hydrocarbon resources have the potential to partially substitute for petroleum-derived feedstocks and thus enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of our natural resources. However, in contrast to petroleum fuels, biomass-derived pyrolysis liquids contain a large amount of oxygen, usually 40-50% wt% (wet basis). This undesirable high oxygen content in pyrolysis liquids is considered as the primary reason for its high polarity, high acidity, lower stability, lower energy density and very low miscibility with conventional crude refining feedstocks. There are two major pathways for upgrading the pyrolysis liquids. While hydrodeoxygenation route is one of the most explored options, it requires production and supply of large amounts of expensive hydrogen at high pressures, mandating large and centralized upgrading plants, and thus large capital investment. In this paper, we discuss an alternative method of pyrolysis liquid upgrading, using cheap and affordable hydrogen donor additives and catalysts to promote partial deoxygenation at near atmospheric pressure. This approach is preferably to be used as a pre-treatment and stabilizing method for pyrolysis liquids in the close vicinity of remote biomass pyrolysis plants. The pre-treated oil, then can be shipped for further hydrocracking process in a centralized co-processing facility. Preliminary results from the initial proof of concept experiments involving a 200 g/h gas-phase continuous fast catalytic cracking system with continuous coke removal to enhance deoxygenation performance are presented. These results indicate positive impact of catalyst bed on quality and yield of the upgraded bio-oil product in terms of pH, viscosity, degree of deoxygenation, oil yield and concentration of hydrogen in the off gases.

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Kar, Turgay, Ömer Kaygusuz, Mükrimin Şevket Güney, Erdem Cuce, Sedat Keleş, Saboor Shaik, Abdulhameed Babatunde Owolabi, Benyoh Emmanuel Kigha Nsafon, Johnson Makinwa Ogunsua, and Jeung-Soo Huh. "Fast Pyrolysis of Tea Bush, Walnut Shell, and Pine Cone Mixture: Effect of Pyrolysis Parameters on Pyrolysis Crop Yields." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (September 14, 2023): 13718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813718.

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Liquid products obtained by the fast pyrolysis process applied to biomass can be used as chemical raw materials and liquid fuels. In this study, tea bush, walnut shell, and pine cone samples selected as biomass samples were obtained from Trabzon and Rize provinces in the Eastern Black Sea Region and used. When considered in terms of our region, the available biomass waste samples are easy to access and have a high potential in quantity. To employ them in the experimental investigation, these biomass samples were first ground, sieved to a particle size of 1.0 mm, and mixed. A fast pyrolysis process was applied to this obtained biomass mixture in a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. The effects of temperature, heating rate, and nitrogen flow rate on the product yields of the fast pyrolysis technique used on the biomass mixture are examined. A constant particle size of 1.0 mm, temperatures of 300, 400, 500, 600, and 750 °C, heating rates of 100, 250, 400, and 600 °C.min−1, and flow rates of 50, 100, 200, and 300 cm3.min−1 were used in tests on fast pyrolysis. The studies showed the 500 °C pyrolysis temperature, 100 °C min−1 heating rate, and 50 cm3.min−1 nitrogen flow rate gave the maximum liquid product yield. The liquid product generated under the most compelling circumstances is analyzed to determine moisture, calorific value, fixed carbon, ash, raw coke, and volatile matter. Additionally, the crude bio-oil heating value, measured at 5900 cal/g and produced under the most favorable pyrolysis circumstances, rose by around 40% compared to its starting material. The liquid product obtained from rapid pyrolysis experiments can be used as liquid fuel. The evaluation of the potential of chemical raw materials can be a subject of research in a different discipline since there are many chemical raw materials (glycerine, furfurals, cellulose and derivatives, carbonaceous materials, and so forth) in fast pyrolysis liquids.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Liquide de pyrolyse'

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