Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Liquides – Décontamination'
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Tronche, Eric. "Décontamination des effluents liquides faiblement radioactifs par voie électrochimique." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT065G.
Full textSuwanporung, Uraïwan. "Décontamination de déchets liquides radioactifs à faible salinité par résines échangeuses d'ions broyées : étude expérimentale par simulation en milieu non radioactif." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30051.
Full textDame, Cécile. "Etude des relations entre la stabilité des mousses de décontamination nucléaire et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30012.
Full textThe LPAD (French Atomic Energy Commission) develops innovative processes in the frame of the future dismantling of nuclear facilities. Formulations were developed using high viscosified foams stabilized by biodegradable nonionic surfactants : alkyl polyglucosides and viscosifiers (xanthan gum), which allow us to increase the foam lifetime and thus contact time of chemical reactants with the facility walls. We have considered the relationships between physicochemical properties and foam stability through the exploration of the foam at three different scales: from the molecular range (micelles, surface tension and viscoelasticity), to the film and Plateau border range (XR reflectivity, surface shear viscosity) and to macroscopic range, meaning the whole foam (foaminess, liquid fraction and wall film thickness evolution). Finally, exploratory study is presented concerning simultaneous foam three scales characterisation by small angle neutron scattering
Flouret, Julie. "Étude et modélisation d'un réacteur de coprécipitation innovant pour le traitement d'effluents liquides radioactifs." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0161/document.
Full textIn order to decontaminate radioactive liquid wastes of low and intermediate levels, the coprecipitation is the process industrially used. The aim of this PhD work is to optimize the continuous process of coprecipitation. To do so, an innovative reactor is designed and modelled: the continuous reactor/classifier. Two model systems are studied: the coprecipitation of strontium by barium sulphate and the sorption of cesium by PPFeNi. The simulated effluent contains sodium nitrate in order to consider the high ionic strength of radioactive liquid wastes. First, each model system is studied on its own, and then a simultaneous treatment is performed. The kinetic laws of nucleation and crystal growth of barium sulphate are determined and incorporated into the coprecipitation model. Kinetic studies and sorption isotherms of cesium by PPFeNi are also performed in order to acquire the necessary data for process modelling. The modelling realised enables accurate prediction of the residual strontium and cesium concentrations according to the process used: it is a valuable tool for the optimization of existing units, but also the design of future units. The continuous reactor/classifier presents many advantages compared to the classical continuous process: the decontamination efficiency of strontium and cesium is highly improved while the volume of sludge generated by the process is reduced. A better liquid/solid separation is observed in the reactor/classifier and the global installation is significantly more compact. Thus, the radioactive liquid wastes treatment processes can be intensified by the continuous reactor/classifier, which represents a very promising technology for future industrial application
Pacary, Vincent. "Étude des procédés de décontamination des effluents liquides radioactifs par coprécipitation : de la modélisation à la conception de nouveaux procédés." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL057N/document.
Full textTo decontaminate liquid nuclear wastes, the coprecipitation process is the most commonly used in nuclear field because it can be applied to any type of aqueous effluents whatever their composition may be. This process deals with the in situ precipitation of solid particles to selectively remove one or more radioelements. The aim of this PhD work is to investigate phenomena which take place during the coprecipitation of a trace component. To reach this objective, we have proposed a new modelling of the coprecipitation mechanism. The originality of this new approach lies in the possibility to simulate the phenomenon in non equilibrium conditions and at the reactor scale. This modelling combined with the resolution of the population balance, enable to identify the influence of process parameters (flowrates, stirring speed…) on crystal size and ultimately on decontamination. To test this new modelling, simulations of the coprecipitation of strontium ions with barium sulphate have been performed in continuous and semibatch reactors. Thanks to these simulations, laws of the treatment efficiency variation as a function of several process parameters (mean residence time, stirring speed, BaSO4 concentration) have been determined and experimentally verified. This study leads to the determination of optimal treatment conditions. Three apparatus (recycling apparatus, fluidised bed and reactor/settling tank) providing these optimal conditions have been successfully tested and offered significant outlooks for the reduction of the volume of sludge produced by the process. Two new processes are patent pending
Invernizzi, Laurent. "Développement, caractérisation et optimisation d'une source plasma pour le traitement de liquides." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30231.
Full textIn recent decades, a growing interest in the characterization and optimization of atmospheric pressure plasma jets has emerged due to the variety of possible applications. One of them concerns the decontamination of liquids containing pollutants. Indeed, plasma jets are capable of creating oxidizing agents such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), electric fields, UV/VUV radiation and charged species. In particular, the variety and number of RONS that are created and deposited in the liquid phase are two key parameters. Understanding and optimizing them is fundamental to the development of an effective plasma source for liquid decontamination. The creation of RONS is possible by a cascade of energy transfers between the species in the plasma, the surrounding air and the liquid target placed in contact with the plasma jet. Therefore, it is necessary to study the species providing these RONS, namely the metastable helium atoms He(23S). These species have the particularity of storing a relatively high energy (19.8 eV), and can release it several tens of nanoseconds after, in the case of plasma in He + 0.2% O2 mixture. The collision between these metastables and air species causes the creation of reactive species in the gas and liquid phase. These reactive species can then reduce or destroy the pollutant present in the water. In this work, the study is separated in three parts: the plasma, the liquid, and the biocidal efficiency of the plasma jet. The study of the source geometry influence, the flow rate or the gas mixture on the quantity of metastable helium atoms in the plasma jet is performed by laser absorption spectroscopy. The use of Abel inversion allows the density and lifetime of these species to be determined locally in the plasma jet during its interaction with a liquid target. Optical emission spectroscopy is used to map all excited species between 200 and 1000 nm present in the plasma jet. These excited species in the plasma are also studied using an intensified camera to monitor the spatial and temporal evolution of the plasma jet during its propagation in the air. The asymmetric source, whose mass electrode has a larger surface than a conventional source (symmetric source), produces more metastable helium atoms and excited species. The quantities of the main RONS (hydrogen peroxides, nitrites and nitrates) were measured in the liquid. The complex molecule targeted in this study to model water pollutant is methylene blue.[...]
Gouvion, Saint-Cyr Diane de. "Décontamination de radionucléides dans des effluents liquides par une micro-algue : étude de faisabilité à l'échelle laboratoire et à l'échelle pilote." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13503.
Full textNuclear plants produce radioactive liquid wastes which are decontaminated before they are released. Radioactive cobalt and silver are the main radionuclides released by water pressurized reactor, after tritium and carbon 14. Liquid effluents are decontaminated by physic-chemical processes, such as evaporation, coagulation, sorption and ion exchange. These technologies are very efficient but cannot neutralize entirely the carbon-14 and, in the case of emergency situation, they are difficult to implement in order to decontaminate high amount of radioactive liquids. It is necessary to look for alternative decontamination methods. Bio-remediation technologies may constitute interesting alternatives in the nuclear field as well, but only a few bio-based technologies have been proposed. This work aims to develop a treatment unit based on the use of a photosynthetic micro-alga, extremely radio-tolerant and owning high capacity to concentrate radionuclides and toxic metals. The technical specification was draft to design the process and construct the pilot unit taking into account the constraints linked to the use of a biological matrix in a nuclear environment. The pilot-scale treatment unit, based on this micro-alga, includes different tasks to ensure the objectives of the process: algae have first to be produced in a growth medium and harvested before ensuring the treatment of the contaminated effluent. The feasibility of these operations is studied at laboratory scale. Operating conditions and monitoring and optimization tools for each step, (i) biomass production, (ii) biomass separation and concentration by microfiltration, (iii) effluent decontamination of silver-110m, cobalt-60, carbon-14, are sought. Based on the results obtained at laboratory scale, the feasibility of bio-decontamination of radionuclides by the micro-alga at pilot-scale is studied and demonstrated. Through this work, the development of an innovative process has to be considered for the decontamination of liquid effluents from the nuclear industry. This work confirms the high potential of algae to ensure the pollutants elimination
Guevar, Célia. "Etude du couplage échange d’ions - coprécipitation avec des sorbants minéraux au Ba : application à la décontamination sélective en 90Sr d’effluents liquides radioactifs." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENCM0011.
Full textThis thesis concerns the treatment of radioactive wastewaters, specifically 90Sr containing highly saline effluents.Two types of Ba2+ containing ion exchange materials were examined as possible Sr sorbents: a barium titanate and a barium zeolite LTA. The extractants originality lies in its double extraction mechanism. Firstly, the majority of the Sr present in the solution is removed via ion exchange with the Ba present in the sorbent. A secondary process then sees the now free Ba precipitate onto the sorbents surface as BaSO4. The effluent itself is the sulfate source. This precipitation reaction initiates a second coprecipitation reaction with the remaining Sr. Strontium coprecipitation with barium sulfate is crucial to leading to a high strontium selectivity in the presence of calcium. This thesis outlines a mechanistic and comparative study which will hopefully open the way to the development of new strontium selective sorbents.The barium zeolite, which is more efficient (higher capacity and selectivity) than the barium titanate for treatment of saline effluents, was evaluated for use in industrial type processes (stirred reactor and column). Experiments conducted with variable supersaturation or molar ratio [SO4]/[Ba] allowed us to identify optimal conditions for the use of barium zeolite powders in batch type stirred reactor. These results demonstrate the potential of this material to replace the current coprecipitation process in stirred reactors, which is carried out in effluent treatment plants. Barium zeolite beads were also evaluated for effluent treatment in a column type continuous process. Ion diffusion kinetics in the material were shown to be limiting for this continuous process. The material shaping has still to be optimized.Keywords: decontamination, strontium, selectivity, ion exchange, titanate, zeolite LTA, coprecipitation, barium sulfate
Merceille, Aurélie. "Etude d'échangeurs d'ions minéraux pour la décontamination liquide en strontium." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20183/document.
Full textThe problems of chemical pollution of water have become a major concern and a priority for the nuclear industry.The aim of this work is to study some ion exchangers used for the removal of strontium ions because 90Sr is one of a major pollutant in nuclear liquid wastes. This study allows linking the physical and chemical properties of these materials and their sorption properties. This work presents therefore the synthesis of two materials - sodium nonatitanate and zeolite A - selected for their specific sorption properties of strontium: A second part of this work is dedicated to the study of specific exchange capacities of these materials for the strontium in presence of other elements such as sodium and calcium. Batch experiments were performed and kinetic and ion exchange models have been applied to understand the selectivity of the materials for strontium removal. Sodium nonatitanate and zeolite A are also studied in actual effluents.Monoliths of zeolite A have been also tested in dynamic ion exchange process. This material is promising for the treatment of radioactive effluents in continuous flow because it joins the sorption properties of the zeolite powder with the advantage of a solid with a macroporous network
Villard, Arnaud. "Mélange d'électrolytes en solution : de la modélisation à l'application pour la décontamination du strontium par le nonatitanate de sodium." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS133/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the ionics decontamination of aqueous solutions by ionic oxide exchangers with a particular focus on the strontium adsorption by the sodium nonatitanate. The goal is to develop a predictive model takes into account the phenomena involved, and the deviations to the ideality into the solution but also in the material.The activity coefficients of the ions in solution have been calculated from an approach based on the MSA theory (Mean Spherical Approximation), where the specific association phenomenons have been taken into account. This allowed for calculating the ionic activity coefficients in the ternary mixtures. The validity of mixture laws of Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson and McKay-Perring has been also specified. Two activity models, which represent the long and the short-range interactions, have been used for the ionic studied in the solid. The adsorption isotherms at various concentrations have been hence modeled.A pH-metric study has also been performed on the sodium nonatitanate in order to determine the hydrolysis constant as well as the solid hydrolysis rate. A structural and morphologic study allowed for highlighting that for highly acidic solutions the sodium nonatitanate is dissolved and precipitated again under different crystallographic forms of the TiO2
Plumecocq, William. "Etude de l'interaction d'un système d'aspersion liquide avec l'atmosphère environnante." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11020.
Full textPouvreau, Jérôme. "Contribution à la modélisation de la décontamination par mousse liquide : étude expérimentale et théorique de l'écoulement de la mousse et du film liquide formé en paroi." Grenoble INPG, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPG0033.
Full textAlHaddad, Nancy. "Synthèse de nouvelles entités complexantes à base de calix[4]pyrrole pour la décontamination des milieux aquatiques en radionucléides naturels." Thesis, Littoral, 2020. https://documents.univ-littoral.fr/access/content/group/50b76a52-4e4b-4ade-a198-f84bc4e1bc3c/BULCO/Th%C3%A8ses/Toxicologie/Version_finale_These_Nancy_AlHaddad.pdf.
Full textRadionuclides are found naturally in air, soil and water and generate radioactivity in the environment. As a result of recent anthropogenic activities such as uranium mining or the production of oil and natural gaz, larger quantities of natural radionucleides have been released and induce a risk to Human Health. One of the most important routes for Human contamination with radionucleides, other than inhalation, is water contamination that results from the high hydro-solubility of certain radionuclide salts. In fact, maximum contaminant levels for radionuclides contamination, especially in public water supplies, have been internationally regulated. In order to comply with these requirements, methods for decontaminating water from radionuclides have been developes, among which macrocyclic extractants such as calixpyrroles. With a preorganized cyclic structure, these macrocycles exhibit chelating properties that are also found in their phenoxycalix[4]pyrrole (PCP) homologs. However, the latter has an increased potential for chemical functionalization allowing the introduction of additional chelation sites due to the presence of four phenolic entities. In this context, the synthesis of PCP derivatives and the study of their ability to complex and extract stable or radioactive elements have been studied. For this, the functionalization of the PCP was carried out by functional groups such as : carboxylic acid, hydroxamic acid, azide, amine and heteroaryl-extended derivatives. At the end of these syntheses, the study of the chelation capacities of the derivative 2-pyridino-1,2,3-triazolo-PCP was carried out and the existence of a selective complexation of ferrous and ferric iron in DMSO was demonstrated by molecular fluorescence. As for the chelation capacities for halides, they were studied by ¹H NMR and molecular fluorescence titrations and showed a selectivity for fluoride. A second part of this work was devoted to the synthesis and study of the properties of a new polymerof PCP crosslinked by epichlorohydrin (PCP-EP), in the aim of engaging it into solid/liquid extractions, applied for the decontamination of aqueous effluents containing radionuclides. In this series of polymers, PCP-EP is the first to be reported in literature. Accordingly, its structure was determined by NMR, FTIR and TGA, then its chelation capacities towards halides was tested by ion chromatography after solid/liquid extractions. The results demonstrated that this polymer, unlike its monomeric structure, has a higher affinity for iodide. The solid/liquid extraction capacities of radionuclides by PCP-EP were then studied by a gamma spectrometer coupled to a High Purity Germanium detector, using aqueous solutions containing radionuclides and resulted in an extraction rate of 22% for Ra-226. The development of a Doehlert experimental design was then carried out in order to optimize the experimental extraction conditions. During this step, the study of BA²⁺, a stable metal with a chemical behavior similar to RA²⁺, was prioritized in order to reduce the production of radioactive waste. The results of this experimental design led to optimal extraction conditions of pH, temperature and time, which translated to an aqueous radionuclides-containing solution, showed the ability of PCP-EP to extract 89% Ra-226
Mirghaffari, Nourollah. "Décontamination des solutions contenant des métaux lourds par des déchets forestiers ou agricoles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL058N.
Full textDa, Conceicão Louis. "La décontamination chimique par les composés peroxygénés générés in situ, de synthèse et commerciaux : étude particulière de l'acide perpropionique : le premier peracide liquide industriel stable et miscible à l'eau." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077180.
Full textConstantin, Boris. "Dragage des sédiments contaminés du lac Saint-Augustin (Québec) et séparation des phases solide-liquide : essai pilote sur plateforme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30024/30024.pdf.
Full textBecause of urban and agricultural pollution, Saint-Augustin Lake (Quebec) is in a eutrophic state, with high content of phosphorus ([Ptot] = 60-120 µg/L). As its sediments are the main source of phosphorus, two techniques of contaminated sediment management were assessed during in situ experiment on a floating platform with enclosures: hydraulic dredging (by pumping) and mechanical dredging (with a clamshell bucket). Three techniques of solid-liquid separation were also assessed on the dredged sediment: decantation, coagulation-filtration and separation by hydrocyclone. The hydraulic dredging managed to limit the phosphorus release from the sediment, not like the mechanical dredging that also caused a resuspension of sediment. The coagulation-filtration and the decantation enabled to obtain a liquid phase clearer than lake water with a very low content in phosphorus, [Psoluble] < 10 µg/L.
Combernoux, Nicolas. "Traitement d'effluents nucléaires aqueux : étude de la dégradation des membranes d'osmose inverse sous irradiation gamma." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4374.
Full textThe treatment of nuclear liquid wastes by reverse osmosis (RO) involved issues of the water radiolysis and the membrane ageing due to ɣ irradiation effects. Membrane performances (permeability, strontium and cesium retention) were assessed after ɣ irradiation. Irradiation was carried out with an external 60Co source in different conditions that simulated real used of the process (dose from 0.1 to 1 MGy, dose rate of 0.5 and 5 kGy.h-1, with or without oxygen or water). Several analytical methods were performed to evaluate irradiation effects (ATR-FTIR, XPS, gas production, water soluble species released from the membrane). The methodology developed led to relevant information due to an innovative analytical protocol. Membrane performances started dropping between 0.2 and 0.5 MGy with oxygen and water (dose rate 0.5 kGy.h-1). This shift was linked to chains scissions inside the membrane active layer. The membrane degradation was weaker without oxygen or water or at high dose rate (5 kGy.h-1). Results showed that each analysis comforted each other. Membrane performances were also evaluated with three different types of liquid effluents, representing radioactive effluents from a post-disaster situation (groundwater type), disaster situation (seawater) or process water. Experiments were carried out at lab and pilote scales. Results indicated that the treatment of each effluent was possible by RO with an adequate choice of membrane and operating parameters. Finally, the time to reach an integrated dose threshold for the membrane in real conditions was estimated with the RABBI software : a dozen of days in the case of disaster situation to several years in the two other cases