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Academic literature on the topic 'Literal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Literal"

1

Saragi, Christina Natalina. "TINDAK TUTUR MENYURUH PADA KEGIATAN ULAON UNJUK (UPACARA PUNCAK PERNIKAHAN) ADAT BATAK TOBA: PERSPEKTIF GENDER Order Speech Act in Ulaon Unjuk (The Ceremony of Peak Wedding) in Batak's Toba Culture: Gender Perspective." Jurnal Lingko : Jurnal Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jl.v2i1.47.

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Tujuan tindak tutur menyuruh adalah mempengaruhi mitra tutur melakukan atau tidak melakukan apa yang terdapat dalam tuturan penutur. Tujuan penelitian untuk menemukan realisasi serta strategi bertutur dari sub tindak tutur menyuruh oleh tamu pria dan tamu wanita dalam kegiatan ulaon unjuk (upacara puncak pernikahan) adat Batak Toba di Tebing Tinggi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi, melakukan perekaman terhadap kegiatan ulaon unjuk dengan alat rekam atau dengan video dan setelah itu melakukan ditranskip otografis dengan

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Popov, Nikolai. "The Literal and the Literary." Iowa Review 32, no. 3 (2002): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5580.

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Stern, Barbara B. "“Crafty Advertisers”: Literary versus Literal Deceptiveness." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 11, no. 1 (1992): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569201100108.

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The purpose of this paper is to use literary theory to extend prior categorizations of message claims that are likely to result in deception by implication from the level of the individual claim to that of the advertisement's overall meaning. The paper will first summarize three literary forms that advertising has adapted—metonymy, irony, and absurdity—and discuss each in terms of how form and content interact to yield the whole verbal meaning of a text. These forms can be used to structure an ad so that the totality misleads the consumer by perverting meaning in three different ways. Metonymy

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Lemberski, Igor. "Literal Decomposition for LUT-Oriented Asynchronous Dual-Rail Logic Synthesis." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, no. 07 (2015): 1550110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126615501108.

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In the case of the reconfigurable module, the popular logic function implementation is based on the look-up-table (LUT) structure. Once a Boolean network of single-rail n-variable node functions is transformed into a dual-rail one, each variable is represented as two literals: x and its inversion x′ and implemented using two separate signals. As a result, (2n + 1)-input LUTs are required for mapping node functions. To reduce the capacity of required LUTs, the literal decomposition method is proposed. It is applied to implement a dual-rail node function using k-input LUTs, n < k < (2n + 1

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CHEN, PO-CHI, and SUH-YIN LEE. "AN IMPROVEMENT TO TOP-DOWN CLAUSE SPECIALIZATION." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 07, no. 01 (1998): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213098000068.

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One remarkable progress of recent research in machine learning is inductive logic programming (ILP). In most ILP system, clause specialization is one of the most important tasks. Usually, the clause specialization is performed by adding a literal at a time using hill-climbing heuristics. However, the single-literal addition can be caught by local pits when more than one literal needs to be added at a time increase the accuracy. Several techniques have been proposed for this problem but are restricted to relational domains. In this paper, we propose a technique called structure subtraction to c

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Pollack, Courtney. "Same-different judgments with alphabetic characters: The case of literal symbol processing." Journal of Numerical Cognition 5, no. 2 (2019): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v5i2.163.

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Learning mathematics requires fluency with symbols that convey numerical magnitude. Algebra and higher-level mathematics involve literal symbols, such as "x", that often represent numerical magnitude. Compared to other symbols, such as Arabic numerals, literal symbols may require more complex processing because they have strong pre-existing associations in literacy. The present study tested this notion using same-different tasks that produce less efficient judgments for different magnitudes that are closer together compared to farther apart (i.e., same-different distance effects). Twenty-four

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Lewin, Renato A., and Irene F. Mikenberg. "Literal-paraconsistent and literal-paracomplete matrices." MLQ 52, no. 5 (2006): 478–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/malq.200510044.

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Oh, Young-Seok. "An Analysis of First-Year Middle School Students' Process of Connecting Literal Symbols and Algeblocks through Peirce's Semeiotic Perspective." Educational Research Institute 45, no. 1 (2025): 197–215. https://doi.org/10.34245/jed.45.1.197.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the process by which first-year middle school students connect algeblocks with literal symbols from Peirce's semeiotic perspective, and the difficulties they experience in this process. For this purpose, a teaching experiment was conducted with four first-year students from J Middle School in Seoul over a period of two months, comprising a total of eight class sessions. The results showed that students connected algeblocks with literal symbols through the formation of complex relationships among signs, objects, and interpretants. Students first identifi

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Klingbeil, Martin G. "Mapping the Literary to the Literal Image." Die Welt des Orients 39, no. 2 (2009): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/wdor.2009.39.2.205.

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Darwiche, Adnan, and Pierre Marquis. "On Quantifying Literals in Boolean Logic and its Applications to Explainable AI." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 72 (October 11, 2021): 285–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12756.

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   Quantified Boolean logic results from adding operators to Boolean logic for existentially and universally quantifying variables. This extends the reach of Boolean logic by enabling a variety of applications that have been explored over the decades. The existential quantification of literals (variable states) and its applications have also been studied in the literature. In this paper, we complement this by introducing and studying universal literal quantification and its applications, particularly to explainable AI. We also provide a novel semantics for quantification, dis

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Literal"

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Sturdee, David I. "On the distinction between literal and non-literal language." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0007/NQ41319.pdf.

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Zelnio, Holly K. "Decision Support for Literal and Non-Literal Imaging Sensors." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1516117181357102.

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Rosini, Amanda. "Sacrifice in Genesis 22 : literal polemic or literary construct." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112512.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of human sacrifice within the narrative of Genesis 22:1--19. For several decades, biblical scholarship has interpreted the role of human sacrifice within this particular narrative as an established and accepted practice, which was, only later abolished and replaced by the Law of Redemption (Ex 22:29--30). This thesis will study the archaeological data surrounding the practice of ritual human sacrifice in the expectation that it will provide added insight into the meaning of the ritual act within the narrative of Genesis 22.<br>The study will al

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Speight, Pamela Jean. "Outside the literal." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1303325609.

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Chng, Soke Wang. "Language thought and literal meaning." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/179.

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The notion of literalness in linguistics is based on the following assumptions: Linguistic expressions are vehicle-meaning p airs (since literal meaning has to be the meaning of something). Linguistic expressions have to be cognised a nd used (especially uttered) in order for their meanings to be regarded as literally theirs. "Linguistie, vehicle-meaning relations are fixed and autonomous- - rather than having particular meanings in virtue of being used to express those meanings," linguistie' vehicle-meaning p airs are used to express certain meanings in virtue of having the meanings th at the

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Moldovan, Andrei. "The Literal Meaning of Definite Descriptions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/294262.

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This thesis focuses on the semantics of definite descriptions (DDs). In chapter 1 I introduce a framework for doing compositional semantics for natural language that follows Heim and Kratzer (1998) and Fintel and Heim (2011). I also address a number of issues concerning the methodology of natural language semantics, as well as the theoretical desiderata that we aim to achieve. In chapter 2 I offer a reconstruction within this theoretical framework of three classical theories of DDs: the Russellian theory, the Fregean theory, and the Barwise and Cooper (1981) theory. Chapter 3 focuses on incomp

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Moore, Mark E. "The meaning of a literal intepretation." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.

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Freitas, Raquel Bernardes de. "A interpretação "não literal" das isenções." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/127917.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar a insuficiência do uso exclusivo do método literal de interpretação das isenções e sugerir critérios interpretativos e argumentativos adequados que permitam sem margem à arbitrariedade, mais intensamente promover os fins a que essas normas se destinam. Com base na disposição do artigo 111 do CTN, os dispositivos legais que se referem às isenções devem ser interpretados literalmente e, a análise de decisões dos Tribunais Superiores do País e da doutrina nacional demonstra que, na maior parte das vezes, a interpretação literal é adotada como forma de restri

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Seredin, А. P., and А. V. Bulashenko. "Explosive function of safe literal apparatus." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67609.

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Today, from time to time, the suburbs occupied by Russians in Donetsk are shocked by the fierce firing of machine guns and machine guns. It seems that they are firing from all available weapons, which is a serious battle or drunken fighters have argued against each other. In fact, they shoot in the air, trying to knock down Ukrainian "unmanned aerial vehicles" over them - the visionary eyes of the All-Ukrainian Soviet Union, which see the movement and location of enemy forces.

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Ramírez, Ludeña Lorena. "Literal Meaning and New Theories of Reference." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118675.

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Constant references to literal meaning and its relevance in order to preserve the rule of law (predictability, in particular) do not reflect the complexity of our language. In this paper I analyze the descriptivist conception that seems to underlie these references and I present an alternative conception, new theories of reference, that allows us to account for our language in general, and for legal interpretation in particular. Once a semantic conception is assumed, in the last part of the work I reflect on what arguments are relevant to adopt a certain interpretation when difficult cases ari

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Books on the topic "Literal"

1

Luis, Borges Jorge. Borges literal. Umbriático, 2006.

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Day, Jean. The literal world. Atelos, 1998.

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1945-, Libertella Héctor, ed. Literal, 1973-1977. Santiago Arcos Editor, 2002.

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Cavalcante, Cássio. Bate-papo literal. Enseada das Letras Edições Culturais, 2012.

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Augustine. Interpretación literal del Génesis. Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2006.

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Naumann, Edward Arthur, 1982- translator, writer of introduction, writer of notes, Nicholas, of Lyra, approximately 1270-1349, and Nicholas, of Lyra, approximately 1270-1349, eds. Literal commentary on Galatians. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 2015.

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7

Acker, Kathy. Literal madness: Three novels. Grove Press, 1988.

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Augustine. Interpretación literal del Génesis. Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2006.

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Loureiro, Victor. Literal: Literal, poesia 1988-1996 : Armazém do absurdo, poesia 1984-1987. Sette Letras, 1997.

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Rakova, Marina. The Extent of the Literal. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230512801.

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Book chapters on the topic "Literal"

1

Weik, Martin H. "literal." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_10409.

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Dusinberre, Juliet. "The Literary and the Literal." In Alice to the Lighthouse. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27357-7_7.

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Parks-Clifford, John E. "Literal Relevance." In Directions in Relevant Logic. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1005-8_3.

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Buckingham, Hugh W. "Literal Paraphasia." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_895.

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Buckingham, Hugh W. "Literal Paraphasia." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_895-2.

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Weik, Martin H. "string literal." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_18396.

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Weik, Martin H. "literal cryptosystem." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_10411.

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Weik, Martin H. "literal pool." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_10412.

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Weik, Martin H. "nonnumeric literal." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_12444.

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Weik, Martin H. "numeric literal." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary. Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_12630.

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Conference papers on the topic "Literal"

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Chen, Tong, Akari Asai, Niloofar Mireshghallah, et al. "CopyBench: Measuring Literal and Non-Literal Reproduction of Copyright-Protected Text in Language Model Generation." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.844.

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Abdelwahab, Youmna, Ole-Christoffer Granmo, and Lei Jiao. "Tsetlin Machine Literal Streaming with Absorbing Automata." In 2024 International Symposium on the Tsetlin Machine (ISTM). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/istm62799.2024.10931700.

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Hämmerl, Katharina, Tomasz Limisiewicz, Jindřich Libovický, and Alexander Fraser. "Beyond Literal Token Overlap: Token Alignability for Multilinguality." In Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 2: Short Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.naacl-short.63.

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Wang, Wenxuan, Yisi Zhang, Xingjian He, et al. "Beyond Literal Descriptions: Understanding and Locating Open-World Objects Aligned with Human Intentions." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.findings-acl.43.

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Darwiche, Adnan, and Pierre Marquis. "On Quantifying Literals in Boolean Logic and its Applications to Explainable AI (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/797.

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Quantified Boolean logic results from adding operators to Boolean logic for existentially and universally quantifying variables. This extends the reach of Boolean logic by enabling a variety of applications that have been explored over the decades. The existential quantification of literals (variable states) and its applications have also been studied in the literature. We complement this by studying universal literal quantification and its applications, particularly to explainable AI. We also provide a novel semantics for quantification and discuss the interplay between variable/literal and e

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Koetter, Alfie, and Emmett Zeifman. "Literal Digital." In 107th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.107.101.

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Linder, Mark. "Literal Digital." In ACADIA 2010: LIFE in:formation. ACADIA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2010.282.

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Groenink, Annius V. "Literal movement grammars." In the seventh conference. Association for Computational Linguistics, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/976973.976987.

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Köper, Maximilian, and Sabine Schulte im Walde. "Distinguishing Literal and Non-Literal Usage of German Particle Verbs." In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1039.

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Cabalar, Pedro, Jorge Fandinno, and Luis Fariñas del Cerro. "On the Splitting Property for Epistemic Logic Programs (Extended Abstract)." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/653.

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Epistemic logic programs constitute an extension of the stable model semantics to deal with new constructs called "subjective literals." Informally speaking, a subjective literal allows checking whether some objective literal is true in all or some stable models. However, its associated semantics has proved to be non-trivial, since the truth of subjective literals may interfere with the set of stable models it is supposed to query. As a consequence, no clear agreement has been reached and different semantic proposals have been made in the literature. In this paper, we review an extension of th

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Reports on the topic "Literal"

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Hinden, R., B. Carpenter, and L. Masinter. Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's. RFC Editor, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2732.

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Lämmle, Manuel, María Herrando, and Glen Ryan. Basic concepts of PVT collector technologies, applications and markets. IEA SHC Task 60, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task60-2020-0002.

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Report D5: The aim of this report is to provide a summary of the current state of the PVT collector technologies, applications, and markets. The contents of this report have been used to update and enhance a Wikipedia article on PVT in order to better inform on PVT a wide audience. Therefore, the main structure and some literal fragments of the current Wikipedia are reused. Instead of citing the literal fragments of the old Wikipedia article in the main text, we included the old article in appendix and marked the fragments that were reused.

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Ahmad, Farida, Robert Anderson, Jodi Cisewski, and Paul Sutton. Identification of Deaths With Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 From Death Certificate Literal Text: United States, January 1, 2020–June 30, 2022. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:121968.

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Markman, Arthur B. DURIP97 Human Cognitive Performance in the Interpretation of False Color Non-Literal Imagery. Defense Technical Information Center, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada346277.

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Streb, Jorge M., and Gustavo Torrens. Meaningful Talk. Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011676.

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This paper develops a semiotic-inferential model of verbal communication for incomplete information games: a language is seen as a set of conventional signs that point to types, and the credibility of a message depends on the strategic context. Formally, there is an encoding-decoding step where the receiver can understand the sender's message if and only if a common language is used, and an inferential step where the receiver may either trust the message's literal meaning or disregard it when updating priors. The epistemic requirement that information be transmitted through the literal meaning

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Kongsbak, Ute. Reading comprehension of literal, translational, and high inference level questions in aphasic and right hemisphere damaged adults. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5977.

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van der Mensbrugghe, Dominique. The Standard GTAP Model in GAMS, Version 7.1. GTAP Working Paper, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp92.

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The purpose of this document is to describe a version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) computable general equilibrium (CGE) model implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) that is a literal implementation of the standard General Economic Modeling Package (GEMPACK) version. It updates and supersedes the model description provided in van der Mensbrugghe (2018), which remains the main reference. The key revision of the new version is that the model is calibrated to initially normalized variables, similar to Rutherford’s GTAPinGams model (Lanz and Rutherford (2016)). O

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Burnett, Cathy. Scoping the field of literacy research: how might a range of research be valuable to primary teachers? Sheffield Hallam University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu-working-papers/2201.

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Literacy research has an important role to play in helping to shape educational policy and practice. The field of literacy research however is difficult to navigate as literacy has been understood and researched in many different ways. It encompasses work from psychology, sociology, philosophy and neuroscience, literary theory, media and literacy studies, and methodologies include a range of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. In mapping this complex field, I draw on a systematic ‘scoping survey’ of a sample of peerreviewed articles featuring literacy research relevant to l

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Myers, J. IMAP4 non-synchronizing literals. RFC Editor, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2088.

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Melnikov, A., ed. IMAP4 Non-synchronizing Literals. RFC Editor, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7888.

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